2018 and 2019 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)

In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

September 2019

Local Authority Dr Daniel McCrory Officer Department Regulatory Services Staffordshire Moorlands District Council Moorlands House Address Stockwell Street Leek ST13 6HQ

Telephone 01538 395400 Ext:4413

E-mail [email protected] Report Reference J2832B/1/F1 Number Date September 2019

Tom Richardson Report Prepared By Dr Clare Beattie

Annual Status Report (ASR) Air Quality - Endorsement from the Director of Health and Care, Staffordshire County Council

Staffordshire County Council is committed to working with partners to ensure that Staffordshire will be a place where improved health and wellbeing is experienced by all. Poor air quality has a negative impact on public health, with potentially serious consequences for individuals, families and communities. Identifying problem areas and ensuring that actions are taken to improve air quality forms an important element in protecting the health and wellbeing of Staffordshire residents. Improving air quality is often a complex issue, presenting a multi-agency challenge – so it is essential that all agencies work together effectively to deliver improvements where they are needed. As Director of Health and Care across Staffordshire I endorse this Annual Status Report which sets out the position in all the Local Authorities across Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent I‟m pleased to report that we have developed an ongoing work programme to address air quality issues in Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent through the Defra Funded Air Quality Project. In addition Officers from Newcastle Borough Council, Stoke City Council and Staffordshire County Council are jointly working under Ministerial Direction to improve transport related air pollution in North Staffordshire.

Dr. Richard Harling Director of Health and Care Staffordshire County Council 13th June 2019

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area This report fulfils the requirements of the Local Air Quality Management process as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995), the Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 2007 and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

This document is Staffordshire Moorlands District Council‟s (SMDC‟s) Annual Status Report (ASR) for 2018 and 2019. Results from air quality monitoring undertaken by the Council are presented and sources of air pollution are identified. The ASR determines those changes since the last assessment, which could lead to the risk of an air quality objective being exceeded.

This Annual Status Report confirms that annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentrations exceed the relevant air quality objective at some locations within Staffordshire Moorlands. Detailed assessments were previously carried out to determine the extents of the Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) required in Leek town centre and at the Cellarhead junction as part of the 2017 ASR (Staffordshire Moorlands District Council, 2018a). These AQMAs were declared in July 2019. The number of monitoring locations within these AQMAs has been increased. All current exceedances of the annual mean nitrogen dioxide objective are within the AQMAs.

The Annual Status Report has not identified any significant changes in emission sources within the borough. There has been no new relevant transport, industrial or fugitive / uncontrolled sources of emissions. There are no other new sources of emissions which are considered to be relevant in terms of exceedances of the air quality objectives.

Air Quality in Staffordshire Moorlands

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 i

equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is estimated to be around £20 billion3.

In Staffordshire Moorlands, the main pollutant of concern is nitrogen dioxide, with the primary source being road vehicle exhaust emissions. In the majority of areas, levels of nitrogen dioxide are below the air quality objectives.

Nitrogen dioxide concentrations at Leek and Cellarhead have decreased at long term monitoring sites in recent years. In other locations across Staffordshire Moorlands, concentrations have decreased at less pronounced rate or have remained broadly similar to previous years.

In the past ten years there have been no major road schemes or developments with significant potential to affect air quality.

The emerging Local Plan is at an advanced stage of production, with post-hearing main modifications consultation due to take place shortly. The emerging Local Plan (Staffordshire Moorlands District Council, 2018b) contains provision for approximately 6,080 new homes to be built within the district before 2033. Of these, approximately 3,800 are yet to be built or secure planning permission and the additional traffic generated by these new developments has the potential to impact air quality in Staffordshire Moorlands.

SMDC does not currently monitor for particulate matter. However, the conclusions of previous LAQM reports, and air quality assessments submitted in support of planning applications, have indicated that there were unlikely to have been breaches of the

PM10 air quality objectives.

Two Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) have now been declared in the Staffordshire Moorlands local authority area due to exceedance of the 40 µg/m3 annual mean nitrogen dioxide, at locations in Leek town centre and at the Cellarhead junction. Detailed assessments were carried out as part of the 2017 ASR to

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health (2010). 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis (2006). 3 Public Health England, Public Health Outcomes Framework (2019).

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determine the potential geographical extent of these exceedances and AQMAs declared at these locations in July 2019.

SMDC monitors air quality throughout the borough. The District Council works collaboratively with the County Council on policy development with respect to air quality, and with the County Council‟s Transport and Highways department when road improvement works with the potential to impact or improve air quality are proposed.

Actions to Improve Air Quality

SMDC have taken forward a number of measures and policies to improve air quality in the borough. These include:

 The EcoStars Fleet Recognition Programme, which engages with operators of commercial vehicles locally and helps them to reduce the air quality impact of their fleet. The programme provides assessments of vehicles fleets which recognise existing good practise and support further efficiency and environmental performance improvements. The scheme is delivered by Transport and Travel Research Ltd.

 Air Quality Project: This is a major campaign to raise awareness of air quality issues across Staffordshire, predominantly:

o Engage with business to educate on air quality and to develop travel plans;

o Visits to schools to educate children on air quality and deliver an anti- idling campaign to parents;

o Deliver a website “air aware campaign” and information on air quality, including downloadable information: https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/DoingOurBit/Get-Inspired/Clean-green- and-safe/Air-aware/Air-aware.aspx

o To develop a joint Electric Vehicle strategy for the whole of Staffordshire and Stoke on Trent, including district partners and third parties.

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 The emerging Local Plan is at an advanced stage of production. The Local Plan is a District wide development plan which replaces the Staffordshire Moorlands Core Strategy (2014), and previous Local Plan to provide a framework for delivering development for the period 2016 to 2031. Several of the previous policies have been updated, to reflect a needed to improve the environment including air quality: Policy SD2: Renewable/Low-Carbon Energy; Policy SD4: Pollution and Water Quality; Policy DC1: Design considerations, has been updated to include air quality; Policy C1: Sustainability has been updated to promote the use of electric vehicles; and Policy T1 and T2 (Transport) seek to promote sustainable travel (travel plans, EV charging etc.) and minimise the environmental impact of freight transport.

Conclusions and Priorities

The key issue affecting the district is roadside nitrogen dioxide concentrations in busy towns and at junctions where traffic regularly queues close to locations with relevant exposure. There is some evidence of a decline in concentrations at some locations in the results of the nitrogen dioxide monitoring carried out by SMDC.

Monitoring of nitrogen dioxide in Leek town centre and at the Cellarhead junction has established measured exceedances of the annual mean nitrogen dioxide objective. SMDC has now declared two AQMAs at these locations, within which all of the 2017 and 2018 exceedances have occurred, and is prioritising the development of an Air Quality Action Plan.

The towns of Leek and Cheadle do not currently have bypass routes; this may contribute to traffic congestion and elevated nitrogen dioxide concentrations in the town centres (in particular Leek) and presents a significant challenge for local air quality management.

Local Engagement and How to get Involved

SMDC publishes Air Pollution information via the council website and provides a portal for reporting air pollution concerns and suggestions on how to improve air quality (https://www.staffsmoorlands.gov.uk/article/1096/Air-quality).

Due to the main source of air pollution within SMDC being transport sources, one of

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the easiest ways for the public to get involved in aiding air quality improvements, would be to look at alternatives modes of travel, or car sharing.

The air aware website a great deal of information on air quality and including lots of suggested alternatives to private travel such as:

Commute

 Leaving the car at home one day a week.  Using public transport whenever practicable which will reduce the number of private vehicles in operation, thereby reducing pollutant concentrations and reducing congestion;

 Avoid vehicle idling and/or use of air conditioning running continuously. By switching your engine off you can save fuel, money and improve local air quality;

 Walk or cycle if your journey allows

 Car/lift sharing;

 Alternative fuel / more efficient vehicles.

Further information on the above, including downloadable resources is available via the Air aware website: https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/DoingOurBit/Get-Inspired/Clean-green-and-safe/Air- aware/Air-aware.aspx

There are also a number of ways you can improve air quality from activities within your home or business, these include:

Energy Efficiency  Be energy efficient - make sure your house is well insulated and use energy efficient appliances https://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/home- energy-efficiency

Smoke Control  You can check if you live in a smoke control zone here:

https://www.staffsmoorlands.gov.uk/article/1093/Smoke-control-areas

In a Smoke Control Area you need to make sure that any appliance is

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 v

exempt or is included in the list of authorised fuels. Defra keeps a list of approved appliances and authorised fuels that are permitted for use in smoke control areas at https://smokecontrol.defra.gov.uk/appliances.php?country=england.

Due to the rise in popularity of wood burning stoves, Defra has recently published guidance on the use of this type of appliance

https://ukair.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat09/1901291307_ Ready_to_Burn_Web.pdf

The key message is to ensure that all wood used in these appliances need to be clean and less than 20% moisture. Consequently, SMDC would encourage the use of Woodsure Certified Supplier (www.woodsure.co.uk) when purchasing fuel for these appliances.

Other Sources of Information Global Action Plan, a charity that is working for a green and thriving planet, have for the first time provided a hub called the Clean Air Hub, that brings together public accessible information on air pollution all in one place. Whether you want to learn more about what air pollution is, how it affects your health, what you can do to protect yourself from it and the action you can take to tackle it, then the collection of information, resources and expert advice on the Clean Air Hub will help and inspire you to get informed and involved. The Clean Air Hub can be accessed from https://www.cleanairday.org.uk/pages/category/clean-air-hub.

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Table of Contents

Annual Status Report (ASR) Air Quality - Endorsement from the Director of Health and Care, Staffordshire County Council ...... 0 Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area ...... i Air Quality in Staffordshire Moorlands ...... i Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... iii Conclusions and Priorities ...... iv Local Engagement and How to get Involved ...... iv Commute ...... v Energy Efficiency ...... v Smoke Control ...... v Other Sources of Information ...... vi 1 Local Air Quality Management ...... 1 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 2 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas ...... 2 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Staffordshire Moorlands ...... 6 2.2.1 Transport ...... 6 2.2.2 Leading by example measures ...... 8 2.2.3 Education, community and partnership measures ...... 10

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and Concentrations .....14

2.3.1 Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Levels in Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent ...... 14

2.3.2 PM2.5 and Mortality in Staffordshire & Stoke-on-Trent ...... 15

2.3.3 PM2.5 in Staffordshire & Stoke-on-Trent - Next steps ...... 28 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance ...... 29 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken ...... 29 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 29 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites...... 29 3.2 Individual Pollutants ...... 29

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)...... 30 3.2.2 Particulate Matter ...... 31

3.2.3 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) ...... 31 Appendix A: Monitoring Results ...... 35 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2017 and 2018...... 41

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Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 47 Supporting Technical Information ...... 47 Integrated Transport Strategy Schemes ...... 47 Planning Applications ...... 48 Industrial Installations ...... 50 Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 50 Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations ...... 52 Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 57 Glossary of Terms ...... 58 References ...... 59

List of Tables Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas ...... 3 Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality ...... 12 Table 2.3 – Annual Mean PM10 and PM2.5 Results of monitoring by Staffordshire Authorities 2013 to 2018 ...... 15 Table 2.4 – Estimated number of deaths by local authority area attributable to PM2.5 within Staffordshire for adults in 2017 ...... 16 Table 2.5 – Public Health Outcomes Framework Indicator 3.01- Fraction of annual all cause adult mortality attributable to anthropogenic (human-made) particulate air pollution (measured as fine particulate matter, PM2.5 ) for Staffordshire Authorities 2013 to 2017 ...... 17 Table 2.6 – Actions being taken within Staffordshire to reduce PM2.5 ...... 19

List of Figures Figure 1 – AQMA No. 1: Leek Town Centre ...... 4 Figure 2 – AQMA No. 2: Cellarhead ...... 5 Figure 3 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations measured at monitoring sites in Alton (2012-2018) ...... 32 Figure 4 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations measured at monitoring sites in Cellarhead (2013-2018) ...... 32 Figure 5 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations measured at monitoring sites in Cheadle (2012-2018) ...... 33 Figure 6 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations measured at monitoring sites in Leek (2012-2018) ...... 33 Figure 7 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations measured at monitoring sites in Tean, Wetley Rocks, Biddulph and Blythe Bridge (2012-2018) ...... 34

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1 Local Air Quality Management This report provides an overview of air quality in Staffordshire Moorlands during the years 2017 and 2018. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) regime as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by Staffordshire Moorlands to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in Appendix E.

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2 Actions to Improve Air Quality 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12 months setting out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.

Staffordshire Moorlands has recently declared two AQMAs (Staffordshire Moorlands District Council, 2019): AQMA No. 1 in Leek Town Centre, and AQMA No. 2 at the Cellarhead junction. These are described in Table 2.1 and shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

For reference, a map of Staffordshire Moorlands‟ monitoring locations is available in Appendix D.

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Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas

Level of Exceedance (Maximum Monitored/Modelled Is air quality in Action Plan Concentration at Location of Pollutants the AQMA Relevant Exposure) Date of and Air One Line influenced by AQMA Name City / Town Declaration Quality Description roads controlled Objectives by Highways At 3 Date of England? Declaration Now (µg/m ) Name Publication (µg/m3)

An area AQMA No. 1: Air Quality Action NO Annual encompassing the Leek Town 30/7/2019 2 Leek NO 45.3 39.4 Plan – Staffordshire In preparation Mean main roads around Centre Moorlands DC Leek Town Centre

Air Quality Action AQMA No. 2: NO Annual Cellarhead 30/7/2019 2 Cellarhead NO 51.1 42.3 Plan – Staffordshire In preparation Cellarhead Mean crossroads Moorlands DC

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Figure 1 – AQMA No. 1: Leek Town Centre

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Figure 2 – AQMA No. 2: Cellarhead

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2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Staffordshire Moorlands

Staffordshire Moorlands has taken a number measures in pursuit of improving local air quality. A summary of all measures completed, in progress or planned are set out in Table 2.2.

Since the previous ASR was completed, the key action taken by SMDC has been the preparation of an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out measures applicable to both the potential AQMAs and the wider district. Source apportionment was undertaken in 2018 as part of detailed assessment for both potential AQMAs at Leek and Cellarhead (Staffordshire Moorlands District Council, 2018a). This shows that, in both cases, emissions from cars contribute the largest proportion to the overall NO2 annual mean (approximately 35%), but with emissions from the larger vehicles (HGVs and buses) contributing a higher proportion at Cellarhead (31%) compared to Leek (23%).

In line with the methodology presented in Box 7.6 of LAQM.TG(16), the necessary reduction in road NOx emissions required to bring each potential AQMA into compliance was calculated for each worst-case exposure location. This demonstrated that a 54% reduction in road NOx emissions was required for Leek and a 64.2% reduction was required Cellarhead.

In preparation for the AQAP, provisional initial actions have focused on the following five targeted categories;

1) Transport;

2) Leading by example;

3) Education, community and partnership;

4) Statutory measures – use of legislation and targeted enforcement to control air pollution; and

5) Air quality monitoring.

2.2.1 Transport

Pollution concentrations in both of the AQMAs can be reduced by lowering traffic volumes, smoothing the flow of traffic (to reduce the stop-start acceleration cycle),

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 6

removing the most polluting vehicles and encouraging modal shift towards public transport, active modes of travel or vehicles with cleaner technologies. SMDC is in discussion with the Highways Authority (Staffordshire County Council) regarding direct measures that could be undertaken (barriers, traffic management etc.) at the AQMAs, and these will be outlined in the AQAP, which is currently in preparation.

The following measures have already been initiated and will be included in the finalised AQAP:

 ECO Stars Scheme: The ECO Stars (Efficient and Cleaner Operations) Fleet Recognition Scheme encourages and helps operators of HGVs, buses, coaches, vans and taxis to run fleets in the most efficient and sustainable way. The scheme provides recognition for best operational practices, and guidance for making improvements. The ultimate aim is to reduce fuel consumption which naturally leads to fewer vehicle emissions and has the added benefit of saving money. Staffordshire Moorlands joined the scheme in 2015 as part of the eight Boroughs of Staffordshire and Stoke working in partnership with fleets to improve air quality in the Staffordshire. The impacts of the project on air quality are to be quantified using uptake data from the scheme, and applying some modifications to the default fleet assumptions within the calculations of vehicle emissions along the route.

 Staffordshire County Council (SCC) is responsible for producing a statutory Local Transport Plan (LTP) which sets out the Council's strategy for transport. SMDC also benefits from having an Integrated Transport Strategy (ITS) specific to the District (Staffordshire County Council, 2018). The measures in the ITS/LTP are aimed at transport measures under the County Council‟s jurisdiction and in the context of regional air quality improvements sets out the following policies:

o Policy 5.1: Promote alternatives to private motor vehicles;

o Policy 5.2: Promote the use of low-emitting vehicles and vehicle efficiency

o Policy 5.3: Leading by example to reduce Staffordshire Road Transport Emissions

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 The two declared AQMAs, along with the Cheadle area are currently included in ITS and it is hoped that measures outlined will provide some benefit in easing congestion. A summary of ITS measures already completed and planned for the coming reporting year are outlined in Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC.

2.2.2 Leading by example measures

The emerging Local Plan (2016-2031) is at an advanced stage of production, with the post-hearing main modifications consultation due to take place shortly. The Local Plan is a District-wide development plan which replaces the Staffordshire Moorlands Core Strategy (2014), and previous Local Plan to provide a framework for delivering development for the period 2016 to 2031, by setting out the development strategy, strategic and development management policies and land designations for the District. Several of the previous policies have been updated, to reflect a needed to improve the environment including air quality: The key policies are:

 Policy SD2: Renewable/Low-Carbon Energy: The Council will strive to meet part of the District's future energy demand through renewable or low-carbon energy sources (which could be through a variety of technologies, in line with current evidence which identifies the feasibility of these forms of energy across the District).

 Policy SD4: Pollution and Water Quality: updated SD4 of the Core Strategy (Staffordshire Moorlands District Council, 2014), and aims to avoid or mitigate the effects of pollution by “only permitting proposals that are deemed (individually or cumulatively) to result in pollution (including air/ water/ noise/ vibration/ light/ ground contamination) if after mitigation, adverse effects are deemed acceptable. This may be achieved by the imposition of planning conditions or through a planning obligation”.

 Policy DC1: Design considerations has been updated to including “creation of healthy environments” specifically to address potential impacts of air pollution (as raised in the Sustainability Appraisal).

 Policy C1: Sustainability has been updated to include “support development proposals which encourage electrical battery powered vehicles”.

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 Policy C3: Green Infrastructure: Mitigate the negative effects of climate change and maximise potential climate.

 Policy T1: Development and Sustainable Transport seeks to reduce reliance on the private car for travel journeys, reduces the need to travel generally and accommodates residual development traffic in line with the Integrated Transport (ITS) Strategy. Development which generates significant demand for travel or is likely to have significant transport implications (as identified within a Transport Assessment) will, where appropriate: contribute to improved public transport provision; contribute to junction improvements, traffic management and highway infrastructure; provide proactive facilities and measures to support sustainable transport modes including on-site features to encourage sustainable travel methods e.g. cycle path links, cycle storage facilities, bus stops, electric vehicle charging points etc.; and provide and actively promote travel plans.

 Policy T2: Other Sustainable Transport Measures seeks to minimise the environmental impact of freight road transport and to work with Staffordshire County Council and other partner organisations to agree designated lorry routes, freight handling facilities and greater rail use.

Policy T1 of the Peak District National Park Core Strategy aims to reduce the need to travel and encourages sustainable transport by making the National Park‟s characteristics the primary criterion in planning and design decisions, by deterring cross-park traffic, and by encouraging sustainable transport (Peak District National Park Authority, 2011). Additionally, Policy LC21 of the Peak District Local Plan (Peak District National Park Authority, 2001) on pollution and disturbance has been retained. It is designed to prevent development that presents a risk of pollution.

In addition to policy, the Council (and County Council) are looking to adopt the following „lead by example‟ initiatives/policies:

 Replacing Council vehicles (when required) with ones that are less polluting and more fuel efficient;

 Adopting an anti-idling policy / eco-driver training for some essential car users;

 Securing EV charging points at appropriate places of work; and

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 Continuing to develop initiatives, such as flexible working, that reduces the need for employees to use their cars to get to work.

2.2.3 Education, community and partnership measures

SMDC is a member of the Staffordshire Air Quality Forum (SAQF), which has encouraged partnership working on local air quality management, which is important given the cross boundary nature of air pollution. The SAQF comprises of local authority air quality officers, Staffordshire County Council Highways officers, Highways England (HE) staff, County Public Health and Public Health England staff as necessary. The SAQF group also feeds back to the Central England Environmental Health Chief Officers and engages with other groups such as the Midland Joint Advisory Council (MJAC). The main joint projects within the SAQF are:

 Air Quality Project: This is a major campaign funded by a joint Defra bid to raise awareness of air quality issues across Staffordshire, predominantly focusing on AQMA areas. The main focuses of the project are:

o Business Engagement Group: Engage with business to educate on air quality and to develop travel plans;

o School Engagement Group: Visits to schools to educate children on air quality and deliver an anti-idling campaign to parents;

o Communications Group: Deliver a website „air aware campaign‟ and information on air quality, including downloadable information: https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/DoingOurBit/Get-Inspired/Clean-green- and-safe/Air-aware/Air-aware.aspx

o To develop a joint Electric Vehicle strategy for the whole of Staffordshire and Stoke on Trent, including district partners and third parties.

 PM2.5 (fine particulate matter): The SAQF have also collaborated with local

Public Health Departments to review and assess PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) levels in their ASRs (see Section 2.3).

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 Supplementary Planning Guidance: Work on a joint Supplementary Planning Guidance for Planners and Consultants is underway and will be included in SMDCs forthcoming Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP).

SMDC‟s priorities for the coming year are to complete to develop Air Quality Action Plans required for the declared AQMAs in Leek town centre and at Cellarhead junction, locations.

Whilst the measures stated above and in Table 2.2 will help to contribute towards compliance, SMDC anticipates that further additional measures not yet prescribed may be required in subsequent years to achieve compliance and enable the revocation of both AQMAs.

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Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Organisations Reduction in Estimated / Key Comments / Measure EU involved and Planning Implementation Pollutant / Actual Measure EU Category Performance Progress to Date Barriers to No. Classification Funding Phase Phase Emission from Completion Indicator implementation Source Measure Date

EcoStars Fleet SMDC and Fleet Vehicle Fleet efficiency and Transport & Reduced fuel Reduced vehicle Quantitative http://www.ecostar 1 N/A On going Operational Recognition Efficiency recognition Travel Research consumption emissions appraisal on-going s- uk.com/ Programme schemes Ltd Policy SMDC Core Reduced vehicle Guidance and Implementation 2 Strategy Other policy SMDC 2017 2019 TBC and building Operational None Development on-going Policy SD4 emissions Control Policy Peak District Peak District Reduced vehicle Guidance and Implementation 3 Core Strategy Other policy National Park 2013 2014 TBC and building Operational None Development on-going Policy T1 Authority emissions Control

Policy Peak District Peak District Reduced vehicle Guidance and Implementation 4 Local Plan Other policy National Park 2000 2001 TBC and building Operational None Development on-going Policy LC21 Authority emissions Control Education

Initiatives inc. Public New website 5 website Other SCC / SMDC 2017/18 2018-2020 Through public Implementation Operational None Information information by information awareness on-going end 2018 updates Regional Groups Co- ordinating Full LA programmes engagement to develop Partnership to across the 6 Policy Area wide County-wide Completed N/A On-going On-going continue On-going group Staffordshire Guidance and Strategies to indefinitely + Regular Air Quality Development reduce Meetings Forum Control emissions and improve air quality

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Use the Staffordshire-wide Reducing planning On-going, Planning Policy Air Quality Supplementar emissions regime to SMDC / discussions Guidance under Guidance and Planning and y Planning contribution and 7 minimise Staffordshire AQ On-going On-going around 2019 development but Development Policy Guidance restricting impact of new Forum partnership joint requires some buy Control Guidance implemented impact on developments guidance to follow in from other AQMAs on AQMAs authorities Inspect under Introduction/ the increase of Installations Environmental environment adhering to By restricting This is standard Permit regime Environmental charges permits and emissions from SMDC work in 8 and enforce SMDC Completed On-going On-going Continual Permits through permit enforcement / industrial Environmental legislation to systems and penalties for processes Protection reduce economic breaches combustion instruments processes Possibly liaise with Defra regarding

need for additional # monitoring Through monitoring and/or Air quality Public locations and 9 Other SMDC/Defra On-going On-going EHO/public On-going annually Annual AURN funding. monitoring Information on-time awareness Consider submission of continuous ASRs monitoring and AQ grant application

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 13

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected to work towards reducing emissions and concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

Particulate matter, or PM, is the term used to describe particles found in the air, including dust, dirt and liquid droplets. PM comes from both natural and man-made sources, including traffic emissions and Saharan-Sahel dust. These particles can be suspended in the air for long periods of time, and can travel across large distances.

PM less than 10 micrometers in diameter (PM10) pose a health concern because they can be inhaled into and accumulate in the respiratory system. PM less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5) are referred to as "fine" particles and are believed to pose the greatest health risks, as they can lodge deeply into the lungs and also pass into the bloodstream.

PM2.5 is the pollutant which has the biggest impact on public health and on which the Public Health Outcomes Framework (PHOF) indicator 3.01 (Public Health England, 2016) is based. A review into the health effects of exposure to pollution in 2019 (Public Health England, 2019b), which found that an estimated 28,000 – 36,000 deaths each year can be attributed to human-made air pollution in the UK. Long-term exposure is linked to reduced life expectancy, the development of cardiovascular and respiratory disease and an increased risk of lung cancer. It also impairs lung function growth in children.

Within Staffordshire, it is estimated that in 2017, 4.5% of all deaths can be attributed to exposure to PM2.5, compared to 5.1% across England). Overall, the estimated cost to individuals and society is more than £20 billion annually for the UK. (Public Health England, 2019a)

2.3.1 Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Levels in Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent

A number of the Staffordshire Authorities currently monitor locally for PM10. Defra‟s Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN) site, Stoke-on-Trent Centre, has a

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dedicated PM2.5 monitor. Table 2.3 presents data on the local level of PM2.5 annual mean concentrations for the Staffordshire Authorities. Where the data are derived from PM10 monitoring this has been adjusted by applying a correction factor of 0.7 to derive the PM2.5 component. The correction factor has been derived from the average of all ratios of PM2.5/PM10 for the years from 2010 to 2014 for forty sites within the Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN) where PM10 and PM2.5 are measured on an hourly basis and follows the guidance published in LAQM (TG16).

Table 2.3 – Annual Mean PM10 and PM2.5 Results of monitoring by Staffordshire Authorities 2013 to 2018

Annual Mean PM10 and PM2.5 Results from monitoring Staffordshire Authorities 2014-2018 Monitor OS Grid Year Authority Site Type Pollutant Location Reference 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Newcastle (2) (2) (2) Queen`s E385057 PM10 22 22.9 - - - under Roadside Gardens N346137 (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) Lyme PM2.5 15.4 16 - - -

Cannock PM10 - - - 14 18 Cannock E401392 Roadside A5190 Chase N309954 Roadside

PM2.5 - - - 9.8 12.6

E386288 PM10 - - - 23 23 Roadside Basford N346802 (1) (1) PM2.5 - - - 16 16 (3) A50 Meir E392548 PM10 - 20 20 18 19 Roadside Tunnel N342572 (3) (1) (1) Stoke on PM2.5 - 14 14 13 13 Trent Urban Stoke on E388351 Back- Trent 10 12 12 9 9 N347895 PM2.5 ground Centre (4) (4) (4) Middle E385780 PM10 24 22 - - - Roadside Port N349376 (1) (1) (4) (4) (4) PM2.5 17 15 - - - East (5) (5) (5) Derby E424671 PM10 31 23 - - - Stafford- Roadside Turn N324019 (1) (1) (5) (5) (5) shire PM2.5 21.7 16.1 - - - (1) Notes: PM2.5 results are derived from PM10 monitored results corrected with a 0.7 correction factor in accordance with TG16 Annex B: Derivation of PM2.5 to PM10 Ratio. All other results are directly monitored. (2) Newcastle-under-Lyme monitors were decommissioned in 2016. (3) Valid data capture for 2015 was 59%. The site was commissioned in May 2015. (4) Middleport monitor decommissioned at the end of 2015. (5) East Staffordshire monitors were decommissioned in 2016.

As can be seen from the results, concentrations of PM2.5 within the Staffordshire Authorities are below the 2020 EU limit value of 25 μg/m3.

2.3.2 PM2.5 and Mortality in Staffordshire & Stoke-on-Trent

Although the levels of PM2.5 within the County and City of Stoke-on-Trent are below the 2020 EU Limit value, the impact on adult mortality directly attributable to PM2.5 is nonetheless still an important public health issue within Staffordshire and Stoke-on-

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 15

Trent. This is revealed in data obtained from Public Health England used to inform Public Health Outcomes Framework indicator 3.01 (Public Health England, 2019a), as shown in Table 2.4.

The percentage estimated number of deaths attributable to PM2.5 in adults over 30 has been translated into the estimated number of attributable deaths for each local authority area within Staffordshire, and are shown in Table 2.5. The data presented to 2017 is the latest data available at time of publication of this report. Approximately

4.5% of deaths within the County can be attributed to PM2.5.

Table 2.4 – Estimated number of deaths by local authority area attributable to PM2.5 within Staffordshire for adults in 2017

District/County Percentage Newcastle-under-Lyme 4.2% Stafford 4.3% East Staffordshire 5.0% South Staffordshire 4.5% Lichfield 4.6% Staffordshire Moorlands 3.9% Cannock Chase 4.7% Tamworth 5.3% Stoke on Trent 4.4% Staffordshire County 4.5% England 5.1%

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 16

Table 2.5 – Public Health Outcomes Framework Indicator 3.01- Fraction of annual all cause adult mortality attributable to anthropogenic (human-made) particulate air pollution (measured as fine particulate matter, PM2.5 ) for Staffordshire Authorities 2013 to 2017 Estimated numbers of annual all-cause adult mortality attributable to anthropogenic (human-made) particulate air pollution 4 (measured as fine particulate matter, PM2.5*) for Staffordshire 2013 to 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Deaths - Estimate Deaths - Estimate Deaths - Estimate Deaths - Estimate Deaths - Estimate all d all d all d all d all d District/ causes %* attributa causes %* attributa causes %* attributa causes %* attributa causes %* attributa County persons ble persons ble persons ble persons ble persons ble 30+ 5 deaths 30+ deaths 30+ deaths 30+ deaths 30+ deaths Cannock 790 5.1 40 870 5.1 45 942 4.6 45 879 5.4 50 941 4.7 45 Chase East Staffords 1,100 5.1 55 1,058 5.1 55 1,130 4.8 55 1,063 5.6 60 1,101 5.0 55 hire Lichfield 1,052 5.1 55 1,019 5.0 50 1,037 4.6 50 1,045 5.5 55 1,072 4.9 55 Newcast le-under- 1,295 4.9 65 1,169 4.7 55 1,299 4.2 55 1,291 4.7 60 1,196 4.2 50 Lyme South Staffords 1,102 5.1 55 1,069 5.0 55 1,173 4.7 55 1,124 5.1 55 1,243 4.5 55 hire Stafford 1,262 4.9 60 1,311 4.8 65 1,286 4.7 60 1,255 4.8 60 1,271 4.3 55 Stoke- 2,413 5.2 125 2,318 5.0 115 2,479 4.4 110 2,455 5.0 125 2,499 4.4 110 on-Trent Tamwort 591 5.5 35 616 5.4 35 575 4.9 30 616 6.0 35 633 5.3 35 h Staffords hire 10,696 5.0 535 10,448 4.9 510 11,009 4.5 495 10,840 5.2 565 11,085 4.5 500 County

* Fraction of annual all-cause adult mortality attributable to anthropogenic (human-made) particulate air pollution (measured as fine particulate matter, PM2.5)

4 Source Public Health England https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/ (Public Health England, 2019a). 5 Source Nomis Official Labour Market Statistics https://www.nomisweb.co.uk (Office for National Statistics, 2019).

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 17

2.3.3 Actions being taken within Staffordshire to reduce PM2.5

A number of the Staffordshire Authorities are currently involved in implementing measures to reduce levels of NO2 within their areas, which are detailed elsewhere in this report. Whilst there is currently no statutory duty imposed on Local Authorities in

England to reduce PM2.5, a number of the measures are complementary. A mapping exercise completed by the Staffordshire Air Quality Forum members details the measures currently in place which are considered to have an impact in reducing

PM2.5 within the County. These are produced in Table 2.6 below.

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 18

Table 2.6 – Actions being taken within Staffordshire to reduce PM2.5

Local Authority Effect on reducing NOx and Measures Reduces Measure PM10 category PM2.5 Classification emissions Staffordshire Newcastle-under- Cannock Chase emissions Stoke-on-Trent CC Stafford BC East Staffs BC Lichfield DC South Staffs DC Tamworth BC (low, Moorlands DC Lyme BC DC medium, high)

Town Centre LDC is liaising with Regeneration Midlands Connect Programme a to increase volume number of schemes Urban Traffic of traffic using M6 UTC in areas of are currently being Control systems, Toll to reduce UTC in Tamworth UTC in Leek Town Newcastle Town UTC in Stafford UTC in Cannock progressed which Congestion low   congestion on the Town Centre at Centre Centre AQMA and Town Centre Town Centre will aid traffic management, A5 as well as Ventura Park Kidsgrove AQMA management. Many traffic reduction lobbying Highways of these will then England to upgrade help improve traffic the A38 & A5 to flow within the expressways. AQMA Traffic 20mph zones in Management Reduction of 20mph zones near 20mph zones near Brereton, 20mph zones near 20mph zones in speed limits, low    some schools in some schools in Hendesford and some schools in . Trysull, Bradley, 20mph zones residential areas residential areas Rugeley & Plans for residential areas Kinver and Bilbrook Norton Canes Road User Charging (RUC) / low  M6 Toll M6 Toll M6 Toll Congestion  charging Anti-Idling low  enforcement 

Other   A limited Workplace Travel programme Staffordshire CC has successfully acquired funding for a 2 year work and school travel plan programme for work in the vicinity of AQMAs in Staffs & Stoke. low  Planning delivered through https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/transport/greentravel/travelplans/home.aspx DfT Access Fund Encourage / Agile working Homeworking policy Homeworking policy Homeworking policy Agile working policy Homeworking policy Facilitate home- low  adopted by Stoke-  adopted adopted adopted adopted adopted working on-Trent CC

Promoting School Travel

low  Modeshift STARS https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/activeschooltravel Travel Plans Alternatives Promotion of Stoke-on-Trent

low  https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/transport/cycling/Cycle-maps/cyclemaps.aspx cycling Cycle Map & Guide Promotion of

low  Travel Smart https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/environment/eLand/RightsofWay/PromotedRoutes/home.aspx walking Staffordshire Stoke on Trent

Share a Lift  Share a Lift https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/transport/greentravel/carsharing/Car-sharing.aspx Scheme Scheme

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 19

North Staffordshire North Staffordshire North Staffordshire SCC is a member Community Rail Community Rail Community Rail Staffordshire of West Midlands Partnership Partnership Partnership County Council has Rail Ltd which will operating along the operating along the operating along the produced a Draft bring a change in North Staffordshire North Staffordshire North Staffordshire Rail Strategy, April the way that local Line includes Blythe Line includes Blythe Line includes Blythe 2016 to improve the rail services are Bridge Rail Station. Bridge Rail Station. Bridge Rail Station. way local rail Promote use of North Staffordshire managed and Improvements at The County Council The County Council The County Council services are rail and inland medium  Community Rail operated. The Burton Rail Station Draft Rail Strategy Draft Rail Strategy Draft Rail Strategy managed and waterways Partnership County Council commenced. is available from: is available from: is available from: operated Draft Rail Strategy http://moderngov.st http://moderngov.st http://moderngov.st https://www.stafford is available from: affordshire.gov.uk/d affordshire.gov.uk/d affordshire.gov.uk/d shire.gov.uk/transp Link ocuments/s69891/A ocuments/s69891/A ocuments/s69891/A ort/transportplannin & ppendix%201%20fo ppendix%201%20fo ppendix%201%20fo g/Rail-strategy/Rail- Link r%20Rail%20Strate r%20Rail%20Strate r%20Rail%20Strate Strategy.pdf

gy.pdf gy.pdf gy.pdf https://www.eaststaf fsbc.gov.uk/sites/de fault/files/docs/plan Local Transport Local Transport ning/planningpolicy/ Plans and District high  Plan examination/c/C43I Strategies ntegratedTransport Strategyamended1 4thJuly2014.pdf

Improvements planned at Lichfield City Station as part Public transport Planned of Friarsgate Recent improvements- Proposed improvements at Improvements at development Planned Kidsgrove Station improvements interchanges low  reinstatement of Cannock Station as Burton Rail Station scheme. There are improvements at interchange plans completed at stations and Leek rail connection part of Mill Green commenced. also plans to Tamworth station Stafford Rail Station Transport services development improve Planning & accessibility to all Infrastructure users at Lichfield Trent Valley Station

Stoke Railway Public cycle hire Station 'Brompton In-house Cycle to low  scheme Dock' Bike Hire & Work scheme Cycle Hub

A comprehensive network of on-street & traffic free routes. A forthcoming

Cycle network low  LCWIP will identify http://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/transport/cycling/cyclemaps/cyclemaps.aspx where improved maintenance & connectivity required.

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 20

Improved bus infrastructure route RTPI & improved Transforming Cities RTPI routes 3 & 4 Improved bus 2 Tamworth- Potential bus stop stops at key Fund is currently Newcastle Town priority and Removal of Perrycrofts. RTPI Bus route upgraded in locations within Bus stop upgrades high  investigated options Centre. Improved interchange on obstructions on . Tamworth Town improvements Cheadle Town Rugeley. Upgraded in Wombourne. for some limited future bus services A518, Stafford post- New Street. Centre and Ventura Centre bus stops to serve improvements. to Chatterley Valley SWAR Park. Victoria Road, Cannock rail station Tamworth upgraded interchange.

New central bus station as part of Bus based Park & medium  Friarsgate Alternatives to Ride Private Vehicle development Use scheme Car Clubs low 

Local plan - Policy Local & National Planning CP16 - Climate Validation applications to Change and requirements 2017: require https://www.lichfield Sustainable http://www.eaststaff http://www.tamwort assessment of dc.gov.uk/Council/P Resource Use sbc.gov.uk/planning h.gov.uk/sites/defau exposure / lanning/The-local- high    Cannock chase. /planning- lt/files/planning_doc emissions for plan-and-planning- www.cannockchase policy/local-plan- s/National-and- development policy/Planning- dc.gov.uk/sites/defa 2012-2031 Local-Validation- Policy requiring air policy.aspx ult/files/local_plan_ requirements- Guidance and quality impact part_1_09.04.14_lo 2017.pdf Development assessment w_res.pdf Control

http://www.eaststaff Local Air Quality sbc.gov.uk/environ Air Quality  Strategy - Stoke-on-  mental- Strategy Trent City Council health/pollution/air- quality

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 21

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Developer To develop policies Contributions to secure In development Yes based on damage  contributions to cost calculation offset pollution

http://www.cannock chasedc.gov.uk/site s/default/files/local_ http://www.eaststaff To influence plan_part_1_09.04. sbc.gov.uk/sites/def policies to support 14_low_res.pdf https://www.lichfield ault/files/docs/polluti improvements in dc.gov.uk/Council/P on/Air%20Quality% emissions through lanning/The-local- Planning Policies   20Policy%20for%20  development of plan-and-planning- Development%20C Staffordshire abd policy/Planning- ontrol%20%28Publi

Stoke-on-Trent policy.aspx c%20Version%29.p Joint Local Plan df

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 22

STOR Sites (Short Term Operating Reserve) Energy Generation . high  Regulation via planning / permitting regime

Low Emissions high  Strategy

Freight Consolidation medium  Centre Route Management Plans/ Strategic high  routing strategy Freight and for HGV's Delivery Quiet & out of Management low hours delivery    Delivery and medium Service plans  Freight Partnerships for high city centre  deliveries SOTCC provide driver assessment & driver CPC training service for Driver training Vehicle Fleet drivers of large and ECO driving medium  Efficiency goods vehicles.     aids SOTCC operational fleet fitted with Stop/Start technology where

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 23

available to reduce fuel usage. 70% of SOTCC recycling waste collection vehicles have `Fuel Sense` technology fitted to reduce fuel usage. Promoting low emission public high  transport 70% of SOTCC Retrofitting of old operational fleet Council owned meet, the EURO VI HGVs and Buses emission standard with pollution Vehicle 90% of SOTCC`s abatement retrofitting medium  waste collection equipment will be programmes vehicles have considered by the electric bin lifting Council where equipment fitted to technically and reduce fuel usage. financially feasible

SOTCC are a 3 star Fleet efficiency member of Eco and recognition medium  Stars Fleet Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Eco-Stars http://www.ecostars-uk.com/eco-stars-schemes/ schemes Recogniton Scheme

Low Emission Zone (LEZ) and high  Clean Air Zone (CAZ) SOTCC`s procurement process includes Promoting Low the valuation of Emission Public Vehicle alternatively fuelled Transport Procurement - vehicles for the Waste fleet vehicles Prioritising uptake high  operational fleet. comply with Euro

of low emission Services are VI. vehicles challenged to consider alternatively fuelled vehicle at the point of replacement.

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 24

LDC looking to replacing old vehicles within the SOTCC`s fleet with more Company Vehicle procurement modern cleaner Procurement - process includes vehicles, which Prioritising uptake high  the evaluation of  comply with the of low emission alternatively fuelled  prevailing EURO vehicles vehicles for the standard. This will operational fleet. be extended to all Council owned vehicles. Procuring alternative Refuelling SOTCC installed LDC liaising with infrastructure to electric charging Planning to include promote Low high  infrastructure in   as part of new Emission 2017 for the developments. Vehicles, EV operational fleet. recharging, Gas fuel recharging Priority parking Electric Vehicle Electric Vehicle high  for LEV's charging spaces charging spaces

Hackney Carriage & Taxi Licensing Private Hire medium  conditions Licensing Policy 2016-2019 Successful joint bid Taxi emission for funds to install medium  incentives Taxi ELV charging points Introduction/incre ase of environment Unable to achieve charges through at a local level permit systems medium   without central and economic government instruments approval Environmental (Permit fees set Permits centrally)

Measures to reduce pollution through IPPC medium  https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/211863/env-permitting-general-guidance-a.pdf (Chapter 15) Permits going beyond BAT

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 25

Large Combustion Plant Permits and high  National Plans going beyond BAT

Other 

Smoky Diesel

 https://www.gov.uk/report-smoky-vehicle Hotline

http://www.hinckley- bosworth.gov.uk/inf A5 and M6 o/10020/strategies_ Strategy for the A5 Strategy for the A5  Partnership plans_and_policies/ 2011-2026 2011-2026 1272/a5_partnershi

http://www.cannock https://www.lichfield chasedc.gov.uk/resi dc.gov.uk/home- http://www.eaststaff dents/environmenta garden/bonfires- https://www.sstaffs. Domestic Smoke sbc.gov.uk/environ Smoke control l- barbecues-smoke/1 gov.uk/environment Control advice    mental- advice health/environment /smoke-control- and Enforcement health/pollution/smo al- areas.cfm

ke-control-areas protection/chimney-

smoke http://www.cannock https://www.lichfield chasedc.gov.uk/resi dc.gov.uk/home- Other Measures http://www.eaststaff Garden Bonfires - dents/environmenta garden/bonfires- https://www.sstaffs. sbc.gov.uk/environ Advice and Garden bonfires l- barbecues-smoke/1 gov.uk/crime- http://www.tamwort    mental- nuisance advice health/environment nuisances/bonfires- h.gov.uk/air-quality health/pollution/bonf enforcement al- and-smoke.cfm

ires protection/bonfire-

smoke-nuisance http://www.cannock chasedc.gov.uk/resi http://www.eaststaff dents/environmenta https://www.lichfield Commercial sbc.gov.uk/environ l- dc.gov.uk/home- http://www.tamwort burning advice    mental- health/environment garden/bonfires- h.gov.uk/air-quality and enforcement health/pollution/bonf al- barbecues-smoke/1

ires protection/bonfire-

smoke-nuisance Multi agency working with Fire Service and Information shared Information shared Information shared    Environment as appropriate as appropriate as appropriate Agency for trade burning

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 26

Multi agency working with Staffordshire Fire Service and Local Authority Building Information shared Information shared   Control regarding as appropriate as appropriate chimney fires and complaints about DIY domestic heating systems

Stoke-on-Trent Stoke-on-Trent Low Low Carbon  Carbon District District Heat Heat Network Network

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 27

2.3.3 PM2.5 in Staffordshire & Stoke-on-Trent - Next steps

As PM2.5 is an issue requiring collaboration between the district, county and city authorities within Staffordshire, the following actions had been proposed in addition to those outlined in the action plan.

 To agree a target for reducing Fraction of All-Cause Mortality from PM2.5 in each district, city and county authority by 2020

 To agree a target for reducing PM2.5 exposure (calculated from PM10 exposure / background maps / local monitoring where available)

 To maintain compliance with the 2020 EU limit value of 25 μg/m3

 To include Public Health Outcome Framework Indicator 3.01 in the Staffordshire and District Authority and City Council Joint Strategic Needs Assessment for 2018/2019 onwards and to report progress to the relevant Health and Wellbeing Boards.

 To continue to identify risks affecting PM2.5 which need to be addressed at a national level e.g.

o A number of authorities within Staffordshire are receiving applications for STOR (Short Term Operating Reserve) sites to supplement power to the National Electricity Grid at times of peak demand. These sites typically operate during the autumn / winter months and can be high emitters of PM. There is currently a conflict in national policy which is seeking security of energy supply and the drive to reduce

anthropogenic PM2.5. Recent approaches to Defra have revealed a lack of suitable guidance to local authorities and STOR operators.

o To lobby for a suitable damage cost calculation to reflect the cost to

society from PM2.5 and to support this through local and national planning policies.

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 28

3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

There are no automatic monitoring sites within the Staffordshire Moorlands district.

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Staffordshire Moorlands undertook non-automatic (passive) monitoring of nitrogen dioxide at 27 sites during 2017 and at 30 sites during 2018. Table A.1 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites. In 2017, monitoring was suspended at Blythe Bridge (Site 3), MJS Transport (Site 44, special site) and at Cheddleton (Site 46). Two sites in Leek (Sites 26 and 33) were suspended, although additional non-automatic monitoring was commissioned in 2017 close to the Broad Street / St Edwards Street junction (Sites 47 and 48). A further site close to Cellarhead Junction (Site 49) was also added.

In 2018, monitoring was suspended at one site in Alton (Site 9). Three additional sites were introduced on Tape Street in Cheadle (Sites 50-52), where the cumulative impact of several small proposed developments has the potential to have an adverse impact on air quality.

Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes, including bias adjustments and any other adjustments applied (e.g. “annualisation” and/or distance correction), are included in Appendix C. Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D.

3.2 Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant, adjusted for bias, annualised to give an equivalent annual mean value, and distance corrected to the nearest area of relevant exposure. Further details on adjustments are provided in Appendix C.

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 29

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A.1 in Appendix A provides the details of non-automatic monitoring locations in Staffordshire Moorlands. Table A.2 in Appendix A compares the bias corrected monitored nitrogen dioxide annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 40 µg/m3. The full 2017 and 2018 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in Appendix B.

Exceedances of the annual mean nitrogen dioxide air quality objectives were recorded at locations with relevant exposure in Leek and at Cellarhead junction following distance correction. One location of relevant exposure in Cheadle recorded a concentration above 36 µg/m3 in 2018, although there were no measurements above this level in 2017. No annual mean concentrations greater than 60 µg/m3, which indicates that an exceedance of the 1-hour mean objective is likely, were recorded during the monitoring period at any site.

In Leek, exceedances of the annual mean nitrogen dioxide objective have been recorded at roadside locations on Ball Haye Street (A53) and at the junction of Broad Street (A53) and St Edwards Street where emissions from busy roads are confined within narrow „street-canyons‟. These exceedances have been recorded at locations with relevant exposure. At Cellarhead, exceedances of the annual mean nitrogen dioxide objective continue to be recorded at the façades of residential properties on Leek Road (A520) south of the junction with Kingsley Road (A52).

Detailed assessments in the areas of Leek and Cellarhead surrounding the measured annual mean nitrogen dioxide objective exceedances have been conducted. Full details of these assessments are presented in the 2017 ASR (Staffordshire Moorlands District Council, 2018a). All of the sites currently exceeding the annual mean air quality objective are located within the AQMAs.

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 30

Figure 3 to Figure 7 illustrate the trend in nitrogen dioxide concentrations at sites in Staffordshire Moorlands between 2012 or 2013 and 2018 at sites with more than five years of consecutive data. The data shows that there has been an overall decrease in monitored annual mean concentrations at most sites in Leek and Cellarhead since 2012. There is also an overall decrease at long-term monitoring sites in Blythe Bridge, Biddulph, Tean and Wetley Rocks. There is no clear trend in the monitoring data at sites in Cheadle.

3.2.2 Particulate Matter

No monitoring of particulates is undertaken in Staffordshire Moorlands.

3.2.3 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

No monitoring of sulphur dioxide is undertaken in Staffordshire Moorlands.

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 31

Figure 3 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations measured at monitoring sites in Alton (2012-2018)

Figure 4 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations measured at monitoring sites in Cellarhead (2013-2018)

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 32

Figure 5 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations measured at monitoring sites in Cheadle (2012-2018)

Figure 6 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations measured at monitoring sites in Leek (2012-2018)

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 33

Figure 7 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations measured at monitoring sites in Tean, Wetley Rocks, Biddulph and Blythe Bridge (2012-2018)

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 34

Appendix A: Monitoring Results

Table A.1 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Distance Tube Distance to collocated X OS Y OS Pollutants In to kerb of Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Relevant with a Grid Ref Grid Ref Monitored AQMA? nearest (m) Exposure (2) Continuous (1) road (m) (m) Analyser?

1 Wetley Rocks Roadside 396535 349111 NO2 NO 1.7 2.45 NO 3.1

2 Cellar Head Junction 1 Roadside 395705 347569 NO2 YES 1 1.7 NO 2.5 Blythe Bridge 3 Roadside 394195 341821 NO NO 10 4.3 NO 2.5 (Catchments Corner) 2 Blythe Bridge (Chestnut 5 Roadside 396353 340607 NO NO 10 30 NO 2.5 Crescent) 2

6 Tean Roadside 401095 339425 NO2 NO 0.5 2 NO 2.7 Cheadle (Leek Road Rbt 7 Roadside 400967 343564 NO NO 0.2 2 NO 2.8 Central) 2

8 Alton (Chapel) Roadside 407237 342257 NO2 NO 3 1 NO 3.3

9 Alton (Towers) Roadside 407147 344018 NO2 NO 25 3 NO 3

10 Leek (Moorlands House) Roadside 398486 356630 NO2 YES 3.5 0.2 NO 3.4

11 Leek (Swan Hotel) Roadside 398295 356587 NO2 YES 7 0.7 NO 2.9 Urban 12 Leek (Southlands Close) 397430 356516 NO NO 13 2 NO 2.8 Background 2

14 Cheadle (Tape Street) Roadside 400991 343363 NO2 NO 1 1 NO 2.8

16 Biddulph (John St) Roadside 388204 357223 NO2 NO 1.5 1.5 NO 2.5 Biddulph (Knypersly 17 Roadside 388030 356757 NO NO 3 2.5 NO 2.8 Crossroads) 2

23 Waterhouses Roadside 408370 350215 NO2 NO 12 3 NO 3

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 35

Leek (Ball Haye St 24 Roadside 398691 356579 NO YES 0.2 3 NO 2.7 Central) 2 Leek (Broad Street Jct 25 Roadside 398354 356329 NO YES 0.2 2.26 NO 2.7 North 1) 2 Leek (Broad Street Vets 26 Roadside 398159 356215 NO YES 1.5 1.8 NO 3 South 1) 2 Cheadle (Leek Road Rbt 29 Roadside 400968 343579 NO NO 0.2 2 NO 2.4 North) 2 Cheadle (Leek Road Rbt 30 Roadside 400967 343548 NO NO 0.2 2 NO 2.9 South) 2

31 Leek (Ball Haye St South) Roadside 398688 356547 NO2 YES 0.2 3 NO 2.7

32 Leek (Ball Haye St North) Roadside 398693 356616 NO2 YES 0.2 3 NO 2.8 Leek (Broad Street Jct 33 Roadside 398322 356305 NO YES 5 1.5 NO 3 North 2) 2 Leek (Broad Street Vets 34 Roadside 398172 356253 NO YES 1.5 2.4 NO 2.9 South 2) 2

35 Biddulph Moor Special 1 Roadside 390718 358218 NO2 NO 3 1 NO 3.2

36 Biddulph Moor Special 2 Roadside 390631 358108 NO2 NO 9 1 NO 2.7 Leek (Broad Street North 37 Roadside 398333 356313 NO YES 0.2 3.5 NO 2.6 3) 2

38 Cellarhead Junction 2 Roadside 395702 347548 NO2 YES 0.2 1.8 NO 2.6

39 Cellarhead Junction 3 Roadside 395702 347553 NO2 YES 0.2 1.8 NO 2.6 Leek Special Moorhouse 40 Roadside 398787 356386 NO NO 2 1 NO 2.7 Street 2 Leek (Broad Street Jct 41 Roadside 398323 356306 NO YES 0.1 3.5 NO 2.7 North 4) 2

42 Cellar Head Juction 4 Roadside 395704 347562 NO2 YES 0.2 1.8 NO 2.7

43 Consal Railway (Special) Other 400016 348912 NO2 NO 150 2 NO 3.5

44 MJS Transport (Special) Roadside 400991 344267 NO2 NO 5 10 NO 2.3 Cheadle Roundabout 45 Roadside 400937 343457 NO NO 6 1 NO 2.6 (Special) 2

46 Cheddleton (Station Roadside 397395 352651 NO2 NO 10 1 NO 2.8

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 36

Road)

47 Broad Street South Roadside 398245 356232 NO2 YES 1.4 2.8 NO 3

48 Broad Street Junction Roadside 398397 356322 NO2 YES 2 2 NO 3.3

49 Cellar Head Juction 4 Roadside 395811 347530 NO2 NO 40 2 NO 2.5 Cheadle (Tape St 50 Roadside 401043 342917 NO NO 80 2 NO 2.6 Eastbound) 2 Cheadle (Tape St 51 Roadside 401062 343045 NO NO 1.2 1.8 NO 2.7 Westbound) 2 Cheadle (Tape St 52 Roadside 401049 343151 NO NO 2.5 1.2 NO 2.6 Westbound 2) 2

Notes: (1) 0 m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on/adjacent to the façade of a residential property). (2) N/A if not applicable.

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 37

Table A.2 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture 2018 Type Monitoring (2) (1) (%) Period (%) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

1 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 31.6 31.7 32.1 27.6 28.0 2 Roadside Diffusion Tube N/A N/A 38.3 36.7 - - - 3 Roadside Diffusion Tube N/A N/A 34.5 34.3 26.1 - - 5 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 26.7 27.1 25.9 25.3 24.7 6 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92 92 28.8 29.2 29.7 28.9 26.9 7 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 39.8 37.5 39.1 35.2 38.0 8 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92 92 23.6 20.5 22.4 20.4 24.2 9 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 33 13.5 12 11.9 11.7 9.7 10 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 32.4 30.1 31.1 31.3 30.6 11 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92 92 39.6 37.5 38.1 35.2 35.4 12 Urban Background Diffusion Tube 100 100 13 11.7 11.2 11.4 12.3 14 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92 92 28.9 27.2 30 30.6 32 16 Roadside Diffusion Tube N/A N/A 19.6 - - - - 17 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92 92 28.1 27.2 26.8 28.3 23.5 23 Roadside Diffusion Tube N/A N/A 18.5 - - - - 24 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 42.9 41.9 43.2 42.1 38.6 25 Roadside Diffusion Tube 75 75 46.3 41.3 47.4 41.6 43.4 26 Roadside Diffusion Tube N/A N/A 34.7 33.5 29.5 - - 29 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92 92 34.3 30.8 34.6 33.1 36.9 30 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 38.9 36.2 38.7 33.8 33.5 31 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 36 33.8 34.6 33.9 32.3

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 38

32 Roadside Diffusion Tube 83 83 42.3 40.2 39.5 36 37 33 Roadside Diffusion Tube N/A N/A 39.2 33.2 36.5 - - 34 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 32.5 28.8 33.5 28.8 27.6 35 Roadside Diffusion Tube N/A N/A 18.1 - - - - 36 Roadside Diffusion Tube N/A N/A 14.2 - - - - 37 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 43.6 40.8 45.3 41.8 39.8 38 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 46.9 47.6 50.8 47.9 42.3 39 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 48.6 49.2 51.1 48.2 42.1 40 Roadside Diffusion Tube N/A N/A 30.7 - - - - 41 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 - 34.6 37.7 32.3 31.8 42 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 - 47.6 48.9 41.2 40.7 43 Other Diffusion Tube N/A N/A - 7.4 - - - 44 Roadside Diffusion Tube N/A N/A - 13 14.7 - - 45 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 - 30.3 37 33.2 34.5 46 Roadside Diffusion Tube N/A N/A - - 19.2 - - 47 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 - - - 22.6 27.5 48 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 - - - 33.2 32.9 49 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92 92 - - - 27.8 30 50 Roadside Diffusion Tube 75 75 - - - - 28.6 51 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92 92 - - - - 24.6 52 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 17 - - - - 37.1 (4) ☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75% ☐ If applicable, all data has been distance corrected for relevant exposure

Notes:

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 39

3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details. Diffusion tubes with data capture less than three months have not been annualised and no result is presented. (4) Site 52 was commissioned in November 2018. The concentration presented is the mean of the two months monitored, and has been bias adjusted, but not annualised. It should not be used as a representative annual mean.

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 40

Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2017 and 2018

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2017

3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean Distance Bias Site ID Corrected Adjusted Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Raw to (0.88) and Data Nearest Annualised (1) Exposure (2)

1 45.4 31.8 33.6 15.9 29.6 31.8 32.2 28.3 35.9 28.5 32.5 31.5 31.4 27.6 25.1 5A - 34.2 30.3 12.4 26.5 27.2 27.3 27.3 31.6 29.1 34.5 30.3 - - - 5B 34.8 - 32 9 ------5 34.8 34.2 31.2 10.7 26.5 27.2 27.3 27.3 31.6 29.1 34.5 30.3 28.7 25.3 - 6 39.9 36.4 32.4 32.4 24.8 28.8 30.5 26.6 35.2 29.4 41.3 36 32.8 28.9 27.8 7A 48 48 46 36 44 34 42 37 45 38 44 38 - - 7B 49.4 49.7 42.5 17.5 41.8 39.9 40.6 35 27.9 38.6 40 40.2 - - 7 48.5 48.6 44.3 26.9 42.7 36.8 41.5 36 36.3 38.3 41.9 39.2 40.1 35.2 34.6 8 29.9 23.1 23.3 11.1 23.7 21.2 26.8 27.7 26 24.8 21 20.2 23.2 20.4 16.5 9 20 14.4 12 6.2 - 20.3 11.1 10.5 12.7 12.3 14 12.7 13.3 11.7 - 10 43.7 36.5 36.7 22.7 27.5 35.7 31.8 31 37.7 31.3 40.2 52.2 35.6 31.3 23.1 11 52.5 50.2 47.8 18.2 36.1 38.3 38.6 38.3 42.1 43.1 42.3 33 40.0 35.2 25.1 12 24.2 16.1 13.4 7.9 8.7 7.7 9.2 8.5 10.7 12.5 16.6 19.4 12.9 11.4 11.0 14 49.7 38.3 33.8 21.3 25.4 27.2 29.7 26 66.4 26.8 37.9 - 34.8 30.6 27.7 17 33.4 30.9 - 56.8 25.6 27.7 25 23.7 30.8 26.8 37.5 35.1 32.1 28.3 24.8

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 41

24A 49.6 57.8 50.2 48.4 41.2 48.1 46.2 - 47.4 46.2 56.7 47.7 - - - 24B 49.8 51.9 47.4 31 40 48.4 45.7 45.8 49 46.6 58.8 49.8 - - - 24 49.7 54.9 48.8 39.7 40.6 48.3 46 45.8 48.2 46.4 57.8 48.8 47.9 42.1 41.6 25 - - 46.4 23.7 45.6 47.5 46.9 43.5 51.1 44.3 64.2 59.6 47.3 41.6 41.0 29 46.2 43 42.6 13.3 37.5 36.8 37.8 33.1 42.1 36.1 43.9 39.2 37.6 33.1 32.6 30 46.1 46.4 44.1 11.9 41.4 39.1 41.3 36.6 37.6 37.9 40.3 38.8 38.5 33.8 33.3 31 49.1 40.5 37.5 37 33.5 34.3 33.6 34.9 39.9 39.8 42.8 39.9 38.6 33.9 33.5 32 - 38 46 21 38 43 39 44 - 47 52 - 40.9 36.0 35.6 34 45.3 37.5 32.2 25.1 25.5 26 24.8 27.4 34.7 35.1 37.3 42.4 32.8 28.8 26.9 37A 43.2 50.4 49.6 50.9 43.5 44.8 44.3 39.4 47.2 40.3 61.5 56.3 - - - 37B 53.2 53.3 47.9 26 44.4 43.7 47.4 43.6 47.9 45.4 59.4 56.4 - - - 37 48.2 51.9 48.8 38.5 44 44.3 45.9 41.5 47.6 42.9 60.5 56.4 47.5 41.8 41.4 38A 63.4 60 50.2 27.2 43.2 59.6 58.6 52.2 62.3 50.1 62.9 50.5 - - - 38B 64.6 56.8 43.3 54.2 48.3 56.5 52.2 46.2 63.7 55.3 68 57.9 - - - 38 64 58.4 46.8 40.7 45.8 58.1 55.4 49.2 63 52.7 65.5 54.2 54.5 47.9 47.0 39A 64 56.2 60.2 20.4 46.8 57.3 59.8 48.7 54.1 74.2 74.9 60.6 - - - 39B 51.5 62.6 48.7 24.6 44.9 55.2 55.4 49.1 54.8 74.2 63 52.7 - - - 39 57.8 59.4 54.5 22.5 45.9 56.3 57.6 48.9 54.5 74.2 69 56.7 54.7 48.2 47.3 41A 48.2 43.3 42.7 14.4 35 36.1 30.1 33.3 38.3 37.2 35.9 46.1 - - - 41B - 41.6 38.2 17.8 34.3 34.2 34.7 32.2 38.5 35.2 41.4 44.3 - - - 41 48.2 42.5 40.5 16.1 34.7 35.2 32.4 32.8 38.4 36.2 38.7 45.2 36.7 32.3 32.2 42A 45.9 52.1 50.6 25.5 43 51.4 49 51.5 57.1 32.5 64.1 60.4 - - - 42B - 56.5 52.8 32.7 43.9 55.4 49.2 44 55 47.5 61 60.8 - - - 42 52.6 51.8 48.5 21.8 41.1 47.6 46 42.6 48.8 51.4 56 53.3 46.8 41.2 40.4 45 47.9 44.6 38.8 16.6 32.1 32.7 38 - 41.6 36 46.1 40.3 37.7 33.2 24.1 47 27.3 - 34.2 10.4 23.3 27.1 24.9 27.7 29.4 27.1 - - 25.7 22.6 21.6 48 42.4 44.9 43.7 12.7 38.7 36.4 39.9 33.6 42.9 35.2 36.7 46 37.8 33.2 29.9

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 42

49 36.4 32.3 32.7 27.9 25.1 29.9 29.5 - 34.8 28 39.5 32 31.6 27.8 15.0

☐ Local bias adjustment factor used ☒ National bias adjustment factor used ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75%

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment and annualisation. (2) Distance corrected to nearest relevant public exposure.

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 43

Table B.2 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2018

3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean Distance Bias Site ID Corrected Adjusted Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Raw to (0.89) and Data Nearest Annualised (1) Exposure (2)

1 38.3 36.8 34.3 31.7 34.2 32.9 29.5 27.8 25.6 33.1 28.7 24.7 31.5 28.0 25.5 5 33.2 30.7 30.7 24.8 25.7 21.5 27.5 25.4 25.3 29.7 35.0 23.3 27.7 24.7 - 6 38.1 31.6 25.6 30.4 27.9 - 30.9 27.9 32.5 32.3 21.0 34.5 30.2 26.9 25.9 7A 45.4 44.1 45.5 43.7 44.9 42.5 43.2 34.2 37.7 41.7 48.2 42.4 - - - 7B 44.3 - 45.2 ------7 44.9 44.1 45.4 43.7 44.9 42.5 43.2 34.2 37.7 41.7 48.2 42.4 42.7 38.0 37.4 8 21.2 24.6 20.1 26.6 - 50.3 31.7 27.1 19.4 29.9 24.6 24.2 27.2 24.2 19.2 9 13.6 14.9 9.0 11.5 ------12.3 9.7 - 10 37.9 33.7 31.1 29.5 30.5 29.9 32.3 32.6 45.1 35.8 37.9 35.8 34.3 30.6 22.5 11 56.2 44.2 41.0 41.6 37.1 34.4 40.5 34.1 39.8 - 28.9 39.7 39.8 35.4 25.0 12 19.6 18.0 15.5 12.1 8.9 8.4 10.4 10.8 10.9 14.5 18.6 18.8 13.9 12.3 11.4 14 70.3 31.6 32.2 29.6 27.1 - 51.4 29.8 25.9 32.5 35.6 29.0 35.9 32.0 28.9 17 - 33.1 27.0 32.8 30.7 32.1 26.5 25.0 29.3 30.7 28.2 21.8 26.4 23.5 20.8 24A 50.1 43.8 44.7 40.6 40.0 40.4 45.8 43.5 50.1 47.6 31.0 39.7 - - - 24B 47.8 - - 43.4 40.4 39.8 47.5 44.3 44.7 - 35.2 45.3 - - - 24 49.0 43.8 44.7 42.0 40.2 40.1 46.7 43.9 47.4 47.6 33.1 42.5 43.4 38.6 38.2 25 52.7 53.6 47.4 49.7 51.2 46.8 46.8 44.6 48.0 - - - 48.8 43.4 42.8 29 40.9 39.2 - 40.6 43.5 37.7 43.5 36.7 38.0 43.1 54.3 38.7 41.5 36.9 36.3

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 44

30 45.3 41.6 41.9 36.3 32.3 30.5 34.9 34.3 35.1 40.6 45.6 32.8 37.6 33.5 33.0 31 41.4 35.6 34.3 35.0 35.6 31.8 38.3 36.0 39.1 36.8 35.1 36.2 36.3 32.3 32.0 32 42.3 42.3 39.6 - 38.7 38.1 43.3 45.0 - 45.0 41.1 40.6 41.6 37.0 36.6 34 38.2 34.6 35.7 29.0 27.3 25.1 28.8 22.9 33.8 30.0 30.5 36.4 31.0 27.6 25.8 37A 55.5 47.3 42.5 45.9 46.3 44.7 49.0 40.8 47.7 50.7 38.6 32.4 - - - 37B 53.1 - 39.0 46.5 46.9 43.9 49.5 42.7 48.8 - 37.4 25.7 - - - 37 54.3 47.3 40.8 46.2 46.6 44.3 49.3 41.8 48.3 50.7 38.0 29.1 44.7 39.8 39.4 38A 51.9 40.3 39.8 45.6 47.6 46.7 63.7 - 54.3 42.6 37.3 50.6 - - - 38B 50.5 - 51.1 43.4 47.5 47.5 62.3 46.8 56.0 - - 47.8 - - - 38 51.2 40.3 45.5 44.5 47.6 47.1 63.0 46.8 55.2 42.6 37.3 49.2 47.5 42.3 41.5 39A 50.1 34.8 49.7 45.3 46.7 43.2 56.6 50.0 58.2 51.9 22.1 43.6 - - - 39B - - 52.7 49.5 43.9 46.3 53.4 54.7 56.2 - 41.3 47.8 - - - 39 50.1 34.8 51.2 47.4 45.3 44.8 55.0 52.4 57.2 51.9 31.7 45.7 47.3 42.1 41.3 41A 38.9 42.8 39.2 40.6 41.7 33.2 39.3 35.5 35.6 38.1 30.6 36.8 - - - 41B 43.1 0.0 35.3 38.9 39.2 36.3 36.4 31.6 37.0 - 33.9 35.7 - - - 41 41.0 21.4 37.3 39.8 40.5 34.8 37.9 33.6 36.3 38.1 32.3 36.3 35.7 31.8 31.7 42A 54.2 18.8 49.4 49.4 43.1 42.5 52.1 48.4 54.3 48.4 37.4 53.1 46.0 - - 42B 58.2 - 47.9 49.2 - 42.6 53.6 53.3 51.3 - 41.0 39.9 48.6 - - 42 56.2 18.8 48.7 49.3 43.1 42.6 52.9 50.9 52.8 48.4 39.2 46.5 45.8 40.7 39.9 45 44.9 49.9 36.7 42.3 41.9 34.9 30.0 31.6 37.4 45.6 41.4 28.9 38.8 34.5 24.7 47 38.8 35.1 32.6 27.3 24.3 24.2 26.2 25.5 27.1 40.5 38.0 31.1 30.9 27.5 25.9 48 47.5 46.8 37.1 40.5 35.8 40.1 42.6 26.1 35.1 30.3 32.0 29.7 37.0 32.9 29.6 49 35.0 29.8 31.2 - 43.3 29.1 34.8 53.9 31.3 32.5 21.9 27.8 33.7 30.0 15.4 50 - 26.0 34.0 31.1 - 34.7 43.1 32.4 24.3 30.6 33.2 - 32.2 28.6 - 51 - 21.9 27.5 28.1 25.2 17.6 24.7 22.7 34.2 35.2 36.6 30.6 27.7 24.6 22.8 52 ------35.2 48.2 41.7 37.1 30.6 ☐ Local bias adjustment factor used

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 45

☒ National bias adjustment factor used ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75%

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 46

Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC Supporting Technical Information

Changed and new sources of pollution have been investigated and any changes to existing sources, or new sources are listed below:

Screening Assessment New or Existing Source Required? Narrow congested streets with residential properties No close to the kerb Busy streets where people may spend 1-hour or No more close to traffic Roads with a high flow of buses and/or HGV No Junctions No New roads constructed since the last round of No Review and Assessment New roads constructed since the last round of No Review and Assessment Bus and coach stations No Railway (diesel and steam trains) No Industrial installations (new installations and those No – industrial installations listed with significantly increased emissions) below Major petrol storage depots No Petrol stations No Poultry farms No No screening assessment – Biomass combustion (including domestic solid-fuel biomass granted planning burning for PM10) permission, but no significant impacts CHP installations No

Domestic solid-fuel burning (SO2) No Quarries, landfill sites, opencast coal mining, waste transfer sites, materials handling (i.e. ports, major No construction sites) No screening assessment – see New Developments below for details

Integrated Transport Strategy Schemes

The following schemes commenced in 2018/19:

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 47

 A522 Tape Street/Ashbourne Rd junction improvements – intended to reduce traffic congestion and delay.

 St Edward Street and Stanley Street, Leek – improvements to pedestrian connectivity and public realm

 Biddulph Valley Way – completion of NCN55.

In addition, a countywide Electric Vehicle Charging Point project is underway.

Planning Applications

The following planning applications have been granted between 2017 and 2018. It is not considered that any of these applications are likely to have a significant impact on air quality, but monitoring of planning applications will continue.

Application Air Quality Site Location Proposal Number (Link) Assessment? SMD/2018/023 Fole Dairy , Outline Application for Residential Yes 4 Uttoxeter Road, development, means of access, Fole, Uttoxeter, ancillary works and site remediation. ST14 5EH SMD/2018/014 Alton Towers 102 accommodation pods, shower No Increase in 1 Farley Lane and toilet facility building entrance Traffic Farley ST10 4DB feature, hard and soft landscaping and parking and drainage works. SMD/2018/009 FORMER Reinstatement of single line railway No - Previously 2 RAILWAY LINE track and replacement footpath on undertaken BARNFIELD former railway line between Cornhill ROAD LEEK Leek and boundary of existing No receptors operational railway land at Leekbrook. SMD/2017/065 Land Off The Erection of 39 dwellings No 9 Birches Cheadle SMD/2017/051 Land South East Detailed Planning Application for the Yes 2 Of A521 A50 development of 118 dwellings (Use BLYTHE Class C3), new access and internal BRIDGE BYE roads for vehicles, pedestrian and PASS BLYTHE cycle linkages; car and cycle BRIDGE parking; associated play and open space, landscaping, ecological habitats; sustainable drainage measures, earthworks and all ancillary enabling works including the demolition of building and structures.

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 48

Application Air Quality Site Location Proposal Number (Link) Assessment? SMD/2017/008 Compton Mill Proposed residential No - TA 3 Compton Leek accommodation with care, (use indicated net ST13 5NJ Class C2) comprising 57 apartments reduction in for persons aged 55 and over with traffic communal areas, associated landscaping, access roads, car parking, bin stores and services

Biomass

Planning permission approved for the retention of a building housing a biomass boiler. An Air Quality Assessment was submitted with the application and showed no significant impacts.

Application Air Quality Site Location Proposal Number (Link) Assessment? SMD/2017/014 Land South East Retention of biomass building. Yes 5 of Lodge Farmhouse, Basford Hall Road, Leek.

MCP

Application Air Quality Site Location Proposal Number (Link) Assessment? SMD/2017/024 Cherry Barn, Extension to and change of use of Yes 3 Cherry Lane, existing cattle shed from agriculture Cheadle, to a peaking plant to provide Staffordshire, electricity to the national grid at ST10 4QS periods of peak demand and installation of an underground electricity cable.

County Planning Application in SMDC

Application Air Quality Site Location Proposal Number (Link) Assessment? SM.17/02/1138 John Pointon and Planning application for a renewable Yes W Sons, Bones energy facility to provide electricity Lane, and heat to existing industrial Cheddleton, Leek operations at the wider John Pointon and Sons‟ site, including regrading of existing embankments.

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 49

Industrial Installations

New A1 Installations

Name Activity EP Reference Date Approved NGR John Pointon & DISPOSAL OF > BK0086IY July 2017 SJ 960473 Sons Limited 50 T/D NON- HAZARDOUS WASTE (> 100 T/D IF ONLY AD) INVOLVING BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT|AN IMAL, VEGETABLE AND FOOD; DISPOSING ETC

New IPPC A2 Installations

None

New LAPPC Part B Permits

Name Activity EP Reference Date Approved NGR AG Plant Hire Mobile Crusher EP_AGPH_3-16 July 2017 SJ 960473 Sharpcliffe Hall Combustion of EP_SH_1.12 August 2018 SK 009521 Waste Wood

Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC

QA/QC of Diffusion Tube Monitoring

The diffusion tubes are prepared and analysed by Staffordshire Scientific Services using 20% TEA in Water.

Bias Adjustment Factor

The national bias adjustment spreadsheet (version number 06/19) has been used to calculate the bias adjustment factors for 2017 and 2018. The following bias adjustment factors have been applied to diffusion tube monitoring data as follows:

 2017 - 0.88 based on 19 studies

 2018 - 0.89 based on 15 studies

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 50

Annualisation of Short-term Data

Ideally, monitoring should be for a full calendar year. Annualisation can be used in order to estimate an annual average from an average of data over part of the year. Annualisation is carried out when data capture is less than 75%, but over 25%, as per guidance set out in LAQM TG.16.

Only one diffusion tube monitoring site (Site 9) required annualisation in 2018. Moreover, Site 52 was not annualised as the site was commissioned in November 2018, resulting in a very small amount of data for this site. No sites required annualisation in 2017 as data capture was > 75% at all sites.

Monitoring data was taken from four AURN background as detailed in Table C.1. The annualisation calculations (before bias adjustment) are shown in Table C.2.

Table C.1 Summary of Regional AURN NO2 Annual Mean Site Site Type 2018 Stoke-on-Trent Centre Urban Background 23.4 Chesterfield Loundsley Green Urban Background 12.2 Glazebury Rural Background 13.8 Nottingham Centre Urban Background 27.5

Table C.2 Annualisation of 2018 NO2 Diffusion Tube Data

AURN Annual Mean/Period AURN Period Mean

Mean Ratio

- -

field

on on

- -

Mean

Trent Trent

Green Green

Centre Centre Centre Centre

AverageRatio

Stoke Stoke

Glazebury Glazebury

Loundsley Loundsley

Measured Period

Annualised Mean

DiffusionTube ID

Nottingham Nottingham

Chester Chesterfield

9 12.25 25.32 14.07 15.64 31.41 0.926 0.865 0.882 0.876 0.887 10.87

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 51

Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations Figure D.1 – Diffusion Tube Monitoring Locations (District Wide)

Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2019. Ordnance Survey licence number 100046099. Additional data sourced from third parties, including public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0.

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 52

Figure D.2 – Diffusion Tube Monitoring Locations (Biddulph)

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 53

Figure D.3 – Diffusion Tube Monitoring Locations (Cellarhead Junction)

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 54

Figure D.4 – Diffusion Tube Monitoring Locations (Cheadle)

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 55

Figure D.5 – Diffusion Tube Monitoring Locations (Leek)

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 56

Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England Air Quality Objective6 Pollutant Concentration Measured as 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more Nitrogen Dioxide 1-hour mean than 18 times a year (NO ) 2 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more Particulate Matter 24-hour mean than 35 times a year (PM ) 10 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 1-hour mean than 24 times a year Sulphur Dioxide 125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 24-hour mean (SO2) than 3 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 15-minute mean than 35 times a year

6 3 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m ).

Staffordshire Moorlands Annual Status Report 2018 and 2019 57

Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values‟

AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives

ASR Air quality Annual Status Report

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

EU European Union

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm (micrometres or microns) or less

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

SMDC Staffordshire Moorlands District Council

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References

Office for National Statistics. (2019). Nomis Official Labour Market Statistics. Retrieved June 21, 2019, from https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/ Peak District National Park Authority. (2001). Local Plan. Peak District National Park Authority. (2011). Peak District National park Local Development Framework - Core Strategy Development Plan. Public Health England. (2016). Publich Health Outcomes Framework 2016-2019 At a glance. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/520457/At_a_gl ance.pdf Public Health England. (2019a). Public Health Outcomes Framework. Retrieved from https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/profile/public-health-outcomes-framework Public Health England. (2019b). Review of interventions to improve outdoor air quality and public health. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data /file/795185/Review_of_interventions_to_improve_air_quality.pdf Staffordshire County Council. (2018). Staffordshire Moorlands District Integrated Transport Strategy 2018-2031. Retrieved from https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/Transport/transportplanning/District-integrated-transport- strategies/districtintegratedtransportstrategies.aspx Staffordshire Moorlands District Council. (2014). Adopted Core Strategy. Staffordshire Moorlands District Council. (2018a). 2015, 2016 and 2017 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR). Staffordshire Moorlands District Council. (2018b). Staffordshire Moorlands Local Plan Submission Version. Retrieved from https://www.staffsmoorlands.gov.uk/localplan Staffordshire Moorlands District Council. (2019). Air Quality Webpage. Retrieved June 20, 2019, from Staffordshire Moorlands District Council: https://www.staffsmoorlands.gov.uk/article/1096/Air- quality

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