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Science and International Language in the Early Twentieth Century Constructing worlds with words : science and international language in the early twentieth century Citation for published version (APA): de Kloe, F. (2014). Constructing worlds with words : science and international language in the early twentieth century. https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20140618fk Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2014 DOI: 10.26481/dis.20140618fk Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. 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Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement: www.umlib.nl/taverne-license Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at: [email protected] providing details and we will investigate your claim. Download date: 08 Oct. 2021 The printing of this dissertation has been financially supported by the Netherlands Graduate Research School of Science, Technology and Modern Culture (WTMC). Constructing worlds with words Science and international language in the early twentieth century Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Maastricht op gezag van Rector Magnificus, Prof. dr. L.L.G. Soete, volgens het besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 18 juni 2014 om 16.00 uur door Fabian de Kloe Promotor Prof. dr. ir. W.E. Bijker Co-promotores Dr. G.J. Somsen Dr. N. Randeraad Beoordelingscommissie Prof. dr. K.K. Patel (voorzitter) Dr. R. de Bont Prof. dr. E. Homburg Prof. dr. F.H. van Lunteren, VU University of Amsterdam Prof. dr. J. Paulmann, director of the Leibniz Institute of European History and Professor of modern history at the University of Mainz TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 10 CHAPTER 1 Exploring internationalism 12 1.1 The sciences were never at war? 18 1.2 Local to the core 24 1.3 A world unified through science 26 1.4 Framing the case study 32 CHAPTER 2 Beyond Babel: Louis Couturat’s creation and promotion of Ido 36 2.1 Couturat’s dream 38 2.2 The return of Babel 42 2.3 Building a scientific language 44 2.4 Early-twentieth-century Babel as myth 47 2.5 Logic as objectivity machine 56 2.6 Beyond national chauvinism 59 2.7 Leibniz as scientific internationalist avant la lettre 61 2.8 For the glory of the French republic 64 CHAPTER 3 Towards a German organization of the world: Wilhelm Ostwald and international language 66 3.1 Ostwald’s promotion of Ido part I: a Franco-German alliance 69 3.2 Part II: the “Brücke” and the Monistic Alliance 77 3.3 From the periphery to the center 86 3.4 Ostwald’s energetics 89 3.5 Ostwald’s appropriation of Comte 93 3.6 A German organization of the world 96 3.7 World War I: Ido abandoned, internationalism continued 100 CHAPTER 4 A socially responsible engineer: Frederick Cottrell’s pursuit of a scientific international language 104 4.1 From prewar to postwar international language politics 107 4.2 Cottrell becomes international language proponent 113 4.3 A shrinking world 115 4.4 Science as social experiment 117 4.5 The rise of the socially responsible engineer 122 4.6 IL: an instrument of American expansionism 125 4.7 The socially responsible engineer and American philanthropy join forces 129 4.8 Interlingua: an IL by linguists for science 133 CHAPTER 5 Constructing worlds with words: on the myth and function of scientific internationalism 138 5.1 The diversity of scientific internationalism 140 5.2 The narrowness of scientific internationalism 144 5.3 Fostering nationalism through language 148 5.4 Fostering scientific internationalism through language 155 5.5 Real imaginations 158 REFERENCES 162 INDEX 176 SAMENVATTING 180 CURRICULUM VITAE 194 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people, both my professional colleagues and friends, have helped in bringing this book to fruition. Occasionally I was fortunate enough to see the distinction between colleague and friend dissolve in the process. More than once, this has helped to infuse me with inspiration. In this respect, I’m especially grateful to Geert Somsen. He has not only been instrumental in pushing me to further develop the initial research idea for this project. His insights, critical acumen, and above all, his engagement, have been a crucial engine behind the realization of this dissertation. I’m also greatly indebted to Wiebe Bijker and Nico Randeraad for keeping a clear oversight on both the general arguments and the overall readability of the manuscript. I want to mention fellow graduate students Joeri Bruyninckx, Verena Anker, Matthijs Kouw, and Leen Roels, with whom I had countless valuable conversations on the experience of writing a dissertation. These interactions minimized the sense of isolation that is inevitable when writing a dissertation. I also want to thank Joeri and Verena for their input on an earlier version of chapter 2. Other colleagues who have provided valuable comments on this chapter were Ilse Raaijmakers and Constance Sommerey. A rewritten version was published in an edited volume. I’m indebted to the editor, Boyd Rayward, for his detailed and helpful suggestions for improvement. Many of the ideas and arguments in this dissertation were conceived during research trips and workshops. My stay at the Harvard History of Science Department in the Fall of 2011 was especially formative in this regard. I want to thank those who made this unforgettable experience possible. The Netherlands Graduate Research School for Science, Technology and Modern Culture (WTMC) provided another inspirational platform in the form of workshops and summer schools. Special thanks to its academic coordinators: Sally Wyatt, Willem Halffman, Teun Zuiderent-Jerak. The research behind this dissertation was also facilitated by the professionalism, helpfulness and enthusiasm of several archivists. Two in particular need to be mentioned. Firstly, I want to thank Claude Gacond, archivist and founder of the Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue international (CDELI) in La Chaux-de-Fonds, 10 Switzerland. Besides being thankful for his eagerness to assist in unearthing relevant source material, I’m especially grateful for his riveting stories pertaining to the history of international languages. I also want to thank archivist Dena McDuffie for her warm reception and guidance at the Research Corporation for Science Advancement (RCSA) in Tucson, Arizona. As probably the single most knowledgeable person on Frederick Cottrell’s life and times, Dena enthusiastically navigated me through the source material at hand. Finally, no amount of words can express my gratitude to my close friends, my parents, and especially the one that stands closest to me, for giving support and showing the patience of a Tibetan monk. 11 CHAPTER 1 Exploring internationalism “The International Space Station is an orbital turkey. No important science has come out of it”.1 This is what physicist and Nobel Laureate Steven Weinberg once said about the ISS, a joint project between the American, European, Russian, Japanese and Canadian space agencies. To Weinberg, the space station is like a stuffed dead bird, uselessly circling the earth, despite the roughly 100 billion Euros that the participating nations have invested in it since 2001. Not everybody agrees with Weinberg’s verdict. According to a Dutch spokesperson of the project it is a mistake to judge it only in terms of its scientific output: “the International Space Station (ISS) is not primarily meant for science. It is about international cooperation”.2 NASA also articulates the importance of the project in terms of international collaboration. Its website says: Did you know that people have been living and working in space around the clock, every single day, for more than ten years? During the past decade, 15 1 Weinberg, Steven (2007). Nobel Laureate Disses NASA’s Manned Spaceflight. By Ker Than. Retrieved from the Worldwide Web on August 30th, 2012: http://www.space.com/4357-nobel-laureate-disses-nasa-manned-spaceflight.html 2 “(…) het International Space Station (ISS) is er ook helemaal niet primair voor de wetenschap. Het ging om internationale samenwerking.” Knip, Karel (2012). ‘De hemel heeft een muis gebaard,’ NRC March 30. 12 nations have come together, setting aside boundaries and differences, to design, assemble, occupy, and conduct research inside and outside of the largest and longest inhabited object to ever orbit the Earth - the International Space Station.3 On a clear night the ISS can be seen with the naked eye as a speck of bright light in the heavens.
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