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Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh III. Sketch of the Botany of Lord Howe's Island

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Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh III. Sketch of the Botany of Lord Howe's Island This article was downloaded by: [Purdue University] On: 19 January 2015, At: 09:17 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tped18 III. Sketch of the Botany of Lord Howe's Island Charles Moore Esq. a a Botanic Garden , Sydney Published online: 01 Dec 2010. To cite this article: Charles Moore Esq. (1870) III. Sketch of the Botany of Lord Howe's Island , Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 10:1-4, 365-372, DOI: 10.1080/03746607009468716 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03746607009468716 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and- conditions Downloaded by [Purdue University] at 09:17 19 January 2015 in the Island of Arran. 365 binum, &c., were gathered. Another trip was to Glen Ben- lister, near Lamlash, where Hymenophyllum Wilsoni grows in large quantity, and Asplenium viride also occurs sparingly. The station for the latter has been sadly robbed of late. On 22d September, a final trip was made to Glen Cloy, a fine mountain valley and corrie near Brodick. The hills are well worthy of examination. The rocks are covered with ferns, such as Lastrea cemula, Hymenophyllum Wil-- soni and tunbridgense, Asplenium viride, Polypodium Phegopteris and Dryopteris, Scolopendrium vulgare. Sedum Rhodiola is also abundant. The neighbourhood of Lamlash is rich in species of Rubi. Professor Babington and I visited Arran some years ago, and gathered the following brambles :— Pubes Rlieus, L. Habits macrophyllus, Weilie, and plicatus, W. and N. its vars. umbrosus and affinis, W. and N. amplificatus. Lindleianus, Lees. mucronulatus, Bor. in curvatus ? Bab. Kohleri var. pallidus. discolor, W. and N. corylifolius var. conjun- carpinifolius ? W. and gens and purpureus. N. saxatilis, L. I have thus given details of excursions which, although not so productive as our alpine trips to Clova, Braemar, and Ben Lawers, yet presented us with many interesting species characteristic of the western parts of Scotland. The excur- sions will not soon be forgotten, associated as they were with adventures of no ordinary interest to those who took part in them. Downloaded by [Purdue University] at 09:17 19 January 2015 M. Sketch of the Botany of Lord Howe's Island. By CHARLES MooRE, Esq., Director of the Botanic Garden, Sydney. This island is situated in S. lat. 31 ° 31', and E. long. 159° 5' (or about 300 miles east of Port Macquarie, the nearest part of our coast), is seven miles in length, by about an average of one mile in breadth, and is said to contain 3220 acres, of which it is calculated that more than 2000 are capable of cultivation. Of volcanic origin, the soil generally is of a rich character, that in the lower or flatter parts ex- 366 Mr Charles Moore's Sketch of the tremely so, being of a dark unctuous loamy nature, largely impregnated with humus, overlying a deep bed of yellow clay. It is only land of this description that is now cultivated; that on the more elevated places being of a lighter kind, its prin- cipal components consisting of decomposed porphyritic and calcareous rock, and more affected by atmospheric influences than the former. On this account, much of it formerly under cultivation is now left unfilled, the demand for pro- duce having of late years greatly failed. These as well as some abandoned clearances on the flats are now almost wholly occupied by two grasses which are common about Sydney, Cynodon dactylon and Sporobolus elongatus, called by our colonists respectively " Couch " (the Doob of India), and " Tufty-grass," the former growing most luxuriantly, and forming a superabundance of food for the horses and cattle now upon the island. On the sides of the two highest mountains, each nearly 3000 feet high, which terminate abruptly the south-eastern point of the island, the soil is for the most part composed of decomposed basaltic rock, strong and stiff, and suitable for the growth of many plants valuable to man, yet the surface is so covered with loose stones, varying in size from huge boulders to small pebbles, that it would be difficult if not impossible to clear it. Every part of the island is covered with a dense vegeta- tion, the undergrowth being kept comparatively clear by pigs and goats, which are allowed to roam at large. These crop off the lower branches of the trees, and in too many instances, it is feared, have destroyed the smaller kinds of plants altogether. The absence of undergrowth, and the very remarkable scarcity of Ferns and Orchids, in the lowest Downloaded by [Purdue University] at 09:17 19 January 2015 and richest parts of the island, would indicate a dryness of climate which is not the case, as a drought of any great continuance is seldom or never experienced here, rain being said to be frequent and abundant at all seasons. While the want of undergrowth may be accounted for by the action of the pigs and goats, yet the rarity of the classes of plants referred to cannot be so readily explained. Thus, in the rich low flats, extending upwards of three miles, where the trees were the thickest and most lofty, only one orchid —Dendrobium gracilicaule, Muel.—and five or six kinds of ferns, were all that were observed, and these sparingly. Botany of Lord Howe's Island. 367 At the end of this flat ground towards the east, in gullies near the base of the mountains, and up to their very summit, ferns increase in number, both as regards genera and species. The presence among these of Trichomanes and Hymenophyl- lum would dissipate the notion of a very dry atmosphere, and prove at least a greater abundance of moisture in prox- imity to the mountains than occurs elsewhere. A second and smaller species of Dendrobium was gathered at a rather high elevation. This, with the former, and a species of Sarcochilus found sparingly upon trees growing on the hilly sides, at the other end of the island, were the only repre- sentatives of the family of Orchidacee noticed. One of the most remarkable features of the vegetation is the prevalence of Palms, of which there are four species, all of which ap- pear to be as yet undescribed. Two of these, called by the settlers, respectively, " Thatch Palm," and " Curly-leaved Palm," and both sometimes " Cabbage Palms," are very general, and most abundant. They reach to a height of at least 1000 feet on the side of Mount Lidgbird, at which point their place is supplied by another very distinct species, of a noble appearance, called the " Umbrella Palm," from its compact, gracefully drooping, arched, dome-like, pinnate fronds. The zone of this plant is of limited extent, as it does not reach within some hundreds of feet of the top of the mountain, where a dwarf species, not more than 6 feet high, also with pinnate fronds, and altogether different from any of the others, occurs in large quantities. In ap- pearance and character, the two first-mentioned species closely resemble each other ; both grow to about the same height, the highest observed being about 35 feet, and both Downloaded by [Purdue University] at 09:17 19 January 2015 have pinnate fronds, from 6 to 8 feet in length. The spadix of , both is simple and drooping ; and that of the " curly- leaved" species being nearly twice as long as that desig- nated " Thatch Palm,"—a term applied to it because of the fronds being employed for covering the roofs of houses. They are otherwise readily distinguished from each other, even to the ordinary observer, by the pinme of the former slightly converging upwards, while those of the latter droop; and by the straight and more robust stem of the latter, the former being more slender, of a darker colour, and usually slightly bent in the middle. In habit these palms resemble 368 Mr Charles Moore's Sketch of the those of the genus Areca, but their carpological characters would indicate that they belong to the genus Kentia of Blume, which is not surprising, as all the palms of New Caledonia (eight species) are referable to this genus ; but until fully developed flowers of all the kinds are obtained, the genus or genera to which they may belong cannot with certainty be determined.
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