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NEWSLETTER 2017•Issue 2
NEWSLETTER 2017•Issue 2 page 2 Deep dermatophytosis page 4 Deep dermatophytosis: A case report page 5 Fereydounia khargensis: A new and uncommon opportunistic yeast from Malaysia page 6 Itraconazole: A quick guide for clinicians Visit us at AFWGonline.com and sign up for updates Editors’ welcome Dr Mitzi M Chua Dr Ariya Chindamporn Adult Infectious Disease Specialist Associate Professor Associate Professor Department of Microbiology Department of Microbiology & Parasitology Faculty of Medicine Cebu Institute of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Cebu City, Philippines Bangkok, Thailand This year we celebrate the 8th year of AFWG: 8 years of pursuing excellence in medical mycology throughout the region; 8 years of sharing expertise and encouraging like-minded professionals to join us in our mission. We are happy to once again share some educational articles from our experts and keep you updated on our activities through this issue. Deep dermatophytosis may be a rare skin infection, but late diagnosis or ineffective treatment may lead to mortality in some cases. This issue of the AFWG newsletter focuses on this fungal infection that usually occurs in immunosuppressed individuals. Dr Pei-Lun Sun takes us through the basics of deep dermatophytosis, presenting data from published studies, and emphasizes the importance of treating superficial tinea infections before starting immunosuppressive treatment. Dr Ruojun Wang and Professor Ruoyu Li share a case of deep dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum. In this issue, we also feature a new fungus, Fereydounia khargensis, first discovered in 2014. Ms Ratna Mohd Tap and Dr Fairuz Amran present 2 cases of F. khargensis and show how PCR sequencing is crucial to correct identification of this uncommon yeast. -
Introduction to Mycology
INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY The term "mycology" is derived from Greek word "mykes" meaning mushroom. Therefore mycology is the study of fungi. The ability of fungi to invade plant and animal tissue was observed in early 19th century but the first documented animal infection by any fungus was made by Bassi, who in 1835 studied the muscardine disease of silkworm and proved the that the infection was caused by a fungus Beauveria bassiana. In 1910 Raymond Sabouraud published his book Les Teignes, which was a comprehensive study of dermatophytic fungi. He is also regarded as father of medical mycology. Importance of fungi: Fungi inhabit almost every niche in the environment and humans are exposed to these organisms in various fields of life. Beneficial Effects of Fungi: 1. Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling. 2. Biosynthetic factories. The fermentation property is used for the industrial production of alcohols, fats, citric, oxalic and gluconic acids. 3. Important sources of antibiotics, such as Penicillin. 4. Model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies. Eg: Neurospora crassa 5. Saccharomyces cerviciae is extensively used in recombinant DNA technology, which includes the Hepatitis B Vaccine. 6. Some fungi are edible (mushrooms). 7. Yeasts provide nutritional supplements such as vitamins and cofactors. 8. Penicillium is used to flavour Roquefort and Camembert cheeses. 9. Ergot produced by Claviceps purpurea contains medically important alkaloids that help in inducing uterine contractions, controlling bleeding and treating migraine. 10. Fungi (Leptolegnia caudate and Aphanomyces laevis) are used to trap mosquito larvae in paddy fields and thus help in malaria control. Harmful Effects of Fungi: 1. -
Antifungal Topical Step Therapy Policy 1380-D 06-2017 (1) ©2017 CVS Caremark
STEP THERAPY CRITERIA DRUG CLASS TOPICAL ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS (BRAND PRODUCTS ONLY) BRAND NAME (generic) ECOZA (econazole) ERTACZO (sertaconazole) EXELDERM (sulconazole nitrate) LOPROX (ciclopirox shampoo) LOTRISONE (clotrimazole/betamethasone) LUZU (luliconazole) MENTAX (butenafine) NAFTIN (naftifine) OXISTAT (oxiconazole) VUSION (miconazole/zinc oxide/white petrolatum) XOLEGEL (ketoconazole) Status: CVS Caremark Criteria Type: Initial Step Therapy; Post Step Therapy Prior Authorization Antifungal Topical Step Therapy Policy 1380-D 06-2017 (1) ©2017 CVS Caremark. All rights reserved. This document contains confidential and proprietary information of CVS Caremark and cannot be reproduced, distributed or printed without written permission from CVS Caremark. This document contains references to brand-name prescription drugs that are trademarks or registered trademarks of pharmaceutical manufacturers not affiliated with CVS Caremark. 1 POLICY FDA-APPROVED INDICATIONS Ecoza Ecoza topical 1% foam is indicated for the treatment of interdigital tinea pedis caused by Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum in patients 12 years of age and older. Ertaczo Ertaczo 2% cream is indicated for the topical treatment of interdigital tinea pedis in immunocompetent patients 12 years of age and older, caused by: Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum. Exelderm Exelderm 1% cream is indicated for the treatment of tinea pedis (athlete’s foot), tinea cruris, and tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Microsporum canis, and for the treatment of tinea versicolor. Exelderm 1% solution is indicated for the treatment of tinea cruris and tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Microsporum canis; and for the treatment of tinea versicolor. Effectiveness has not been proven in tinea pedis (athlete’s foot). -
Essential Oils of Lamiaceae Family Plants As Antifungals
biomolecules Review Essential Oils of Lamiaceae Family Plants as Antifungals Tomasz M. Karpi ´nski Department of Medical Microbiology, Pozna´nUniversity of Medical Sciences, Wieniawskiego 3, 61-712 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +48-61-854-61-38 Received: 3 December 2019; Accepted: 6 January 2020; Published: 7 January 2020 Abstract: The incidence of fungal infections has been steadily increasing in recent years. Systemic mycoses are characterized by the highest mortality. At the same time, the frequency of infections caused by drug-resistant strains and new pathogens e.g., Candida auris increases. An alternative to medicines may be essential oils, which can have a broad antimicrobial spectrum. Rich in the essential oils are plants from the Lamiaceae family. In this review are presented antifungal activities of essential oils from 72 Lamiaceae plants. More than half of these have good activity (minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) < 1000 µg/mL) against fungi. The best activity (MICs < 100) have essential oils from some species of the genera Clinopodium, Lavandula, Mentha, Thymbra, and Thymus. In some cases were observed significant discrepancies between different studies. In the review are also shown the most important compounds of described essential oils. To the chemical components most commonly found as the main ingredients include β-caryophyllene (41 plants), linalool (27 plants), limonene (26), β-pinene (25), 1,8-cineole (22), carvacrol (21), α-pinene (21), p-cymene (20), γ-terpinene (20), and thymol (20). Keywords: Labiatae; fungi; Aspergillus; Cryptococcus; Penicillium; dermatophytes; β-caryophyllene; sesquiterpene; monoterpenes; minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 1. Introduction Fungal infections belong to the most often diseases of humans. -
Characterization of Keratinophilic Fungal
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 18 September 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0236.v2 CHARACTERIZATION OF KERATINOPHILIC FUNGAL SPECIES AND OTHER NON-DERMATOPHYTES IN HAIR AND NAIL SAMPLES IN RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA Suaad S. Alwakeel Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 285876 , Riyadh 11323, Saudi Arabia Telephone: +966505204715 Email: <[email protected]> < [email protected]> ABSTRACT The presence of fungal species on skin and hair is a known finding in many mammalian species and humans are no exception. Superficial fungal infections are sometimes a chronic and recurring condition that affects approximately 10-20% of the world‟s population. However, most species that are isolated from humans tend to occur as co-existing flora. This study was conducted to determine the diversity of fungal species from the hair and nails of 24 workers in the central region of Saudi Arabia. Male workers from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were recruited for this study and samples were obtained from their nails and hair for mycological analysis using Sabouraud‟s agar and sterile wet soil. A total of 26 species belonging to 19 fungal genera were isolated from the 24 hair samples. Chaetomium globosum was the most commonly isolated fungal species followed by Emericella nidulans, Cochliobolus neergaardii and Penicillium oxalicum. Three fungal species were isolated only from nail samples, namely, Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Penicillium chrysogenum. This study demonstrates the presence of numerous fungal species that are not previously described from hair and nails in Saudi Arabia. The ability of these fungi to grow on and degrade keratinaceous materials often facilitates their role to cause skin, hair and nail infections in workers and other persons subjected to fungal spores and hyphae. -
Clinical Policy: Topical Agents: Anti-Fungals Reference Number: OH.PHAR.PPA.90 Effective Date: 01/01/2020 Revision Log Last Review Date: Line of Business: Medicaid
Clinical Policy: Topical Agents: Anti-Fungals Reference Number: OH.PHAR.PPA.90 Effective Date: 01/01/2020 Revision Log Last Review Date: Line of Business: Medicaid See Important Reminder at the end of this policy for important regulatory and legal information. Description NO PA REQUIRED “PREFERRED” PA REQUIRED “NON-PREFERRED” CICLOPIROX cream, gel, topical suspension, shampoo CICLOPIROX kit (generic of CNL® Nail lacquer kit) (generic of Loprox®) ERTACZO® (sertaconazole) CICLOPIROX solution (generic of Penlac®) EXELDERM® (sulconazole) CLOTRIMAZOLE (generic of Lotrimin®) JUBLIA® solution (efinaconazole) CLOTRIMAZOLE/BETAMETHASONE (generic of KERYDIN® solution (tavaborole) Lotrisone®) KETOCONAZOLE foam(generic of Extina®) ECONAZOLE (generic of Spectazole®) LUZU® (luliconazole) KETOCONAZOLE cream & shampoo (generic of Kuric®, MENTAX® (butenafine) Nizoral®) NAFTIFINE CREAM MICONAZOLE NAFTIN® GEL (naftifine) NYSTATIN OXICONAZOLE (generic of OXISTAT®) NYSTATIN/TRIAMCINOLONE PEDIADERM AF® cream (nystatin) TERBINAFINE (generic of Lamisil®) VUSION® ointment (miconazole/zinc) TOLNAFTATE (generic of Tinactin®) FDA approved indication(s) Ciclopirox is indicated for: • Topical treatment of mild to moderate onychomycosis of fingernails and toenails without lunula involvement, due to Trichophyton rubrum in immunocompetent patients (Penlac®, Ciclodan Nail Lacquer®) • Topical treatment of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp (Loprox®) • Topical treatment of tinea corporis, tinea cruris, or tinea pedis (Epidermophyton floccosum; Microsporum canis; Trichophyton -
The New Species Concept in Dermatophytes—A Polyphasic Approach
Mycopathologia DOI 10.1007/s11046-008-9099-y The New Species Concept in Dermatophytes—a Polyphasic Approach Yvonne Gra¨ser Æ James Scott Æ Richard Summerbell Received: 15 October 2007 / Accepted: 30 January 2008 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008 Abstract The dermatophytes are among the most among these are the cosmopolitan bane of nails and frequently observed organisms in biomedicine, yet feet, Trichophyton rubrum, and the endemic African there has never been stability in the taxonomy, agent of childhood tinea capitis, Trichophyton identification and naming of the approximately 25 soudanense, which are effectively inseparable in all pathogenic species involved. Since the identification analyses. The molecular data require some reinter- of these species is often epidemiologically and pretation of results seen in conventional phenotypic ethically important, the difficulties in dermatophyte tests, but in most cases, phylogenetic insight is identification are a fruitful topic for modern molec- readily integrated with current laboratory testing ular biological investigation, done in tandem with procedures. renewed investigation of phenotypic characters. Molecular phylogenetic analyses such as multilocus Keywords Dermatophytes Á Taxonomy Á sequence typing have had to be tailored to accom- Molecular identification Á modate differing the mechanisms of speciation that Morphological identification Á Species concept have produced the dermatophytes that are commonly seen today. Even so, some biotypes that were unambiguously considered species in the past, based Introduction: Why Dermatophyte Biosystematics on profound differences in morphology and pattern of and Identification are Important (Medical infection, appear consistently not to be distinct and Scientific Aspects) species in modern molecular analyses. Most notable The dermatophytes belong to the small category of disease organisms that almost every human alive will Y. -
How Much Human Ringworm Is Zoophilic? Mcphee A, Cherian S, Robson J Adapted from Poster Produced for the Zoonoses Conference 25–26 July 2014 Brisbane
How much human ringworm is zoophilic? McPhee A, Cherian S, Robson J Adapted from poster produced for the Zoonoses Conference 25–26 July 2014 Brisbane Introduction Epidermophyton floccosum Humans Common Dermatophytes can be the cause of common infections in both Trichophyton rubrum [worldwide] Humans Very common humans and animals. The source of human infection may be Trichophyton rubrum [African] Humans Less common anthropophilic (human), geophilic (soil) or zoophilic (animal). Trichophyton interdigitale Anthropophilic Humans Common Zoophilic dermatophyte infections usually elicit a strong host [anthropophilic] response on the skin where there is contact with the infective Trichophyton tonsurans Humans Common animal or contaminated fomites. Table 1 illustrates the range of Trichophyton violaceum Humans Less common dermatophytes that are isolated from the mycology laboratory Microsporum audouinii Humans Less common and grouped by source of acquisition. Microsporum gypseum Soil Common Geophilic Microsporum nanum Soil/Pigs Rare Guinea pigs, Aim Trichophyton interdigitale [zoophilic] Common kangaroos To characterize and compare zoophilic with non-zoophilic Microsporum canis Cats Common dermatophyte human infections isolated at Sullivan Nicolaides Zoophilic Trichophyton verrucosum Cattle Rare Pathology (SNP) for the year 2013. Trichophyton equinum Horses Rare Microsporum nanum Soil/pigs Rare Method Table 1: Classification of dermatophytes according to source Superficial fungal cultures submitted in 2013 to Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology were reviewed. This laboratory services Queensland and extends into New South Wales as far south as Coffs Harbour. Specimens include skin scrapings, skin biopsies, nails and involved hair. All cutaneous samples (Figure 1) submitted for fungal culture receive direct examination using Calcofluor white/Evans Blue/ KOH/Glycerol under fluorescent and/or light microscopy (Figure 2) and cultured. -
Serious Fungal Infections in Portugal
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis DOI 10.1007/s10096-017-2930-y ORIGINAL ARTICLE Serious fungal infections in Portugal R. Sabino1 & C. Verissímo 1 & J. Brandão1 & C. Martins2 & D. Alves2 & C. Pais3 & D. W. Denning4 Received: 21 December 2016 /Accepted: 21 December 2016 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017 Abstract There is a lack of knowledge on the epidemiology aspergillosis after tuberculosis (TB) is 194 cases, whereas its of fungal infections worldwide because there are no reporting prevalence for all underlying pulmonary conditions was 776 obligations. The aim of this study was to estimate the burden patients. Asthma is common (10% in adults) and we estimate of fungal disease in Portugal as part of a global fungal burden 16,614 and 12,600 people with severe asthma with fungal project. Most published epidemiology papers reporting fungal sensitisation and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, re- infection rates from Portugal were identified. Where no data spectively. Sixty-five patients develop Pneumocystis pneumo- existed, specific populations at risk and fungal infection fre- nia in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and 13 quencies in those populations were used in order to estimate develop cryptococcosis. Overall, we estimate a total number national incidence or prevalence, depending on the condition. of 1,695,514 fungal infections starting each year in Portugal. An estimated 1,510,391 persons develop a skin or nail fungal infection each year. The second most common fungal infec- tion in Portugal is recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, with an Introduction estimated 150,700 women (15–50 years of age) suffering from it every year. In human immunodeficiency virus Despite their growing importance, many fungal infections (HIV)-infected people, oral or oesophageal candidiasis rates have been neglected all over the world until recently. -
Ketoconazole Cream, 2% Rx Only
KETOCONAZOLE- ketoconazole cream RPK Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ---------- Ketoconazole Cream, 2% Rx only DESCRIPTION Ketoconazole cream, 2% contains the broad-spectrum synthetic antifungal agent, ketoconazole 2%, formulated in an aqueous cream vehicle consisting of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), cetyl alcohol, isopropyl myristate, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, purified water, sorbitan monostearate and stearyl alcohol. Ketoconazole is cis-1-acetyl-4-[4-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan- 4-yl]methoxy]phenyl] piperazine and has the following structural formula: Molecular Formula: C26H28Cl2N4O4 Molecular Weight: 531.43 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY When ketoconazole cream, 2% was applied dermally to intact or abraded skin of beagle dogs for 28 consecutive days at a dose of 80 mg, there were no detectable plasma levels using an assay method having a lower detection limit of 2 ng/mL. After a single topical application to the chest, back and arms of normal volunteers, systemic absorption of ketoconazole was not detected at the 5 ng/mL level in blood over a 72-hour period. Two dermal irritancy studies, a human sensitization test, a phototoxicity study and a photoallergy study conducted in 38 male and 62 female volunteers showed no contact sensitization of the delayed hypersensitivity type, no irritation, no phototoxicity and no photoallergenic potential due to ketoconazole cream, 2%. Microbiology Ketoconazole is a broad spectrum synthetic antifungal agent which inhibits the in vitro growth of the following common dermatophytes and yeasts by altering the permeability of the cell membrane: dermatophytes: Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, Microsporum canis, M. audouini, M. gypseum and Epidermophyton floccosum; yeasts: Candida albicans, Malassezia ovale (Pityrosporum ovale) and C. -
Prospects for Fungus Identification Using CO1 DNA Barcodes, with Penicillium As a Test Case
Prospects for fungus identification using CO1 DNA barcodes, with Penicillium as a test case Keith A. Seifert*†, Robert A. Samson‡, Jeremy R. deWaard§, Jos Houbraken‡, C. Andre´ Le´ vesque*, Jean-Marc Moncalvo¶, Gerry Louis-Seize*, and Paul D. N. Hebert§ *Biodiversity (Mycology and Botany), Environmental Sciences, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6; ‡Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands; §Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1; and ¶Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 2C6 Communicated by Daniel H. Janzen, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, January 3, 2007 (received for review September 11, 2006) DNA barcoding systems employ a short, standardized gene region large ribosomal subunit (2), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) to identify species. A 648-bp segment of mitochondrial cytochrome cistron (e.g., refs. 3 and 4), partial -tubulin A (BenA) gene c oxidase 1 (CO1) is the core barcode region for animals, but its sequences (5), or partial elongation factor 1-␣ (EF-1␣) se- utility has not been tested in fungi. This study began with an quences (6), and sometimes other protein-coding genes. examination of patterns of sequence divergences in this gene The concept of DNA barcoding proposes that effective, broad region for 38 fungal taxa with full CO1 sequences. Because these spectrum identification systems can be based on sequence results suggested that CO1 could be effective in species recogni- diversity in short, standardized gene regions (7–9). To date, this tion, we designed primers for a 545-bp fragment of CO1 and premise has been tested most extensively in the animal kingdom, generated sequences for multiple strains from 58 species of Pen- where a 648-bp region of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) gene icillium subgenus Penicillium and 12 allied species. -
Topical Management of Superficial Fungal Infections: Focus on Sertaconazole James Q
BENCH TOP TO BEDSIDE Topical Management of Superficial Fungal Infections: Focus on Sertaconazole James Q. Del Rosso, DO; Joseph Bikowski, MD ertaconazole, a topical azole antifungal agent, be causative organisms of cutaneous dermatophyte infec- exhibits a dual antifungal mechanism of action, tions.4 M canis, a zoophilic organism, may be a cause of S antibacterial activity, and anti-inflammatory prop- cutaneous dermatophytosis in adults and children, or of erties and demonstrates a broad spectrum of activity tinea capitis primarily in children, when there is exposure against numerous fungal pathogens. Topical sertacon- to an infected animal, usually a cat.7,8 azole is efficacious and safe in the treatment of cutaneous The most common yeasts involved in causing super- dermatophytosis, tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor), ficial mycotic infections in the United States are cutaneous candidiasis, mucosal candidiasis, intertrigo, Candida albicans, associated with several cutaneous and seborrheic dermatitis. Pharmacokinetic properties and mucosal presentations of candidiasis, such as demonstrate an epidermal reservoir effect posttreatment. vulvovaginitis, oral thrush, perlèche, intertrigo, and Sertaconazole has proven to be both safe and well toler- paronychia, and Malassezia furfur, the causative organ- ated, basedCOS on available data worldwide. DERMism of tinea versicolor.3,4,9,10 Superficial fungal infections are commonly encoun- tered in office-based dermatologic practice, are estimated Important Clinical Considerations to affect up