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Bab Ii Gambaran Umum Pencak Silat

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Bab Ii Gambaran Umum Pencak Silat BAB II GAMBARAN UMUM PENCAK SILAT Pencak Silat merupakan salah satu jenis bela diri yang cukup tua umurnya, yang timbul sebagai akibat dari hasrat manusia untuk mempertahankan hidupnya dari gangguan alam dan lingkungan. Kata Pencak dan Silat berasal dari bahasa dan budaya masyarakat pribumi Indonesia. Istilah Pencak tanpa Silat biasa digunakan oleh masyarakat di pulau Jawa, Madura, Bali, dan Lombok. Sedangkan istilah Silat tanpa Pencak biasa digunakan oleh masyarakat di wilayah Indonesia lainnya. Setelah IPSI berdiri, kedua istilah ini digabungkan, dalam rangka mempersatukan semua kekuatan bela diri yang ada di Nusantara. Keduanya dianggap mempunyai satu pengertian. Perkembangan Pencak Silat di Indonesia Kalau pada jaman Pra-sejarah manusia mewujudkan gerakan bela dirinya dengan sangat sederhana, hanya pada taraf mempertahankan diri, pada jaman Kerajaan-Kerajaan ilmu bela diri telah mengalami perkembangan yang demikian majunya hingga dapat membawa kerajaan-kerajaan di Indonesia pada saat itu menjadi kerajaan yang besar . Hal yang sebaliknya tejadi pada jaman 9 10 penjajahan. Pencak Silat yang berkembang baik pada jaman kerajaan-kerajaan, pada jaman penjajahan Belanda tidak dapat melakukan kegiatannya secara terbuka. Pendidikan hanya boleh diberikan kepada kalangan tertentu, yaitu Sekolah Pendidikan Pegawai Pemerintah, Sekolah Polisi dan Pegawai Sipil tertentu. Tidak semua Pendekar diijinkan mengajar atau menyebarluaskan Pencak Silat. Perkumpulan- perkumpulan gerakan kemerdekaan Indonesia dilarang. Karena dilarang, para pemimpin pergerakan mencari cara lain untuk menyamarkan kegiatan, yaitu melalui perkumpulan Perauda dan Olah Raga, Kesenian, dan Pencak Silat. Dalam kekangan Belanda, perkembangan Pencak Silat tidak dapat berkembang dengan leluasa. Keadaan yang berbeda terjadi pada jaman penjajahan Jepang. Politik yang dijalankan oleh pemerintah Jepang terhadap bangsa yang diduduki berbeda. Pencak Silat sebagai salah satu warisan budaya Bangsa Indonesia didorong dan dikembangkan untuk kepentingan Jepang melawan Sekutu. Bagaimanapun keadaan menjadi lebih baik setelah Indonesia mencapai kemerdekaannya. Dibentuknya IPSSI ( Ikatan Pencak Silat Seluruh Indonesia ) pada 18 Mei 1948, yang kemudian pada tahun 1950 diganti menjadi IPSI ( Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia ), mendorong kemajuan perkembangan Pencak Silat. Berbagai perguruan maupun aliran 11 yang tadinya berjalan sendiri-sendiri dirangkul agar bersama-sama mengembangkan dan menyebarluaskan Pencak Silat di Indonesia dan dunia. 2. Pengertian Pencak Silat Menurut BABINORDI (Badan Pembina Olahraga Beladiri Indonesia ) yang dibentuk oleh KONI Pusat serta Rapat Kerja BAKIN bersama KONI Pusat (tahun 1982), IPSI serta Wakil-Wakil Departemen merumuskan definisi Pencak Silat sebagai : Budi daya manusia Indonesia untuk membela / mempertahankan eksistensi ( kemandirian ) dan integritas ( kemanunggalan ) terhadap alam dan lingkungan hidup sekitarnya untuk mencapai keselarasaan hidup guna meningkatkan iman dan takwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. 3. Jatidiri Pencak Silat Jatidiri Pencak Silat ditentukan dan dicirikan oleh 3 hal pokok sebagai satu kesatuan, yakni : - Budaya masyarakat Indonesia berdasarkan Pancasila sebagai sumber asal, kepribadian, pola dan corak Pencak Silat - falsafah budi pekerti luhur sebagai jiwa dan sumber motivasi penggunaannya. Nilai-nilai falsafah budi pekerti luhur adalah selaras dengan nilai-nilai falsafah bangsa yakni Pancasila - mental spiritual, beladiri, seni dan olah raga 12 sebagai aspek-aspek substansinya atau wujud fisikal dan visual yang merupakan satu kesatuan. Budaya masyarakat pribumi bersifat paguyuban atau kekeluargaan. Budaya ini sangat menjunjung tinggi kaidah-kaidah, nilai-nilai dan cita-cita agama serta moral masyarakat. Hal tersebut berkaitan dengan cita-cita masyarakat yang ingin diwujudkan yakni masyarakat tata-tentrem karta- raharja. Dalam masyarakat ini, setiap warganya dituntut untuk lebih mengutamakan pelaksanaaan kewajiban daripada hak. Falsafah budi pekerti huhur merupakan bagian dari dan diliputi serta dijiwai oleh budaya masyarakat Indonesia. Falsafah ini berpandangan bahwa cita-cita masyarakat tata-tentrem karta- raharja akan dapat terwujud apabila semua warga masyarakat secara individual dan sosial berbudi pekerti luhur. Karena itu, falsafah ini mengajarkan tentang pembentukan budi pekerti luhur sebagai kebijaksanaan hidup individual dan sosial. Budi adalah aspek kejiwaan manusia yang berunsur cipta, rasa, dan karsa sebagai satu kesatuan. Ketiganya dapat diartikan sebagai kegiatan atau dinamika akal, rasa dan kehendak. Pekerti adalah watak atau akhlak yang merupakan pencerminan dari budi. Luhur adalah mulia atau 13 terpuji. Falsafah budi pekerti luhur mengajarkan agar manusia menggiatkan akal, rasa dan kehendaknya serta menampilkan watak atau akhlaknya secara terpuji. Yang ingin diwujudkan dengan kegiatan itu adalah sikap, perilaku dan perbuatan yang luhur, yakni sikap, perilaku dan perbuatan yang terkendali. Karena itu pengendalian diri merupakan inti falsafah budi pekerti luhur dapat disebut juga sebagai falsafah pengendalian diri. Falsafah budi pekerti luhur atau falsafah pengendalian diri adalah falsafah Pencak Silat. Substansi Pencak Silat adalah wujud visual dan fisikal dari Pencak Silat. Sesuai denngan "catur gatra " atau 4 aspek integral substansinya, secara kategoris dapat dibedakan 4 jenis Pencak Silat, yakni : - Pencak Silat Mental Spiritual yang disebut juga Pencak Silat Pengendalian Diri ( karena wujud visual dan fisikal dari mental-spiritual adalah sikap, perilaku dan perbuatan mengendalikan diri ). Pelaksanaan jenis Pencak Silat ini bertujuan untuk memantapkan daya pengendalian diri dan karena itu lebih menekankan pada aspek mental- spiritual . - Pencak Silat Beladiri Pelaksanaan jenis Pencak Silat ini bertujuan untuk membela diri dari hakekat ancaman fisik dan karena itu lebih menekankan pada aspek beladiri. 14 - Pencak Silat Seni Pelaksanaan jenis Pencak Silat ini bertujuan untuk mempertunjukkan keindahan dan keserasian gerak Pencak Silat dan karena itu lebih menekankan pada aspek seni - Pencak Silat 01 ah Raga Pelaksanaan jenis Pencak Silat ini bertujuan untuk memelihara ketangkasan dan ketahanan jasmani serta pencapaian prestasi keolahragaaan dan karana itu lebih menekankan pada aspek olah raga Kata-kata "lebih menekankan pada salah satu aspek berkonotasi tidak mengabaikan aspek-aspek lainnya. Karena 4 aspek pada substansi Pencak Silat itu merupakan satu kesatuan utuh yang tak dapat dipisahkan walaupun dapat dibedakan. Substansi Pencak Silat sebagai wujud visual dan fisikal Pencak Silat terdiri dari apa yang disebut jurus, yakni suatu rangkaian gerak berpola yang terkendali ( bermoral / be»etika ), efektif, indah serta membina ketangkasan dan ketahanan jasmani yang mempunyai 4 tujuan sebagai satu kesatuan, yakni : - memperkuat daya pengendalian diri atau daya cegah-tangkal dari kemampuan mengendalikan diri ( aspek mental spiritual ) - membela diri terhadap berbagai bentuk ancaman fisik ( aspek bela dir ) 15 - mempertunjukkan keindahan dan keserasian gerak ( aspek seni ) - membina ketangkasan dan ketahanan jasmani ( aspek olah raga ) Karena aspek bela diri merupakan aspek yang paling menonjol dan paling banyak diajarkan dalam pendidikan Pencak Silat, maka Pencak Silat seringkali dinamakan sebagai kiat ( seni ) beladiri atau olahraga beladiri. Kaidah Pencak Silat Kaidah adalah aturan dasar yang mengatur hal- hal yang bersifat mendasar dalam kegiatan manusia sebagai warga masyarakat. Kaidah Pencak Silat adalah aturan dasar tentang tata cara melaksanakan Pencak Silat yang harus bernilai etis-terkendali, teknis-efektif, estetis-harmonis dan kesatria- sportif . sebagai satu kesatuan sesuai dengan keluhuran nilai-nilai Pencak Silat yang berfalsafah budi pekerti luhur dan keluhuran nilai-nilai budaya yang merupakan sumber asalnya. Dalam kaitan dengan keluhuran nilai-nilai Pencak Silat dan budaya tersebut maupun nilai-nilai pendidikan, konotasi dari masing-masing nilai kaidah Pencak Silat adalah sebagai berikut : - nilai etis-terkendali berkonotasi persaudaraan, perdamaian, menghargai sesamanya, penuh tenggang rasa, rendah hati dan sopan. 16 - nilai teknis-efektif berkonotasi kemahiran ( skill ) yang rasional, bernilai guna, bertepat guna, berdaya guna, berhasil guna, bertepat arah dan bertepat sasaran. - nilai estetis-harmonis berkonotasi keindahan gerak yang ber'wiraga' ( gerak yang tertib dan teratur ) dan ber'wirasa' ( gerak yang indah, luwes, dan serasi ), dan bila diiringi musik, juga ber'wirama' ( gerak yang selaras dengan irama musik yang mengiringinya ) - nilai kesatria-sportif berkonotasi jujur, adiil, benar dan berdisiplin dalam usaha merebut keunggulan atau mencapai prestasi. 2.5. Hakekat Pencak Silat Ditinjau dari jatidiri dan kaidahnya, Pencak Silat pada hakekatnya adalah substansi dan sarana pendidikan rohani dan jasmani untuk membentuk manusia yang mampu menghayati dan mengamalkan ajaran falsfah budi pekerti luhur, berjasmani sehat serta tangguh, tanggon dan trengginas. 2.6. Organisasi IPSI Organisasi IPSI terdapat di tingkat nasional / pusat, di seluruh Propinsi / Daerah Tingkat I dan di sebagian besar Daerah Tingkat II ( Kabupaten dan Kotamadya ). Di Jawa, Madura, dan Bali organisasi IPSI terdapat sampai di tingkat Kecamatan. Nama - 1 / organisasi IPSI dan Pengurusnya di berbagai eselon adalah sebagai berikut ( makalah IPSI, 1993 ): - eselon Pusat/Nasional -- IPSI Pusat -- Pengurus Besar ( PB ) - eselon Dati I -- IPSI Daerah -- Pengurus Daerah (Pengda) - eselon Dati II — IPSI Cabang -- Pengurus Cabang
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