A Comparative Analysis on Voting Behavior of Generations X, Y, and Z: Ankara
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T.C. ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY THE INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON VOTING BEHAVIOR OF GENERATIONS X, Y, AND Z: ANKARA CASE MASTER THESIS AHMET BAYKAL DECEMBER 2019 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON VOTING BEHAVIOR OF GENERATIONS X, Y, AND Z: ANKARA CASE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTE SOCIAL SCIENCES OF ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY BY AHMET BAYKAL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION DECEMBER 2019 Approval of the Institute of Social Sciences ________________________ Doç. Dr. Seyfullah Yıldırım Manager of Institute I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. ________________________ Prof. Dr. Yılmaz Bingöl Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. ________________________ Doç. Dr. Tuba Kancı Doğan Supervisor Examining Committee Members Doç. Dr. Tuba Kancı Doğan (KOU, POLS and PA) _______________ Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Güliz Dinç (AYBU, POLS and PA) _______________ Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Nebi Miş (SAU, POLS and PA) _______________ PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this thesis has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work; otherwise I accept all legal responsibility. Ahmet BAYKAL iii ABSTRACT A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON VOTING BEHAVIOR OF GENERATIONS X, Y, AND Z: ANKARA CASE BAYKAL, Ahmet MA, Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Tuba KANCI DOĞAN December 2019, 126 pages The number of studies analyzing voting behavior has increased considerably in Turkey in recent years. Especially, the high number of elections held in recent years and the high participation rates in these elections are the main reasons for the increase in the number of researches. On the other hand, the fact that voting behavior is a dynamic and multidimensional phenomenon extends the scope of the researches in this field. In this context, important researches measuring voting behavior are carried out in many areas from political science to sociology, from economy to psychology, from marketing to communication. When the literature on voting behavior in Turkey is reviewed, it is observed that the studies focus on the different dimensions of voting behavior. However, there are a limited number of studies that test the relationship between voting behavior and generations. In this study, the voting behavior of the three most populous generations of Turkey (Generations X, Y and Z) is analyzed comparatively. The main hypothesis of the study suggests that voting behavior varies across generations. In order to scientifically test this hypothesis, a survey study was conducted on 400 people and it was attempted to measure the significant relationship and differences between voting behavior of generations. In particular, significant differences have been identified between the voting behavior of young people in Generation Z and the voting behavior of older individuals. Key Terms: Generation X, Generation Y, Generation Z, Voting Behavior. iv ÖZET X, Y VE Z KUŞAKLARININ OY VERME DAVRANIŞLARI ÜZERİNE KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZ: ANKARA ÖRNEĞİ BAYKAL, Ahmet Yüksek Lisans, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Doç. Dr. Tuba KANCI DOĞAN Aralık 2019, 126 sayfa Türkiye’de seçmenlerin oy verme davranışlarını ölçmeye yönelik araştırmaların sayısı son yıllarda bir hayli artmıştır. Özellikle son yıllarda gerçekleştirilen çok sayıda seçim ve bu seçimlere katılım oranlarının çok yüksek olması araştırma sayılarındaki artışın temel nedenidir. Öte yandan oy verme davranışının dinamik ve çok boyutlu bir olgu olması, bu alana yönelik araştırmaların kapsamını da genişletmektedir. Bu bağlamda siyaset biliminden sosyolojiye, ekonomiden psikolojiye, pazarlamadan iletişime kadar birçok alanda oy verme davranışının ölçülmesine yönelik önemli araştırmalar yapılmaktadır. Oy verme davranışına ilişkin Türkiye’de yapılan araştırmalar incelendiğinde, araştırma konularının birbirinden farklı boyutlara odaklandığı görülmektedir. Buna karşın oy verme davranışı ile kuşaklar arasındaki ilişkiyi test eden sınırlı sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin en kalabalık üç kuşağının (X, Y ve Z Kuşakları) oy verme davranışları karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın temel hipotezi oy verme davranışının kuşaklar arasında farklılık gösterdiğini öne sürmektedir. Bu hipotezi bilimsel olarak test etmek amacıyla 400 kişiye bir anket çalışması uygulanmış ve kuşakların oy verme davranışları arasındaki anlamlı ilişki ve farklılıklar ölçülmeye çalışılmıştır. Özellikle Z Kuşağı’ndaki gençlerin oy verme davranışları ile daha yaşlı bireylerin oy verme davranışları arasında önemli farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Oy Verme Davranışı, X Kuşağı, Y Kuşağı, Z Kuşağı. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Tuba Kancı Doğan, who has always supported me throughout my undergraduate and graduate education. I am grateful to her for the values that she has added to me from the first day of my university life to the present and especially for the understanding and patience that she has shown towards me during the writing process of this thesis. I would also like to thank Asst. Prof. Nebi Miş who supported me with his advice and criticism in my work life as well as in my thesis. I am especially grateful to him for his attention towards me even during his peak periods. In addition, I would like to thank my dear wife Nursima Baykal, my mother Muhsine Baykal, my father Beşir Baykal, and my brothers Fatih and Muhammed Baykal who are with me at every time I need regardless of the time and place. I would also like to thank Ahmet Sarıtepe, Hamza Yurteri, Mehmet Ali Ak, Mehmet Ali Orhan and Ömer Faruk Uğurlu for their sincerity and invaluable friendship. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to venerable academicians at Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University and directors, researchers and research assistants at the Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research who have contributed to my education and development until today. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM .................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ iv ÖZET .................................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ xi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 1.1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 3 1.1.1. Subject of the Research ....................................................................................... 3 1.1.2. Purpose and Importance of the Research ............................................................ 4 1.1.3. Research Model and Hypothesis ......................................................................... 5 1.1.4. Population and Sample of the Research .............................................................. 9 1.1.5. Scope and Limitations of the Research ............................................................. 11 1.1.6. Data Collection Method and Analysis of the Data ............................................ 12 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL and CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .................... 14 2.1. GENERATIONS ...................................................................................................... 14 2.1.1. The Concept of Generation............................................................................ 15 2.1.2. Theory of Generation..................................................................................... 16 2.1.3. Classification of Generations......................................................................... 19 2.1.4. Types of Generations ..................................................................................... 21 2.2. VOTING BEHAVIOR ............................................................................................. 36 2.2.1. Theories of Voting Behavior ............................................................................. 37 2.2.1.1. Sociological Approach (Columbia School) ................................................... 37 vii 2.2.1.2. Social Psychological Approach (Michigan School) ...................................... 39 2.2.1.3. Economic Approach (Rational Choice Model) ............................................. 40 2.2.2. Voting Behavior in Turkey: A Literature