Inter Agency Early Recovery Needs Assessment (IAERNA)

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Inter Agency Early Recovery Needs Assessment (IAERNA) UNDP is the UN's global development network, advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. We are on the ground in 166 countries, working with them on their own solutions to global and national development challenges. As they develop local capacity, they draw on the people of UNDP and ourwiderangeofpartners.

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Map: Community Appraisal Motivation Programme (CAMP)

Thispublicationisavailablefrom: UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme, 4th Floor SerenaBusinessComplex Islamabad, Pakistan http://www.undp.org.pk The Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

Conducted by Community Appraisal and Motivation Programme (CAMP) in coordination with and inputs from the FATA Early Recovery Working Group Contents

I. List of Acronyms 4 II. Acknowledgements 6 III. Executive Summary 7 Background of the Crisis 14

Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment 15

IV. UNDP - ERWG: IAERNA Survey Methodology 17 Strategy for Survey 17

Management Plan 17

Research Tools 17

Focus Group Discussion (FGD) Methodology 19

Key Informants Interviews (KII) Methodology 20

Field Survey/Data collection 20

V. An Introduction to FATA: Bajaur, Mohmand, Orakzai and South Waziristan 21 VI. The Preliminary Early Recovery Needs Assessment 24 VII. Sectoral Findings from the Assessment 26 VIII. Early recovery recommendations in FATA 70 “Early recovery is a multidimensional process that begins in a humanitarian setting. It is guided by development principles that seek to build on humanitarian programmes and catalyze sustainable development opportunities. It aims to generate self-sustaining, nationally owned, resilient processes for post crisis recovery. Early recovery programming encompasses the restoration of basic services, livelihoods, shelter, governance, security and rule of law, environment and social dimensions”.1

1Guidance note on Early Recovery, CWGER, Geneva, April 2008 Acronyms

APA AssistantPoliticalAgent ADB AsianDevelopmentBank CAMP CommunityAppraisal&MotivationProgramme CNIC ComputerizedNationalIdentityCards DCO DistrictCoordinationOfficer DDMA DistrictDisasterManagementAuthorities DEWS DiseaseEarlyWarningSystem DLA DetailedLivelihoodAssessment DNA DamagesNeedsAssessment DoH DepartmentofHealth DRR DisasterRiskReduction ER EarlyRecovery ERWG EarlyRecoveryWorkingGroup FAO FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations FATA FederallyAdministeredTribalAreas FCR FrontierCrimesRegulation FDMA FATADisasterManagementAuthority FGDs FocusGroupDiscussions GoKP GovernmentofKhyberPakhtunkhwa HH Household IAERNA InteragencyEarlyRecoveryNeedsAssessment ILO InternationalLabourOrganization IMF InternationalMonetaryFund IVAP IDPVulnerabilityAssessmentProfiling KII KeyInformantsInterview LHWs LadyHealthWorkers MNCH Maternal,NewbornandChildHealth MoH MinistryofHealth MOSS MinimumOperatingSecurityStandards MoSW MinistryofSocialWelfare NDMA NationalDisasterManagementAuthority NFIs Non-FoodItems NGO Non-GovernmentalOrganization OCHA OfficefortheCoordinationofHumanitarianAffairs PA PoliticalAgent PaRRSA ProvincialRelief,RehabilitationandSettlementAuthority PCNA PostConflictNeedsAssessment PDMA ProvincialDisasterManagementAuthority PHC PrimaryHealthCare RAHA RefugeeAffectedandHostingAreasProgramme SAFRON StatesandFrontierRegions SGBV SexualandGender-BasedViolence SPHERE HumanitarianCharterandMinimumStandardsinHumanitarianResponse SRH SexualandReproductiveHealth TBA TraditionalBirthAttendant TWG TechnicalWorkingGroup

4 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

UN UnitedNations UNAIDS UnitedNationsJointProgrammeonHIV/AIDS UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme UNDSS UnitedNationsDepartmentofSafetyandSecurity UNESCO UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization UNFPA UnitedNationsPopulationFund UN-HABITAT UnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme UNHCR UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees UNICEF UnitedNationsChildren'sFund UNWOMEN UnitedNationsEntityforGenderEqualityandWomen'sEmpowerment WASH Water,SanitationandHygiene WB WorldBank WFP UnitedNationsWorldFoodProgramme WHO WorldHealthOrganization

5 Acknowledgements

After the conflict and militancy crisis that hit the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), the Government of Pakistan, the FATA Secretariat and UN agencies felt the need for an accurate and reliable detailed needs assessment to understand the damages to the lives and properties of the people of FATA. In its continuation, UNDP, FATA Disaster Management Authority (FDMA) and 12 UN agencies decided to conduct a joint Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment (IAERNA) for the reintegration of IDPs to FATA, and to evaluate the damages that occurred during the disasters. UNDP and FDMA shared the IAERNA work plan with all stakeholders. A detailed field survey was conducted withinaveryshorttimeandunderhighsecurityrisksinFATA.

IAERNA involves the ownership and endorsement by the Government of Pakistan, FATA Secretariat, and many partners including NGOs that are part of the FATA Early Recovery Working Group. Its findings provide the baseline data on damages and facilitate the process of preparing budgets and projects that are based on realities on the ground and submitted by 8UN sectors under the Early Recovery Working Group. FDMA emphasized that during this complex emergency situation, it is crucial to simultaneously tackle early recovery, while at the same time respond to the urgent relief needsofthepeopleofFATA.

We acknowledge the assistance and concerted efforts of many stakeholders involved in the finalization of IAERNA report and hope that it will be of great help to the actors of Early Recovery interventionsinFATA.

ArshadKhan DirectorGeneral FATADisasterManagementAuthority

6 Executive Summary

The Inter Agency Early Recovery Needs Assessment (IAERNA) – in agreement with UNDP, other UN agencies, FDMA and government partners – focuses on early recovery needs in four most crisis affected Agencies within the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA); namely Mohmand, Bajaur, Orakzai and SouthWaziristan.The Assessment is proposed to allow the identification of an integrated UN early recovery programme encompassing the following sectors: Agriculture, Food Security, Health, Nutrition, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Education, Community Restoration and Protection with strong emphasis on cross cutting issues such as Gender, Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), Environment and Communication. It will pay special emphasis on the vulnerable community groups including women, men, girls and boys, as wellaselders,sects,clansandpersonswithdisabilities.

Although the IAERNA focused on four affected agencies of FATA only, and had clear geographic limitations, it complements the Post Conflict Needs Assessment (PCNA). Moreover, due to the limited time and methodology,thereportshouldbetakenasaninitialassessmentthatprovidesbaselineinformationwhich mayleadtofurtherin-depthresearchandanalysisondifferentthematicareas.

A structured questionnaire was developed jointly by thirteen UN agencies and the final version was shared with CAMP for administering in the field. The tool was translated into Urdu for the field enumerators. The questionnaire sought information on household composition, resources, income, education, health, socio cultural issues etc. One questionnaire was carried out with each household, particularly with the head of household.Asamplesizeof1344householdswasselectedforinterviews.

24 Key Informants Interviews (KIIs) and thirteen Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were other tools used in theassessment.

It was ensured that the data correctly recorded the event it represented and data gathered from the field was accurate. Trained enumerators and data entry operators were appointed for this purpose and were thoroughly trained on questionnaires, interviewing techniques and data entry. The enumerators for each Agency remained involved throughout the data collection process in the same Agency in order to make thedatamoreaccurate.

One of the few areas that have not been touched by the military operation and strife in theTribal Region is that of the availability of water. Historically, a lack of government development efforts has translated into a dependence on informal or traditional measures of water collection and dispensation such as community wells, streams and canals rather than a modern physical network of pipelines, aqueducts or reservoirs. Since the traditional methods are generally sturdier and less prone to physical damage than modern ones – they have, largely, escaped the ravages of war. This opinion is supported by, both, household survey responsesandfocusgroupdiscussionswithresidentsofFATA.

By and large, we find that the agricultural sector (which serves as primary source of income for about 40% of the population, almost half the respondents) was not just affected by the military operation in a negative fashion but is also actively perceived to have been detrimental by the majority of those interviewed. This can be gauged from the reaction of nearly 44.3% respondents who believe they will not be able to plan for the next crop. It is also openly evident from the opinions of 42.2% respondents who said land reclamation wastheir'immediateneed'.

7 In terms of Livestock (which is the primary source of income for nearly 13.9% respondents) the situation is equally, if not more, grim. Livestock numbers have decreased by 3,885 (including buffaloes, sheep/goats, poultry etc.) from a pre-conflict figure of 11,109 animals. While some of these animals have died during the conflict due to neglect, starvation and disease, others have been sold off at low prices. Household respondents as well as focus group discussions have revealed that the operation in theTribal areas have resulted in the near-breakdown in the sustainability of the Livestock sector.There are fears amongst the locals that livestock will continue to die due to the lack of vaccination and general care. At present, livestock prices in the region are extremely high due to the disproportionately lowsupplyofanimals.

Food security had not been a major problem for the people of FATA in the past, given the comparatively strong traditions of sharing and tribal affiliation in the past. However, due to the losses suffered during the conflict, both in terms of finances and in terms of lost livestock, food security is now an issue for the people of the region. Focus group discussions with area residents reveal that more than afourthofallrespondentslost'alloftheirwheat/wheatflour'reservespost-conflict.

As if the loss of personal reserves was not enough, the closure of major markets and bazaars in the region has added to food insecurity.This means that any food within the access of the residents would naturally be more expensive and in insufficient quantity (according to the principles of demand and supply). These findings are confirmed by the household survey in which a distressingly large number (29%) of the respondents said that they had 'no food stocks' at all. This is resulting in far less than optimum consumption patterns in adults as well as children. Again, the Household survey reveals that a large majority of the residents (68 %) now rely on fairly inexpensive or low quality consumables to bridge the calorie deficit. This shows an emphasis on sugar, which is high energy but a general refrain fromsourcesofproteinwhicharefairlyexpensive.

The Household survey reports a large number of people who have had very little or no access to any distribution of food or infant supplies and an even larger number of people who, either, had no information on any such dispensation efforts or, presumably, did not care enough for the question to answerit.

The main problem identified from a study of the Household survey is the problem of 'access to health care'. FATA residence patterns display a preference for small concentrations of population segregated by vast tracts of deserted land. Resultantly, it is difficult to provide sufficient coverage to all the residents of theTribal belt. It is for this reason that a large number of them (32.1%) have identified that it takes them more than an hour to reach health facilities when needed. It must, however, be taken into account that the 'emergency' care facilities at any health post is the most frequented of all departments. It must also be taken into consideration that journeys to such health facilities for emergencies are a 'time-critical' exercise; each minute counts. All focus group discussions also highlightedtheunfortunatelackofmedicalcoverage.

Another important concern is of the quality of medical services. Almost all Focus Group discussions organized on the issue yield a general dissatisfaction with the quality of services offered and rendered. The household survey reveals that 47% of the respondents were either somewhat dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with medical services while 45.6%people are either somewhat satisfied or very satisfied. Residents of the area say that there is noreal facility available for women and children and that the staff is inexperienced or ill-trained. This is also supported by data from the household survey, which shows that 9%of the respondents have access to trained male medical doctors while 43% are limited to dispensers or technicians. Things are worse for females with only 2% confirming access to female medical doctors while 10% of the respondents were limited to female medical technicians, dispensers orDais .

8 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

Sources of communication in FATA lack both variety and coverage.The only major source of information in the area, according to both the Household Surveys and Focus Group Discussions is Radio. A large number of respondents (39.5%) said they rely on local radio stations for news and information while only a small number of respondents (17.6%) read newspapers. Perhaps, this also explains the mushroom growth of illegalradiostationsoperatedbyprivatepartiesandmilitantsintheregion.

The on-going conflict and the recent floods have left their scars on tribal society. From personal life, to property to businesses – everything has suffered from the onslaught of heavy artillery and the deluge. A large majority of the respondents (63.2 %) said that their businesses would require some measure of reinvestment to continue, while only a small minority (12.9 %) said their businesses have escaped harm. The majority consensus is that financial assistance or repair/rehabilitation would be needed for their businesses to start operations. Women in particular say that in order to start some home based income generation they would need sewing machines as their top priority (45%) followed by skill development (32%).

Focus group discussions support these opinions with demands for infrastructure and irrigation system development. According to participants, many roads in the tribal region have been damaged. The top priorities for recovery are awarded to roads and transport, electrical distribution system followed by schools and hospitals.Vocational trainings for men in masonry and plumbing while for women in tailoring and embroidery were also suggested.The participants said that such training, especially for women, would helptoalleviatetheirdepressionpost-displacement.

FATA is an area that has always suffered from ill governance in the past. Due to the lack of development expenditures, meagre incomes, floods and conflict based devastation, damage to housing and loss of property, an overwhelming majority of the respondents (84%) believe financial assistance is key to developingtheregionwhileonlyasmallminority(8%)saidinfrastructureshouldbedeveloped.

Fortunately, there is great emphasis on the inclusion of the youth in community and peace-building activities;however,veryfewpeopleplacetheirtrustin'theState'.

The Needs Assessment shows a mixed reaction to Afghan citizens – while some respondents believed that the Afghans' presence did not have much of an impact on their lives and resources or economy, others felt the Afghans were responsible for many of the problems they faced today, especially the depleting resources such as water and wood. For example, it is interesting to note that 56% of respondents said that there is increased pressure on the grazing lands due to presence of Afghans in FATA.They also believed that sincemostofthefuelwoodcomesfromforests,theshortagewascreatedduetoAfghans'presence.

The Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment 9 Followingisalistofbroad,immediaterecommendationsbasedontheAssessment:

Main Sectoral Recommendations for Affected Communities: IAERNA • Repair of water supply systems; both public and community built/maintained schemes • Provide water and sanitation services to schools/education WASH institutions and BHUs/health facilities • Mass awareness campaign on health and hygiene promotion • Repair of sanitation facilities • Provide seeds, fertilizer and necessary tools to revive agricultural activity Agriculture/Livelihoods • Rehabilitate damaged irrigation systems for crop production • Improve livestock and poultry farming by providing poultry, goats, cows etc., especially for vulnerable families • Train lady health workers and other community workers on how to look out for malnourished children/women; and how to deal with malnutrition in children and pregnant/lactating Nutrition mothers • Provide supplements to malnourished children and pregnant/lactating mothers • Where access is limited, have pre- fabricated structures and or mobile health units for primary health care services and essential medicines and supplies Health • Provide training to LHWs for community based health services • Provide special care for elders, people with disabilities, women and children • Provide psychosocial and mental health counselling • Provide support to vulnerable families in rebuilding and rehabilitation of shelter/housing Shelter/Housing • Train the affected local population in temporary shelter and home repair and construction • Use the radio as a tool for mass awareness on important issues Mass Communication including health, agriculture, education and nutrition etc., especially targeting women Community • Through the affected communities, repair and rehabilitate Restoration essential infrastructure including streets, roads, etc. • Provide skill training to women, youth and other vulnerable populations Non -Farm Livelihood • Start cash for work or food schemes to involve communities in community restoration projects • Plant trees and other plantation to restore damage to Environment environment/forests • Encourage peace committees and other existing local mechanisms in addressing communities issues including peace Social Cohesion and security • Provide peace education to children and youth through schools/colleges • Provide technical support to local administration and where Governance needed, physical infrastructure support

10 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

• Provide DRR training to communities–use the existing community based organizations and village committees/existing structures, for DRR better outreach • Awareness campaign on the FDMA and its role, along with information on how communities may contact FDMA • Provide temporary school structures in areas where schools have been damaged badly; also provide school books, supplies etc. • Include peace building and psychosocial support in school curricula Education and train teachers on the same issues • Provide special education services for children with special needs • Literacy programmes for adults, especially women • Need to set up protection monitoring mechanisms • Conduct in- depth research on protection issues in FATA; particularly women and children related research • Encourage child centred activities for affected children with a focus on psychosocial needs • Identify and define categories of Extremely Vulnerable Individuals (EVIs), support and monitor their access to early recovery assistance • Conduct regular monitoring to identify protection related incidents and concerns and provide response through direct assistance, referral to appropriate service providers or advocacy, where applicable Protection • Conduct awareness -raising sessions and disseminate information among the affected population on their rights, on available services and mechanisms for accessing them, and on essential civil documentation • Provide legal advice and representation to affected population to ensure effective access to justice • Establish centres to provide counselling, assistance and livelihoods training to women and monitoring • Ensure the availability of multi-sectoral response services , initiate GBV case management by building the capacity and establishing

11 Introduction

FATA has emerged as one of the main regions immensely affected by the on-going militancy crisis, which has now continued for a prolonged period. Instability, poor governance and socio-economic underdevelopment have shaped the crisis unravelling in this region. Marginalisation and inequity are sustained through legislation in FATA and the extreme marginalisation of women and girls in FATA, in particular, are obstacles to achieving sustainable development and peace. Additional challenges include high levels of illiteracy, unemployment (and the growing illicit economy), natural disasters, and constraints onaccesstobasicservicessuchaseducation,food,shelterandmedicalcare.

There are few reliable statistics on socio-economic indicators in FATA. Those that do exist, however, reveal that these indicators remain abysmally low, with nearly 60% of the population in FATA living below the poverty line. Literacy level is at 17.4%; of which, male literacy at 29.5% and a pitiful 3% for females. Latest health indicators are unavailable however judging from the 1998 Census; one doctor is available for 7,670 people in FATA, which indicates poor health conditions. Where hospitals and clinics are running, they are generally inadequately staffed, poorly equipped and unhygienic. Either there are no facilities of clean drinkingwaterortheyareinterriblecondition.

Although women perform the critical role of taking care of the family, they have limited access to education or work opportunities outside the home. They are involved in decision-making processes at home, and veryrarelyatthevillagelevel.However,theirexposuretotheoutsideworldremainslimited.

These socio-economic issues are exacerbated by the region becoming a conflict zone, since Pakistani military launched its much-anticipated operation against the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) in South Waziristan agency in 2009. Since then, military operations have continued in all the other agencies of the FATA, displacing hundreds of thousands and damaging infrastructure in an already underdeveloped region.

The region had hosted more that 4 million registered Afghans in the past2 , and according to UNHCR, there are 15,576 Afghan citizens still living in FATA, with the majority living in Khyber, Mohmand and South Waziristan. Over the years, the impact of Afghans on the local environment, economy, and law and order situation, was felt by locals in the tribal areas, as it was felt in other parts of the country. According to a research finding in 2010, an overwhelming 89.1% of 4,000 FATA residents said Afghans should return to Afghanistan.Themainreasonsthatpeoplefeltthiswaywasduetoeconomicpressuresandsecurity3 .

IAERNA report presents a detailed analysis of the assessment conducted in four agencies of FATA; Bajaur, Mohmand, Orakzai and South Waziristan, and identifies priority areas for intervention that would help the targetcommunities'buildbackbetter'.

The selected four agencies were among the worst affected during the military operation, leading to the displacement of around a million people from their homes. Moreover, Pakistan faced the worst floods in its history in 2010, which affected FATA as well. Although these agencies did not emerge as one of the severely affected regions in the list classified by NDMA, the issue of displacement was compounded by the floods in otherareas.

According to the Multi-sector Flood Assessment in Pakistan 2011, approximately two thirds of the displaced have now returned home. The priorities for the villages where people have returned included food, cash, shelter, water and sanitation and protection. For Early Recovery/Rebuilding the initial needs

2According to UNHCR reports 3Understanding FATA 2010, Volume IV (www.understandingfata.org)

12 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment included housing, health facilities, agriculture (animals and inputs), non-farm livelihoods and community infrastructure4 .

Although humanitarian activities are on-going in FATA, the return of IDPs to their places of origin call for immediate recovery activities to assist communities to build back better and to strengthen post-crisis early recovery efforts in a coherent and holistic manner which complements humanitarian actions with a recoveryfocus.

Since the IAERNA focused on four affected agencies of FATA only, clearly the assessment had geographical limitations. Moreover, due to the limited time and methodology, the report should be taken as an initial assessment that provides baseline information which may lead to further in-depth research and analysis on different thematic areas. The assessment complements the PCNA and other similar reports where possible.

The IAERNA as an intrinsic component of the Early Recovery Assistance Framework for the Reintegration of the IDP's returnee and stayee Population in FATA's Outline aims as well in finding ways on how to complementsixinterrelatedcomponentsthatmakeupanimportantpartofthethePCNA'sobjectives: i) Affected communities have adequate access to food in specific Agencies/areas in FATA where accessibilityispossible; ii) Affected communities have improved access to basic social services in selected FATA Agencies/areas; iii) Livelihoods and economic opportunities for crisis-affected people in selected Agencies in FATA improved; iv) Capacity of local authorities and communities (including IDPs) for recovery, peace building and risk reductionstrengthened; v) Peacebuilding,socialcohesionandriskreductionstrengthened; vi) StrengthenedCoordinationofEarlyRecovery.

TheIAERNAhasthefollowingmainobjectives:

· Identify and prioritize benchmarks, standards, outcomes and desired results to restore social, physical,institutionalandeconomicsystemsinFATA; · Informandguidethedecision-makingprocessonERwithinthedonorcommunity; · Assist ERWG to serve as a planning and coordination framework owned by the government partnersandUNagencies; · AssistERWGtoformulateamulti-sectoralprogrammeofaholisticpackageforERincorporatingthe sectoralandgeographicalfocuswithgenderequity.

FollowingaretheGuidingPrinciplesoftheIAERNA:

· National ownership: National ownership is very important for successful early recovery efforts to stabilize the situation in FATA. It is indispensable for the achievement of a more sustainable full recovery:

4DNA 2010 13 · National capacity utilization and support: National ownership cannot fully materialize if national, local actors and institutions do not have the required capacities to lead, manage and implement the process. Recovery programs in FATA should develop the capacities of the state and other duty-bearers to fulfil their main obligations and responsibilities towards the population. Additionally, affected populations should be seen as fundamental actors requiring capacities to drive the process of recovery and claim their rights. In FATAthis includes important minority groups, including youth that have tremendous potential to act as agents ofchangetowardspeaceanddevelopment. · Community-centred approach: Recovery takes place at the community and household level. Capacity development should therefore trickle down to local level. This is the level at which some of the most meaningful early recovery activities take place. Community participation in decision-making, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of local programmes increasestheappropriatenessoftheearlyrecoveryinterventions. · Conflict prevention and risk reduction: Government and international community should cease the opportunities to address conditions that led to losses and instability in FATA. Building back better' aims to promote the restoration of services, systems and institutions fromgoodtogreatthroughtheapplicationofimprovedstandardsandpolicies. · Promoting gender equality: Promotion of gender equality and women's empowerment should be integrated as a crosscutting issue in all recovery activities in FATA and should be addressed beginning with all planned assessments and planning stages of early recovery. These efforts should build on, for example, the Eight Point Agenda for Women's Empowerment and Gender Equality in Crisis Prevention and Recovery or any other UN and government commitments to the landmark Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women and peace and security adopted in 2000. In addition to addressing gender as a crosscutting issue, planned early recovery programmes should also include specific components addressing genderequalityandwomen'sempowerment. · Transparency and accountability: Transparency and accountability must include full accountability to beneficiaries, as well as to governments and donors. The UN should lead a transparent recovery planning process, the sharing of good practices, and rigorous monitoring and evaluation. This also entails recognizing people in FATA as active rights- holders at the centre of the recovery process, who are reached through information sharing, localgrievanceandredressmechanisms,andotherformsofparticipation.

BackgroundoftheCrisis

The population of north-west Pakistan has suffered conflict-induced displacement for the past seven years, with the phenomenon reaching its peak in 2009 when there were more than three million internally displaced people (IDPs) in the region. By May 2010, the figure was down to one million, but returnssincethenhavebeenoffsetbynewdisplacements.

In Mohmand, where military operations began in November 2008, an on-going offensive launched in December2010hasdisplacedmore60,000peopletodate(ET,29December2010;TN,8February2011; FDMA, May 2011). Local leaders urged residents to evacuate in anticipation of air strikes and abuses by militants, but some were nevertheless caught up in the fighting. While some went into camps, according to tribal elders, others were reluctant to seek shelter in crowded camps and instead moved inwithrelativesinnearbyvillages.SomefledacrosstheborderintoAfghanistan.

14 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

As of May 2011, on-going military operations and militant activities have caused new displacements in FATA5 . The largest groups were from Bajaur (350,000), SouthWaziristan (273,000) and Mohmand (245,000), but large numbers of unregistered IDPs from Khyber, Kurram, Orakzai, FR Kohat and FR Peshawar were also livingeitherinKPKorotherpartsofPakistan(FDMA,May2011;IVAP,April2011).

The various life-saving humanitarian, recovery and longer-term development efforts of the federal and provincial governments, as well as the military, humanitarian agencies, donors and international financial institutions (IFIs) continue to be enormously necessary, but not sufficient to transform the situation and reverse the support for violent change6 . In response to these conditions, the Government of Pakistan requested assistance from theWorld Bank, Asian Development Bank, United Nations, and European Union to undertake an assessment of the situation.Thence, in September 2010, the afore-mentioned institutions provided support in conducting the Post Crisis Needs Assessment (PCNA). The goal of the PCNA was to produce a helpful, pragmatic, coherent and sequenced peace building strategy for the Government of Pakistanthatdeliversthevisionwithin10yearstimeframe.

PCNA complements the humanitarian and recovery efforts therefore, focusing on the reforms and other interventions needed to build peace and create the conditions for sustainable development7 . However, PCNA was undertaken through consultations with affected communities of FATA as well as documented views of regional and national stakeholders on conflict drivers and solutions to crisis8 . The IAERNA effort complements the PCNA's views to respond to the recovery process to assist the IDP returnee population to their places of origin; while assisting the stayee population to build back better their livelihoods, basic social services, community restoration, among other important aspects, and to help communities to return tonormalcy.

InterAgencyEarlyRecoveryNeedsAssessment(IAERNA)

Although humanitarian activities are on-going in FATA, the return of IDPs to their places of origin call for immediate recovery activities to assist communities to build back better and to strengthen post-crisis early recovery efforts in a coherent and holistic approach to complement humanitarian actions with a recovery focus.

EarlyRecoveryisthepartofhumanitarianassistancethatseeksto:

· preventfurtherdeteriorationofandrestoringbasiclivingconditions,servicesandlivelihoods · prevent further deterioration of or restore national capacities to lead, manage and sustain recovery processes · build on relief and support spontaneous recovery efforts to prevent the recurrence of crisis and createconditionsforfuturedevelopment

The IAERNA will pay special emphasis on the vulnerable community groups including women, men, girls and boys, as well as elders, sects, clans and persons with disabilities. The impact of the Afghan population onFATAwillalsobegivenspecialconsideration.

The IAERNA is intended to serve as a post-conflict tool to assess the social and economic conditions; early recovery needs patterns and local capacities that will steer the conflict related response in FATA. This assessment will be later packaged as a framework bringing together different sectoral assessments to produceacomprehensiveanalysisofearlyrecoveryneedsinFATA. 5Pakistan: Returns continue in some areas but comprehensive IDP policy needed. Report by: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Norwegian Refugee Council. 31 May 2011 6Post Crisis Needs Assessment, KP and FATA – September 2010 7Post Crisis Needs Assessment, KP and FATA – September 2010 8 Post Crisis Needs Assessment, KP and FATA – September 2010 15 The IAERNA, with gender awareness can help to increase and broaden ownership and sustainability of recoveryinitiativesthroughthefollowing:

· Substantive involvement of women, men, girls and boys in the identification of their needs, prioritiesandinterests; · Identification of spontaneous recovery activities of women and girls as well as men and boys from marginalizedcommunitiesthatcanbesupportedandstrengthened; · Inclusion of line departments, national, provincial and local institutions working in all sectors, includingwomen's,gender,andyouthissues; · Substantive participation of NGOs with demonstrated experience working with, and for minority groups,includingwomenandgirls; · Elaboration of responsive recovery initiatives that are informed by, and respond to, the articulated and demonstrated needs of affected communities, minority groups, including women, men, girls andboys,andlinedepartmentsamongotherrelevantstakeholders.

16 UNDP- ERWG: IAERNA Survey Methodology StrategyforSurvey

With extensive presence in and understanding of FATA, Community Appraisal and Motivation Programme (CAMP)9 engaged local Enumerators to conduct the survey in the identified agencies (Bajaur, Mohmand, Orakzai and South Waziristan Agencies) of FATA. The strategy was based on the prevailing security conditionsinFATA.

CAMP has a pool of over 100 educated enumerators from FATA, both male and female, who are trained by the organisation and have been involved from time to time in various perception surveys and other research studies. For this data collection, CAMP involved 40 local enumerators who were experienced and qualified to carry out the assessment with some prior training and guidance. Involving locals in the assessment not only reduced the risk factor but also made it socially acceptable for them to enter into the target villages and speak with the communities.This strategy also facilitated the identification/location of villagesinfar-flungandoffroadareas.

Before field work started, the team was provided with the list of villages and work plan for the assessment. They were also given guiding principles that would help in carrying out field activities in an efficient mannerkeepinginmindtheoverallobjectiveoftheproject.

ManagementPlan

Given the complex situation in FATA, a combined methodology was undertaken in consultation with UNDP/FDMAandtheEarlyRecoveryWorkingGroupmembersto: a) acquire a broad understanding of the information provided by ERWG members on key early recovery drivingissues,and

b) introduce standard indicators reflected in the assessment tools for the collection of data per sector, whichhasenabledacomprehensivedataprocessing

CAMP worked closely with UNDP to ensure close monitoring of the whole survey exercise. From the team of enumerators in each agency, CAMP used one individual as a lead to oversee and ensure that the questionnaires are completed as planned and the survey aims are achieved. Hiring local staff ensured bettercostcontrolandzerovisibilityinregardstothesecuritysituation.

The Chief Executive who was supported by a Research Manager and Report Writer led the team for this research.

ResearchTools

A structured questionnaire was developed jointly by thirteen UN agencies and the final version was shared with CAMP for administering in the field. The tool was translated into Urdu for the field enumerators. The questionnaire sought information on household composition, resources, income, education health, socio culturalissuesetc.Onequestionnairewascarriedoutforeachhousehold,withtheheadofhousehold.

Interview guide was used for Key Informants Interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) guide wasusedforconductinganddocumentingFGDs.

9www.camp.org.pk

17 HouseholdsurveyMethodology

Early Recovery Working Group (ERWG) had designed and developed the structured questionnaire for household survey. The questionnaire was translated into Urdu for easy understanding and implementationinthefield.

TrainingofEnumerators

Two days training workshop on household survey questionnaire was organized at Peshawar for 24 field enumerators and 4 supervisors of all four target agencies of FATA. Apart from ERWG members, CAMP hired a specialized trainer/resource person for facilitation of the training session. ERWG members were also presentandprovidedtheirinputduringthetrainingsessions.

Pre-testing

The household survey questionnaire was pre-tested in Mohmand Agency by interviewing 8 respondents. No major issue was observed during the pretesting. These total 8 pre-tested interviews were not included inthefinalsamplesize.

SampleSize,randomization

The sample was spread over 112 villages and 1344 respondents/families of Bajaur, Mohmand, Orakzai and SouthWaziristanAgencies.Followingsarethedetails. Number of Respondents per village Number Total IDPs Stayees Total of Respondents Agency Male Female Male Female Villages Bajaur Agency 3 3 3 3 12 28 336 Mohmand Agency 3 3 3 3 12 28 336 Orakzai Agency 3 3 3 3 12 28 336 South Waziristan Agency 6 0 6 0 12 28 336 Total 112 1344 Agency wise calculation of sample size at 95% Level of Confidence, with 7.5% Margin of Error

The highly insecure areas within the agencies were excluded from the population under consideration before selecting the villages. Lists of villages were provided to the field enumerators before deployment to the field fordatacollection. Participants'Identification: In each village, lists of participating and non-participating vulnerable families were compiled during the interviews with the key informants.Twelve (12) families were selected through interval method (half from the returnees and half from the stayees) for the household interviews in each village. When faced with 'No Response', 'Refusal' or 'Not Eligible' responses from a household, the next household on the list was chosen, untilthedesirednumberofhouseholdsinthevillagewasreached. The household survey in each village started at a landmark that was taken as a starting point, such as a well known shop,Hujra , mosque, electric pole etc. In each village two starting points, one for male and one for femalewereselected. After consultation with UNDP,the respondents selected for this study were identified as being between 18 – 60 years, who are most likely to have the knowledge/perception of the prevailing situation and future plans or ideasoftheirareas.

18 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

FocusGroupDiscussion(FGD)Methodology ERWG designed and developed the FGD guide.The FGD guide was translated into Urdu by CAMP.The format oftheFGDguidewasmodifiedforeasyunderstatingandcollectionofqualitativedata. TrainingofFGDsModeratorandEnumerator A one-day orientation session was organized for FGDs moderators and note takers. UNDP-ERWG members were also informed for participation in this session for their valuable input but due to security concerns they were unable to participate. Dates for this orientation session were changed twice on the request of the UNDP. Keeping in view the time constraints it was decided in consultation with UNDP that CAMP should conduct the training independently. Four FGD moderators and four note takers were trained on the FGD guides for thetargetAgencies. Pre-testing The FGD guide was pre-tested during orientation session by conducting one mock FGD session.The purpose of the pre-test was to check the appropriateness and integrity of the guidelines. CAMP analysed the pre-test resultsandnomajorissuewasobserved. SamplingofFGDs CAMPconducted12maleFGDsessionsinfourtargetAgencies(3FGDsineachAgency).Followingarethekey elementsfororganizationofeachFGD: · Each FGD session consisted of 8-12 participants. It was conducted at a convenient time and place for theparticipants · Thesessionwasrunfollowingthediscussionguidelinecoveringallthetopicsofinterest · In each FGD session, there was a note-taker to take notes and a tape recorder to record the discussions.Thenotetakerrecordedwhosaidwhatinwhichcontext · The moderator encouraged everyone in the group to participate by sharing their views and asking each other questions. The moderator assured that the discussion was not dominated or taken over byoneortwopeople,givingeveryoneachancetoexpresstheirviews · The discussion was conducted in a neutral setting and was kept open-ended. However, the moderatorkeptthediscussionwithintheframeworkofthetopicsofconcern.

TrainingofFGDrecruiters One-day training workshop for FGDs recruiters was organized at Peshawar. 4 recruiters were trained on the identification and selection criteria of participants for FGDs. Screening questionnaire for selection of participantswerediscussedindetail. Participants'selectionforfocusgroupdiscussions Participants for FGDs were selected though recruiters in each target Agency. CAMP had appointed and trained FGDs recruiters for identification and selection of the target group for the session.The selection of the FGDsparticipantswasmadethoughFGDsrecruitmentguidelinesandscreeningquestionnaire. IneachAgencythreefocusgroupdiscussionswasconducted.TheFGDsparticipantsincluded:

1. TribalMalik 2. CivilSocietyMembers 3. Journalists 4. Teachers 5. ReligiousLeaders 6. Spengary(Elders) 7. PoliticalPartiesWorkers 8. CommunityMembers

19 KeyInformantsInterviews(KII)Methodology ERWG designed and developed the interview guide for Key Informants Interviews (KII). The KII guide was translated into Urdu by CAMP.The FGDs moderators were responsible for conducting KIIs in their respective agency. Initially a total of 20 Key Informants Interviews (KIIs) were planned in all 4 target agencies with the following stakeholders: 1. PoliticalAdministration(PA/APAetc.) 2. TribalMalik 3. Journalists 4. Teachers 5. CivilSocietyMembers Later on UNDP and FDMA suggested holding Key Informant Interviews with agency level relevant departmentsforanalysingthesituationandcollectingaccuratedataavailablefromthem. Total 24 Key Informants Interviews (KIIs) were completed in all 4 target agencies. In each Agency 6 KIIs were conducted.TheKIIsincluded: 1. PoliticalAdministration 2. Health 3. PublicHealth 4. Education 5. AgricultureandLivestock 6. Communication&Works

FieldSurvey/Datacollection

For household data collection, 12 field teams were formed, each with two field enumerators (one male & one female). A detailed field work-plan, list of villages and questionnaires were shared with the field teams for their respective agencies. Field teams were deployed for data collection after completion of the training workshop. Focus Group Discussions were conducted by 4 teams, each team was consisting of 2 members; a moderator and enumerator for their respective agency. These teams have successfully completed 12 FGDs inall4targetagencies.

Six Key Informants interviews (KIIs) was completed in each target agency though one enumerator. Total 4- enumeratorswereappointedforthecompletionof24KIIsinall4targetagencies.

DatabaseDevelopmentandDataFeeding

Database in MS-Access was developed and data was entered though 10 professional data entry operators. Foraccurateanderrorfreeresults,analysisweremadethroughSPSS(StatisticalPackageforSocialSciences).

DataAccuracy/QualityCheck

Itwasensuredthatthedatacorrectlyrecordedtheeventitrepresentedanddatagatheredfromthefieldwas accurate.Trained enumerators and data entry operators were appointed for this purpose and were properly trained on questionnaires, interviewing techniques and data entry. The enumerators for each Agency remained involved throughout the data collection process in the same Agency in order to make the data moreaccurate.

During fieldwork, CAMP supervisors accompanied the surveyors in the field and provided them solutions to the practical problems. Field supervisors checked the data collection process and collected data on the spot. The survey management also checked the completed questionnaires. After assurance that the data collectedwasaccurateandreliable,itwasprocessedforentry.

Moreover, the first ten filled-in questionnaires of every surveyor were thoroughly checked by the fieldwork supervisor and ensured that the surveyor was performing well in the field. The interviewers were properly supervised, and the fieldwork done was also back-checked. The supervisors conducted back checking of fieldworkcompletedbyeachinterviewertoensureauthenticityofdata. 20 An Introduction to FATA: Bajaur, Mohmand, Orakzai and South Waziristan10

The Federally Administered Tribal Areas are located along Pakistan's northwestern Himalaya zone and southwestern Suleiman Mountains and runs as a narrow tract along the river Indus with the parallel lines almost north to south. It consists of seven semi-autonomous agencies or administrative units – Khyber, Mohmand, Bajaur, Kurram, Orakzai, North and South Waziristan. Additionally FATA includes 'frontier regions' thatadjointhedistrictsofPeshawar:Kohat,Bannu,LakkiMarwat,TankandDeraIsmailKhan.Thistangledmass constitutes an area of 27224 sq.km; the 1400 miles (2500 km) long Durand line which was drawn in 1893 by the British colonial rulers of India, and geographically divides the Pashtun tribes in the region between Afghanistan and FATA of Pakistan. FATA has remained strategically important since the times of the Great Gameforimperialdominationthattookplaceinthe19th century.

The 3.18 million people living in FATA, according to the Pakistan census report (1998), are predominantly Pakhtuns, which are largely Sunni Muslims by faith. Shias are in minority with roughly 12% of the entire FATA population11 .

FATA is characterised by a strong tribal structure and rich ethnic diversity and cultural heritage. The census report calculated the population growth rate at 2.2% and the population density estimated at 117 persons per square kilometre (versus national and KP average of 166 and 238 respectively), varying greatly between individualAgenciesandFrontierRegions.

The administrative structure of FATA is unique. Although within Pakistan's territories, it is politically carved out as a collection of semi-independent Agencies, and governance by the structure is different from the rest of the country.The region is primarily governed through the Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR), 1901 and is managed by the Governor of the KP province who is a nominee and representative of the President of Pakistan and is based in Peshawar. At the national level, FATA falls under the purview of the Ministry of States and Frontier Regions(SAFRON)basedinIslamabad.

Politically, the people of FATA continue to be ruled by the aged old colonial system – the FCR and the Malik system, alocalcommunityleaderappointed bythegovernmenttorepresentthepeople. As theMaliks are the appointees of the Political Agents (PA) of the agencies, they do not represent the people' voices and they generally act out of the behest of the PA.Generally, the local people feel that they have been marginalised and inequitably treated. The participation of civil society is limited or non-existent. Furthermore, there was no political process allowed to function in FATA until the signing of the FATA Reforms in August 2011. In the absence of vibrant political process, there is no platform to address their grievances or problems or have a say in their own affairs. Compounded by lack of trust in the capacity of existing institutions, poor economic situation and pervasive poor governance have created a broad political space for militant groups to capitalise thesituationforpursuingtheiragenda.

The economy of FATA is shaped by a number of factors, most importantly the geography & topography, the social and cultural fabric, the political & security situation, and the socio-economic conditions. In general, there are very few livelihood opportunities and the economy is chiefly pastoral, with some agricultural activities in the region's few fertile valleys. Land use data from 2003–04 shows that 7% of the total geographic area of FATA is cultivated, with another 1% recorded as fallow, while more than 82% of the land is not available for cultivation.This puts intense pressure on available farmland. Only, 44% of farmland is under irrigation, with theremainingcultivatedarearelyingentirelyonrainfall.

10Understanding FATA, 2008: CAMP 11Estimate is based on CAMP last five perception survey samples in FATA

21 With very limited economic opportunities, most of the population is engaged in primary-level sustenance activities such as agriculture and livestock rearing, or local small-scale businesses. Others are involved in trade within the tribal belt, or in local security and paramilitary forces. Many have also moved to other areas in the country or the Middle East in the hope for better economic opportunities. The more skilled labour force, in many cases, migrates along with their families to urban centres outside the tribal areas, including Bannu, Dera IsmailKhanandPeshawar.

Although development plans exist and programmes have been implemented, most of them have been piece meal and quick fixes. According to a news report,“Interestingly, most corruption cases show that such projects (in FATA) are executed in such a manner that the money ultimately ends up in the pockets of parliamentarians andafew'favourite'localcontractors”12.

This approach has clearly benefited the elite, leaving little or no opportunities for the majority of the population to be economically or socially empowered.Women in particular have remained out of the folds of development, due to the tradition of 'purdah', while youth and minorities (both ethnic and religious) have littleornoopportunitytoexpressthemselvesorparticipateintheplanningprocesses.

Furthermore, the educated and affluent families of FATA have either moved to settled areas of the country where they have set up businesses or are working abroad, most of them in the Middle East and Gulf countries. This has left a gap - where literacy levels remain low, agriculture production is minimum, industrial units are small with limited opportunities, and most of the labour force is unskilled leading to food insecurity and low percapitaincomes.

People's socio-economic status has also been affected by the presence of large number of Afghan refugees in FATA. The influx of refugees further burdened the already overstretched resources and caused disruption in the economic activities and way of life. While organisations like the UNDP and UNHCR have initiated the Refugee Affected and Hosting Areas Programme (RAHA) that compensates the Pakistani community for the social, economic and environmental consequences by the presence Afghans over the past 30 years, no such effortshavebeenmadeforpeopleofFATA.

BajaurAgency–the smallest in size at 1290 sq.km, was created in 1973. It has a population of 595,227 persons (with 365 Afghans), and tribal composition drawing from the Utankhel and Tarkani tribes. Bajaur shared a border with Afghanistan's Kunar province to the northwest, Pakistan's Dir district to its northeast and the Mohmandagencytoitswest.Thisagencyhosted49,348ofafghanpopulationinthepastandhasbeengreatly impactedduetothepresenceoflargenumberofAfghanpopulationinthepast.

Mohmand Agency – The Mohmand agency was created in 1951, four years after creation of Pakistan as a sovereign state. It covers an area of 2,296 sq. km and its population is estimated to be around 334,453 (3234 Afghans). Based on the information available with the government, the area hosted 5,499 Afghans who have now repatriated. The major tribes are the Mohmand, Safi and Uthmankhel tribes. The Mohmand agency shared a border with the Bajaur agency to the north, Dir district to its east and the district of Peshawar to its southeastandAfghanistantothewest.

Orakzai Agency – this agency is the only one in FATA that does not share a border with Afghanistan. Created in 1973, it covers an area of 1538 sq. km and has a population of 225,441 persons. This agency hosted low number of Afghan population in the past i.e. 921. It is bound in the north by the Khyber agency in the east by the Frontier region FR Kohat; in the south by both FR Kohat and the Hangu districts; and in the west by the KurramAgency.ThemajortribalgroupsaretheOrakzaiandtheBangash–bothShiaandSunnisects.

12Development Funds: Rs. 30 million given to FATA lawmakers. The Express Tribune, 21 January 2011.

22 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

South Waziristan agency – Two agencies were created along the Pak-Afghan border in 1895 through the division of what became known asWaziristan. SouthWaziristan, the largest of all tribal agencies at 6,620 sq.km and is inhabited by a population of around 429,841 people, with 2536 Afghan population. The agency has hosted 10,346 registered Afghans in the past according to the data available with the Government of Pakistan. The major tribes are the Mehsud and Ahmadzai. SouthWaziristan borders with Afghanistan's Paktia and Khost provinces to the west, Pakistan's Baluchistan province to the south, Pakistan's Dera Ismail Khan district to east andtheNorthWaziristantothenorth.

Socio economic indicators, population and topography vary across each agency. Literacy ratios from 1998 indicate that out of the four agencies selected for this study, South Waziristan is the only agency with literacy ratio higher than the overall average in FATA. On the other hand, literacy ratios in the other three agencies, Bajaur, Mohmand and Orakzai, are below FATA's average. Not surprisingly, the female literacy ratio (compared tothemaleliteracyration)islowacrossallthefouragencies,rangingfrom1.3%to3.4%.

Literacy Ratios (%) (10 years & Above)* Health staff strength** Land use indicators*** Cultivated Irrigated Area as Population Population Agencies Both Male Female Doctors Population Area as%age of %age of per Cultivated per Irrigated Sexes per Doctor Geographical Cultivated Area Area hectare hectare FATA 17.4 29.5 3.0 542 7252 8 39 18 46 Bajour 13.4 22.3 3.4 123 7342 58 27 12 45 Mohmand 11.3 19.1 1.9 75 6734 9 38 24 63 Orakzai 10.6 19.7 1.3 70 3985 11 18 16 93 South Waziristan 19.8 32.5 2.6 35 14850 3 39 29 74 * Source 1998 Census Report of FATA ** Source Directorate of FATA, Health Services, NWFP. Peshawar. (2008) *** Source Agriculture Statistics, NWFP, Peshawar (2007-2008)

SelectedSocioeconomicindicators

There are a few health indicators available for areas in FATA, but a widely used statistic quoted for the facilities available to the population is the number of doctors per population. Numbers for South Waziristan are particularly alarming; the population relying on doctors (14, 850 persons per doctor) is twice as much as the overall number in FATA (7,252 persons per doctor). Orakzai agency fairs better than the other three agencies with 3,985 persons depending on one doctor. Furthermore, land use indicators also show large gaps and under utilization of resources. In FATA on average there are 18 persons per hectare of cultivated land, with Mohmand and South Waziristan above this average, 24 and 29 respectively. Conditions in Bajaur and Orakzai areslightlybetterwith12and16personspercultivatedhectare.

23 The preliminary Early Recovery Needs Assessment

Primaryinventorybasedandselectivepercentagebasedpostcrisis

In April 2009, the Government of Pakistan requested International Financial Institutions including the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank to launch and lead a rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (DNA) for medium to long-term recovery in the five crisis affected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and two tribal agencies of FATA.The strategic objective of carrying out and implementing the DNA is to help create conducive conditions for immediate recovery and rehabilitation in the most severely crisis hit areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, including the return and resettlement of IDPs. The broad scope of work of theDNAincludes:

a) quantificationandvalidationofphysicaldamagescausedbythecrisis; b) development of sector level strategies for the immediate restoration of (public and private) infrastructure,services,andlivelihoods,and; c) quantification of corresponding needs in respect of the immediate reconstruction and rehabilitation of critical damaged infrastructure and services and the restoration of livelihood opportunities.

In view of the complex nature of the crisis and in order to comprehensively address the root causes of the crisis, the Government also requested the assistance of the World Bank (WB) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in leading a systematic Post Crisis Needs Assessment (PCNA). The PCNA Report published in 2011 covers the immediate post crisis transition and stabilization phase, medium term transformation, as well as the longer-term institution building, consolidation and development periods. While the PCNA exercise was a separate process, the DNA is deemed to be part of, and aligned to, the 3-stage PCNA frameworkforincrementalcrisisrecovery.

The DNA used primary inventory-based and selective percentage-based post-crisis damage data provided by the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the FATA Secretariat with the coordination of the Provincial Reconstruction, Rehabilitation and Settlement Authority (PaRRSA). Analytical and physical validation of data has been done by WB-ADB teams, employing various techniques (such as relative-to- baseline analyses, disaggregated analysis at various levels, comparison of data across horizontal and vertical data streams), and validation through site visits, project-based field resources and civil society organizations. Furthermore, cross-cutting principles and broad sector strategies for reconstruction applicable to each sector based on policy parameters laid down by the Government - have been developed and recommended. Assessment and quantification of recovery and reconstruction needs in each sector are based on policy parameters and sector strategies agreed upon during discussions with the Khyber PakhtunkhwaGovernmentandFATASecretariat.

For Agriculture, Housing, Social Protection, and Private Sector, the DNA teams considered various reconstruction scenarios and relevant options.The preferred options presented in this report are based on the guidance provided to the GoKP by the Strategic Oversight Council in its meeting on October 9, 2009. ThesamewerecommunicatedtotheDNATeamonNovember9,2009.

The total estimated cost of immediate reconstruction and recovery is US $1,087 million for the five Khyber Pakhtunkhwa districts and two FATA agencies. The sectors covered have been broadly classified as: Social Sectors (Livelihood and Social Protection, Housing, Education, Health, and Environment); Physical Infrastructure (Transport, Water and Sanitation, Energy, and Governance Infrastructure); and Productive Sectors(PrivateSector,Agriculture,Livestock,andIrrigation).

24 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

Estimatesofsectoralneeds

The highlights of the Damage Needs Assessment findings are: 79% of the total estimated early reconstruction needs are for the five Khyber Pakhtunkhwa districts and the remaining 21% are for the two FATA agencies. Social Sectors have the highest total needs of US $361 million, which is 33% of the total estimated needs followed by Productive Sectors, US $296 million (25%). The reconstruction needs for PhysicalInfrastructureareestimatedtobeUS$273million(26%ofthetotal).

Within the Social Sectors, the estimated needs for Livelihood/Social Protection and Housing are US $192 million and US $82 million respectively. In the Physical Infrastructure, the bulk of the total needs of US $273 million are for the Transport sector (US $246 million). As for the Productive Sectors, US $284 million outofatotalofestimatedneedsofUS$296millionareforAgriculture,Livestock,andIrrigation.

25 Sectoral Findings from the Assessment

The following chapter is an analysis of the data collected in the field from the household survey of 1344 respondents (823 males and 521 females), focus group discussions with local men, and key information interviews with political administration representatives, and officials from the agriculture, health, education,communicationandworks,andotherdepartments.

The findings in each sector have been detailed and a brief conclusion at the end of each section highlights the current situation and early recovery needs of people in Bajaur, Mohmand, Orakzai and SouthWaziristan agencies.

No. of Total Agency IDPs Stayees Total Population villages Sample

Male Female Male Female

Bajaur 3 3 3 3 12 28 336 595,227

Mohmand 3 3 3 3 12 28 336 334,453

Orakzai 3 3 3 3 12 28 336 225,441

South 3 3 3 3 12 28 336 429,841 Waziristan

VulnerablePopulation The section on vulnerable population captured data on children, and mental and physical disabilities,but did not take into account other vulnerable groups due to time limitations. The data in the table below reflects that the most vulnerable, according to the interviewees, are children who are living without their fathers(13%),followedbychildrenwhoarebeingtakencareofthosefamilieswhotheywerenotlivingwith before the conflict at 11%. The latter shows that children have moved in with people other than their immediate families, most probably as a result of the conflict. Both these percentages are quite high and show the impact of the FATA conflict on children. A more detailed research on children would be necessary tounderstandtheimpactoftheconflictontheirlives.

It was interesting to note that only 1% children contributed to family income, according to household interviews. Anecdotal evidence suggests otherwise – thereby reiterating the need for a separate study on children in FATA. When asked if there were any adults (above the age of 18) with mental or physical

VP2 Are any of the children (less than 18 Y) Male Male % Female Female Total % staying with you %

Children without both parents 42 3.1% 21 1.6% 63 5%

Children without their mother 46 3.4% 30 2.2% 76 6%

Children without their father 121 9.0% 49 3.6% 170 13%

Children with mental and/or physical disability 24 1.8% 61 4.5% 85 6%

Children you are taking care of who don’t usually 141 10.5% 3 0.2% 144 11% live with you (before the conflict)

Children who contribute to a family income 13 1.0% 1 0.1% 14 1% 26 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment disabilities, respondents revealed there were more females (6.7%) compared to males (2.2%) suffering from a mental or physical disability. The percentage, especially for women is quite high. This could also be because many women suffer from depression and anxiety during and after conflict which may be loosely interpretedasa'mentaldisability'bythelocalpopulationinFATA,asinmanyotherruralareasofPakistan.

As mentioned above, a separate study would also need to be conducted in order to understand the vulnerabilities among the communities in FATA, and more specifically among women and their mental healthneeds.

Adults (18+) With physical or mental disability

8.9%

6.7%

2.2%

Male Female Total

WATER,SANITATION&HYGIENE

The 1344 respondents interviewed during the household survey were asked about their sources of drinking water before the crisis. An overwhelmingly large majority, 93%, said they got water from unprotected wells and springs; followed by 49% from protected wells and springs and about 48% from canals, ponds and rivers. This reflects on the kind of water that most of households were consuming from the unprotected sources, thusleadingtowater-bornediseasesandothercomplications.

When asked where respondents are getting drinking water from after the crisis, again 93% said from unprotected well/springs, which means there has not been much change in the source of drinking water after the crisis. Around 49% of the respondents said they got water from protected wells and springs, while 42% said they got water from canals, ponds and rivers. The analysis of these questions shows that there has not beenmuchchangeinthesourcesofdrinkingwaterbeforeandafterthecrisis.

About the quality of water, 62% of the respondents said it 'appeared clean' while 31% said it did not. Seven percent did not answer the question or did not know.This shows that more than half the respondents thought the water seemed clean, which is a positive indicator. Regarding the impurities that exist, 26% said the taste was not right, while 12% said the colour was not right and 8% said there was an odour in the water. More than halfoftherespondents,56%,didnotanswerthequestionordidnotknow.

Regarding the treatment of water after the crisis, 18% said they had no storage vessels, 12% said they boiled the water, 6% said they filtered it; 7% used the sun to clean the water and 3% used chemicals. Out of those who did not treat the water, 18% said they did not have storage vessels, 7% said they stored the water in the open, while 4% said they stored it in dirty containers. 16% used other ways and 37% did not know or did not answer thequestion.

27 When respondents were asked about the availability of water and its consistency, more than half, 55% said it was consistently available, while 39% said it was not available consistently. About 2% said there was no water available and 4% did not know or answer the question. Although a little more than half of the respondents had water available on a daily basis, close to half of them did not, which shows that there is definitelyawatershortageintheagenciesassessed.

WS-6 Availability of water and consistency

60% 55% 50% 39% 40% 30% 20% 10% 2% 4% 0% 1. 2. 3. 8 %

available Consist available (no Inconsist (no w Not a (constan on a daily basis) regular deliv regular NA available daily) schedule/not

vailable

ater)

ently

t or

ently

Regarding the distance people have to walk to get water, 52% said less than 500 meters, while 17% said over 800 meters.Those who had to walk between 500 and 800 meters were 14% while another 17% did not know or did not answer the question. As expected, women (18 years and above) are the ones who fetch water most of the time (67%), while men only make up 16%. Young boys and girls followed with 13% and 10% respectively. 3% did not answer the question or did not know. Analysing these questions shows that since women and girls make up the large majority as far as collecting water goes, even a distance of 500 metersisalongway. When asked about the queuing time at the main water sources – for almost half of the respondents (47%), this was less than 15 minutes while 31% said there was no queue or waiting time. 12% said they had to wait for 15-30 minutes while 7% had to wait longer than 30 minutes. Since the majority did not have to wait very long for water, it goes to show that the distribution of water sources means people do not have to wait very long. However, when the waiting time is added to the time it takes to get to the water source, it is a considerable long time for the respondents, particularly women who are already burdened with other household chores and child rearing etc. To get a better idea of the issues for accessing water for men and boys, 21% of the respondents said physical access (lack of transport and distance to source) was the biggest issue they faced. This was followed by the response of 'not enough water for everyone' at 17%. A large number of men (44%) did not answer the question – this could be because as the preceding analysis shows, water is generally collected by women and girls. Among other answers were: asked to pay to receive assistance (3%), discrimination of any form (2%) and ID card needed to be showed in cases where there was nowateravailable(1%). The same question when asked of women revealed a similar pattern; 27% of the women said physical access was the biggest issue, followed by 14% who said there was not enough for everyone. 12% said they did not have information about the water source, which was higher than men, only 2% of whom said they did not have information about sources of water. 4% of women said they were asked for ID documents whenwaterwasnotavailable.Interestingly,comparedto44%menwhodidnotknowtheanswerordidnot answer the question, only 24% women did not answer the question – again verifying that women are the mainoneswhocollectwater.

28 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

WS - 9 Time taken to queue up for water 50% 47% 45% 40% 35% 31% 30% 25% 20% 15% 12% 10% 7% 5% 3% 0% % 2. 1. Over 15 - 30 4. 88 Less than 15 3. O No queue NA minutes minutes ver 30 minut es

The question about family defecation revealed that a quarter of the men defecated in communal latrines (24%), both before and after the crisis. The ones who used latrines for defecation at the household level before the crisis were 16%,while 15% used them after the crisis, which is not a very different percentage. For women, 25% used communal latrines for defecation, while 42% used latrines at the household level before the crisis. After the crisis, 36% of them used latrines at the household level and 24% at the communal level. This data shows that the place of defecation for both men and women has not changed much since the crisis. The data also reflects on the culture of the FATA,where women tend to defecate inside the house while men outside the house. The responses for girls and boys showed the same trends as for women and men respectively – 22% respondents said that boys used communal latrines while girls used 25%, and at the household level 23% boys used latrines at the household level versus 32% girls. It was interesting to note thatnoneoftherespondentsreporteddefecatinginpropertoiletswithlighting. Regarding women's health and hygiene needs, 91.2% of the respondents said that women did not have access to sanitary napkins since the conflict. Only 6.3% respondents said women had access, while 2.5% did notanswer. The question on hand washing revealed that only 27.5% respondents used soap and water to wash their hands after defecation, while an overwhelming majority, 70.2% said they did not use soap or water. Linked to this question was another one on hand washing before eating; according to the majority, 79.3% only used water, while only 10.9% use water and soap. It was shocking to note that 7.4% respondents used neither soap nor water. The data reflects on the poor hygiene practices in the areas, as well as the lack of knowledgeandavailabilityofresources. As for the surroundings, 60.7% of the interviewers observed that there was some garbage outside the houses,while21.76%notedthattherewasnone.13.8%reportedthattherewasalotofgarbage. According to the survey results, the task of removing garbage from the house is the responsibility of women and girls. 46% respondents said women, and 5% said girls were responsible for garbage disposal, while9%saidmaleadultsand35%saidyoungboyswereresponsible. As for the arrangement of garbage disposal, 71% said there was no arrangement while only 13% said there was some arrangement.14% said they did not know if there was any arrangement. This again shows the unhygienic conditions of the area. Answering the question on stagnant water 58% respondents said there wereafewpoolsofstagnantwater,while39%saidtherewasnone. The data from the household survey validates most of the findings from the focus group discussions and keyinformantinterviewsconductedinallfouragencies. In Bajaur, the participants at the Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) said that open defecation is very common since there are few latrines in the assessed areas. Although an NGO had built some latrines, these were not 29 enough. Although most women and men defecate in the open at home, and throw the waste outside their houses, most children defecate in the outdoor including on the streets outside their houses. Although participants understood the importance of latrines and considered them more hygienic, they do not have latrines they could use. The situation was the same before the crisis too. For improving sanitation, participants requested for improved drainage system with proper pipes. None of the participants were satisfied with the quality of water or the quantity available in their areas. Moreover, the people of Bajaur admitted that they had no idea of how to store drinking water and they generally stored water in earthenware bowls (matkas ) etc. As in other areas, women go to fetch water at most places however few men are also involved in this activity. As for the disabled, participants admitted that they have little or no supportinthisregard. There is no water supply scheme by the government in Mohmand, according to FGD respondents, and the one that was made about 18 years ago is no longer functional. About 85% people were benefiting from it when it was functional. Although FGD respondents reported that they kept water in pots and pans, they did not know how to cover or store water properly. As expected, in Mohmand as well, women and girls are generally responsible for fetching water. As far as sharing resources was concerned, the FGD participants in Mohmand admitted that Afghan refugees coming did not make such a difference to resources. For defecation, Mohmand respondents agreed that there are only about 10% latrines, while the others defecate in the open. They also believed that latrines are a healthier option, and said that for those who have access to this facility, women and children use the latrine more than men. Only about 5% people in the areahavereceivedhealthandhygieneinformationwhileabout20%washtheirhandswithsoap. According to the FGDs in Orakzai agency, the water supply was damaged during the conflict and lack of water is an issue. As for the storage of water, participants said they stored drinking water in coolers, tanks and buckets. As is customary in Pakistan's rural areas, women are responsible for bringing water, adding to their responsibilities. Although the participants understood that latrines are better for maintain hygiene, most of them have been damaged and people are forced to defecate in the open. Only about 25-30% population,accordingtotherespondentsofFGDs,areeducatedonhygiene. In South Waziristan, according to the FGDs, there are no water supply schemes by the government or any other organisations. The people do not have enough water to drink, let alone water for bathing, washing clothes and other household chores. They said they needed tanks, tube wells, dug wells etc. As far as the storage of water is concerned, majority of people store water in drums and have not received any education or information on water storage or hygiene practices. Since there were very few Afghan refugees in the area, the water issue was not affected so much due to their presence. Majority of the participants said that their communities defecated in the open. Very few latrines existed in houses, and those too were mostly in thehujras . Although most of the participants in the FGDs understood the importance of using latrines, they said they would need to be built during the reconstruction phase. Only people who could affordtorebuildinfrastructurecouldmanagethisontheirown. As far as hygiene practices and hand washing was concerned, the participants from SW admitted that very few people washed their hands with soap.The main reason cited for this was that people were not aware of hygiene and had not received this information.They also added that they needed water pipelines, taps and wells etc. so that people have access to running water.To increase the quality and quantity of water, there is aneedfortubewells,tanksandproperpipelines. According to District Officer(DO) Public Health and Engineering Department in Mohmand agency,14 there are functional water schemes and approximately 54% people are taking advantage of them. An average person's need is 15 gallons water daily and the areas where there are water supply schemes, there is sufficient water, it is hygienic and can be used for drinking, washing clothes and other domestic purposes. Although the DO said he was satisfied with the water quality and it is laboratory tested, there will be further improvement after the on-going schemes and new schemes proposed. Six schemes will be completed by June2012.

14 Nisar Ali, SDO Public Health and Engineering Dept.

30 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment On storage of water, the DO, Mohmand agency informed that locals stored water in a water tank constructed at each village. He said the Department also rung awareness campaigns from time to time so the people are well aware of the methods of storing water. According to the DO, almost 10 % water would be saved since the Afghan citizens left, as they used to waste a lot of water.This was just an estimate and did notmatchthesurveyresult. Some people have made latrines in their homes on self-help basis, while some have been built by NGOs. While women use the latrines inside the houses, only men can use community latrines or those built in hujras. Generally however, people use open fields and spaces and do not bother to cover the waste. Some people have dug holes in their houses which they cover with mud when full or dispose it at nearby waste heaps.Water drainage system is only available in three towns now, and was also the same before the crisis. At some places presence of Afghan Citizens affected drainage system because there was extra pressure on available facilities and water couldn't be drained properly from their houses. Almost 80% people are aware of hygiene, and about 20% people know the benefits of washing their hands with soap. According to the DO, Public Health and Engineering Department has introduced a policy in this regard, and also made arrangementsforwatersupply. His recommendations on how to improve water supply in FATA was by sensitising people about hygiene and that they should economically use water. Roads and lanes should be constructed with planning so that water could be drained properly. Underground water reservoirs are necessary. Small and big dams should bemade.

According to the Public Health and Engineering Department, in Orakzai agency, the water supply scheme started in 2006 and about ten water schemes were built; five in lower Tehsil of Orakzai and five in Upper Tehsil. About 62% people are beneficiaries of the above mentioned schemes and the water is pure and sufficient for the population of the area. The official said he was satisfied with the quality and quantity of water. People keep the clean water in drums, tanks and coolers, while women are responsible for bringing water from the source. The official added that all community members, regardless of tribe or sect, have access to water. For sanitation facilities, everyone uses latrines at home, which are safe while the community latrines are not safe. Only limited number of people, particularly the educated, know about hygiene and only a few people know about the benefit of soap. According to a source, 23 supply schemes arenotworking,while22watersupplyschemesareunderconstruction.

WATER,SANITATION&HYGIENE

One of the few areas that have not been touched by the military operation and strife in theTribal Region is that of the availability of water. Historically, a lack of government development efforts has translated into a dependence on informal or traditional measures of water collection and dispensation such as community wells, streams and canals rather than a modern physical network of pipelines, aqueducts or reservoirs. Since the traditional methods are generally sturdier and less prone to physical damage than modern ones – they have, largely, escaped the ravages of war.This opinion is supported by, both, household survey responses and focusgroupdiscussionswithresidentsofFATA.

Of the 1344 respondents in the household surveys, almost 93%said that they still get water from unprotected wells. This, unfortunately, increases risks of water-borne diseases. Predominantly, this points towards a general disregard and disinterest in expending development funds in the region by the Government of Pakistan even in recent days. This issue is further complicated by local practices of storing drinking water in earthenwarebowls.

Fortunately, 62%of the respondents said their drinking water 'appeared clean' while 31% said it did not, 12%said that the colour of the water was not right and 8%said that it had a strange odour. Though the majority, in this case, does favour the view that the water does, at least, appear clean but a strong minority's dissent is cause for worry. Regarding the ready availability of water, many believe that water was consistently available to them.This is an encouraging sign given the primitive nature of the water-management system in 31 the area. However, a large number of people (nearly 39%) were not satisfied in this regard. Focus Group Discussions augment this evidence as well, in which 'none of the participants' were satisfied with the quality or quantity of water at their disposal. Overall – clean and abundant drinking water is a long-standing issue for theresidentsofFATAthoughithasnotbeenimpactedsignificantlybytheoperation.

The latrine-habits of the residents have not seen much change either due to the operation, though, many public latrines in the region have been destroyed. This has resulted in an increase in 'open defecation' accordingtothefocusgroupdiscussiondata.

However, a problem for women has developed post-conflict in which 91.2%of the respondents of the household surveys have revealed that women in the region have not had access to sanitary napkins ever since the operation. The lack of proper sanitation and hygiene, too, is a major contributor to diseases in the area as a shockingly large number of people (7.4%of respondents) used neither water nor soap after using latrines.

Since there were few Afghan refugees in the area, the water issue was not affected so much due to their presence.

LIVELIHOOD/AGRICULTURE According to 42% of the respondents, the main sources of income before the crisis were agriculture, as a primary source; followed by livestock as a second source (37%); unskilled labour (16%) as a third source; andservices(governmentorprivate)asafourthsourceofincome(8%). LA - 1-1 Main sources of Income Before Crises 45% 42% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 16% 15% 7% 10% 3% 4% 4% 3% 5% 1% 1% 0% 1% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

1=F 2=Liv 3=F 4=Shar

10=Sk 13=R 14=T 6=A 7=S 8= 9=Shopkeeper/T 11=Unsk 12 =P 15=Handicr 16=Home based w

5=Dair

17=Childr 18=W 19=O 0=NA

noesuppor Income

programmes

arming/Landow...

ishing and Poultr

ervices

gricultur

our

emittanc

estock

ension

ther

omen w

illed w

y pr

ecropping/T

ism/Hot

illed w

oduc

’

al P

age labor

s w

orkers

age labor

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Despite the conflict and its impact on agriculture, farming is still the primary source of income according to a large number (40.4%) of the respondents. The other sources of income according to respondents are shopkeeper/trader (17.6%), livestock (13.9%), services (6.7%), unskilled labour (6%) and others including agricultural produce, trade, skilled labour, fishing and poultry, remittances etc. The data shows that although agriculture is still the main source of income for majority, livestock has been affected much more and number ofpeopledoingunskilledlabourhasgoneupasaresultoftheimpactonagricultureandlivelihood. The question on number of livestock before and after the crisis reflects clearly on the loss faced by the respondents. According to the survey, there were 11,109 animals including cows, buffaloes, sheep/goats, poultry etc. After the crisis, the number is 7,224. Although a lot of the livestock died during the crisis, most of it wassoldatlowratesaspeopleweredesperatetogetsomemoneywhenleavingtheirhomes. Regarding the loss of agricultural and other outputs, majority of the respondents did not know how much loss was incurred or they did not answer the question. However, 13.7% said that 100% of wheat crop was lost, while 9.2% said 75% of it was lost. 6.6% of the respondents believed that 100% of fruit orchards were destroyed while 6% believed that 100% of the vegetables crops were lost. It seems like the respondents were not able to share 32 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

LA - 14 42.2% Men

29.9% 5th Immediate Need % 4th Immediate Need %

3rd Immediate Need % 2th Immediate Need % 26.0% 1th Immediate Need %

19.7%

13.6%

12.4%

11.3%

10.6%

7.8%

6.2% 6.3%

6.1%

5.7%

5.5%

5.2%

4.4%

4.3%

3.4%

3.2%

3.3%

3.0%

2.4%

2.1%

1.9%

1.8% 1.8% 1.9%

1.7%

1.7% 1.7%

1.5%

1.3%

1.1%

1.0%

0.9%

0.6%

0.5%

0.4%

0.4% 0.2%

0.1%

0.0%

9. Agriculture 8. Cash 7. Irrigation6. 6. Fodder/ 5. Vaccination 4.Livestock 3. Inputs for 2. Inputs for 1. Land business and system foed for and crops land reclamation enterprise recovery animals medications planting (tools, cash, restoration for surviving machinery) animal the information in percentages. Linked to this was a question on the loss of grain, seeds and straw to which respondents shared that straw/hay was lost the most. 13.2% said it was all lost, while another 13.2% said three- fourthsofhayandstrawwerelost.Thenextbiggestlossaccordingtorespondentswasofthestoredfoodgrains; 9.8% respondents said all the food grains were lost while another 9.2% reported that three-fourth was lost. 15.6% of respondents reported that half of the stored seed was lost. Assessing the future agricultural situation, 51.5% of respondents said they will be able to plan the next crop while almost half (44.3%) said they could not. This shows that while half the people are hopeful and prepared for the next crop, the other half is not very hopeful.The main reasons for not being able to plant the next crop was mainly due to lack of cash for labour or inputs as cited by 13%, followed by 12% who said the land was not fit for reclamation Lack of agriculture inputs anddisruptionofirrigationsystemcameupat8%. Regarding the immediate needs for livelihoods recovery, 42.2% said land reclamation was their immediate need followed by 26% who opted for inputs for land preparation. For the third, fourth and fifth most immediate needs, most of the respondents did not answer the question or did not know the answer. However, irrigation system and cash were ranked as important needs as well.The data reflects the importance of agriculture in the livesofthepeopleofFATA,forwhomagricultureisamainsourceoflivelihood. For firewood, 53.1% respondents said they got it from communal land while 27.5% purchased firewood from the market. 14.41% of respondents got it from farmland while 6.1% cited other sources. The main difficulties that respondents faced in getting firewood was topped by remoteness (long distance) by 43% of respondents; followed by 31% who said it was expensive. 17% of them said it was banned which made firewood difficult to get while 9% said it was unavailable. For timber, 59.7% respondents purchased it from the market; while 27.5% gotitfromcommunalland.Only7.4%gottimberfromfarmlandwhile7%saidothersources. 56% of respondents reported getting saplings from private sources, while 31.6% got it from both private and public sources. 51% of the trees grown from these saplings are for firewood, which shows how dependent people in FATA are on firewood to be used as fuel, as they do not have other alternatives. 27% respondents said thetreeswereplantedtoprotectthesoilwhile20%saidtheygrewtreesfortimber. As for the 'moderate' damage to the forests during the crisis, 67.8% of respondents said that protected forests were moderately affected, while 40.1% said theguzara forest and 35.6% said the agro-forests were moderately affected. 10.8% respondents said that protected forests were severely affected. A large number of respondents didnotanswerthequestion,particularlywomen,astheydidnothavedetailedinformationontheforests. An overwhelming majority of respondents, 75% said they had grazing land and area while 21% did not. According to the survey, 57% of this land is communal while individuals own 14% of land. 15% of the respondents said they made use of grazing land that was communal as well as individually owned, while 13% didnotanswer.

As would be expected, the status of the land before the crisis, according to the survey, was a lot better than after 33 LA - 23

88.3%

88.3% After N/A After 3. Poor After 2.Good After 1.Very Good, Before N/A Before 3. Poor Before 2.Good Before 1.Very Good,

54.1%

52.7%

38.2%

37.1%

26.9%

26.0%

25.7%

25.4%

24.9%

25.2%

20.8%

15.5%

11.2%

10.9%

10.6%

10.3%

4.5%

1.6%

0.7%

0.6%

0.4%

0.1%

3. Palatability 2. Productivity 1. Grazing Capacity

the crisis.The survey revealed that 52.7% respondents said the grazing capacity before the crisis was very good, while 54% said the productivity was also very good and 10.9% thought the same about the palatability. After the crisis, only 11.2% respondents thought the grazing capacity was very good, 10.3% said the productivity was very good and a mere 4% thought the palatability was very good. Many of the respondents felt that the grazing capacity(38.2%)andproductivity(37.1%)waspoor. The problems of rangelands was topped by low productivity (42%), followed by over grazing (30%), water scarcity(13%)andotherreasonsat9%. The FGDs in Bajaur agency revealed that the main crops include wheat, maize, rice, mustard and sugarcane. Vegetables such as turnip, potatoes, spinach, tomatoes and okra, and fruit like persimmons and apricots are also grown in the agency. According to an overwhelmingly large majority, crops have been affected due to several reasons – for the Rabi crops, the main reasons include poor infrastructure, low quality fertilizers and more recently, the military operation. The main reasons for the Kharif crops has been that maize plantations were restricted and not allowed to be cultivated near the main roads for security reasons. Load shedding and the tube wells not functioning properly was another reason cited by locals. The area hosted nearly 50,000 Afghans in the past, which might have some impact on the resources available. According to some surveys, the peopleofFATAblameAfghanmigrantforconsumingfood,firewood,jobs,informaleconomy,etc. According to FGDs in Mohmand agency, wheat, maize, onions, tomatoes and spinach are commonly grown in the area. Although fruit is now grown, people were of the belief that apples and oranges may be grown. The operation started during the Rabi season so when people started returning, the crop had been destroyed. Government officials did not let the locals plan in the Kharif season, which means that both crops got affected. Crops have become expensive because seeds were not available and the crop stored at home was damaged during the floods. Before the crisis, agriculture was a key source of livelihood whereas now land has become useless and inputs are too expensive. Most participants agreed that there has been no change in farming practices since the farmers do not receive any training or information. As in other agencies, women were doing all the work and were involved throughout the process. This was apart from child rearing and household activities. In Mohmand, all the participants agreed that they did not receive any support from outside; some people said they received seeds about 15 years ago. People either buy seeds from their own resources, or they 'borrow' from 34 otherfamersandreturntheseedsafterharvest. Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

According to all three focus group discussions in Orakzai agency, the main crops grown in the area are wheat, maize, garlic, rice, cucumber, onions, chilies and grapes. All the respondents agreed that due to awareness and use of modern equipment and good quality seeds, the cropping patterns have changed. However, they all also reported that crops were completely destroyed during the military operation which has meant that people will have to work very hard on their agricultural lands.Women are involved in agriculture but they are not allowed in certainareaswheretheymayfeelatrisk. The Orakzai group believed that alternate and profitable production could be ofZaafran (Saffron), Ground nut, Zaitoon (olives), rice, beans and tomatoes. All the focus group discussions in Orakzai revealed that there are no Afghan refugees in the area however, in the past, the area has hosted Afghan population most of who have repatriated. In South Waziristan (SW) agency, the main crops according to FGD participants are maize and potatoes, while apples are grown in Rucha Khora. Since there is still fighting going on in some areas of SW, the fields have been completely destroyed and there is no agricultural activity in those areas. However, other factors such as lack of fertilizers, good quality seeds and electricity cuts also lead to a low yield in other parts of the agency.The military operation undoubtedly is the main reason for damaging the agricultural lands. Mehsud area in particular has been affected according to FGD participants. Except a couple of areas likeWacha Khora and Sarwiki, all the other areashavenoagriculturalactivitysincetheoperationanddisplacement. Although women were very involved in agricultural activities before displacement, since people have started returning, there is very little or no activity in most places therefore women are no longer working in the fields. The area also hosted over 10,000 Afghans in the past who were using the available resources however according to some FGD participants, the Afghans in SW had a positive impact on agriculture while they were living there. Nevertheless, there are no more Afghans in the area. According to the respondents of FGDs, Afghan migrants were hard working and needed to work and therefore, were available on quite low labour charges. On the other hand,ithadimpactedtheemploymentsituationintheareatoo. SW groups also agreed that there is no use of assistance for agriculture if people have not returned to their areas of origin. Once people start to return, they would need a lot of help in putting their lives and livelihoods back together. Although the practices for agriculture are more or less the same, most of the participants said that priority is given to better quality seeds and modern technology. Women, as in other agencies, work hard in the fields however participants said that they face a lot of difficulty in going to the fields and coming back due to security reasons. The military operation has definitely affected the profession of agriculture and farmers have suffered a lot during the crises. According to a few participants, FRDP and FSSP have helped a little by providing DP fertilizer and seeds. However since this help has reached very few people in the villages, there is a real need for internationalassistance. The main issues in the agriculture sector include land being less productive, lack of irrigation, economic issues, etc.The market is not close by therefore people have to travel to Khar, Sadeqabad, Inayat Qile and other places to buy their essential items. The market has also been severely affected by the crisis because of the curfew and shopsbeingdestroyed. Life has become expensive and people cannot afford to buy the food and fruit that they could before the crises. Theriseinpricesofagriculturalinputs(tractors,fertilizersetc.)hasalsoputalotofpressureonfarmers. Livestock is a major livelihood source in FATA and this was revealed through all the FGD participants. Due to the crisis, according to most FGD participants in Bajaur, about 35% of the forest land has been destroyed. Not only has this affected the beauty of the agency, but also posed a challenge to the locals who used wood as fuel and other domestic purposes such as making furniture etc. Wood is the most commonly used fuel in Bajaur, accordingtotheFGDparticipants,andpriceshavegoneupsincethecrisis.Fortheirrecoveryneeds,participants requested for campaigns on tree plantation in the region, along with awareness among people. They also said thatlocaldisputesoverforestlandsshouldberesolvedandlandbemadecultivable.

35 According to Mohmand participants, about 30%-60 % forests have been affected due to the crisis. The biggest impact of this is that there is not enough fuel available in the agency and surrounding areas. Before the crisis, political administration used to have some awareness campaigns in this regard but not anymore; people were aware of the importance of forests (from erosion, pollution) etc.They also said that Afghan refugees presence in theagencydidhaveanimpactontheforestsbecausewoodismostlyusedforfuel. In Orakzai, cows, goat, sheep, donkeys, buffaloes and hens are raised and kept for domestic as well as commercial use.The operation led to a huge loss of animals and ever since people have returned to their homes, the prices of livestock are very high. Women are involved in livestock rearing and play an important role in this regard. There has so far not been any assistance in the livelihood sector. According to most of the FGD participants, livestock is still dying due to lack of vaccination and general care during the displacement. Generally, prices of animals have gone up because of a shortage after the crisis.There is no help from outside for livestockrelatedactivities. In SW, people used to keep camels, cows, buffaloes, goats etc. However, since the crisis, families have lost millions of rupees and will not be able to recover from that shock as they have no more livestock. The livestock was sold cheaply during the crisis when people were desperate, and now the prices are so high, that people cannot afford to buy those animals again.When they had livestock and poultry, women were mainly involved in theircare. According to FGD respondents, most people left their animals at home and found them dead on return. Many had died of starvation or sickness, while the ones that survived were sold cheaply.There has been no support for livestock activity in the area. About 95% of the animal rearing and care was done by women. Those who have boughtanimalshaveeitherborrowedmoneyfromeachotherorsellthemilktoneighboursetc. According to SW participants, they all agreed that 90% of forest land has been affected in the agency due to the crisis. The forests have been destroyed due to bombs, mortars and burning of trees during the operation. 100% of the people use firewood as fuel in SW agency, confirmed the participants. The participants were very well awareoftheimportanceofforestationandsaidthereneedstobeavigorouscampaigninthisregard. About Afghan refugees and their impact on the environment, the locals believed that since Afghan refugees were concentrated inWazir area, that was the most affected. During the Afghan-Soviet war, which was followed by civil war in Afghanistan, landmines were planted and thrown from the gunship helicopters by Soviets and pro-Soviet regime in Afghanistan, which had contaminated land and forest area15 . Besides, local population carries a negative perception of Afghan migrants living in their towns and villages, who had impacted the local economy,lawandorder,andconsumedsubstantialamountoffood16 . In Bajaur, according to the Livestock Department, over the years there has been no change in the agriculture methods nor has there been any difference among men and women's roles and responsibilities. Before the conflict, agricultural activity was high and people's lives were better but after the crisis their lives are quite difficult as there is little or no activity in the agriculture sector. The ready to harvest crops were destroyed when people were forced to leave their homes. There was a ban on harvesting corn at the roadside and due to major load shedding; the irrigation system was also affected. According to some respondents, people with influence in communities get several benefits while the real deserving people do not. However, some prices were reduced: wheatflourRs.80/kg,4kgsoil,4kgslentils,and50packsofbiscuitsperfarmer)

People usually breed cows, buffaloes, donkeys, ponies, goats and sheep17 . Women do the same work as men. During the crisis cattle were also affected by diseases, lack of food, proper care, shelter and vaccination. All this inflatedthepriceofcattleinlocalmarket,andfarmersdon'thaveanyexternalsupportinthisregard. According to FGD participants, due to the crisis a total of 2640 acres of forest area is destroyed which is 3%of total area. The crisis has not affected the forests and use of wood in the area much. People still consume wood as a major source for fuel. “When Afghans were here forests were affected but now they are not in the area”. Participants added that Afghans would cut trees for fire and for their temporary shelters, which has affected the

15Landmine Monitor Reports (1999-2010) www.icbl.org.lm . CAMP has been contributing as the Primary Researcher to Landmine Monitor on Pakistan since 2005 16Understanding FATA – Volume IV 17Cattle: 123274; Buffaloes: 1520; Sheep; 53025; Goats: 173558; Ponies: 200; Poultry: 797361 36 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment forest area. However, the participants could not provide detailed information on how the presence of Afghans affected forest area. People need to be educated and sensitized and the forest act should be implemented in the area. Forest owners' cooperation is also needed. (Note: Before the crisis, forest area in the Agency was 16% which isnow13%whilenaturalforestis7%ofthetotalarea). According to the Assistant Political Agent in Mohmand, the environment was damaged and agriculture affected so much that crops over 1800 hectares was damaged. Fields remained barren for two years as a result. People are still facing problems and rehabilitation is not possible in the near future. The other key informants agreed that most of the agriculture produce of the area includes wheat, corn, barley, mustard while vegetables include potatoes,spinach,cabbageandladyfingersandmajorfruitsareapricot,oranges,persimmonsandplums. Irrigation For irrigation, all participants were of the opinion that there is a major shortage of water; tube wells and hand pumps are needed to overcome this problem. Orakzai discussions revealed that between 40% -50% of the forest areas were destroyed during the crises. Since wood is used as a source of fuel, this has meant higher prices in the area. In Bajaur, FGD participants agreed that almost 85% of the area is ideal for irrigation.To improve the system though, they need tube wells, small dams, an end to load shedding. In SW, the water level is 200 to 300 feet deep. And although the irrigation system was much more efficient when the Afghan refugees were living in the area, it is not functional in most places. The participants all believed that tube wells, small dams and uninterrupted electricityareneededfortheirrigationsystemtoimprove. The reasons could be militancy and military operations, which has damaged considerably the irrigation infrastructure, the participants added. However, another reason could be dry weather and lack of forest in the area, which help recharge the ground water. In Mohmand, the FGD participants reported that about 70% of the land in the areas is cultivable. However, this is their perception and cannot be verified, as we do not have exact statistics for each village or town. Afghan refugees are almost non-existent, so they do not have much impact. According to the key informant in Mohmand, 55% area is irrigation worthy. Irrigation can be improved by providing tube wells in dry areas.The areas where water is available there with the help of latest technology and irrigationmachineswatercanbestored.

AGRICULTURE

By and large, we find that the agricultural sector (which serves as primary source of income for about 40% of the population almost half the respondents) was not just affected by the military operation in a negative fashion but is also actively perceived to have been detrimental by the majority of those interviewed. This can be gauged from the reaction of nearly 44.3% respondents who believe they will not be able to plan for the next crop. It is also openlyevidentfromtheopinionsof42.2%respondentswhosaidlandreclamationwastheir'immediateneed'.

In terms of Livestock (which is the primary source of income for nearly 13.9%respondents) the situation is equally, if not more, grim. Livestock numbers have decreased by 3,885 (including buffaloes, sheep/goats, poultry etc.) from a pre-conflict figure of 11,109 animals. While some of these animals have died during the conflict due to neglect, starvation and disease, others have been sold off at low prices. Household respondents as well as focus group discussions have revealed that the operation in theTribal areas have resulted in the near-breakdown in the sustainability of the Livestock sector.There are fears among the locals that livestock will continue to die due to the lack of vaccination and general care. At present, livestock prices in the region are extremely high due to the disproportionately low supply of animals. Matters are also aggravated by the substantial destruction of local forests. Focus Group discussions reveal that almost 35%of forest land in Bajaur, 90% in South Waziristan and 30- 60%in Mohmand, has been affected by the military operation. Almost 31%of the respondents in the Household surveys state that firewood is very expensive. Furthermore, 67.8%respondents say that protected forests were 'moderatelyaffected'while10.8%respondentssaythattheforestswere'severelyaffected'.

Perception about the impact of Afghan refugees on agriculture, livestock and irrigation is mixed; however, it is more negative. The household survey respondents, FGDs participants and KIIs were of the views that overall Afghan refugees had put burden on the local agriculture activities by seizing employment opportunities from the locals, using forest wood for their domestic use impacting the environment and using water, which is already scarce. 37 FOODSECURITY When respondents were asked regarding what food their family had eaten in the past weeks and what the main source was, interestingly sugar and sugar products topped the list with 5.94 days.The sugar had been purchased by most of the respondents (34.4%) while others had borrowed it (16.3%) and a few used their own produce (4.2%). Although sugar is considered one of the more expensive commodities, it provides high energy, particularly for people in low income groups who have limited access to a wide-range of food groups or products. Consumption of wheat products followed sugar usage; most of the respondents reported that wheat was from their own production. Oil/butter/ghee was consumed at the same rate as wheat and most people purchased this. Milk, fruit and vegetables followed – most of the milk was from the respondents' own animals while fruit and vegetables were purchased. Pulses, maize, potatoes were some othermainfoodsourceswhilemeatcamemuchlowerinthelist,perhapsbecauseitisexpensive.

The average number of meals eaten by males and females shows a slight variation, depending on the age groups. While children (1-5) males had average of 2.6 meals, females had 2.2 meals. However, male adults had2.3mealswhilewomeninthesamegrouphad2.4meals.

FS - 2 Average number of meals per day (male and female) Average (Male) Average (Female) 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.9

Under 1 Childr Childr (abo (over 60

years) Adults

(5+ - 18 Elder

years)

years

1. 5.

2. 3.

1-5

en en

Wheat being a main food source in FATA,people spent the most amount of money on bread/wheat and flour (PKR.1,144) in a week. This was followed by other food expenses, beverages, condiments etc., (PKR 861), sugar(PKR723),meals,snacksbeveragesconsumedoutsidethehouse(PKR600),oil/ghee(PKR493)etc.

FS - 3 Amount spent on food during the last week 1,144 Average Amount in PKR 861 723 600 493 385 409 403 320 272 247

2. R 3. M 4. Dhal Chana 5. Oil 1. Br 6. Sugar 7. M 8. M Vegetables 9. (condimen 11. M

consumed outside the house

10. O

ice

aize eat ,fish ,eggs

ilk, Cheese ilk,

a ha,W Wheat, ead

eals, snacks bev

, Ghee ,Butt

ther f

Flour

ts, Bever

ood e

, Fruits

, y

xpenses

ogurt

ages et

heat

erages

38 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

The respondents' other expenses included housing (for rent or repairs), reimbursements/debts, ceremonies/entertainment, and health for men, other non-food expenditure, water, transportation, health forwomen,educationforwomenandmen.

FS - 5 Food stocks availability

29.0% % 25.1% 19.6%

11.8% 9.4% 5.0%

1 -

No f

Don N/A

2 -

1 week

2 weeks 4 weeks

ood S

’

t know

tock

Asking a question on food stocks and how long they would last, over a quarter of the respondents (29%) said they had no food stocks, while 25.1% said they had stocks for a period of 2-4 weeks. 19.6% of them has stocks between 1-2 weeks while 11.8% did not know and 9.4% had less than one week of food stocks. This data reflects on the state of agriculture in the areas, where people's food stocks are at alarmingly low levels. This is also reflected in the response to the question on times when respondents did not have enough money to buy food or cover other essential costs. Shockingly, over 55% said 'yes' while 28% said no. Furthermore, when asked, how many days will the food that the household received fulfil needs, participantsrespondedwithanaverageof9.5days.

Forced to change their habits and lifestyle, a large majority (68%), said they rely on less preferred and less expensive food. 27% said they bought food on by taking loan, while 1% said they restricted consumption for adults so that children could eat. 10% even reduced number of meals per day, while 6% compromised onhealthcareservices.

FS - 7 Sufficient money to buy food or cover other essential expenditures

No Yes 55.5%

28.7%

In terms of loss of food, 27% of respondents said they lost all of their wheat/wheat flour as a result of the conflict. Fruit, milk, cheese and yogurt were lost in large amounts due to the loss of agricultural lands and livestock.

In Mohmand, like other agencies, markets have been affected and bazaars are closed. Even those that were initially open had closed quickly because of fear of the Taliban. Although foodstuff is available, it is very expensiveandoutofreachforthemajority. 39 On having received assistance, the groups from South Waziristan said that they had not received any aid, nor were they aware of any assistance being extended.The groups from Orakzai said that they had received seeds from an NGO, however other than that there has been no assistance. One group from Bajaur agency said that they had received a small amount of aid from FSSP,FRDP and the Agriculture department in the form of one bag of DP fertilizer, and seeds etc. Similarly, according to one group from Mohmand agency, before the conflict, foreign aid was available and the administration provided seeds, fertilizer, and assistance in levelling the land. Further adding that, before the conflict, the agriculture sector departments would provide 80 kilos of good quality flour per card. However, according to them, the situation has changed and at present only theMaliks benefit from any assistance that may be extended to FATA. The market is about 20-30 minutes away by walk; however security is not as good as people are more cautious. An overwhelmingly large majority agreed that food prices have gone up since the floods and the operation.

Majority of the markets across all four agencies, according to FGD participants, have been destroyed in most places, as many villages are empty and shops were destroyed during the crisis; curfews, roadblocks and chaos have kept people away from the markets that do exist. Food is not available easily and people have travel to far to fulfil their family's needs. Most of the group said they had alternatives for food in mind but there was no use of sharing those until people returned.They also added that without security, there is no point of having food security. The presence of Afghan refugees has also impacted the food security, as this causes an increase in the overall food consumption. Besides this, the cross-border smuggling of goods, includingedibleitemscreatedfurtherfoodcrisis.

FOODSECURITY

Food security in the past had not been a major problem for the people of FATA, again, given the comparatively strong traditions of sharing and tribal affiliation in the past. However, due to the losses suffered during the conflict, both in terms of finances and in terms of lost livestock, food security is now an issue for the people of the region. Focus group discussions with area residents reveal that more than a fourthofallrespondentslost'alloftheirwheat/wheatflour'reservespost-conflict.

As if the loss of personal reserves was not enough, the closure of major markets and bazaars in the region has added to food insecurity.This means that any food within the access of the residents would naturally be more expensive and in insufficient quantity (according to the principles of demand and supply). These findings are confirmed by the Household survey in which a distressingly large number (29%) of the respondents said that they had 'no food stocks' at all.This is resulting in far less than optimum consumption patterns in adults as well as children. Again, the Household survey reveals that a large majority of the residents (68 %) now rely on fairly inexpensive or low quality consumables to bridge the calorie deficit.This shows an emphasis on sugar, which is high energy but a general refrain from sources of protein which are fairlyexpensive.

Afghan refugees and now the Afghanistan market sometimes create food insecurity for the local populace. Most of the food items allocated as quota and meant for FATA population are usually smuggled to Afghanistan on higher prices, generating food insecurity inside FATA.

NUTRITION

When asked whether there has been any distribution of food or infant feeding supplies, 41% respondents said there had not been any such distribution or donations, whereas 17% respondents did not know or did notanswerthequestion.

40 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

NU_01 Donation/distribution of infant food supply 41% 36%

NU_01 Since the crisis, have there been any donation / distributions of infant feeding supplies? %

17%

3% 1% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0%

distribution B M C Dr D Infants Liquid milk Teats F Z D Y NA X O N/A

E Open

Bottles

milk formula

A No

Know

ther

ilk

’

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 77 When women were asked about lactating women in their households, 15% responded with yes, while 41% said no. 44% did not answer the question or it was not applicable. 3% of respondents said that there were pregnantwomenintheirhouseholdswhile49%didnotanswerthequestion.

NU-02 Lactating women in their houses 49% 41% Yes % No %

15% 3%

A. B. Lactating Pregnant

Related to lactation and any changes in feeding pattern for infants 0-24 months since the crisis, 12% respondents said there had been no change, while 15% said there has been some change. Among the 15% that noticed a change, 1% said breastfeeding had stopped; 6% said breastfeeding had reduced; 1% said breastfeeding increased; 3% said complementary feeding increased while 4% said complementary feeding decreased, 13% gave other reasons and 60% did not answer the question. The main reason for womenwhostoppedorreducedbreastfeedingwas,accordingto6.2%respondents,lossintheformation ofbreastmilk;followedbylackofprivacyorspace(1.2%)andlackofmothers'time(0.4%).

When asked whether children NU - 03.Change in feeding practices for children aged were currently enrolled in any between 0-24 months before the crisis & now 13% supplementary feeding 14% programmes, 20% of the 12% 12% respondents said 'no' while only 10% 2% said 'yes'.30% said they did not 8% know while 48% of them were not 6% 6% 4% asked the question. This shows 4% 3% that very few people know about 2% 1% suchprogrammes. 1% 0% 1-A Breast- 2-B Breast- 3-C Breast- 4-D Comple- 5-E Comple- 6-F No 7-X Other feeding feeding feeding mentary mentary feeding feeding change stopped reduced Increased quantity quantity (Skip increased decreased to NU5)

41 When asked about the outreach for children's nutritional services after the crisis, 51% of respondents said their childrenhadnotbeenreachedbyanyofthelistedservices.Only2%saidtheyhadreceivedfood,while1%saidthey hadreceivedmultivitaminsandanother1%saidRUSF/PlumpyDoz.44%respondentswerenotaskedthequestion.

In Bajaur, nutrition and balanced diet seem to be alien concepts to the FGD participants. None of the participants seemed to know the special needs of a pregnant or lactating mothers, or even new born babies. They did not even know about iodized salt and its advantages. Some participants added that the WFP had provided food packages to their 'favourites'.They also said that men and women should be made aware of the importance of nutrition. Some participants in the Mohmand groups were aware about the importance of nutrition but said they could not afford to buy certain things, especially for pregnant or lactating mothers and babies.They felt the government should have a policy for this. At the camps for IDPs, WFP was the only agency that gave food packages to people, but that has stoppednowaccordingtoparticipants.

According to a key informant interview with the Assistant Agency Surgeon at Mohmand agency18 , there were Lady Health workers in the past who were employed with the support of UNICEF; which is how awareness was created around issues of diet and nutrition. According to him, 70% in Mohmand people do not know about balanced diet while 30% people know. He also informed that children die due to lack of food while pneumonia and diarrhoea are also major causes. Although he admitted that there is a governmental policy, it had not been implemented. Among women, he informed, anaemia causes death, while children die due to low birth weight. Folic acid deficiency is also caused due to lack of nutritious food. According to the Assistant Agency Surgeon, an individual has to spend only 30 Rupees in his/her entire life to buy iodised salt, while its absence causes a lot of complications – which is why it is essential. He suggested that a separate department should be set up for health care that focuses on educating peopleaboutnutrition.

The Orakzai FGDs revealed that participants were not aware of a 'balanced diet' and said they also did not know what pregnant women should be doing for better nutrition. They said they followed their traditional customs of giving women 'desi ghee' etc. Although the participants at the FGDs from SW were aware about nutrition and a balanced diet, they said they could not follow a balanced diet due to their circumstances; poverty levels have gone up and access to food is difficult. Some of the participants were also aware of mother and child's special nutritional needs, but said that the large majority cannot afford to give them that 'balanced' diet.They said that the government should play a role in spreading this information and also ensure that people receive the food they need.The participants had noideaaboutiodizedsaltandsaidtheydidnotknowitsimportance.

NUTRITION Nutrition, or the lack thereof, should be an important consideration for the Government while drafting policy for the tribal region. This is a region suffering from poverty, unemployment, underdevelopment and crisis. Naturally, all the above factors do result in a steady degradation in diet and nutrition. The Household survey reports a large number of people who have had very little or no access to any distribution of food or infant supplies and an even larger number of people who, either, had no information on any such dispensation effortsor,presumably,didnotcareenoughforthequestiontoanswerit.Allofthispointstowardstwothings,

a) Efforts to re-integrate the returning IDPs are inadequate or ill-managed, and the ordeal of the IDPs is far fromover b) The focus group discussions as well as the key informant interview show that a vast majority (70%) of the residents of the area are not aware of the very concept of a 'balanced diet'.The key informant further pointed outseveralissuesrelatedtoinfantmortalityrelatedtomalnutrition,pneumoniaanddiarrhoea.

The problem of inadequate nutrition is further magnified in the case of women, especially pregnant or lactating women. Of the 40% of the respondents who answered the question, said that the lactation patterns have changed after the crisis. In 7%of the respondents, lactation had either reduced or stopped altogether. The focus group discussion bears out the survey findings since several participants stated that they were unaware of any special dietary measures that could be adopted to help pregnant women. Those who were awareofsuchneedssaidfinancialconstraintsforcedthemtoforgosuchrequirements.

Similarly, awareness of the importance of iodized salt has also not been inculcated in the people of the region. One of the key informants mentioned that completely fulfilling the biological demand for iodine through iodized salt costs 30 rupees per person but the lack of awareness was the cause of potential medical complicationsinolderage.

18 42 Dr. Razaullah. Assistant agency Surgeon…Health department Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

HEALTH

When respondents in the household survey were asked about the closest health facility that they can access, 14.43% said it was a temporary health facility, followed by 13% who did not know about the closest facility. 11.9% said tehsil headquarters, while 8.6% said civil dispensary and 4.8% said agency headquarters hospital. Almost 2% said the Mother and Child Health Care facility (MCH) was the closest facility to them. Otherfacilitiesincludedcivilhospital(1%),ruralhealthcentre(8%)andcommunityhealthcentre.

29.0% HE-01 Nearest place where you can have access to health care

14.3% 13.0% 14.2% % 11.9% 8.6% 4.8% 1.9% 0.4% 0.8% 1.0% 0.0%

K NA

F Civil Dispensar Tempor G H MCHC

B RHC(Rur

D CH (

J Don

A CHC (

THQ( C E AHQ(

X Other

I Mobile Clinic I Mobile

’

t know

Civil Hospital)

Communit

Tehsil Headquarters

Agenc

Hospital)

ary Health F ary

al Health C

y Headquar

y Health C

acility

entre)

ters

enter)

The major providers of health services to date were also topped by 'others' at 51.6% which included private clinics,hakeems (local traditional health care) etc. This was followed by department of health FATA (29%), otherprivatemeans(9.7%). In terms of the distance and time involved in reaching health facilities; a large number (32.1%) said it took them over an hour, while 28.7% said it took less than 30 minutes. 24.6% of the respondents said it took about30minutestoanhour.6.7%saidtheydidnotknowandanother8%didnotanswerthequestion. The question on access to health care at delivery point revealed that the large number of respondents, 37.3% said it was 'non-affordable' while 27.3% said they gave a token fee, while 20.7% said it was affordable. 5.9%saiditwasfreeofchargewhile1.3%didnotknow.7.5%didnotanswerthequestion. As far as satisfaction of health services is concerned, most of the respondents are 'somewhat satisfied' (42.1%), followed by those who are 'somewhat unsatisfied' at 32.4%. 14.6% are very unsatisfied while only 3.5%areverysatisfied.7.4%didnotanswerthequestion. Comparing the access to health care services before and after the crisis, interestingly almost the same number of people said it was the same (44.9%) as the ones who said it was worse (44%). Only 3.7% said it was better, while 7.4% did not answer the question. Making a comparison on the quality of health care before and after the crisis, almost half, or 46.5% respondents said it was 'worse'.While 42.4% said it was the same.Only2.9%saiditwasbetterwhile8.3%didnotanswerthequestion. Whether health facilities have transport to reach other facilities if needed, 61% of respondents said there was transport but they had to pay for it, while 21.5% said there was no such facility available. 8.3% respondents did not know, and about 8% did not answer the question. Only 0.4% respondents said the transportfacilitywasfree. For options at health care delivery points, 43% respondents said male medical technician/dispensers were available, and 9% said male doctors are available. Only 8% said female medical technicians/dispensers and a mere 2% said female medical officers or doctors were available. 2% of both men and women said LHWs 43 and TBAs (Dai ) were available. This reflects on the issue of finding female health staff in remote areas of FATA, and how women may be suffering due to lack of availability of qualified and trained female health staff. HE-05 Level of Satisfaction with Health Services 42.1% 32.4% %

14.6%

3.5%

3. S

2. S Very unsa 4.

Very satisfied

unsa

omewha

tisfied

t satisfied

tisfied

The question on gender based violence (GBV) revealed that just over half (51.3%) said there had been no reports or suspected violence against women and girls. 11.5% said they did not know, while 30.9% said therewere'afew'cases.Only2.6%respondentssaiditiscommonwhile3.6%didnotanswerthequestion.

HE- 16 Reported/suspected Gender Based Violence against girls and women

51.3%

percentage (%)

30.9%

11.5%

2.6%

1. No 2. Yes, it is common 3. Yes, a few 4. Don’t know

When men and women were asked about the type of GBV cases most commonly reported or heard of, 61.7% said domestic violence, followed by physical assault (3%), rape (1.2%), attempted rape (0.8%), physical assault by stranger (0.7%) and other at 5.4%. A quarter of respondents (27.2%) did not answer the question. The information on GBV would need to be verified through a protection assessment, since in a closed and conservative society such as FATA's, gender based violence is not an issue that is discussed openly. It is also considered a great 'dishonour' for a family to speak about any incident that may have taken place, inside or outside the home. Respondents would especially not share information on such sensitive matters with an outsider(theinterviewers).

44 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

61.7% HE-17 Common type of Gender Based Violence

27.2%

5.4% 3.0% 1.2% 0.7% 0.8%

1.Domestic 2.Physical 3.Rape 4.Physical 5.Attempted 13.Others N/A violence assault (family assault rape member) (stranger)

When women only were asked about pregnant women being vaccinated against tetanus, the majority (60.3%)didnotknow. Asking women about children's vaccinations since the crisis shows a rather alarming picture. According to 19.2% of respondents, children have been vaccinated against OPV (polio), followed by BCG(9.8%), TT (9.8%), DPT and HBV (9.2%), Measles (9.4%) and 6% who said there were mass vaccination campaigns conducted. 9.8% respondents did not know. Either there have not been regular vaccination campaigns in the area due to the crisis, or the respondents did not have children in the age group that needs vaccinations. Highest number of polio cases has been found in FATA, which is a grave concern for Pakistan as well as the rest of the world. This information reiterates the need for a rigorous vaccination campaign in FATA. Although the FGD participants from Bajaur said that proper health facilities are not available, the BHUs and civil dispensaries that do exist are rather poorly equipped and low staffed. Villagers have to walk long distances to reach the health facilities and in case of emergencies or accidents, there is no facility available close by. The mother and child health facilities are only available at the agency headquarters hospital, which are far. The health facilities are in poor condition and unhygienic; lacking proper equipment, medicines,andexperiencedstaff. According to the interview with the agency level Health Official in Bajaur, the emergency medical facility provided to the people is insufficient as per the population ratio. These facilities are available at only two centres. He said that access to the nearby hospitals is possible; however, shortage of money, long distances and lack of transportation are some of the problems faced by communities.The medical centres in the area include two Civil Hospitals, 32 CHCs and two RHCs. (Note: Health Department has named BHUs and dispensariesas CHCs). According to Mohmand's Assistant Agency Surgeon (AAS), there are total 54 health facilities in the Agency. Agency Head Quarter Hospital Ghalanai and RHC Mikagand are two major facilities that are from five to 50 kilometres away from different populated areas. Health centres are mostly located near the concentrated population. Although most people go by foot to these centres, some use cars. People in general face transportation and financial problems. According to the AAS, people are satisfied with the available health facilities,whichiscompletelycontrarytowhattheFGDsandHHsurveyrevealed. The AAS mirrored the opinion of respondents when he admitted that health facilities are not equipped for accidents or emergencies. If ambulances were provided at tehsil and major villages' level, the situation would improve. He also informed that maternal and infant care facilities are available inTehsil headquarter hospital,RHCandallBHUshowever,thisfacilityisnotavailableatcivildispensaries. The main reasons according to the AAS, for the people not being able to access health facilities included damagedroads,unavailabilityofwaterandelectricity.HealsosaidthatduetoAfghanstheloadonthelocal

45 facilities has increased in Ekka Gund. Moreover, there is a shortage of medicines. He also admitted that water shortage is a problem. At some places, UNICEF has provided tanks which are being used. For cleanliness, at every hospital Grade IV employee has been employed who takes care of environmental and overall cleanliness. The closest health facility in Orakzai, according to the three FGDs is between 35 -45 minutes away by walk and transport is generally available to reach the facility. The FGD participants were not satisfied with the health facility and also complained that there is no mother and child health facility, and the staff is inexperiencedaswell. According to statistics provided by the Office of the Agency Surgeon, there are 64 health facilities in Orakzai agency, of which almost half are non-functional (for details please refer to Key Informant Interviews, Orakzai Agency). The Health Official interviewed informed that most people find it difficult to travel to the main health facilities due to lack of resources. He also said that the emergency services are enough, and mother andchildhealthcareissatisfactory. The dismal state of health care facilities and lack of staff was also reflected in the FGDs from SouthWaziristan. According to participants, there is no big hospital in their areas, except one in Saroki. Pregnant women have to be taken to Wana and DI Khan, which is more than 30 kms away as there are no MCH facilities in the villages.Duetoroadsbeinginsuchbadconditions,itisverydifficulttoreachhospitalsontime. Although BHU and CHC were at a distance of six and three kilometres respectively, most health facilities are far from villages and need transport as people cannot cover the distance by foot. All the respondents agreed that the clinics are poorly equipped, with no proper doctors or MCH facility. The only regular people who visitareforpoliovaccinations.Thereisnowaterorsanitationfacilityattheclinicseither. According to SW FGDs, the Afghan refugees did not have great impact on health facilities in the areas as they were mostly in Wana where the facilities are better and there is easy access. However, overall, Afghan refugees' presence has burdened the already limited or health infrastructure leading to a lack of equipment and health staff, as medicines were consumed at a faster rate than they were allocated. Nevertheless there werehealthprogrammesforAfghanrefugeeswhichwerealsoutilizedbythelocalpopulation.

HEALTH

Another important concern is of the quality of medical services. Almost all Focus Group discussions organized on the issue yield a general dissatisfaction with the quality of services offered and rendered. The household survey reveals that 47%of the respondents were either somewhat dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with medical services while 45.6 %people are either somewhat satisfied or very satisfied. Residents of the area say that there is no real facility available for women and children and that the staff is inexperienced or ill-trained. This is also supported by data from the household survey which shows that 9 %of the respondents have access to trained male medical doctors while 43%are limited to dispensers or technicians. Things are worse for females with only 2%confirming access to female medical doctors while 10%of the respondents were limited to female medical technicians, dispensers orDais.

46 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

SHELTER/HOUSING

The household survey asked questions around housing and shelter, starting with 'where most respondents' houses were/are located'. The majority, 55.5% said rural villages, followed by small towns (25.7%)andruraldispersedvillages(17%).Only1.9%didnotanswerthequestion.

The main cause of damage to houses according to 58.4% respondents was due the conflict, followed by 18.9% who said the damage was due to floods. 17.6% respondents said the damage was due to lack of maintenance and long absence since displacement, while 5.1% did not answer the question. This clearly shows that the crisis and floods were the main reasons behind the shelter being damaged/destroyed. Almost half of the respondents (44.8%) said the damages described were due to lack of maintenance during the crisis and displacement, while 21.9% said it was completely destroyed/flattened by the conflict. 17.9% respondents said there were other damages, while 12.6% said their houses/shelter was partially damaged.2.8%didnotanswerthequestion. 58.4% SH - 02 Main causes of damage to shelter

17.6% 18.9%

1. Damage due to lack of maintenance 2. Damage due to 3. Damage due to and long absence since displacement. disaster Flood conflict.

The main worries that almost half of respondents, 47.5%,had concerning the place/shelter where they are presently living was that they were 'not able to repair and reconstruct them'While 24.9% said there was no privacy due to lack of space, and 21.1% said they feared that the house would collapse. The data clearly shows that there is a real need to address shelter issues, since most people are living in dilapidated houses withthefearoflosingwhatevertheyhave.

As for ownership, many of the respondents, 45.5% said they were living in their own shelter/house, while 6.4% said it belonged to their relatives. 5.5% respondents are living with hosts/extended family while only 2%aretemporarilyrentingaplace.39.5%ofrespondentsdidnotanswerthequestion,whichisquitealarge percentage.Thismaybebecausetheydidnotwanttorevealownership.

In terms of assistance that is needed to improve the current shelter/house, respondents were given five priorities.The first priority for 22.6% is 'material support for repair'.The second priority was also the same as the first, while the third priority was cash for rent. The fourth priority was 'cash for transport, labour',which also stayed as the fifth priority.This data shows that people are in need of material to repair their damaged houses,butalsoneedsupportincash.

Most of the respondents, around 61.3%, said that mud flat roof with wooden beams/girders were the main material for roofs construction. 10.6% said flat RCC girders and slab ceiling roof were required, while 4.4% said mud flat roof with concrete, steel girders and T iron and tiles were a priority for them. 18.8% did not answer the question, perhaps because they did not know about the material. However, most of the people werewellawareaboutthematerialthatisused. 47 When respondents were asked if they have access to water for repairing their damaged houses/shelter, it was revealed that the large majority, 89.1% did not have this kind of access. Only 10.9% said yes. For construction material, only 15.3% said that locally produced material was available at short distance (5 kms), while 9.3% respondents said imported material could be bought further away (around 10 kms). Not only is it expensive for people to buy material and hire labour, but this data set also shows that many times itisalsoamatterofaccess.

Access to skilled labour is available according to 37.1% respondents, while another 33.3% said they did not have access. 29.6% of respondents did not answer this question. Most of them who did not answer the question were women who are not involved in labour and construction and may not have this information. Access to unskilled labour, according to 48% respondents is available, while 14% said it was not available. Again, 38% did not answer the question. It is clear that unskilled labour is much more easily available, since many people have lost out on their regular sources of income such as agriculture, livestock and other professions,turningtodailywagelabour.

Skills in the family revealed that only 22.8% respondents said they had skilled labour in their families, while 39.3% did not. A further 37.9% did not answer the question. Among the skilled group, masons were the highest(39.2%),followedbycarpenter(12.4%)andothers.36%didnotanswerthequestion.

Related to the protection/legal issue of land, 94.3%, which is a large majority of respondents shared that they have not lost the land their house is built on. Only 3.1% respondents said they have lost their land, while 2.7% did not answer. If people have lost land, according to 66.7% they do not have access to land for construction of a permanent shelter, while only 7.4% said they had land. 25.9% did not answer the question.

SH-07 Assistance needed to improve shelter/house

22.6%

17.9%

21.1%

14.4%

Priority 3%

12.7%

11.2%

10.6%

9.7%

9.4%

9.1%

Priority 4% Priority 1%

8.6%

8.5%

7.7%

7.6%

7.3%

7.0%

6.3%

6.0%

5.9%

5.7%

4.0%

4.6%

4.5%

4.4%

4.1%

4.0%

Priority 5% Priority 2%

3.6% 3.6%

3.3%

3.1%

2.3%

1.9%

1.8%

1.3%

0.1%

0.8%

1.1%

0.7%

7=cash for labor/ 5=Tools for Debris 3=Temporary shelter 1-Tarpulin Transport Removal When asked whether respondents needed assistance for land and property rights, 74% said they did not need any assistance, while 4.8% said they needed help with property documents; 3.6% wanted support in getting land back and 2.3% said they needed help to remove illegal occupants. 15% did not answer the question. Overall data shows that land and property issues are not a very big issue in these agencies. This may be because of the age-old dispute resolution mechanism ofJirga . However, for those who are trying togettheirland/propertyback,theremustbesomeguidance.

48 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

On shelter, most participants said there is a real need to rebuild the old and damaged houses, however so far, no activity has taken place regarding the reconstruction of hospitals or houses. A major issue in rehabilitation of shelter and housing is that construction material is not easily available close by. The positive and encouraging thing that came out of the FGDs was that there are human resources in community and within reasonable distance to re-build roads, bridges, and shelter. Regarding women headedhouseholds;FGDsrevealedthatwomenhavethesupportofcommunity.

All the FGD participants from Bajaur said that people in their villages are not satisfied with the state of their houses after the operation and that majority of the houses in Bajaur need to be rehabilitated. They said in case of earthquakes or other natural disasters, nothing will be left. Although there is some reconstruction going on, it is not happening in a very organized manner. They also added that despite availability of rich human resource, there are no financial resources for people to rebuild their houses and their lives. As per the local and tribal traditions, the idea of a housing scheme would not work in Bajaur agency. In Mohmand, the groups unanimously agreed that there is a dire need to rebuild their houses. Rehabilitation work has not started yet because people cannot afford to build anything; they have lost whatever they had since the operation and displacement. Although human resource exists, they need finances. A total of 20% people losttheirhomesintheAgency.99%peoplehavereturnedtotheirplacesoforigin.

In Orakzai, most of the people are living in dilapidated houses, they are well aware of the repercussions but do not have resources to build houses on their own. At some places, houses and health centres are being reconstructed but there are limited resources available. Residential schemes are a possibility, if demanded by the communities. Rehabilitation should be at a village-to-village level.Women who are heads of families seek help from political administration. They face problems such as lack of financial resources, unemployment, agriculture and travel related problems along with issues like access to health services and educationalopportunities.

SHELTER&HOUSING

Historically, shelter and housing has been one of the strengths of FATA with adequate housing for all due to the land available and comparatively less expensive housing. However, that has unfortunately changed post-conflict. The household survey as well as Focus Group discussions bring to light major reasons for housing issues in the area, namely damage to property resulting from the military operation aswellastherecentfloods.

A vast majority (58.4%) of the residences were damaged or destroyed due to the use of heavy weapons in the region; add to that damages resulting from not being used, or lack of maintenance while the occupants were away and that figure goes up to almost 76%.These statistics are supported by opinions expressed during the focus group discussions, which state that the villagers are not satisfied with the stateoftheirhousesaftertheoperation,while20%ofthepeoplehavelosttheirhomesentirely.

Residents also say that in case of any future earthquakes, even a fraction of what they experienced in 2005, 'nothing would be left'. There is, therefore, great need for expenditures on reconstruction and maintenanceoftheexistinghousesandshelters.

At present, a significant majority of the people are living in their own houses while smaller numbers are living with either relatives or extended families and hosts. The majority demand at this time is material support for rebuilding with smaller segments looking for cash for rent or cash for transport/labour expenditures. FATA also suffers from inadequate access to building supplies and skilled labour, which furthercomplicatestheproblem.

49 MASS COMMUNICATION

According to 62.8% respondents, the male members in their household can read, compared to 14.4% respondents who said women in their household could read. It is interesting to note that only 14.6% respondents have an active cell number; however, this is substantiated by the focus group discussions where participants also complained about the communications infrastructure being affected by the conflict and many people not having access to phones or other means of communications. Only 4.2 % of respondents are able to charge their cell phones, once again verifying the information from FGDs about electricitycutsandloadsheddingbeingverycommon.Only17.6%saidtheyreadnewspapers,while39.5% said they heard the radio. Again, the FGDs also reflected the same facts – very few people read newspapers whileradioisthekeysourceofinformationformajorityinFATAagencies.

60.3% MC-8 Main sources of Communication

21.7%

6.1% 5.7% 6.0% 2.4% 0.6% 0.2% 0.8% 0.9%

A Male member of Male A B C D E F G H Molvi/P I X

(Mosques

New Radio TV Communit SMS Call Jirgas Other

Local

the family

reacher

spaper

, Jirgas)

Cen y

ter

As is expected and also brought up in the FGDs, Pashto is the preferred language of communication for a large majority – 90.3% respondents. Urdu was the second preferred language by a small percentage (1.9%), whileDari(.4%)andHindko(.1%)followed.7.3%respondentsdidnotanswerthequestion.

The main source of information for 60.3% respondents is male family members – since women are completely dependent on men for information, this number is very high. However other men are also dependent on male elders in their families and communities for information. 21.7% respondents get their information from the radio, which has already been cited as an important source of information. Newspapers (6.1%),Jirgas (6%), calls (5.7%), SMS (0.2%) and local clergy ormaulvi (0.8%) were some more sources. Overall, this data reflects on the literacy rates and education levels in FATA – most people rely on familymembersorverbalsourcesofcommunicationratherthanthewrittenwordsuchasnewspapersetc.

As participants in FGDs revealed, for women in the household, the best source of information is the male family members. A large number of respondents (39.1%) said male family members are the best way to get information, followed by the radio (13.4%), women social mobilizers (3.9%), newspapers (9%), community gatherings (8%),TV (6%), lady health workers (3%) banners (2%), health care providers (1%).Around 38.5% did not answer the question; this may be because FATA is a conservative society and women's access to informationislargelyrestricted.

When asked what time respondents' watched TV, if they had one, revealed that only 1.6% said between 12:00-18:00, 3.1% watched at 7:00-12:00 while 8.9% watched between 18:00-22:00. This shows that the small population that has TV in FATA tends to watch during the peak hours of the evening, when most Pakistani channels have analysis and current affairs shows. An overwhelmingly large majority (86.4%) said they did not have TV. For those who do have TV, 8.6% watch national channels while 4.7% watch regional channels.Alargemajority,86.8%didnotanswer. 50 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

For those who have radios, 23.5% listen to it only once a day; while 14.3% do not listen at all. 12.8% listen a few days in a week and 9% listen only once a week. Although the radio is the most common source of mass communication in FATA, it is still not used as often as one would expect. 48.5% did not answer the question, most probably because they have no access to radio. Local FM channels are the most popular among respondents with 19.5% listening to FM channels, followed by MW and FM. Over a quarter of the respondents would like to hear more on current affairs/news over the radio (27.5%), followed by entertainment – 2.1% who said they would like more music and dramas. 7.5% said they would like to hear more religious/educational programs while 1.3% each said skill development programs and health hygiene etc. Thematic shows on agriculture awareness etc. (6%) and children's programs (4%) should be furtherexplored.

With the lack of entertainment and limited options for young people and women, it is no surprise that more than half (50.3%) respondents said they accessed mass media for entertainment. 29.4% said they accessed the media for awareness on news and events, while 1.6% each said for educational purposes and for business. 17.1% did not respond to the question. While more people accessed TV before the crisis (51%), after the crisis none of the respondents said they had access. Radio seems to have gained more popularity after the crisis with 77.9% respondents accessing it compared to 45.8% before the crisis. Newspaper readershiphasalsogoneupamongrespondentsfrom0%beforecrisisto3.1%afterthecrisis.

More respondents (11.5%) read the newspaper on Sundays compared to the rest of the week (3.6%). This could be because the Sunday edition carries supplements including entertainment, analysis, advertisements etc. As reflected in preceding analysis, 84.4% people did not answer the question since newspapersarenotacommonsourceofinformationinFATAduetothelowliteracylevels.

MASSCOMMUNICATION

Sources ofcommunicationinFATAlackbothvarietyandcoverage.Theonlymajor sourceofinformation in the area, according to both the Household Surveys and Focus Group Discussions is the radio. A large number of respondents (39.5%) said they rely on local radio stations for news and information while only a small number of respondents (17.6%) read newspapers. Perhaps, this also explains the mushroomgrowthofillegalradiostationsoperatedbyprivatepartiesandmilitantsintheregion.

One of the interesting revelations from the household survey was that a large majority (62.8 %) of the respondents said that male members in their household could read compared to only 14.4% who said that women could read. This means that while men, on average, have access to both newspapers and radiostations,womenrelyalmostexclusivelyonradiostationsfortheirinformation.

This pattern is further validated by the fact that most women rely on men for most information. Reliance on mobile phones, calls and SMS is not as prevalent in FATA as it is in the rest of the country with only a small number (14.6 %) admitting to having an active cell phone while even less (4.2 %) have an opportunity to regularly charge their cell phones due to load shedding and inadequate electricity coverage.

Television also, unlike in the rest of the country, does not play a major role in propagating and shaping opinions in FATA. This is confirmed by the focus group discussion data which supports that Televisions don't work properly in the area, perhaps due to signal degradation. Of the relatively small number of respondents who do own working televisions (0.6 %) most (8.9 %) watch TV during“Prime Time”when news and current affairs programs are being telecast. A majority of the respondents (50.3 %), however, saidthattheyaccessavenuesofmassmediaforentertainmentpurposes.

51 COMMUNITYRESTORATION&INFRASTRUCTURE

To gauge the impact on business/employment and the economic activity of respondents, they were asked to what degree their business or employment was affected. A large majority 63.2%, said it was 'partially disrupted and some reinvestment would be required, while 13.2% said it was completely discontinued. While 8.3% were fortunate enough that their work was not affected; 4.6% said there was negligible disruptionandcouldberesumedshortlywithnoinvestment. 1CR-1 Employment/Business affected after crisis 63.2%

% 13.2% 10.8% 4.6% 8.3%

N/A

resume in shor

.Totally 1. Partially disrupt 2.

disruption (c

with almost no

reinvestmen

discontinued requir (some r

Not aff

Neglig

ed)

ected

einvestmen

ible

ould

t time

As expected, majority of the households were involved in farming and businesses, while home based work, jobs in private sector, small shops etc. were also some of the activities. When men and women were asked what assistance would be needed to restart their work, their priorities were the same. Almost half of the men 44.5%saidfinances,followedby13.2%whoneededrepairs/rehabilitationfortheirbusiness/work.Forwomen also, finances were the top most priority (18.5%), followed by repair/rehabilitation. Other important support they need includes material assistance, medical aid, retraining etc. Female respondents said that women who do home based work would need sewing machines as a top priority (45%), skill development training (32%), grantsandnewincomegeneration(8%),legaldocumentation(3%)andsupporttoaccessthemarket(3%).

Wood being the most common source of fuel, as revealed in preceding sections, 82% respondents said they collected fuel wood from the forest before the crisis. Alarmingly, almost the same number (81%), now collect fuel wood from gardens and orchards. The average distance to the fuel collection point according to men is 15.19 kms, while for women this was 30 kms. Community disputes according to over half the respondents have not happened since the conflict. However, just over 40% of respondents said there have been disputes in their areas. According to 38.6%, the most disagreements are about access to food, access to other goods (non- fooditems),ethnicity(7.4%),marriage(3.1%),religion(2.9%)etc.

Conflict resolution in FATA has traditionally been theJirga's sphere of influence. According to respondents, however, the Police are most important in helping to resolve conflict. Since the police does not have jurisdiction in FATA, respondents would be referring to disputes that took place when they were displaced in settled areas. The second most important factor for resolving conflicts are the 'mullah' , followed by family eldersandthenJirga and lashkar .

1CR-9 Conflicts after Crisis 56.0% % 40.6%

3.4%

No NA

Yes

52 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment Like agriculture and livestock, the focus group discussions revealed that roads, a good irrigation system, and water supply schemes were needed to improve the community infrastructure in the villages. It was interestingtonotethatparticipantssaidwomenshouldbeinvolvedinrehabilitationactivities.

In addition to improving the existing infrastructure, the participants also highlighted the need for small factory and industries/ skills training like computers and sewing centres for women. As far as peace committees are concerned, participants said they helped maintain security in the villages and were trusted bythevillagers.

In Bajaur, all of the FGD participants agreed that a few people read newspapers while most of them have access to FM radio and listen to Pashto channels mostly including BBC and Dewa. Few people have access to TV and most cannot watch it due to long hours of electricity cuts. For peace to be sustainable, all FGD participants in Bajaur felt strongly about engaging youth in constructive activities, educating women and girls, establishing government writ and strengthening the local peace committees. They trusted their local Jirgaandpeacecommittees,butfeltthattheseinstitutionsshouldbestrengthenedfurther.

According to key informants in Bajaur agency, to keep the community structure intact, community should be involved and they should supervise the infrastructure rehabilitation work such as construction of roads. According to the Political Administration (PA) in Bajaur, damaged houses and medical and educational centres are being built to some extent, however, this may be delayed due to insufficient resources. According to the PA, Government has not chalked any policy or programme to know people's problems however; people approach government officials to inform them of their problems. Infrastructure work should be focused on construction of damaged roads, constructions of concrete lanes, improvement of irrigation schemes and water drainage system. Communities should be sensitized regarding managing their own schemes. People should get themselves involved in political matters, including women. Security operation has improved the overall security situation. Furthermore, to counter terrorism and provide security local committees have also been formed. According to the Communication & Works Department official in Bajaur agency, the FDMA and fire brigade department are only present at headquarter level in their agency. They need to be involved more.The FDMA and FATA secretariat need to be strengthened further to deal with such devastation (referring to crisis). He also said thatJirgas should be made more proactive and they should be involvedmoreinthewholerehabilitationprocess.

According to the Communities and Works department official, small level basic structures require reconstruction and repair which include damaged roads, irrigation at the basic level, drinking water schemes and paving of streets. The total number of damaged roads is 203.585 kilometres and while bridges have not been damaged. For community restoration, the Mohmand groups all agreed that this can be done with support from the government and local communities. They also believed that the local officials could be more helpful towards the villagers, by guiding them in the right direction. For restoration, the following was needed:naturalgas,electricity,solarenergyandgirls'education.

Mohmand FGD participants felt that althoughJirga is an old and respected institution and so arelashkars , they could not deal with the dangers and risks of today. The people need to be strengthened to face the challenges of this age.They also felt that the presence of Afghan refugees did not make much a big difference totheeconomy,althoughtheirimpactwasfeltontheoverallenvironment.

The top priorities for recovery included: better roads, transport, electricity to be restored, schools and hospitals to be rebuilt and most of all for the locals to be given security. They also said that skills training for men should be introduced including driving, marble extraction and traditional skills for women should be started so they can work from home. Some participants also stressed the need for mine risk education. According to key informants in Mohmand agency (SDO), good governance workshops should be conducted for government officials, and FDMA and FATA Secretariat needs to be strengthened more. For rehabilitation, the FATA administration will need the administrative support, monetary and human resources. Due to the crisis, almost 77 km roads were affected, out of which 10 Km road was completely destroyed, 67 Km roads werepartiallydamaged.AbridgeinDhandwasdestroyedanditwasreconstructedlater. 53 For infrastructure restoration and development of new schemes, many participants in Orakzai agreed that solar energy projects, LPG at cheaper rates and forestation would help the area a lot in developing at a fast pace. They also said for the communities to prosper, it is extremely important that women and girls have access to education and skills programmes (they also suggested projects on poultry, stitching, handicrafts etc.). To further improve the economy, there is need to build proper roads with access to market, training of farmers, small loans and education. According to the Communications and Works Department official at Orakzai agency, the road of Zerra has been damaged, about 39 km (surface damage).The road of Saghra and Mishtihas has also been damaged, about 13 km (surface damage).The Bridge at Speen Darra has been damaged(2spinBridge,2spinisequalto200RFT).

In order for the community to come together, resolve their issues, and improve the infrastructure, the participants of SW FGDs said they could make committees at the village level. They felt strongly about not involving the Political Administration in the committees.They want elders and local villagers to be part of the committees to make them more effective. For community restoration, theJirga could be an effective tool. As far as women's involvement in the committees goes, the men in the FGDs said that women could not play a role, as they were illiterate and would not be able to understand or make decisions.They suggested that girls' schools be built to start with, and then they would be able to help at the community level. As far as women's issues goes, in SW the men admitted that women have many more problems to deal with. Displacement had added to women's problems and they now suffer from depression, fear and a feeling of loss. They said it was important for women to become economically stronger but that would require them to be educated and trained in various areas. For women, they suggested traditional skills such as tailoring and embroidery and for men, masonry, plumbing etc. This, they felt would help in rebuilding the community infrastructure too. They also suggested cash for work, or shelter for work programmes, that would motivate community members.The FGD participants said that rehabilitation activity could not start until everyone has returned to their areas. There are still thousands of displaced families in Tank and DI Khan, as fighting still continues in pockets of SW. Related to the operation, most of the participants opined that the crisis has led to an increase in Taliban and militants. They all agreed that until peace is restored, nothing can be done to rehabilitate or improve the areas. Participants of all FGDs and KIIs agreed that Afghan refugees have had a great negative impact on local economy. According to a perception survey conducted by CAMP in 2010, 70% of the respondentsagreedthatAfghanrefugeeslivinginPakistanhaveimpactedthePakistanieconomy20 .

COMMUNITYRESTORATIONANDINFRASTRUCTURE

Focus group discussions support these opinions with demands for infrastructure and irrigation system development being voiced. According to participants, many roads in the tribal region have been damaged.The top priorities for recovery are awarded to roads and transport, electrical distribution system followed by schools and hospitals.Vocational training for men in masonry and plumbing while for women in tailoring and embroidery was also suggested. The participants said that such training, especially for women,willhelptoalleviatetheirdepressionpost-displacement.

A positive development is the shift of focus away from personal or tribal enmity in the region to post- conflict issues, with more than half the respondents saying that no community disputes have occurred since the return of the IDPs.The few disputes that have occurred have been over access to food and goods, ethnicity,marriageorreligion.ThereturningIDPshavealsohadarefreshinglygoodexperiencewithPolice, during their stay away from home. They cite the Police as being important in helping conflict resolution 20 54 efforts(duringdisplacement),butstilltrusttheUnderstanding FATA – Volume IV Jirga and lashkars intheirhomeareas. Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

NON-FARMLIVELIHOOD

As is clear from the household survey as well as the FGDs and key informants, agriculture, despite being greatly affected during the crisis, is still the main source of income for many. According to 23.7% respondents, most families are involved in the agriculture sector.This is followed by unskilled labour (18.7%), skilled labour (10.8%), daily wage earners (7.6%), domestic help (5.8%), civil servants (3.1%) and street vendors (0.5%). It is important to highlight that farming as a profession is not only a source of livelihood for those directly involved (i.e. farmers), but also for those that are indirectly related to the profession. For instance skilled labour, unskilled labour, daily wagers and even civil servants serving in nearby towns also contribute indirectly to the householdfarmingsystem.

When asked about whether families had a regular source of income, unfortunately, 62.4% respondents said 'no' while 34.2% said yes.This goes to show that the general financial conditions of FATA have worsened since the crisis. The monthly family income is around Rs. 7893.80, which is a very small amount to support an average family of 8-10 members in FATA. According to the majority, 76.3% of respondents, their income was not enough for the family. Only 12.9% respondents said it was enough, and 10.7% did not respond. For them tosupporttheirfamily,therespondentssaidanaverageofRs.25,582wouldbeneeded.

The respondents' involvement in number of days in non-agricultural work shows that while men were involved for almost 15 days (14.91), women were involved for 3.81 days. The daily wage for non-agricultural work in the last month according to respondents was an average of Rs. 325 for men, while it was less than half for women, at Rs. 137.26. The disparity between men and women's earning is clear from the figure. How the conflict affected people's non-agricultural work was clear when respondents said men could not work about 8.99 days a month due to the conflict, while women could not work 2.78 days. The reason that men could not work for almost 9 days in a month is because their work is outside the house, making it unsafe for them to leave. Most women do not work outside their homes in FATA, however they could still continue to work from home.

NFL-03 Does the family have a regular source of Income?

62.4% % 34.2%

3.5%

Yes No NA

According to 44.2% of respondents, they 'partially' lost working instruments and equipment during the crises. 22.2% said they lost instruments and equipment, while 30% did not lose anything. 3.5% did not answer the question. As far as damage to the shops/business/premises is concerned, 41.4% said the conflict damaged their work/business. Almost the same number of respondents, 40.9% said they stopped their business as a result of the conflict. The average number of days that people have been away from their work/business due to the conflict is an average of 149.12 days, which amounts to about five months. In monetary terms, respondents said they lost an average of Rs. 54,266 as a result of the conflict. With regards to home based work, 24.6% of respondents said they worked from home and out of those 20.5% lost tools or equipment. Respondents who were involved in home based work included sewing (18.4%), cloth weaving (8.7%), tailoring (6.2%), pottery

55 (1.3%), making dry foods/pickles (.9%), grocery shops (.6%), and others (12.9%). 50.6% did not answer the question, most probably because they were not involved in home based work. The kind of work that was doneathomemostlyinvolvedwomen.

NON-FARMLIVELIHOOD

Non-Farm livelihood forms the basis of almost 46.5 % of the residents of FATA – a large number indeed. Unfortunately, such livelihoods promise neither regular nor sufficient income. This is reflected by the household survey findings that show that 62.4% of the respondents were dissatisfied by the regularity of their incomes.The monthly income according to the survey was less than 8,000 rupees - insufficient to adequately sustain an average family size of 8 to 10 members; thus, 76.3 % of the respondents believe that their incomes are not enough to meet monthly expenditures. The conflict has brought with it even more uncertainty, which displays itself in the work patterns of the residents. According to the survey, almost 9 days have been cut from the average monthly work-cycle of the male bread earners. Fortunately, such a drastic decrease in female monthly work-cycles is not seen primarily because they work indoors – away from danger. However, the disparity between male and female daily wage earnings is great with males earning nearly Rs. 325 per day while women were making only Rs. 137.26 per day. Another manner in which the conflict has affected the residents of the area is the loss of property.With such meagre earnings and almost no chance of significant savings, the opportunity cost ofpotentiallabourdeniedtoeachresidentamountstoanaverageofRs.54,266.

ENVIRONMENT

Natural and man-made disasters in FATA have both had a damaging effect on the environment. Not only does the natural environment have a crucial impact on the lives of the affected people, but also leads to a loss of natural resources and in turn communities’ livelihoods. According to data collected through qualitative and quantitative means, respondents reported that the conflict has had an adverse impact on the environment, in particularagriculturallands,forestsandwater.

The impact of the environment on household energy sources and needs shows that consumption of natural sources has gone down considerably since the conflict.While an average of 158 kilos of wood was used before the conflict, this amount has fallen to 128 kilos after the conflict. Similarly, fuel wood from gardens/orchards has gone down from average of 48.9 kilos to 34.3 kilos per month per household after the conflict. This has naturally upped the use of kerosene oil from 15.7 liters before the conflict to 21.27 liters after the conflict.The use of natural gas has especially gone up from 510 to 952 Rupees.The average consumption of electricity has also gone up from Rs. 244 to 281. The use of more gas and electricity clearly reflects that the quantity of wood forfuelisnotenough.

EN-4 Impact on household energy sources and needs after conflict

Before Conflict After Conflict

Fuel wood Fuel wood Kerosene oil LPG Natural gas Electricity Other form of from forest from garden, stove household orchards energy 56 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

A Fuel wood from forest EN-4 After Conflict B Fuel wood from garden, orchards

C Kerosene oil stove

Accordingto90.6%ofthesurveyrespondents,theemergencyresponseandrecoveryorganizationsdonot havesuitablestrategiesandapproachestomitigateenvironmentalimpacts.

GOVERNANCE

Resources needed for improving service delivery % 84%

14% 8% 9% 2%

Financ A Infrastruc B Personnel C

Staff D Others E

suppor

Training

tural

According to 84% respondents, finances are the most important resource needed to strengthen and facilitate necessary service delivery for the affected people. 14% respondents thought personnel were needed, while 9% said staff needs to be trained, and 8% said infrastructure was required. As far as young people are concerned, their role in peace and community restoration was affirmed by 98% respondents which shows how keen people are on involving young people to take part in community work. According to more than half the respondents, 56% youth need support in advocacy and organizational skills to play an active role in peace building and community restoration; followed by communication opportunities andtools(27%),andintergenerationnetworkingactivities(16%).

Social safety nets according to respondents included cash transfers (29%), food assistance (19%), subsidies (4.8%), disability benefits (1.5%) and fee waivers (1.5%). This data shows that most of the safety nets are ways that people have found themselves to keep away from economic shocks and extreme poverty. The government, according to the responses, plays a very small role in this regard and this was also verified by theFGDs.

57 This is further substantiated when only 20% respondents said either there are plans to engage on, or periodic structured dialogue with affectees to identify their evolving needs and priorities. Similarly, only 12.2% of respondents said that affectees are able to attain formal documents including ID documents and land deeds etc. Due to the restrictions on movement because of security and other reasons, only 15% said thatthisaffectswomenandgirlsdifferently,whileover80%saiditdidnotmakeadifference.

Discussions from FGDs helped shed more light on the question whether restrictions affect women and girls differently. Most FGD participants across all agencies felt that women faced different challenges then men because of their added responsibilities and the fact that in the tribal area women do not travel unaccompanied.

Women, they said, lacked education and have the burden of reconstructing their houses along with the routine duties such as harvesting, fetching water from far off places and raising children. The crisis has destroyed and damaged infrastructure which makes work for women substantially difficult. As far as informationonhomes,servicesandfamilymembersgoes,only21.9%saidtheyhavethisinformation.

Women's role in leadership and disaster management structures was quite high, as indicated by 24% of respondents. Given that FATA is a conservative society, where women play a very small role outside the home; this is a positive indication of women's growing role in society. This may also be because in FATA society, older women are given a lot of respect and they play an important role in making decisions, particularlyinfamilyissuessuchasresolvingsmallconflicts,decisionsofmarriages,etc.

When respondents were asked about the readiness to react to natural disasters only 8% said that local authorities and communities are ready. Since locals have recently been through conflict and natural disasters such as the recent floods, they are still unprepared or hesitant, particularly since they have not receivedtrainingorsupportinhowtoreactindisastersituations.

Most respondents in the survey, like participants of FGDs and key informants, felt strongly about improving the line departments, national and local authorities, by supporting them with more finances. 11.8% said they needed more personnel while 8% gave other examples of supporting the local authorities and line departments.

Undoubtedly, the respondents are in a position to judge what kind of governance issues there are since they are the ones who have been most affected by the conflict, and have to deal with officials in order to request forservices.

GOVERNANCE

As discussed previously, FATA has been ill-fated with bad governance in past. Due to the lack of development expenditures, meagre incomes, flood and conflict based devastation, damage to housing and loss of property, an overwhelming majority of the respondents (84%) believe financial assistance is key to developing the region while only a small minority (8%) said infrastructure should be developed. Fortunately, there is great emphasis on the inclusion of the youth in community and peace-building activities;however,veryfewpeopleplacetheirtrustin'theState'.

However, recent years have seen improvements in terms of the people's representation etc. One of the most pleasing developments is the growing role of women in leadership and development efforts according to a relatively high number of respondents (24%). This is especially encouraging given the conservative setup of tribal society; however this could also be pointing in the direction of elderly women inFATA,whosedecisionsaremuchrespectedatthehouseholdandsocietylevel.

58 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

DISASTERRISKREDUCTION

According to a large number of respondents, the neighbourhood support system was what helped most during the crisis (37.4%), followed by 14.4% who said availability of safe places. Transportation and skilled/trainedpeoplewerealsoidentifiedasmeansofsupportduringtheconflicttime.

Since the respondents had been through conflict, they were asked about what may be done to protect damages to houses and basic facilities during conflict. According to almost half of the respondents (46.9%), fortification of houses and basic facilities is needed to protect damage to house and facilities. 9.8% of the respondents also said reforestation would help.

Most 'helpful' during conflict

% 37.4% DRR-09

20.2% 11.5% 14.4% 9.8% 6.8%

A B C D E

N/A

Neighbor means of Availabilit suppor transpor people and tr skilled Availabilit Availabilit Any other

safe plac

t system

tation

hood

y of y of y of

ained

Since the areas were also hit by floods in 2010 and 2011, respondents were asked if they thought the routes to public places are vulnerable to becoming inaccessible in the event of a flood, earth quake or a land slide. Morethanhalftherespondents,54.5%,saidyeswhile41.5%saidno.

When respondents were asked if re-sitting of habitations or public buildings to another location was the only option to reduce the risk of a disaster, 57.8% said no. Almost 70% of respondents thought that retrofittingwasagoodoptionandthatreconstructionwasnotalwaysnecessary.

According to all the FGDs in Bajaur agency, participants said that Government interest and cooperation can help the restoration (rehabilitation) process during and post-conflict. They also shared that there was no training on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) given to communities. Another group said they had not received any advice on how to mitigate danger in their areas. However, all three FGD participants agreed thatthebanonlatenighttravelandcheckpostsatcertainplaceshaveimprovedsecurityintheagency.The fire brigade services are only available at Bajaur Headquarters and participants were not aware of any other suchservice.Majorityofthemalsosaidthey'didnotknowanythingabouttheFDMAorFATASecretariat'.

In all the Mohmand FGDs, participants said that first complete peace is required and after that they would need resources to rebuild and restore the basic structure of the community. Like their fellow residents in Bajaur, they had also not received any training on DRR or risk mitigation. One of the FGDs suggested that to reduce risk people need to be trained, concrete houses should be constructed and to reduce land erosion plantationshouldbegivenimportance.

59 Mohmand FGD participants suggested that a union force should be formed consisting of young people to monitor the situation. The participants also believed that 'many problems can be fixed by strengthening the disaster management institute (FDMA). Mohmand FGDs also revealed that 'crimes have increased in the region in the wake of the military operation and there is no one for our security.'They said that first basic rightsshouldbegiventothepeople,andthenitmustbeensuredtoendtheFCR.

The participants in all three FGDs in Orakzai agreed that they could restore peace through close coordination with political administration, pre-plannedJirga system and through peace committees.They believed it was self-protection that helped them through difficult times during the conflict. They also said that being united and strengthening theJirga and village level committees can help in restoring peace. Like other agency participants, the participants were also not aware of any DRR training that may have been conducted.They were also not aware of any organizations by the name of FDMA/DDMA/Fire Brigade intheirareas.

In South Waziristan, the FGDs participants said that the basic structures damaged during the conflict can be strengthened because the people have had a rude awakening.“We are responsible for our own safety” they agreed. Crime has increased in the region in the wake of the military operation and their numbers continuetoswell.

The participants in all three FGDs conducted in SW said that peace must be restored before they could start rehabilitation work in their areas, and resources would also be required. Although the majority said that no effortshadbeenmadetotrainingpeopleinordertominimizethedangerofdestruction,someparticipants said they had received training. The majority of participants said they had no department (referring to government) to address the on-going destruction, and if such a department existed, it needed to be strengthened.

EDUCATION

The household survey collected data on the number of family members (10 years and older) who are literate – 592 men and 508 women were literate according to the respondents. The age group of 15 years and older included 2,266 males and 1875 females. The number of persons who can read a newspaper and write a letter (10 years and older) was 316 males and only 84 females.The number of young people who can read the newspaper and write a letter (15-24) was 332 men and 47 females. The number of people (25 and older) who can read and write, as per the GOP definition of literacy, there are 242 male and 51 females.The number of people who can do simple maths, add multiply and divide: 358 males and 223 females. It is clear that with the increase in age the chances of girls to acquire formal education are reduced due to a variety of reasons, including a conservative society andpurdah , access to schools, physical state of schools and quality of education etc.That explains the low literacy rates in FATAin general; and women in particular (3% accordingto1998Census).

The survey shows that among children and youth of school level/age, more girls (486) as compared to boys (178) attend nursery andkachi classes. Whereas it is the opposite at the primary, middle, secondary and higher levels– there are more than four to five times boys attending school than girls. No girls or women from among the respondents or their families attended technical education and vocational training, since there are such few opportunities for girls and women in FATA. The FGDs revealed a dismal picture of the education sector in the agency. Due to the military crises, students have lost one year of education as well as school certificates which has created a lot of problems for them. However, it was encouraging to note that parents found the quality of education and standard of teaching at primary schools level as satisfactory. However, secondary and higher level education standards were not satisfactory, according to thesurvey.Itwasencouragingtonotethatfacilitiesareavailableforspecialchildren.

60 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

ED-01 Literacy rates among respondents 2266

1875

Male

Female

592

508

358

332

316

242

223

F Number of E Number of D Number C Number of B Number of A Number of people who persons (25 of youths (15- persons (10 persons (15 persons (10 can do simple years and 24 years years and years and years and maths older) who can who can read older) who can older) older) read a newspaper newspaper and read a newspaper and write a letter write a letter and write a letter (GOP definition (GOP definition (GOP definition of literacy) of literacy) of literacy)

While books are free, given by the Education Department, parents need to bear other expenses such as clothes, shoes, notebooks and transport etc. Participants said there was a real need for formal education as well as technical education, for both girls and boy. Revealing the impact of the crisis, all FGD respondents said that due to displacement and schools being closed, children have lost at least one year of schooling. It was encouraging to know that the peace committees were lauded during the FGDs – participants said thesecommitteeshaveplayedavitalroletobringsomepeacetotheaffectedareas.

In Bajaur, the opinion of most of the people in the FGDs was that the number ofmadrassas has decreased considerably. Unfortunately, they said that girl's schools had been most affected during the crisis. There is no adult education facility and they estimated that only 5% of adults are literate in the area. It is interesting tonotethatmostrecognizethatthereasonfortheirbackwardnessislackofeducation.

Most of the teachers have been transferred since the crisis, which has left a gap in the education sector in FATA. One reason, among many which keeps children away from school is the poor infrastructure, lack of good teachers and facilities. In spite of the provision of free books, parents find the over cost of sending their children to school very high. FGD participants were of the opinion that for recovery of the education sector, and to increase enrolment, special packages should be offered to motivate children to go to school. Theyalsorequestedforvocationaltrainingforyouthandwomen.

Local committees have been formed to look into schools issues however financial resources are needed to take this forward. In Bajaur, according to key informants, the crisis affected both schools and school going children in the agency and children are forced to study in make shift arrangements.. It has had a bad impact on their attendance and educational performance as a result of which many students have failed the exam and stopped going to school altogether. Girls' schools were attacked in order to discourage people from sending girls to schools. Before the crisis there were government, private and community schools and madrassas. Post crisis same type of schools exist while number ofmadrassas has decreased. According to keyinformant,literacyrateis22.32%and3.38%respectivelywhilethereisnoliteracycentre.

61 There are 612 schools in the agency, but boys and girls do not have equal access to education.There are no special education institutes and disabled children either go to normal schools or do not get education as the schools are not nearby. Primary schools need rooms and teachers both while secondary schools need teachers. No teacher has changed his or her profession; they have come back to attend their duties regularly.Femaleteachersaregiventransportallowance.

Type of School Male Female Total

Higher Secondary 1 None 1

High School 24 2 26

Middle School 23 13 36

Primary School 326 143 469

Maktab 15 None 15

Community schools 27 32 59

Industrial Mass Centre None 6 6

Total 416 196 612

Number of Students Male Femal e Total

77583 25408 102,991

Number of Teachers 1426 543 1,969

Education Statistics in Bajaur Agency (Source: Education Dept)

According to FGD respondents, people are very poor and cannot bear the expenses of sending children to school, although books are free. Some special packages should be introduced and children should be given incentives, the respondents suggested.Teachers should be given permanent employment and they should be trained. Industrial homes and skill centres should be set-up and technical institutes must be establishedwithalinktomarket.

Education was severely affected as many schools were destroyed in Mohmand, however the respondents did not know why schools were targeted. Children are studying in the open as a result of that. Although the standard of education is very low, at least children were going to school in a secure environment before the crisis. Participants said it is important to have well qualified teachers, support parents in buying school supplies and also starting vocational training for young people.There are no literacy centers, which all FGD participants agreed were needed. One of the groups estimated that less than 5% of people were literate in their area which reflects on the agency too. Another impact of the operation has been that teachers have either had themselves transferred to other places or they were forced to change their line of work.They also said that girls should get basic literacy first. After literacy becomes more common, women and girls will be encouragedtostudyfurther.

According to the Agency Education Officer at Mohmand agency21 , many people lost their homes, many schools were destroyed.To fulfil the educational needs arrangements were made at temporary places or in tents.However,theywerenotsufficientforthegirls.

Before the crisis there were 108 community schools and 10-12 private schools and most of them still exist. In fact the number of private schools,deeni madrassas and government schools is almost the same as was before the crisis. Both boys and girls have equal and secure access to education opportunities, even

21Said Mohammad, Agency Education Officer: Education Department 62 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

disabled persons have access to education , however at certain places, there is a shortage of girls schools especially middle schools. Government provides furniture and free books (to boys up to primary level and to girls up till matriculation). Under the WFP programme food is also being given, some NGOs provide pencils etc, nonetheless, mostly family fulfils the needs. Both boys and girls were equally disturbed as their schools were destroyed. Crisis resulted in a loss of three educational years. Most of them when rejoined either failed in the exam or dropped out. Their mental health was also affected. Most of the schools have drinking water shortage and water drainage problems. Adult literacy rate is no different than the rest of the country.

To maintain the standards of schools and to improve them is in the hands of teachers said respondents in the FGDs. The number of teachers in schools is 2400, of which only 160 have migrated so their number is sufficient but at some places after retirement of teachers new teachers cannot be appointed as there is a ban on new inductions. No one has changed professions however, around 15-20 teachers got themselves transferred. Most of them come regularly to schools, very few of them are on long leave. At some places teachers face transportation and security problems. People are not very well aware of the importance of vocationaleducationandtraining.Mostlyboystakeadvantageoftheavailabletrainingfacilities.

Recommendations from FGDs included: rehabilitation of schools as a priority, awareness on importance of education among communities especially girls' education, female teachers are given free transport, ban on newappointmentislifted,andlocalpeoplearegivenpreferencetofillpositions.

According to the Assistant Education Officer at Orakzai agency, there are about 2000 teachers, and that is not enough because 1100 teachers had to leave the area. Female children are more affected as compared to male because the main target of militants was girl's schools. He also mentioned that in the operation cleared area, schools are safe while the remaining areas are still 'in danger'. According to the Officer, the government only provides text books to students, while parents have to bear the cost of uniforms, stationery etc. which is too much. In order to encourage students, the government should also provide notebooks, shoe, uniforms etc. He also suggested that technical education institutions should be started in theagency.

Type of School Male Female Total College 2 2 4

Higher Secondary 1 None 1

High School 22 5 27

Middle School 19 11 03

Primary School 210 134 344

Maktab 14 None 14

Community schools 32

Industrial Home None 6 6 Schools Total 416 196 612

Number of Staff 2,000

Education Statistics for Orakzai Agency (Source Education Dept)

63 Education

As dismal as the condition of education in FATA is, the most refreshing aspect is that the people are truly aware of the fact that the key to progress is hidden in this social element. According to the focus group discussion findings, most residents of the area stress on the importance of education and demand the construction of institutes of higher learning in the region such as colleges, universities or vocational training centres. Unfortunately, matters other than the lack of funds make an already serious problem worse. Household survey figures suggest that there is a glaring disproportion between the number of literate men and women in the area.This is reflected most clearly in the difference between the number of males (332 respondents) and females (47 respondents) who can read the newspaper and write a letter.

The disproportion grows as children get older with more girls in nursery classes than boys but far more boys than girls in secondary schools. Factors of native conservatism,purdah , access to schools etc. contributetothisgrowingdivide.

Other than that, for the predominantly poor residents of the tribal belt sending their children to school constitutes a hefty expenditure on clothes, shoes and transport despite the government support in terms of free education and books. In addition, a lack of qualified teachers, especially at the senior school level does not help matters either. Historically, both – general and women education – remains stagnated due to low development expenditures on the sector. However, the few schools that were operational have also decreased in number post-conflict. This is especially true for girl's schools which are a prime target for militants operating in the area. Afghan refugees when living in FATA used the local school andmadrassa infrastructure, which has impacted the overall educational system. There were schools established for Afghan refugees in camps, however, the Afghan refugees used to send their children to Pakistani school as they believed the Pakistani education system was much better than their own. Besides, those school buildings were also used for Afghan guerrilla trainings, according to South WaziristanFGDparticipants.

PROTECTION

The protection issues of displaced populations and returnees are of key concern to all humanitarian and development agencies, particularly the UN. The connection between protection and assistance is also an important one, however due to the limitations of the IAERNA in FATA; it was challenging to gather protectionspecificinformation.

Since FATA is a very conservative society, it is not surprising that the protection related questions elicited very few responses. There is also a risk involved for individuals or communities who may share sensitive information. Moreover, keeping in mind the nature of the IAERNA's assessment tools and the limited time period, the survey was not designed to ask in-depth protection questions – and since the field teams interviewed individuals only once, it would have been very challenging to collect protection related informationduringthefirstinterview,withouthavingestablishedarelationshipwiththeinterviewee.

Therefore, the report recommends more in-depth research and monitoring on protection related issues. Moreover, the research and monitoring teams must be trained in asking protection related questions in a sensitivemanner.

Data gathered on the vulnerable population shows that 13% children are living without their fathers (13%), followed by children who are under the care of families whom they have not lived with previously, at 11%. Both these percentages are quite high and show the consequences of the conflict on children. A more detailedresearchonchildrenwouldbenecessarytounderstandtheimpactoftheconflictontheirlives.

22International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPECL) mentions that 3.8 million children 64 between the ages of five and 14 are working in Pakistan. DAWN, 26 March 2011 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

It was interesting to note that only 1% children contributed to family income, according to household interviews. This figure is much below the national figure for child labour in Pakistan, and also anecdotal evidencesuggestsotherwise–therebyreiteratingtheneedforaseparatestudyonchildreninFATA22 .

The question on the possession of national identity cards revealed shockingly low figures for women; according to respondents, 72% of women over the age of 18 (within the households interviewed) do not havenationalIDcards,while28%mendidnothaveIDcards.

Considering that most women give birth at home in FATA, only 11.7% of these have birth certificates. It is interesting to note that fewer girls than boys are registered at birth and have birth certificate; another indicationofFATAculturewheremalechildrenareconsideredmoreimportantthangirls.

BI - 2 - Children registered at birth and having birth certificates

36.6% 40.0% 26.6% 20.0% Male % 6.8% 4.8% Female % 0.0% 1. Been registered at birth 2. Birth certificates

13.5% respondents have lost documents during displacement, of which 9.7% have lost their ID cards while othershavelostpropertydocuments(0.5%),birthcertificates(0.4%)andwatan cards(3%)etc. As far as documentation is concerned, only 12.2% of respondents said that affectees are able to attain formal documents, including ID documents (CNICs) and land deeds etc. Due to the restrictions on movement due to security and other reasons, only 15% said that this affects women and girls differently, while over 80% said it did not make a difference. Discussions from FGDs helped shed more light on the question whether restrictions affect women and girls differently. Most FGD participants across all agencies felt that women faced different challenges then men because of their added responsibilities and the fact that in the tribal area women do not travel unaccompanied. Women, they said, lacked education and have the burden of reconstructing their houses along with the routine duties such as harvesting, fetching water from far of places and raising children. The crisis has destroyed and damaged infrastructure which makes work for women substantially difficult, destroyed houses, and damaged roads and insecurity makes it difficulttofetchwateretc. The question on gender based violence revealed that just over half (51.3%) said there had been no reports or suspected violence against women and girls. 11.5% said they did not know, while 30.9% said there were 'a few' cases. Only 2.6% respondents said it is common while 3.6% did not answer the question.When men and women were asked about the type of GBV cases most commonly reported or heard of, 61.7% said domestic violence, followed by physical assault (3%), rape (1.2%), attempted rape (0.8%), physical assault by stranger (0.7%) and other at 5.4%. A quarter of respondents (27.2%) did not answer the question – which is again not surprising, given the nature of the question and the conservative FATA society where such issuesaretaboo. Lack of GBV related reports in household interviews as well as FGD and key informant responses clearly indicates the lack of GBV reporting and response mechanism. As far as information on homes, services and family members goes, only 21.9% said they have this information. Women's role in leadership and disaster management structures was quite high, as indicated by 24% of respondents. Given that FATA is a conservative society, where women play a very small role outside the home; this is a positive indication of women'sgrowingroleinsociety. 65 As far as child protection issues are concerned especially sexual exploitation and forced recruitment etc., it is a very sensitive subject and most people are not very open to talking about it in Pakistani society. In the assessment, an overwhelmingly large majority of respondents said that children had not experienced any of the listed incidents. 3.6% said that boys had been seriously injured, while 3.5% said boys had been abducted; 1.9% said boys had been murdered while another 1.1% said they had been victims of physical violence.Very few (.1 -.5%) of boys, according to respondents were victims of sexual violence, exploitation, traffickingandchildlabouretc.

CH-02 Child protection by community members % 43%

20% 16% 11% 3% 3% 1% 1% 0% 0% 1% 1%

F G H I J K N/A

A B C D E

Levies / k FC Militar leaders / elders Communit Political leaders (X- Nazims/Naib Relig NGO/CBO/disabled person or BHU) Health facilit Don No one Other

’

t ask f

ious leaders

hasadar

or help

y (e

-Nazims)

.g.

Although covered in detail under the Governance section of the report, Mohmand FGDs revealed that 'crimes have increased in the region in the wake of the military operation and there is no one for our security.'Theysaidthatfirstbasicrightsshouldbegiventothepeople.

The participants in South Waziristan also agreed that complete peace must be restored before they could startrehabilitationworkintheirareas,andthatwouldalsoneedresources.

They also said that no major efforts were undertaken to train people in order to minimize the danger of destruction. However, some participants said they have been trained, therefore no training is required.“We must not touch suspicious objects in order to minimize the danger”they said referring to the training they received. The majority of participants said they had no department to address the ongoing destruction, andifsuchadepartmentexists,itshouldbestrengthened.

SECURITY

All the participants in the Bajaur and SouthWaziristan FGDs revealed that they do not consider themselves safe. A feeling of constant fear prevails in people's minds and they are afraid of landmines, military operations and bomb blasts etc. For the time being however, they all agreed that the presence of security forces has made people feel more secure.The insecure environment has had a direct impact on women as it has restricted their movements even more than before the operation. Men, children and elders are also

66 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment afraid of going to the bazaar because of bomb blasts in crowded areas. The situation is very depressing. Participants from Mohmand agency had mixed opinions. Two groups felt that they were secure to some extent; however, landmines posed a threat to their safety and restricted their movement. One of the FGD, felt that everyone in their area felt insecure and that people are afraid to travel across Pakistan as well. All the participants in the Orakzai FGDs said that they didn't feel any imminent threat in their areas, however travellingbeyondwasnotsafe.

Although people from Mohmand received information about their areas, some participants said this information was at times not authentic. Many IDPs returned to their homes and found that conditions were not worth returning to as there was still a lot of danger. Also, the infrastructure that existed had been destroyed, including roads, schools and health clinics. People who have returned mostly don't feel safe or secure. For the respondents, security is both in terms of family feuds and operation. Although FC is providingsecurity,mostofthepeoplethoughtitwasnotenough.

According to the FGD participants in SW, they have updated information about their areas and they know that the situation is not conducive for return in certain areas.They added that most of the people who were displaced have gone to larger cities from villages. They said it is not the local people but the presence of Taliban and Army that create a sense of fear and insecurity. The impact of security has been that schools remain closed, agriculture activity is at a standstill and everyone is scared of starting their work. All FGD groups conducted with participants from Bajaur Agency said that no one left, once they had returned. On the other hand participants from FGD in Mohmand Agency said that most of the people returned and then left again. They cited destructed houses, lack of schools and hospitals, insufficient food supply and improper livestock rearing conditions as reasons for these people going back. Amongst the FGD held with participants from Orakzai Agency, one group said that some of them returned to settled areas due to the destructionoftheirhomes.Whiletheothertwogroupssaidthatnoonereturned.

According to the Assistant Political Agent of Mohmand Agency, IDPs returned to their places of origin only because, they received information that it was peaceful23 . He also said there were no people who migrated and now have returned. He informed that the presence of Afghans does not create any problems in the Agency. Although he said he did not have any threat but local elders do have threats.There is sufficient and reliable system for security. Security agency, masses and political administration provide security to locals in Mohmand agency. On areas that may be safe or unsafe, he said there are no specific areas which are not safe.Onecantravelanywhere.

He added that there are no minorities in Mohmand agency and everyone considered themselves safe in the agency. The major problems faced by the returnees included education, load shedding of water and electricity and health issues. In response to the question on freedom of expressing opinion, all three FGD groups held with participants from Bajaur said that they can express their views openly. On the other hand, groups from Mohamand, Orakzai and SW had mixed views regarding their freedom of expression. ParticipantsfromSWaddedthatwhiletheycanvoicetheiropinionandgiveadvice,itisgenerallyignored.

In Bajaur, the Political Administration representative said that information was collected before and after the crisis from the area and that information was correct. Now most of the people feel themselves secure nonetheless there is some danger as we are closer to Afghan border and we also feel threatened by land mines and cross border firing. For security and fight against crimes local committees', security forces and Jirgasare there however they are still not sufficient. After crisis people underwent many hardships, children effected badly and their mental as well as physical health suffered. People's businesses crashed, women could not travel alone, and children lost their parents. All the people had to face lack of food problems and all that turned them into psychological patients. Children are most affected. They have had to resort to labour work; many also got injuries due to land mine explosions. There are families that are headed by membersthatareunder28yearsofage.Theyarefacingeconomic,socialandhealthproblems.

23Roshan Khan Mahsud, Assistant Political Agent, Mohmand Agency Political Administration. 67 There is no system in the agency that could cater to children's specific needs. Women's problems are different from males however; they are mostly handled by the male members of the family; while those who have lost their male members are helped by community. Almost 70 %of the IDPs have come back to their homes. According to FGDs, Afghan Refugees presence in FATA has impacted the overall security situation, in Pakistani general, and FATA in particular. Drugs, proliferation of weapons, other crimes are legacies of Afghan crisis. According to CAMP's survey in 2010, 74% of the respondents believed that Afghan refugeeshaveimpactedthesecuritysituationinPakistan24 .

Genderawareness

Women in the affected areas live in difficult conditions, with little or no education opportunities, poor access to healthcare and the additional burden of household activities and child rearing. With large family size and women's role in supporting agriculture and livestock activities, they are undoubtedly one of the most vulnerable in times of crisis. Based on the qualitative and quantitative data, the early recovery needs assessment reveals that women face many more issues than men during displacement and on return. Women's issues, according to the male FGD participants, should be highlighted through radio programs as most women cannot read newspapers and their main sources of information are neighbours and other family members. In Bajaur, the FGD participants said that women's biggest problem is lack of education, followed by the fact that they have to walk long distances to collect water and they are unable to move aroundeasilyduetoinsecurity.

Moreover, the participants revealed that women are depressed because of the crisis and the displacement that took place as a result and children are also afraid of such things happening again. Unfortunately, there are many disabled people in the area; however, they have no special services or support from anyone outside the community. Almost 90% people had left their villages, some returned after three months of displacement while others have still not returned due to fear and lack of services in their areas. Most of the IDPs went to Peshawar, Mardan, Charsadda, Jalozai camp and Garhi camp. They faced a host of issues as IDPssuchassmallcrowdedspacesandtentsorrooms,shortageofwaterandfoodetc.

According to SW FGDs, there was never any violence against women in their area, and therefore this has not changed since the crisis. Although the operation has forced people to become IDPs, even little children, it hasgivenwomensomeexposureoftherealworld.

The participants agreed that women who always stayed home are now more aware of their surroundings. As far as women headed households are concerned, families without male support face a lot of challenges but other extended family members try to help them out.The crisis has not only affected women, children and even men, mentally but also physically. Impact on women has been that they are overburdened with a lotofworkanddepression.

24 Understanding FATA – Volume IV

68 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

AFGHANCITIZENSINFATA&RAHA

Pakistan has hosted one of the largest refugee populations in the world, from neighbouring Afghanistan, which is also known as the most protracted refugee crisis. Although no formal census of Afghans living in Pakistan was conducted until 2005, the refugee population was estimated to be over 5 millionatthepeakofthecrisis25 .

According to UNHCR, 2.14 million Afghans have repatriated since 2003, however until March 2011, therewerestill1.7millionregisteredAfghansresidinginPakistan26 .

The people of FATA welcomed Afghan refugees in the 70s and 80s, not only because of the geographic proximity with the region but also because many share the same tribe and have developed close bonds through marriages. The long presence of Afghans in Pakistan not only put pressure on already limited resourcesandemployment,butalsocreatedafeelingofresentmentamongsomePakistanis.

The IAERNA shows a mixed reaction – while some respondents believed that the Afghans' presence did not have much of an impact on their lives and resources or economy, others felt the Afghans were responsible for many of the problems they faced today, especially the depleting resources such as water and wood. For example, 56% of respondents said that there is increased pressure on the grazing lands due to presence of Afghans in FATA. They also believed that since most of the fuel wood comes from forests,theshortagewascreatedduetoAfghans'presence.

Key informants revealed that the presence of Afghans in FATA had a major impact on the main resources. For example, a key informant from the Communications and Works Department informed that 10 % water would be saved following the departure of the Afghan citizens. It is interesting to note, that a few respondents said the Afghans had a positive impact on agriculture and irrigation – when therewereAfghansinthearea,thelocalssaidtheirrigationsystemranmoreefficiently.

It can be safely concluded that in places where there was a larger presence of Afghans, there has been a considerable drain on resources, affecting the economy and livelihoods, while in others, their presence wasnotfeltmuchandpeopledonotbelievetheyhadmuchofanimpactonanyofthesectorsassessed.

25 UNHCR Press Report: Pakistan's census of Afghans provides first detailed profile of the population. www.unhcr.ch 26 Updated figures from UNHCR, March 2011

69 Early Recovery Recommendations in FATA

While several different programmes are currently implemented in FATA, few cater to the returnees who need immediate support to keep from falling into the militancy and poverty trap. The current on-going programmes under MDTF and USAID support continue to address the long-term interventions however they need to be supplemented with some quick solutions facilitating people who have returned to build backbetter.

Followingarealistofbroad,immediaterecommendationsbasedontheAssessment:

Main Sectoral Recommendations for Affected Communities: IAERNA Assessment • Repair of water supply systems; both public and community built/maintained schemes • Provide water and sanitation services to schools/education WASH institutions and BHUs/health facilities • Mass awareness campaign on health and hygiene promotion • Repair of sanitation facilities • Provide seeds, fertilizer and necessary tools to revive agricultural activity Agriculture/Livelihoods • Rehabilitate damaged irrigation systems for crop production • Improve livestock and poultry farming by providing poultry, goats, cows etc., especially for vulnerable families • Train lady health workers and other community workers on how to look out for malnourished children/women; and how to deal with Nutrition malnutrition in children and pregnant/lactating mothers • Provide supplements to malnourished children and pregnant/lactating mothers • Where access is limited, have pre-fabricated structures and or mobile health units for primary health care services and essential medicines and supplies Health • Provide training to LHWs for community based health services • Provide special care for elders, people with disabilities, women and children • Provide psychosocial and mental health counseling • Provide support to vulnerable families in rebuilding and rehabilitation of shelter/housing Shelter/Housing • Train the affected local population in temporary shelter and home repair and construction • Use the radio as a tool for mass awareness on important issues Mass Communication including health, agriculture, education and nutrition etc, especially targeting women • Through the affected communities, repair and rehabilitate essential Community Restoration infrastructure including streets, roads, etc. • Provide skill training to women, youth and other vulnerable populations Non- Farm Livelihood • Start cash for work or food schemes to involve communities in community restoration projects

70 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment

• Plant trees and other plantation to restore damage to Environment environment/forests • Encourage peace committees and other existing local mechanisms in addressing communities issues including peace and security Social Cohesion • Provide peace education to children and youth through schools/colleges • Provide technical support to local administration and where needed, Governance physical infrastructure support • Provide DRR training to communities– use the existing community based organizations and village committees/existing structures, for DRR better outreach • Awareness campaign on the FDMA and its role, along with information on how communities may contact FDMA • Provide temporary school structures in areas where schools have been damaged badly; also provide school books, supplies etc. • Include peace building and psychosocial support in school curricula Education and train teachers on the same issues • Provide special education services for children with special needs • Literacy programmes for adults, especially women • Need to set up protection monitoring mechanisms • Conduct in-depth research on protection issues in FATA; including women and children related research • Encourage child centered activities for affected children with a focus on psychosocial needs • Identify and define categories of Extremely Vulnerable Individuals (EVIs), support and monitor their priority access to early recovery assistance • Conduct regular monitoring to identify protection related incidents and concerns and provide response through direct assistance, referral to appropriate service providers or advocacy, where Protection applicable • Conduct awareness-raising sessions and disseminate information among the affected population on their rights, on available services and mechanisms for accessing them, and on essential civil documentation • Provide legal advice and representation to affected population to ensure effective access to justice • Establish centers to provide counseling, assistance and livelihoods training to women and monitoring • Ensure the availability of multisectoral response services ,initiate GBV case management by building the capacity and establishing strong referral linkages

The Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment 71 Programme Components and Indicative Interventions

The community driven integrated early recovery programme seeks to strengthen the foundation for recovery, peace and development in FATA through building durable solutions for IDP returnees and stayees in this volatile region. The programme will have six interrelated components as follows which clearlycontributetotheobjectivesagreedinthePCNAframework,andbuildsonthePHRP:

i) Affected communities have adequate access to food in specific Agencies/areas in FATA where accessibilityispossible. ii) AffectedcommunitieshaveimprovedaccesstobasicsocialservicesinselectedFATAAgencies/areas; iii) Livelihoods and economic opportunities for crisis affected people in selected Agencies in FATA improved; iv) Capacityoflocalauthoritiesandcommunitiesforpeacebuildingandriskreductionstrengthened; v) Peace building and social cohesion in IDP (camps and) return areas in selected areas of FATA improved; and vi) StrengthenedCoordinationofEarlyRecovery.

Component1: Affected communities have adequate access to food and income through emergency recoveryofsubsistenceandcommercialagricultureinselectedAgenciesofFATA

i) Restockinglivestock,distributionofseed,fertilizer,toolsandimplementstoaffectedcommunities. ii) Rehabilitationofdestroyedinfrastructure(irrigation,floodcontrol,nurseries,animalshelters, storagefacilities,fruittrees) iii) Outreachprogrammesandcreditfacilitiesreviewedandstrengthened

Component 2: Affected communities have improved access to basic social services and protection in selectedFATAAgencies

i) Improved access to education (reconstruction of damaged infrastructure with emphasis to girls' schools; vouchers to attend private schools, increase opportunities for functional literacy and informaleducation) ii) Measures are in place to incentivize most vulnerable children into or in staying in schools (school feeding,stipendsforgirlsinhighschools,cash/inkindincentivesforthemostvulnerable) iii) Access to basic health and water and sanitation services (prioritized BHUs rehabilitated and restocked – training of local health care; Psycho-social support efforts extended, increase general healthknowledge. iv) Effective social safety nets reach the most vulnerable (provision of additional cash/food transfers, inexchangeforparticipationincommunityworks. v) Protectionissuesintegratedintoallprogrammecomponents(GBV,accesstojustice). vi) Service providers in the affected areas are mapped and an effective referral network is established betweendifferentserviceproviders,bothgovernmentalandnon-governmental.

Component3:LivelihoodsandeconomicopportunitiesforcrisisaffectedpeopleinselectedAgenciesin FATAimproved

i) Emergency employment and income generation opportunities created through provision of short cycle skills training, placement and /or start up grants for affected communities, including mainly theIDPreturnees. ii) Skills development, asset replacement and cash grants for micro, small and medium enterprise developmentforaffectedcommunities.

72 Interagency Early Recovery Needs Assessment iii) Women'saccesstoalternativeenergyinareasofreturnimproved iv) Improvedaccesstosocio-economicinfrastructure v) The capacity of local authorities and service providers is strengthened to understand and address protectionrelatedissuesincludingforwomenandchildren.

Component 4: Capacity of local authorities and communities27 for recovery, peace building and risk reductionstrengthened i) Capacity development of communities (returnees and stayees) to design and implement peace andrecovery. ii) Development of the capacity of local government entities28 and CSOs to plan, facilitate, implement and monitor and evaluate recovery and reintegration, peace building and disaster risk reduction processes (human resources, equipment, information management; IDP reintegration,livelihoods/jobcreation,conflictmanagement,HyogoFrameworkforAction. iii. Institutional strengthening of FATA Disaster Management Authority for DRM and Peace Building nexus. iv) DevelopmentandimplementationofE-governmentstrategy.

Component5: PeacebuildingandsocialcohesionimprovedinreturnareasinFATA i) Engagingyouthforpeacethroughsports,artsandenvironmentalmanagement. ii) Strengtheninglocalcapacitiesfordialogueandconflictsensitiverecovery. iii) Comprehensiveanalysistounderstandthestructuralcausesofconflict.

Component6: StrengthenedCoordinationofEarlyRecovery

Humanitarian and ER interventions must be well coordinated in FATA region. With a view to put in place a coordination mechanism for early recovery, an Early Recovery Working Group (ERWG) for FATA should be constituted and its functions strengthened. The Coordination Framework for Early Recovery and Humanitarian Response to the Complex Emergency in Pakistan will consist of the Operational Coordination Meeting (OCM) pertaining to relief that is co-chaired by FDMA and UN OCHA; while the Early Recovery Working Group (ERWG) General Coordination Meeting (GCM) focusing on early recovery in FATA willbeco-chairedbyUNDPandFDMA.

Many assessment results show that the programme interventions that are mainly weak in FATA are those related to the responsibilities of the Community Restoration Cluster/Sector. It is important to improve impact on the ground in FATA and change people's lives, as well as strengthen coordination capacity of earlyrecoverybyGoP.

To this end, an Early RecoveryWorking Group whose programmes will address issues around infrastructure rehabilitation, governance, access to justice, livelihoods and peace stabilization should be established and strengthened to lead the early recovery process in FATA. UNDP and local government authorities will work together to enhance this capacity, and strengthen implementation of programme interventions where returning communities feel a change to their lives with quick peace dividends being immediately felt upon return.

27Include mainly IDPs and stayees 28Government entities include FATA Secretariat, FDMA, FATA Development Authority, and FATA councilors)

73 ThespecificoutputsoftheFATAERWGare:

· Stakeholders Mapping (Location, Scope, Sector, Capacity, Budget, Reporting etc.) and documentation. · EarlyrecoveryneedsassessmenttobeconductedwiththegovernmentandUNAgencies. · Develop an early recovery action plan, detailing the implementation of early recovery interventions,anditsmonitoringandevaluation. · Assessmentoflocalcapacitiesandcapacitybuildingprioritiesforrecovery,and · Lessonslearntfromreviewofactivitiesandrevisestrategiesandactionplansaccordingly.

Keyinterventionsunderthiscomponentwillthereforeincludethefollowing:

i) DefinitionofresponsibilitiesforhumanitarianandERresponsemechanisms; ii) Establishment and strengthening the ER Working Group, alongside RC Coordination of ongoinghumanitarianresponse; iii) CapacitydevelopmentofFDMAforeffectivecoordinationof theERWGforFATA iv) ResourcemobilizationforsuccessfulimplementationofERinFATA

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