Univerzita Palackého V Olomouci Filozofická Fakulta Witold Lutosławski a Varšavský Podzim V Zrcadle Dobového Tisku V Letec

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Univerzita Palackého V Olomouci Filozofická Fakulta Witold Lutosławski a Varšavský Podzim V Zrcadle Dobového Tisku V Letec UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra muzikologie WITOLD LUTOSŁAWSKI A VARŠAVSKÝ PODZIM V ZRCADLE DOBOVÉHO TISKU V LETECH 1956–1994 WITOLD LUTOSŁAWSKI AND WARSAW AUTUMN IN THE MIRROR OF CONTEMPORARY PRESS BETWEEN THE YEARS 1956–1994 Diplomová práce Autor: Adéla Koryťáková Vedoucí práce: Doc. PhDr. Jiří Kopecký, Ph.D. Olomouc 2015 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci na téma: „Witold Lutosławski a Varšavský podzim v zrcadle dobového tisku v letech 1956–1994“ vypracovala samostatně pod odborným dohledem vedoucího diplomové práce a uvedla jsem všechny použité podklady a literaturu. V Olomouci dne .................... Podpis ....................................... Poděkování Mé poděkování patří především doc. PhDr. Jiřímu Kopeckému, Ph.D., za odborné vedení práce, podporu a obrovskou trpělivost, za čas, který mi věnoval a zejména za množství cenných podnětů a rad. Dále pak všem organizacím a jednotlivým osobám, které mi podaly pomocnou ruku, poskytly cenné rady, informace a prameny i literaturu, bez kterých by diplomová práce nemohla vzniknout. Poděkování samozřejmě také rodičům a příteli za velkou podporu v době studií. OBSAH OBSAH ......................................................................................................................................... 4 ÚVOD ........................................................................................................................................... 6 STAV BÁDÁNÍ ............................................................................................................................ 9 1. ŽIVOT WITOLDA LUTOSŁAWSKÉHO ............................................................................. 16 1.1 Rodinné zázemí a kulturní a dobový kontext .................................................................... 16 1.1.1 Rodina ........................................................................................................................ 16 1.1.2 Dětství ........................................................................................................................ 17 1.1.3 Vzdělání ..................................................................................................................... 19 1.1.4 Předválečné období .................................................................................................... 22 1.1.5 Válka, německá a sovětská okupace .......................................................................... 25 1.1.6 Závěr života ................................................................................................................ 33 1.2 Vrstevníci a okolí .............................................................................................................. 35 1.3 Lutosławski v českém prostředí ........................................................................................ 46 2. DÍLO WITOLDA LUTOSŁAWSKÉHO ............................................................................... 62 2.1 Kompozice zakořeněná v tradici ....................................................................................... 65 2.2 Novátorská kompozice ...................................................................................................... 68 2.3 Shrnutí ............................................................................................................................... 70 3. VARŠAVSKÝ PODZIM ........................................................................................................ 72 3.1 Počátek .............................................................................................................................. 72 3.2 Festival v minulosti ........................................................................................................... 74 3.3 Dnešní pohled ................................................................................................................... 78 3.4 Shrnutí ............................................................................................................................... 79 4. ČASOPISY ............................................................................................................................. 80 4.1 Hudební rozhledy .............................................................................................................. 80 4.2 Ruch Muzyczny ................................................................................................................ 82 5. REFLEXE V HUDEBNÍCH PERIODIKÁCH ....................................................................... 84 5.1 Období 1956–1965 ............................................................................................................ 84 5.2. Období 1966–1975 ......................................................................................................... 108 5.3 Období 1976–1985 .......................................................................................................... 125 5.4. Období 1986–1994 ......................................................................................................... 149 ZÁVĚR ..................................................................................................................................... 163 RESUMÉ .................................................................................................................................. 176 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 177 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG .......................................................................................................... 178 ANOTACE................................................................................................................................ 179 SOUPIS PRAMENŮ A LITERATURY .................................................................................. 181 SEZNAM PŘÍLOH ................................................................................................................... 187 ÚVOD Tématem předkládané diplomové práce je osobnost Witolda Lutosławského. Osobnost, jež neustále překračuje svou dobu, a osobnost, jež svou prací inspirovala mnohé další skladatele, a to jak skladatele zahraniční, tak i české. Na poli české hudební vědy sice vznikly práce věnované tomuto velikánovi, soustřeďují se však především na vybranou oblast jeho kompoziční tvorby.1 Je poněkud zarážející, že komplexnější zevrubná publikace, která by se zaměřovala na život, dílo či estetiku tohoto skladatele v Česku zatím nevznikla a ani nebyla vydána. Proto jsou do práce začleněny mj. dvě kapitoly, věnované životu a dílu Witolda Lutosławského. Životopisná kapitola je v podstatě kompilací z publikovaných prací o životě skladatele a přináší podrobnější informace o jeho osudech, ale i tvorbě. Rozdělena je do tří podkapitol. Rodinné zázemí a kulturní a dobový kontext nás seznamuje s Lutosławského životními osudy. Druhá, Vrstevníci a okolí, přináší informace o významných, převážně polských osobnostech, hudebních institucích a událostech. A nakonec třetí kapitola nazvaná Lutosławski v českém prostředí reflektuje povědomí o Lutosławském v tehdejším Československu s ohledem na dobové podmínky s využitím korespondence s českými skladateli. Kapitola je do práce zařazena pro hlubší poznání tak významného skladatele. Další část zaměřená na skladatelovu tvorbu v podstatě informuje o jeho dílech a kompozičních procesech. Viníka jistého zpomalení v recepci a celkové informovanosti o Lutosławského hudbě budeme hledat jen těžko, je ale průkazné, že první výsledky bádání o Lutosławského osobností se v Polsku i ve světě objevovaly již v sedmdesátých letech 20. století, v českém prostředí je pak nacházíme s téměř dvacetiletým zpožděním. V tomto zpoždění se mimo jiné odráží také politické události. Proto předkládáme práci komplexnější s pasážemi, věnovanými jak životu, tak dílu a zároveň také kapitolami, přinášejícími výsledek naší badatelské činnosti, tedy 1 Kordík, Pavel: Witold Lutosławski: Le livre pour orchestre, dipl. práce FF UK, Praha 1999. Filípek, Štěpán: Witold Lutoslawski a jeho dílo pro violoncello, dipl. práce HF JAMU, Brno 2007. Načevski, Goran: Vývoj skladatelské techniky Witolda Lutosławského a její přínos k vývoji hudební řeči druhé poloviny 20. století, diser. práce HAMU, Praha 2006. Juřenová, Květa: Klavírní skladby inspirované Paganiniho capricciem a moll, dipl. práce PdF UP, Olomouc 2011. Vomlelová, Helena: Klavírní dílo Witolda Lutosławského, dipl. práce FU OSU, Ostrava 2009. 6 vyhodnocení recepce Lutosławského díla, kterou jsme získali skrze reflexi dobových periodik pocházejících z období, kdy Witold Lutosławski byl uznávaným skladatelem. Konkrétně ze dvou časopisů, zasvěcených hudebně-kulturnímu dění, českým Hudebním rozhledům a polskému Ruchu Muzycznému. Oba časopisy jsou edičně kontinuální a na základě této plynulosti z nich můžeme vyvozovat poměrně ucelený závěr a dobový pohled na Lutosławského osobnost. Bylo by však velmi přínosné zjistit, proč Lutosławski byl, jak mnozí pamětníci uvádí, tak inspirativní osobností a jakými prostředky mohl tyto, nejen české, skladatele nepřímo ovlivňovat. Následující část práce se soustřeďuje na festival Varšavský podzim, založený v roce 1956, v době, kdy došlo v Lutosławského kompozičním stylu ke zlomu. Některá Lutosławského díla byla na festivalu dokonce premiérována. Sám Lutosławski je pak s festivalem několikrát spojován – jako skladatel, dirigent nebo jako člen repertoárové komise. Za nejcennější informační zdroj v tomto případě
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