Contextualising Corruption in Pakistan
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Revisiting the Constraints to Pakistan's
86257 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Revisiting the Constraints to Pakistan’s Growth José Lopez-Calix and Irum Touqeer Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Paper Series on Pakistan PK 20/12 June 2013 Public Disclosure Authorized _______________________________________________ These papers are a product of the South Asia Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit. They are part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions in Pakistan and around the world. Policy Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The author may be contacted [email protected] and [email protected]. Revisiting the Constraints to Pakistan’s Growth Abstract This paper revisits the identification of the binding constraints to investment and growth in Pakistan by rigorously applying the growth diagnostic framework. It has a central finding: Pakistan’s economy faces two major groups of constraints—emerging and structural. The emerging constraints include infrastructure (energy) deficit, high macro-fiscal risks, and inadequate international financing (high country risks and low FDI inflows). The structural binding constraints that persistently affect prospects of sustainable growth in Pakistan are low access to domestic finance, high anti-export bias, bad taxation system, micro risks (bad governance, excess business regulations, and poor civil service) and slow productive diversification. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. -
Here a Causal Relationship? Contemporary Economics, 9(1), 45–60
Bibliography on Corruption and Anticorruption Professor Matthew C. Stephenson Harvard Law School http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/mstephenson/ March 2021 Aaken, A., & Voigt, S. (2011). Do individual disclosure rules for parliamentarians improve government effectiveness? Economics of Governance, 12(4), 301–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-011-0100-8 Aaronson, S. A. (2011a). Does the WTO Help Member States Clean Up? Available at SSRN 1922190. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1922190 Aaronson, S. A. (2011b). Limited partnership: Business, government, civil society, and the public in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). Public Administration and Development, 31(1), 50–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.588 Aaronson, S. A., & Abouharb, M. R. (2014). Corruption, Conflicts of Interest and the WTO. In J.-B. Auby, E. Breen, & T. Perroud (Eds.), Corruption and conflicts of interest: A comparative law approach (pp. 183–197). Edward Elgar PubLtd. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebookbatch.GEN_batch:ELGAR01620140507 Abbas Drebee, H., & Azam Abdul-Razak, N. (2020). The Impact of Corruption on Agriculture Sector in Iraq: Econometrics Approach. IOP Conference Series. Earth and Environmental Science, 553(1), 12019-. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/553/1/012019 Abbink, K., Dasgupta, U., Gangadharan, L., & Jain, T. (2014). Letting the briber go free: An experiment on mitigating harassment bribes. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMICS, 111(Journal Article), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.12.012 Abbink, Klaus. (2004). Staff rotation as an anti-corruption policy: An experimental study. European Journal of Political Economy, 20(4), 887–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2003.10.008 Abbink, Klaus. -
Does Corruption Impede Economic Growth in Pakistan?
Economic Modelling 35 (2013) 622–633 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Economic Modelling journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecmod Does corruption impede economic growth in Pakistan? Abdul Farooq a,b,⁎, Muhammad Shahbaz a,b, Mohamed Arouri c, Frédéric Teulon d a Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan b School of Social Sciences National College of Business Administration & Economics, 40/E-1, Gulberg III, Lahore 54660, Pakistan c EDHEC Business School, France d IPAG Business School, IPAG — Lab, France article info abstract Article history: The present study reinvestigates the impact of corruption on economic growth by incorporating financial Accepted 16 August 2013 development and trade openness in growth model in case of Pakistan. We have used time series data over the period of 1987–2009. We have applied structural break unit root test to test the integrating order of Keywords: the variables. The structural break cointegration has also been applied to examine the long run relation- Corruption ship between the variables. Growth The long run relationship between the variables is validated in case of Pakistan. We find that corruption Pakistan impedes economic growth. Financial development adds in economic growth. Trade openness stimulates economic growth. The causality analysis has exposed the feedback effect between corruption and eco- nomic growth and same inference is drawn for trade openness and corruption. Trade openness and eco- nomic growth are interdependent. Financial development Granger causes economic growth implying supply-side hypothesis in case of Pakistan. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction obstacle to economic and social development. -
Fighting Governmental Corruption in Pakistan: an Evaluation of Anti-Corruption Strategies
Fighting Governmental Corruption in Pakistan: An Evaluation of Anti-Corruption Strategies Noor Ulain* 1 Fiaz Hussain**2 https://doi.org/10.31297/hkju.20.3.2 UDK 343.352(549.1) 328.185:343.85(549.1) Preliminary scientific report / prethodno znanstveno priopćenje Received / primljeno: 4. 11. 2019. Accepted / prihvaćeno: 12. 6. 2020. Anti-corruption efforts are required where corruption pre- vails and Pakistan is a developing country that is facing the menace of corruption to a considerable degree. According to Transparency International’s Corruption Perception In- dex (CPI) for 2019, Pakistan is ranked as 120th out of 180 countries. With this in view, this study aims to ascertain the opinion of policy professionals working at various policy in- stitutes in Pakistan regarding the effectiveness of 26 different anti-corruption strategies by means of a self-administered Noor Ulain, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan (Sveučilište nacio- nalne obrane,∗ Islamabad, Pakistan, e-mail: [email protected]). ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5077-458X Fiaz Hussain, Assistant Professor, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan∗∗ (docentica, Žensko sveučilište Fatima Jinnah, Rawalpindi, Pakistan e-mail: fiazhus- [email protected]). ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4214-477X. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND COMPARATIVE CROATIAN Ulain, N. & Hussain, F. (2020). Fighting Governmental Corruption in Pakistan: An Evaluation... HKJU-CCPA, 20(3), 439–468 440 questionnaire. The results show slight differences between the mean scores for anti-corruption strategies, depicting a certain level of effectiveness for each strategy. Harsher pun- ishments for corrupt persons and legal protection for whis- tleblowers informing about persons involved in corruption are the strategies that had the highest mean scores of 4.07 and 4.04 respectively. -
Corruption and Police Legitimacy in Lahore, Pakistan
Jonathan Jackson, Muhammad Asif, Ben Bradford and Muhammad Zakria Zakar Corruption and police legitimacy in Lahore, Pakistan Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: Jackson, Jonathan, Asif, Muhammad, Bradford, Ben and Zakar, Muhammad Zakria (2014) Corruption and police legitimacy in Lahore, Pakistan. British Journal of Criminology, ISSN 0007- 0955 (In Press) © 2014 Oxford University Press This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/58642/ Available in LSE Research Online: August 2014 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final accepted version of the journal article. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. Title: Corruption and Police Legitimacy in Lahore, Pakistan Jonathan Jackson*, Department of Methodology and Mannheim Centre for Criminology, London School of Economics & Political Science, UK Muhammad Asif, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Ben Bradford, Centre for Criminology, University of Oxford, UK Muhammad Zakria Zakar, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan In press at British Journal of Criminology Running Head: Police Corruption in Pakistan *Dr Jonathan Jackson, Department of Methodology and Mannheim Centre for Criminology, London School of Economics & Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom. -
A Study on “Ruling Authorities of Pakistan Versus Some Foreign Authorities Regarding Corruption”
Indonesian Journal of Creative Counseling Volume 1 Number 2 (2021) pp. 72-80 ISSN Online: 2775-9199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47679/ijcc.v1i2.133 A Study on “Ruling Authorities of Pakistan versus Some Foreign Authorities Regarding Corruption” M.Tariq Mahmood1, Abdul Quddus Suhaib1 1Department of Islamic Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This article is written on the real issue of the society which is prevailing mostly in the developing countries. In this article the role of authorities of these developing countries is compared with the role of some foreign countries authorities. In this article, solution of corruption is presented with the practical example of foreign authorities by which they controlled this problem in their country. But, in the case of Pakistan, this situation is quite different because its authorities are also indulged .Being an Islamic state; the corruption is increasing day by day which is also a question mark for our ruling authorities as well as for the followers of Islam. In short, this article presents a saga of increasing corruption in Pakistan. Keywords: Ruling Authority; the poor; the rich; Corruption; foreign; Dominant culture How to Cite: Mahmood, M.T. & Suhaib, A.Q. (2021). A Study on “Ruling Authorities of Pakistan versus Some Foreign Authorities Regarding Corruption”. Indonesian Journal of Creative Counseling, 1(2), 72-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47679/ijcc.v1i2.133 Received : 5-7-2021. Published : 19-8-2021 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Website: https://ukinstitute.org/journals/ijcc INTRODUC TION Now-a-days every developing country is indulged in the problem of corruption. -
Mapping Exercise of Corruption and Governance Measurement Tools in Asia and Caucasus Countries
Corruption and Governance Measurement Tools in Asia and Caucasus countries – February, 2005 Mapping exercise of Corruption and Governance Measurement Tools In Asia and Caucasus countries Policy and Research Department1 Transparency International Secretariat Table of contents: Part I: Background and methodology p.1 Part II: Mapping the tools (listed by type) p.2 A. Single Country Tools A.1 Opinion Surveys on Perceptions and Experiences of Corruption p.2 A.2 Public Sector Diagnostics p.19 A.3 Sectoral Surveys p.23 A.4 Press Monitoring p.26 B. Multi Country Tools p.28 B.1 Opinion Surveys p.28 B.2 Public Sector Diagnostic p.31 B.3 Private Sector Environment Surveys p.32 B.4 Democracy and Governance Cross Country Indicators p.36 Summary p.40 Appendix (attached): Matrix of the tools (listed per country) Part I: Background and methodology The purpose of the study Following on from the report on Local Corruption Diagnostics and Measurement Tools in Africa, carried out by Transparency International for the U4 in February 2004, DFID has requested that TI identify and present the international, national and local tools that measure corruption and related phenomenon in Asia and the Caucasus. DFID has expressed interest in the following key focus countries for this exercise: Armenia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Moldova, Nepal, China, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand and Vietnam. For Pakistan and India, special attention will be given to the tools assessing the provinces of Punjab, Orissa and West Bengal. Methodology of the study (including coverage and contents)2 The mapping covers a range of tools in 16 countries from the Asia and Caucasus region. -
Childhood and Schooling
Chapter - 1 Childhood and Schooling People who live along banks of the Indus river in the Thatha region of Sindh mainly depend on agriculture for their living, though some of them also work as small traders, shop- keepers and hawkers of goods in the rural countryside. Till about 300 years ago, they had been Hindus, but then had converted to Islam under the influence of Muslim religious preachers. They then began to be called Momins, which later got modified to Memmon. Due to lack of employment and economic opportunities, many of them had migrated through Kutch and Rajasthan to Gujrat and had settled there. Many of these people had settled in the town of Bantva and set up their businesses. Among them was the grand-father of well known and popular Pakistani leader and social worker, Abdul Sattar Edhi. His name was Gazhi Rehamat Ullah. He was a small trader, and according to social set up of the time, his family could be called middle-class. Edhi’s father, Abdul Shukkur Edhi, though unlettered, possessed business sense. He went to Bombay and became a commission agent of a trading company. The goods produced by the company were sold in cities such as Calcutta, Rangoon, Dhaka and Colombo among others. Edhi’s father had to spend about 9-10 months in a year away from his family while visiting these places on buisness. The men of the Memmon tribe had a predilection for trade and were considered good businessmen. Some of them founded huge companies such as Habib Bank, Dada 1 Limited and Aham Limited etc. -
Corruption in Pakistan
www.transparency.org www.cmi.no Corruption in Pakistan Query Please provide information about the key sectors affected by corruption in Pakistan, recent initiatives to tackle it, and local institutions and people involved in anti-corruption work. Please also provide any recent corruption diagnostic or survey material available on Pakistan. Purpose 1 Key sectors affected by To prepare for a forthcoming visit to Pakistan corruption in Pakistan and diagnostic material Content To fully respond to the question as to which sectors are most affected by corruption, both quantitative (through 1. Key sectors affected by corruption in diagnostic material) and qualitative (through reports and Pakistan and diagnostic material direct questioning of international and national experts) 2. Reform initiatives sources have been consulted. Nevertheless, it is worth bearing in mind that some of the reasons that particular 3. Further resources sectors are highlighted more often than others are due not only to objective merits but also to the facts that i) Summary there is more research and survey work done in those areas and ii) public perception and awareness seem to be more vocal as regards those areas. Thus, the exercise of highlighting some of the sectors should be read with the knowledge that corruption in Pakistan seems pervasive across most sectors. With that in mind, it is safe to say that expert sources indicate that the following sectors are among those most affected by corruption (the particular order varies from source to source): Police and law enforcement Judiciary and legal profession Author(s): Anna Hakobyan, Transparency International Reviewed by: U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre Date: 9 June 2004 Number: 43 U4 Expert Answers provide targeted and timely anti-corruption expert advice to U4 partner agency staff www.U4.no Corruption in Pakistan Power sector A household survey released by TI in December 2002, Tax and customs reported high levels of corruption in public institutions in Health and education South Asia. -
Corruption As a Source of Failure of Good Governance and Management in Pakistan: Proposed Remedial Measures
Farida Faisal * A.R. Jafri** Corruption as a Source of Failure of Good Governance and Management in Pakistan: Proposed Remedial Measures Abstract Corruption and good governance are antagonistic forces which actively operate in any developed or underdeveloped country. While corruption spreads with leaps and bounds, good governance is to be built brick by brick. Relative strength of corruption and good governance determines the state of success or failure of the government to achieve development objectives within a welfare state. Corruption flourishes when the government of a country fails to strengthen the measures of good governance on a regular basis. Periodic attempts of defensive nature against corruption do not produce the desired results of social welfare. In order to introduce a strategically sound system of good governance it is necessary to examine the meaning and methods of corruption which threatens the existence of good governance. Key words: Corruption, Good Governance, political versus bureaucratic corruption, Inequality, poverty. This paper will be composed of two sections. First section will present a diagnostic study of corruption and the second section will deal with measures of good governance and their means of implementation. Corruption: A Diagnostic Study Corruption is a disease that is prevalent in all parts of the world with varying degrees. Transparency International (TI) considers corruption to be one of the most pressing issues of the modern world. Although corruption is a global phenomenon that is affecting all -
Institutional Dynamics of Governance and Corruption in Developing World: the Case of Pakistan
Prof. Subrata K. Mitra Department of Political Science South Asia Institute Ph.D. Dissertation Institutional Dynamics of Governance and Corruption in Developing World: The Case of Pakistan Muhammad Tahir Noor Doctoral Candidate Faculty of Economics and Social Studies Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg March 2009 Tel: 017629025238 Email: [email protected] “… it is the successful experiment which is decisive and not the thousand-and-one failures which preceded it. More is learned from the single success than from the multiple failures. A single success proves it can be done. Thereafter, it is necessary only to learn what made it work. This, at least, is what I take to be the sociological sense of those revealing words of Thomas Love Peacock: “ Whatever is, is possible.” Robert Merton (1961) Acknowledgements Only worth mentioning solo creation, to the best of my knowledge and belief, is the creation of this universe. Otherwise any work of creation is very much unlikely, if not impossible, with one person’s solo efforts. Similarly, the creation of this work owes heavily to several people whose guidance, support, encouragement, and cooperation proved instrumental in making this work possible. First and foremost, I am deeply indebted (and this is literal too) to the people of Pakistan and Higher Education Commission, Government of Pakistan, who with their generous four years funding made it possible for me to pursue my interests in the prestigious university of Heidelberg; where I was lucky to find a mentor like Prof. Subrata K. Mitra, who not only supervised my academic work, but also knew how to make me work in the right direction. -
A Critique of the International Anti-Corruption Debate
A CRITIQUE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION DEBATE: LESSONS FROM EL SALVADOR AND PAKISTAN by WILLIAM H. JOHNSON A THESIS Presented to the Department of International Studies and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts September 2014 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: William H. Johnson Title: A Critique of the International Anti-Corruption Debate: Lessons From El Salvador and Pakistan This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the Department of International Studies by: Dr. Anita Weiss Chairperson Prof. Michelle McKinley Member Prof. Ibrahim Gassama Member and J. Andrew Berglund Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2014 ii © 2014 William H. Johnson iii THESIS ABSTRACT William H. Johnson Master of Arts Department of International Studies September 2014 Title: A Critique of the International Anti-Corruption Debate: Lessons From El Salvador and Pakistan Corruption is an age-old problem that affects every society, government, and institution. In recent decades it has received considerable attention from scholars, development experts, and global policy-makers, and anti-corruption reforms now exist in nearly every country in the world. Unfortunately, decades of research and activism have created a proliferation of data and policy prescriptions that continue to follow a set of narrow, misguided assumptions about the causes and consequences of this serious problem. This is a critique of the perspective that has dominated the international anti- corruption debate.