Fall 2018 Website: Theme: Mission Practice Past and Present
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OccasiOnal Bulletin Of eMs 32 No. 1 Vol. Fall 2018 Website: www.emsweb.org Theme: Mission Practice Past and Present The Relevance of Newbigin to Mission and Evangelism in Chile: Preparing now for the “Nones” of the Future Jeff Stevenson esslie Newbigin left the UK in 1936 to serve as a missionary in India. When he returned “home” 35 years later, he was struck not only by the decline in attendance and vitality of the church, but also the extent Lto which ideological pluralism had overtaken Christianity as the reigning “plausibility structure,”1 that is, a way of seeing the world that not only “makes sense” to people, but which is supported and often promoted by the members of any given society and its institutions as an accepted, if not preferred, way of ordering life, making personal decisions, etc. I first went to Chile as a missionary in 1991 and stayed short of breathtaking. In short, I have increasingly come to until 1995. I returned again to live and minister in Chile in compare the cultural and ideological context that Newbigin 2007 in a tent-making capacity and lived there uninterrupt- returned to in the UK to that of Chile, where “a paganism edly until 2016. The societal changes I observed, both upon born out of the rejection of Christianity” would seem to my return in 2007 and progressively thereafter, were nothing reign and which is therefore “far tougher and more resistant Jeff Stevenson is Associate Professor Education at Trinity International University. He served nine years in Chile from 2007-2016 in a tentmaking capacity. In 2016 he began a second PhD in Intercultural Studies at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School (TEDS) to pursue issues surround mission and evangelism in contexts characterized by increasing secularism, and specifically, the Pacific Northwest and Chile. to the gospel than the pre-Christian paganisms with which Word from the Editor foreign missionaries have been in contact during the past 200 years.”2 It is clearly a more challenging environment for The theme of this issue is “Mission Practice: gospel ministry compared to that I first encountered in 1991. Past and Present” with five articles selected from What is more, in terms of the variety of secularism that Chile the presentation of EMS regional and national is headed towards, a relevant empirical question is if it will conferences, therefore, jury-reviewed high quality resemble that of historically “religious America” or “secular papers, along with two book reviews. The same is Europe.”3 I posit that the sociological data suggest the latter, true of the last issue of OB. and therefore Newbigin’s thought regarding mission in post- This is part of the plan of EMS leadership for Christian contexts is worthy of consideration as I and others OB, i.e. moving in the direction of upgrading OB continue to minister in Chile in the 21st century. to become a scholarly publication of Evangelical In what follows I will provide a summary of the relevant Missiological Society and with an evangelical sociological changes that Chile has experienced in recent voice speaking to various issues of contemporary history emphasizing the rapidity with which they have Christian practice. By the way, this is my last time writing you this taken place. I will focus on self-reporting data for religious editorial note for a new editor will be elected at the adherence as well as personal behavior patterns that the Ro- 2018 national conference. man Catholic Church in Chile in particular has aggressively It is in good order to recognize the contributions fought against. To complement this analysis, I will include of two people in the production of OB: Dona economic data to demonstrate just how much Chile has Diehl in artistic layout and Fred Lewis in the “book experienced an increase in material prosperity, again over a review” section. comparatively short period of time, as issues of economic —Enoch Wan, Editor of the Occasional Bulletin growth due to modernity, openness to world markets and the lifestyles and worldviews associated with globalization regularly factor into discussions of secularization. The Occasional Bulletin is published three times a year by The Evangelical Missiological Society (EMS). From the Desk of For more information about EMS, or to apply for EMS President membership, go to www.emsweb.org. In Invitation to World Missions (2010), Timothy National Officers Tennent invites the church on mission to a Selah President: Ed Smither: [email protected] moment—a period of pause and reflection about Exec. VP Administration: Tite Tiénou: [email protected] mission thought and practice. Missiologists Exec. VP Constituency Relations: Fred Smith: [email protected] and mission practitioners have the opportunity National VP Finance & Membership: Scott Moreau: (if they take it) to be both historians and [email protected] theologians of mission. Through historical National VP Corporate Affairs: Robert Gallagher: [email protected] inquiry, we insist on gaining an honest and National VP Publications: Enoch Wan: [email protected] accurate view of the past. By doing theology, Occasional Bulletin Editor: Enoch Wan: [email protected] we evaluate mission practice and thought from Dissertation Series Editor: Mark Kreitzer: [email protected] a biblical perspective. This Selah exercise may National Events Coordinator: Bill Harris: [email protected] prove to be discouraging and even frustrating for Regional Officers the visionary 21st century mission leader, but in Northeast VP: Marcus Dean: [email protected] the long view of Christian mission, it remains Southeast VP: Gregory Mathias: [email protected] necessary. In this edition of the Occasional Northwest VP: Geoffrey Hartt: [email protected] Bulletin, our authors labor as historians and Southwest VP: Kenneth Nehrbass: [email protected] theologians with an eye toward effective mission North Central VP: Esther Theonugraha: [email protected] service in the 21st century. Enjoy the discussion. South Central VP: Robin Harris: [email protected] Rocky Mtn. VP: Martin Shaw: [email protected] Edward L. Smither, PhD Canada VP: Narry Santos: [email protected] President, Evangelical Missiological Society 2 Occasional Bulletin, Fall 2018 After this introduction to the unique character of Chilean criminalized—if you interrupt your pregnancy, you will go society in 2017, I will proceed to discuss several key aspects to jail. And I believe this is not fair.”6 Opinion polls would of Newbigin’s thought as it relates to gospel ministry in suggest that 70% of the Chilean populace share her views. a post-Christian context, and in particular the role of the Chile is also somewhat exceptional in macroeconomic local church and its ordained clergy, its institutions of terms in comparison to other Latin American countries. In theological education as well as Newbigin’s understanding terms of GDP per capita, it leads other Latin America coun- of the strategic role of a theologically-informed laity (all tries by a wide margin. GDP per capita in terms of constant related to what Newbigin refers to as the “declericalizing 2000 dollars stood at $14,626.20 USD in 2015, followed of theology”) in fulfilling the church’s mission in this new by Brazil at $11,159.25 USD, Argentina at $10,514.59 USD ideological context. Finally, I will address Newbigin’s vision and the Latin America and Caribbean region as a whole of how Christians should be involved in the public sphere at $9,399.11 on average. Importantly, in 1991 when I first rather than retreat from it as part and parcel of Christian arrived to Chile its GDP per capita in terms of constant mission in post-Christian contexts, as well as his doctrine 2000 dollars stood at $6,105.50 USD, only slightly above the of election as it relates to mission and to engagement with Latin American average for the same year of $5,955.65 USD. non-Christian religious others. In summary, more than any other Latin American country Newbigin himself stated that the agenda behind reaching in the last 25 years, Chile has experienced unparalleled the West again with a contextualized gospel was a task economic growth, more than doubling its GDP per capita involving decades rather than years. In the same way, in this in real terms, so much so that many referred to Chile as paper and what I hope will be subsequent contributions as the first Latin American “tiger,” comparing its own record well, I am ultimately concerned with partnering with the growth with Asian growth economies such as Taiwan and Chilean church as they face what promise to be challenging South Korea. times for gospel witness in the decades ahead. Pluralism and Religious Adherence in Chile Sociological Changes in Chile An increase in ideological pluralism in any given society Divorce was legalized in Chile only in 2004 and this is also often accompanied by increased numbers of indi- after nine years of intense debate in Congress, causing viduals claiming no religious affiliation at all, the so-called some outside observers to refer to Chile at the time as “the NONE’s, as well as defections from historically institutional most conservative country in Latin America.”4 Until then, religions. In the case of the United States, this has been it was the only country in the Americas, and one of very well-documented7 and the speed with which this is taking few in the world, where divorce was illegal. Importantly, place is again remarkable, with the Pew Research Center, for the Roman Catholic Church was seen as the main force of example, reporting in 2012 that 20% of the U.S. population resistance against legalizing divorce, in a context where 73% (and importantly, a third of adults under 30), person- of Chileans were in favor of making divorce legal.