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For further information contact the University’s Copyright Service. sydney.edu.au/copyright A Comparative Study of West Slope Pottery Productions in the Hellenistic World
Elizabeth A. Bollen
Volume 1.2
Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Sydney 2004 Contents
Volume 1.1
Acknowledgements ...... ix
Abstract ...... xi
Ch. 1 An Introduction to West Slope Pottery .... 1 1.1 Historical Setting ...... 1 1.2 Definition of West Slope Pottery. .... 4 1.2.1 The name ...... 4 1.2.2 The technique ...... 5 1.2.3 Origin of West Slope pottery . . . . 7 1.2.4 Attribution ...... 13 1.2.5 Iconography ...... 14 1.2.6 Non-painted decorative techniques . . . 15 a. Stamping . . . . . 15 b. Rouletting . . . . . 15 c. Mould-made techniques . . . 16 d. Ribbing . . . . . 17 e. Grooves and reserved bands . . 18 1.2.7 Eastern Sigillata . . . . . 18 1.3 Functional Setting ...... 20 1.3.1 The function of West Slope vessels . . . 20 1.3.2 The relationship with non-ceramic vessels . . 22 1.4 Geographical Setting ...... 27 1.5 Chronological Setting ...... 29 1.6 Structure of Thesis ...... 32 Table 1: Map reference . . . . 35 Table 2: Prefix code for catalogue . . . 36 1.7 Introduction to the Methods of Research . . . . 37
Ch. 2 History of Research and Chronology .... 46
■ 2.x. 1 History of Research ■ 2.X.2 Chronology
Section One: City Productions 2.1 Athens ...... 46 2.2 Corinth ...... 48 2.3 Eretria ...... 51 2.4 Knossos ...... 53 2.5 Rhodes ...... 55 2.6 Ephesos ...... 57
i 2.7 Pergamon . 59 Section Two: Regional Productions 2.8 Northern Greece ...... 62 2.9 Epiros/Illyria ...... 65 2.10 Central Greece ...... 67 2.11 Ionian Islands ...... 70 2.12 Peloponnese ...... 71 2.13 Aegean Islands ...... 73 2.14 Crete ...... 76 2.15 Asia Minor Various ...... 77 2.16 Near East ...... 80 2.17 C y p ru s...... 84 2.18 Egypt ...... 86 2.19 Africa ...... 88 2.20 Black Sea Coast ...... 89
Ch. 3 M otifs...... 91 3.1 Natural Motifs ...... 91 3.1.1 I v y ...... 91 3.1.2 Elongated leaves ..... 92 3.1.3 Grapevine ...... 93 3.1.4 Palmette chain...... 94 3.1.5 Flower chain ...... 95 3.1.6 Volute garland...... 95 3.1.7 Wavy dot garland ..... 96 3.1.8 Scrolling tendrils ..... 97 3.1.9 Circular wreath ..... 97 3.1.10 Single standing branch .... 99 3.1.11 Palmette ...... 100 3.1.12 Star flower ...... 102 3.1.13 Lotus bud ...... 104 3.1.14 Grapes ...... 105 3.1.15 Wheat...... 106 3.1.16 Single leaves ...... 107 3.1.17 Single standing flower . . . . 107 3.1.18 T e n d r i l ...... 108 3.1.19 Volute...... 108 3.1.20 S e e d p o d ...... 109 3.1.21 D o l p h i n ...... 109 3.1.22 B i r d ...... 110 3.1.23 Animal ...... 113 3.1.24 Human figure ...... 115 3.2 Manmade motifs ...... 116 3.2.1 Spearhead necklace . . . . . 116
li 3.2.2 Charm necklace . . . . . 118 3.2.3 Dot necklace ...... 119 3.2.4 Ribbon and bow . . . . . 120 3.2.5 Woollen fillet ...... 122 3.2.6 Boukranion ...... 123 3.2.7 Cornucopia ...... 124 3.2.8 Thymiaterion ...... 125 3.2.9 Torch ...... 125 3.2.10 Tripod ...... 126 3.2.11 Vessel ...... 127 3.2.12 Musical instrument . . . . . 128 3.2.13 lynx ...... 129 3.2.14 Isis crown ...... 129 3.2.15 Isis knot ...... 130 3.2.16 Vertical scroll ...... 130 3.3 Geometric motifs ...... 131 3.3.1 Concentric rectangles . . . . . 131 3.3.2 Checkerboard ...... 133 3.3.3 Lattice...... 134 3.3.4 Meander ...... 136 3.3.5 Net-pattern ...... 137 3.3.6 Imbricate leaves ..... 138 3.3.7 S c a l l o p s ...... 138 3.3.8 Bead and reel ...... 139 3.3.9 Egg and dart ...... 141 3.3.10 Wave pattern ...... 142 3.3.11 C ross...... 144 3.3.12 Elaborate cross ..... 144 3.3.13 Quartered rectangle . . . . . 145 3.3.14 Quartered circle . . . . . 146 3.3.15 Thunderbolt...... 147 3.3.16 Teardrops ...... 147 3.3.17 Chevrons ...... 148 3.3.18 R a y s ...... 149 3.3.19 Strokes ...... 150 3.3.20 Bands...... 151 3.3.21 Pseudo ribbing . . . . . 152 3.3.22 Dot rosette ...... 152 3.3.23 Dot rectangle ...... 154 3.3.24 Dot triangle ...... 154 3.3.25 Wavy line ...... 155 3.3.26 Zigzag...... 155 3.3.27 Row of dots ...... 156 3.3.28 Inscription ...... 159
m Chs. 4- 6 Shapes Function of vessels o Shape o a-e. ■ City production ■ Regional production ■ Imports ■ Various ■ Summary
Ch. 4 Drinking vessels 162 4.1 Classical Drinking Vessels . . . . . 164 4.1.1 Classical kantharos, plain rim . . . 164 4.1.2 Classical kantharos, moulded rim . . . 173 4.1.3 Cup kantharos, plain rim . . . . 178 4.1.4 Cup kantharos, tall stem . . . . 183 4.1.5 Classical kantharos, strap handles, turned foot . 185 4.1.6 Classical kantharos, thorn. . . . . 190 4.1.7 Calyx cup ...... 196 4.1.8 Cup kantharos, bowl-shaped, Classical . . 199 4.1.9 Cup kantharos, bowl-shaped, Hellenistic (and related) 202 4.1.10 Skyphos, Corinthian ..... 208 4.1.11 Beaker...... 210 4.1.12 Boisai...... 212 4.2 Hellenistic Kantharoi ...... 215 4.2.1 Hellenistic kantharos, straight-walled . . 216 4.2.2 Hellenistic kantharos, one-piece . . . 219 4.2.3 Hellenistic kantharos, baggy .... 226 4.2.4 Hellenistic kantharos, angular. . . . 231 4.2.5 Hellenistic kantharos, S-swung . . . 240 4.2.6 Hellenistic kantharos, cyma .... 247 4.2.7 Hellenistic kantharos, low foot, plain rim . . 252 4.2.8 Hellenistic kantharos, low foot, moulded rim . 256 4.2.9 Hellenistic kantharos, various. . . . 259 4.2.10 Kantharos, fragments ..... 264 4.3 Hemispherical Bowls ...... 265 4.3.1 Bolster cup ...... 266 4.3.2 Hemispherical bowl, mould-made feet . . 268 4.3.3 Hemispherical bowl, conical profile . . . 273 4.3.4 Hemispherical bowl, out-turned rim . . . 287 4.3.5 Hemispherical bowl, mould-made (and imitations) . 290 4.3.6 Hemispherical bowl, moulded medallion . . 293 4.3.7 Hemispherical bowl, footed .... 297 4.3.8 Hemispherical bowl, net-pattern . . . 300
IV 4.3.9 Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration, strap handles 304 4.3.10 Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration, fragments . 309 4.4 Second Century Drinking Vessels .... 316 4.4.1 Skyphos, Pergamene variation A . . . 316 4.4.2 Skyphos, Pergamene variation B . . . 319 4.4.3 Skyphos, Pergamene variation C . . . 321 4.4.4 Skyphos, Pergamene (variations and fragments) . 323 4.4.5 Knidian cup, imitation and related . . . 324 4.4.6 Pergamene cup ..... 327
Ch. 5 Serving Vessels ...... 329 5.1 Food Service ...... 331 5.1.1 Spool salt cellar . . . . . 331 5.1.2 Plates...... 333 5.2 Kraters ...... 351 5.2.1 Krater, bell ...... 352 5.2.2 Krater, calyx ...... 355 5.2.3 Krater, bolster ...... 357 5.2.4 Krater, lug-handled . . . . . 361 5.2.5 Krater, concave neck . . . . . 366 5.2.6 Krater, lekane ...... 371 5.2.7 Krater, various...... 373 5.3 Amphorae and Pouring Vessels ..... 378 5.3.1 Amphora ...... 379 5.3.2 Chous ...... 398 5.3.3 West Slope oinochoe ..... 401 5.3.4 Oinochoe, thin neck ..... 407 5.3.5 Situla...... 411 5.3.6 Guttus ...... 413 5.3.7 Lagynos (and related) ..... 420 5.3.8 Double cruet ...... 425 5.3.9 Pouring vessels, other. .... 430
Ch. 6 Toiletry Vessels ...... 434 6.1 Pyxis ...... 435 6.1.1 Pyxis type A (and related) .... 436 6.1.2 Pyxis type B ...... 439 6.1.3 Pyxis type C related ..... 456 6.2 Lidded lekanis ...... 458 6.2.1 Reversible lid ...... 458 6.2.2 Lekanis ...... 466 6.3 Lebes Gamikos ...... 468 6.4 Unguentarium...... 472
v Volume 1.2 Ch. 7 Characteristics of City Productions . . . . . 477 o 7.x City a. Fabric b. Glaze o 7.x. 1 West Slope shapes o 7.X.2 West Slope motifs o 7.x.3 Influence/influences 7.1 Athens ...... 477 7.2 Corinth ...... 484 7.3 Eretria...... 489 7.4 Knossos ...... 493 7.5 Rhodes ...... 498 7.6 Ephesos ...... 503 7.7 Pergamon ...... 508
Ch. 8 Characteristics of Regional Productions 514 o 8.x Region o 8.x. 1 Cohesion of region o 8.x.2 Productions in region o 8.x.3 Influence/influences 8.1 Northern Greece ...... 514 8.2 Epiros/Illyria ...... 519 8.3 Central Greece ...... 523 8.4 Ionian Islands ...... 530 8.5 Peloponnese ...... 533 8.6 Aegean Islands ...... 538 8.7 Crete ...... 544 8.8 Asia Minor Various ...... 548 8.9 Near East ...... 554 o 8.9.4 Inland Near East summary .... 562 8.10 Cyprus ...... 564 8.11 Egypt ...... 568 8.12 Africa ...... 571 8.13 Black Sea Coast ...... 574
Ch. 9 Conclusion 580 I. Appendix: Regional Clay and Glazes ..... 589 1.1 Northern Greece ..... 589 1.11 Epiros/Illyria ...... 591 1.11 Central Greece ..... 592 I.iv Ionian Islands ...... 594 I.v Peloponnese ...... 595 I.vi Aegean Islands ..... 596 I.vii Crete ...... 598 I.viii Asia Minor Various ..... 599 I.ix Near East ...... 602 I.x Cyprus ...... 605 I.xi Egypt ...... 606 I.xii Africa ...... 606 l. xiii Black Sea Coast ..... 607
II. Lists ...... 608 11.1 Motifs ...... 609 11.11 Drinking vessels ..... 628 11.111 Serving vessels . . . . . 641 II.iv Toiletry vessels ..... 648 II.v Imports by origin . . . . . 651 II. vi Museum holdings by origin .... 656 III. M a p s ...... 658 111.1 The Adriatic and Black Sea Coasts . . . 659 111.11 Northern Greece ..... 660 111.111 Central Greece . . . . . 661 m. iv Peloponnese ...... 662 III. v Northern Aegean ..... 663 ffl.vi Southern Aegean ..... 664 Ill.vii Crete ...... 665 Ill.viii Asia Minor Coast ..... 666 Ill.ix Levantine Coast ..... 667 III.x Near East ...... 668 Ill.xi Cyprus ...... 669 Ill.xii Egypt and Africa ..... 669 III. xiii Black Sea Coast ..... 670 IV. Bibliography . 671 IV. i Bibliography ...... 671 IV.ii Bibliographic Abbreviations . . . . 711
vii Volume 2
IV. Catalogue ...... 1 IV.i Notes on the Catalogue 1 Table I: Order of entries 3 Table II: Abbreviations in Catalogue . 3 Table III: Abbreviations of cities and regions 4 IV.ii Catalogue ..... 5
VI. Disc VI.i Disc Catalogue VI.ii Tables a. Motifs b. Drinking Vessels c. Serving Vessels d. Toiletry Vessels e. Imports
Title page image: CGR4442 , drawn by Ann Thomas and Anne Hooton Chapter 7: City Productions
7.1 Athens
In the Hellenistic period Athens enjoyed a reputation as an intellectual and cultural leader and maintained a military and naval force to be reckoned with but was no longer a controlling power.1 2 Athens had lost its dominance as a pottery production centre by the second quarter of the third century. It does, though, preserve the greatest range of both shape and motif of all West Slope productions through the third century. The number of vessel and motif forms declines after the third century with the production being rather limited thereafter. West Slope production ends in the first half of the first century. There is, as yet, no available evidence for non-Athenian Attic production. a. Clay
The fabric of the Hellenistic fine-ware pottery of Athens is commonly the typical, slightly micaceous, hard, Attic clay with little or no inclusions. The colour ranges from light reddish brown (5YR6/4), reddish yellow (5YR6/6), light brown (7.5YR6/4) or pink (5YR7/4; 7.5YR7/4).3 Some pieces remain outside these boundaries.4 In the later third to early second century there is a light brown or tan clay that is used though only once recorded for West Slope ware, ATH1682. It is somewhat micaceous but lacks other visible inclusions. This may indicate imported clay or the utilisation of a different clay source, though not a terribly successful one given the inability to achieve an adherent glaze.5
1 For discussion of Athens in the Hellenistic period, see: Habicht, 1997; Shipley, 2000, pp. 120-121. 2 Rotroff, 1997, p. 10; Rotroff, 1982, p. 14; Thompson, 1934, p. 430. 3 Rotroff, 1982, p. 14. 4 ATH1581 (2.5YR6/4); ATH1683 (7.5YR7/4-7.5YR7/6). 5 Rotroff, 1997, p. 10.
477 b. Glaze
There is variation in the Attic glaze throughout the Hellenistic period.6 Colour varies from black to brown to red with occasional greenish or grey examples. The surface of the clay can be lustrous or shiny, metallic or matt and dull. In the third and second centuries the majority of the vessels are glazed black with the alternative colours generally a misfired brown and occasional red. This changes in the second half of the second and early first century when red glaze dominates. From 300 to 250 the majority of the vessels carry a lustrous or shiny surface, though there is an increase of metallic surfaces so that in the third quarter of the third century the amount of lustrous and metallic is even. Often the metallic surface is achieved at the cost of the colour, which is mottled to brown. There is far less mottling of metallic surfaces in the third quarter than in the second quarter of the third century indicating that the technique has been perfected. Dull glaze dominates after 150, along with red colouring, when it becomes more common than either of the other surface types. Mottled surfaces are most common in the periods of 300-275, 250-225 and again at 150-86. These potentially indicate periods of experimentation, before the new surface type is consistently achieved (black lustrous/shiny, then metallic, then red).
7.1.1 West Slope shapes
The transition to the West Slope decorative technique is accompanied by a change in shapes. While the drinking cups are largely maintained from the fourth to the early third century, other shapes popular in the fourth, such as the bell krater, the calyx krater, the giant pyxis, the hydria, the Panathenaic amphora and the pelike, are dropped from the assemblage while the chous becomes smaller and less frequent.
6 Analysis of glaze compiled from my own observations combined with analysis of the catalogue descriptions drawn primarily from Rotroff, 1997.
478 The West Slope assemblage of the third century is dominated by drinking vessels. In the first forty years of the third century the drinking vessels are largely those inherited from the Classical period, such as the Classical kantharos and the cup kantharos. These vessels are decorated on their upper walls, often with a different motif on each side and frequently including an inscription in the composition. At this time there are also some handle-less drinking cups: the calyx cup, the hemispherical bowl with moulded medallion and the hemispherical bowl with mould-made feet.
The straight-walled kantharos is introduced to Athens in the first two decades of the third century. It is a shape that is adopted from Boiotia. This ushers in a new phase in Attic drinking ware with low-footed, broad and deep-bodied vessels with solid strap handles dominating the assemblage from 275-200. Angular and baggy versions follow the straight-walled form. These are decorated with the same motif on each side and rarely carry inscriptions. An attenuation of form can be witnessed throughout the century resulting in overly tall and narrow forms by its end.
In the second quarter of the third century the hemispherical bowls (conical profile and moulded medallion) are introduced in Athens. These are joined by a version with out- turned rim in the 240s. Together these hemispherical bowls become a common Attic drinking vessel through the second half of the third century. The versions share decorative schemes, particularly the star flower. Numbers decrease toward the end of the century and by the second quarter of the second century wheel-made drinking vessels with West Slope decoration are absent from the assemblage.
There are few kraters in the West Slope production of Athens and those that are found are smaller than their Classical counterparts. The considerable size, both depth and breadth, of the Hellenistic cups may have allowed for the mixing of water and wine in the vessels and obviated the need for a krater. This indicates a change in the drinking tradition also witnessed by the decline in the number and size of pouring vessels. The
479 ideal of a communal consumption of wine in Athens appears to have altered to one of individual service.7 8
The one wine service vessel that maintains popularity throughout the West Slope production is the amphora. The amphora of Attic type with its distinctive twisted handles is produced from 275 and is still found in deposits associated with the attack of Sulla. The shape and decoration of the amphora show a clear relationship with the West Slope oinochoe, which is produced from 275 to 200.
Both reversible lids and pyxides are decorated with West Slope motifs from the third century. The production of pyxides occurs in two phases: the first half of the third century and then the late second to the early first century. The reversible lids are produced in small numbers throughout the third century and are considerably more frequent in the late second and early first century. Toiletry vessels dominate the late Attic West Slope production.
7.1.2 West Slope decoration
The early motifs in Athens are drawn from the fourth-century local production of gold- o decorated ware. From here come the ivy wreaths, the elongated leaves, grapevine, spearhead and charm necklaces. West Slope decoration begins in Athens when the gilding is left off these vessels and the decoration is clay-painted. The drinking vessels maintain the vegetal and necklace motifs into the third century. Soon the charm necklace and the boukranion all but disappear and bunches of grapes are no longer a standard component of the grapevine. White paint is introduced around 280 adding an element of colour-contrast to the composition. The introduction of white supports the development of certain motifs, such as the concentric rectangles and checkerboard and the increasing popularity of others, like the dolphin and wave pattern. While white is a
7 For the evidence and implications of these changes see: Rotroff and Oakley, 1992; Rotroff, 1996. 8 For studies of Attic West Slope decoration see: Rotroff, 1991; 1997, pp. 37-71.
480 fairly standard component of the decoration from the mid-third century it remains subsidiary. The Attic production is characterised throughout the third century by the very limited use of incision. An exception to this is the group of baggy kantharoi produced at the end of the third century, which carry rough, incised wave patterns. In general the lack of incision is a feature of Attic production until the late second century and distinguishes it from the productions of other cities.
The West Slope decoration in Athens changes in the second and first century. While certain motifs, such as ivy, spearhead necklace, concentric rectangles and checkerboard, are maintained, others, such as the circular wreath, the single standing branch, bunches of grapes, the cornucopia, the thymiaterion, the torch, dolphin and wave patterns, become rare. Some new motifs, for example the trefoil garland, are introduced, while others, like the palmette, bead and reel and teardrops, become more frequent. The first- century production of reversible lids introduces a set of new motifs with cultic significance: the Isis crown, the Isis knot, the scroll and the sistrum.9 Subsidiary zones of decoration, such as rows of dots and strokes, become more common in the second century. The size of the motifs changes from diminutive to large and free flowing.
There is some maintenance of the meaning of motifs in Athens, at least through the third century. The ivy leaves, for instance, are typically set between ribbons or fillets like a garland suspended on a wall. The spearhead necklace is also suspended rather than straight. Problems of composition are experienced with the grapevine, which can be rendered with bunches of grapes hanging down and pointing up: a balanced but unrealistic design, probably encouraging the substitution of the dot rosette for the bunch of grapes. The continual, circular zones of the hemispherical bowl proved a test for some painters: spearhead necklaces can be rendered with their pendants pointing up toward the rim, possibly a result of the way the vessel was held while painted, or a set of four necklaces can be set rather awkwardly, suspended one beside the other, ruining the vessel’s smooth interior.
9 Rotroff, 1997, pp. 57, 61, 194-196; see 3.2.14, 3.2.15, 3.2.16.
481 During Attic West Slope production there is some decline in painterly precision and a move from naturalistic to more schematic designs. Attic grapevines resist standardisation but the versions are increasingly removed from a natural vine. The distinction between a myrtle and olive wreath blurs in the first half of the third century prompting the adoption of the generic term ‘elongated leaves’.
7.1.3 Influence/influences
Although the pottery export market was in decline through the fourth century, late-fourth to early-third century Attic products still enjoy some popularity and influence throughout the Hellenistic world. In Ephesos, the local early Hellenistic ceramics parallel late-fourth century Attic wares producing local gold-decorated ware production before evolving to West Slope ware. In Rhodes there are examples of Attic imports that can be set alongside local imitations.10 It would seem, too, that the earliest examples of West Slope ware at Pergamon draw on the Attic angular kantharos as a protoype.*11 Attic exports are commonly found in the Aegean and particularly on the Black Sea coast, a long-established pattern connected with the grain trade. These Hellenistic examples tend to be of early-third century date though some amphorae indicate maintenance of the trade into the second half of the century. There are Attic imports found in Northern Greece, though their influence on the region’s often high-quality productions remains uncertain. In the Near East the rolled rim plates of the Ivy Platter ware draw on fourth-century Attic forms and still retain the stamped decoration of the prototypes.
Attention has already been drawn to the connection between the Boiotian and Attic production in the development of the low-footed drinking cups. Other mainland influence in Athens remains limited. Athens rarely produces the drinking vessel forms popular in Corinth and nearby regions (as the one-piece and cyma kantharos) and the
10 Attic imports: baggy kantharos AER0073, AER0074; calyx cup AERO 107; Local imitations: baggy kantharos, AER0087, AER0088, AER0089; calyx cup AERO 108. 11 AMP0954, AMP0959.
482 profiles of the angular kantharoi produced at the two cities are quite distinct. The production in Athens does not seem to have been overly affected by developments on the Asia Minor coast, though both share a growing preference for red-glaze wares. The third-century drinking vessels and amphora forms are distinct. There are but a few cups in Athens that even suggest knowledge of the increasing angularity of drinking vessels of second and first-century Pergamene production.12
The imports of over-painted wares to Athens are varied in fabric and a number remain without a known provenance. There are at least two Gnathia ware imports that are dated
i in the first quarter of the third century. The majority of the imported pieces are likely to have been produced in Asia Minor. 14 Some show a mix of qualities that could indicate Asia Minor potters producing material to sell in Athens and thus emulating Attic forms: that is producing material specifically for an export market.15
In Athens the identification of Ptolemaic heads in the tondos of hemispherical bowls along with the use of the cornucopia point to Egyptian inspiration and influence in the early third century (see 4.3.6a, 3.2.7). This link is again witnessed at the end of the production with the use of motifs associated with the cult of Isis (see 3.2.14, 3.2.15, 3.2.16).
12 ATH1604, ATH1769. 13 Rotroff, 1997, p. 221; Alexandropoulou, 2002, p. 182. 14 ATH2348, ATH2355 and ATH2356 are very similar to Pergamene examples. 15 This could be the case for the red ware oinochoe, ATH2341, that adheres to the Attic twisted handle version of the pouring vessel, as does ATH2352. The decoration on the plate, ATH2361, also combines qualities of productions. An import, ATH2368, carries the lotus bud motif found on Attic reversible lids but not yet known in other productions (Attic reversible lids with comparable lotus bud rendition: ATH2054, ATH2181). Two hemispherical bowls with mould-made feet, ATH2336 and ATH2349, are other candidates for export production.
483 7.2 Corinth
The role of the trading and manufacturing centre Corinth in the Hellenistic world is cut short by its destruction in 146.16 Early Corinthian production is characterised by distinctive kantharoi forms that carry narrow decorative schemes. The decoration in Corinth flourishes in the late third century when the shapes change to hemispherical bowls and plates. The number of motifs increases considerably and the technique moves from clay-paint and incision to include the use of white and contrasting shades of the orange/brown clay. a. Clay
The typical Corinthian clay is a pale yellow fabric, sometimes with a greenish tinge. It is compact and usually very fine though there can be a slightly sandy appearance to the surface. The fabric is quite soft and occasionally will hold small, grey inclusions and voids. Some examples from Corinth are of a fabric with a pinker tinge and a sandier feel. This fabric has more grey and dark grey inclusions. At Rachi the range includes the Munsell codes 7.5YR7/6, 7.5YR7/4, 7.5YR6/4, 5YR7/6.17 b. Glaze
Corinthian glaze is often badly preserved. This is a problem throughout the production of black glazes in Corinth and is due to the qualities of the clay that do not allow the glaze to bond with the surface of the vessel. The glaze is black, mottled red to brown, or red. There are no distinct chronological trends indicated by the colour of the glaze in the period 300-146. Red glaze, though, appears to adhere with more success and achieves an attractive, solid, shiny and smooth surface. On the whole, the vessels in existence today that bear testament to the Corinthian production are rather patchy in appearance
16 Shipley, 2000, pp. 383-385. 17 Munsell readings from Anderson-Stojanovic, 1992; 1993; 1996; 2000.
484 and one must use one’s imagination to recreate the quality of the pieces at the time of manufacture.
7.2.1 West Slope shapes
In the Corinthian West Slope production there are only a few examples of Classical drinking forms. There is one cup kantharos with plain rim and two Corinthian skyphoi which provide evidence of a transition from the Classical to the Hellenistic productions. 1X
The Hellenistic kantharoi dominate the early production. The cyma kantharos, with its bellied body and out-turned rim develops a tall foot, quite at odds with the general Hellenistic preference for low-footed cups. The decorative zone on this shape is quite narrow and set straight below the rim. The cyma kantharos continues to be produced into the third quarter of the third century. The one-piece kantharos, most often a black- glazed shape in Corinth, sometimes carries West Slope decoration in the first half of the third century; again ivy, spearhead necklace and inscriptions are the chosen motifs. The angular or articulated kantharos (as it is called in Corinthian publications), introduced around 275, is the drinking cup that comes closest to Attic forms. The Corinthian angular kantharos is characterised by the straight upper wall and short, conical lower body.
The hemispherical bowl with mould-made feet (shells or pellets) belongs to the second and third quarters of the third century. The other hemispherical bowls belong to the second period of production in Corinth and date to the last quarter of the third and early second century. The hemispherical bowl with conical profile is quite deep and steep- walled. There are examples of related hemispherical bowl shapes such as the parabolic bowl and the imitation mould-made bowl. The plate with wide rim is associated with the hemispherical bowl through their shared decorative schemes.
18 Cup kantharos, plain rim: COR3012; Skyphos, Corinthian: COR4517, COR4518.
485 There are very few kraters in Corinthian West Slope ware and the bell- and calyx-krater forms of the fourth-century production are not maintained. There are two examples of the bolster krater in Corinth dated to the third century and one hemispherical krater. Amphorae are quite rare with only a few fragments and most of these identified as imports. Similarly decorated oinochoai are rarely produced in Corinth and are only imported in small numbers. Toiletry vessels are uncommon, with fragments suggesting the presence of pyxides.
7.2.2 West Slope decoration
The technique of West Slope decoration at Corinth combines incision with added paint right from its inception. These techniques were already familiar in Corinth by the third century. Examples of fourth-century vessels decorated with incised and painted decoration found on bell kraters can be set as a local forerunner of West Slope (see 1.2.3).19
The decoration of Corinthian vessels falls into two distinct phases. 90 First there is the phase of the kantharoi, to which the hemispherical bowl with mould-made feet also belongs. These are decorated with rather diminutive motifs that sit high on the vessel, directly under the rim, leaving the majority of the vessel coated with an uninterrupted zone of glaze. The common motifs at this time are ivy with incised stems and painted leaves, spearhead necklaces with incised or painted bands and inscriptions. Geometric motifs such as the egg and dart, concentric rectangles, checkerboard and the quartered rectangle also appear.
In the second half (probably the fourth quarter) of the third century a great many new motifs are introduced to the Corinthian assemblage. These are found on hemispherical
19 McPhee, 1997. 20 Edwards, 1975, pp. 20-26, first presented this pattern. It has been confirmed by the chronologically defined deposits at Rachi, see: Anderson-Stojanovic, 2000.
486 bowls and plates. Both shapes carry interior decoration and demand a change from the composition of vertical panels to that of a continuous, circular zone. Ivy and spearhead necklaces continue to be found while concentric rectangles and checkerboard increase in frequency. These familiar schemes are joined by a great variety of new motifs. The most striking are the large animal figures as the dolphins, swans, mythical winged creatures and large boukrania. These are set as repetitive friezes on the wall zones. Wheat garlands are also used in this zone. The production adopts the star flower to decorate the tondos of the plates and bowls, indicating a connection to other contemporary productions. Evidence of influence from the mould-made production is also apparent in this period with the use of imbricate leaves to decorate the interior, and in some instances the exterior, of the vessel.
This new phase of decoration at Corinth is remarkable for the development of the technique with which the motifs are applied. White and clay are now both incorporated into the scheme providing colour contrast and enlivening the motifs. More striking though is the use of shading, of mixing the white and clay paints to achieve a sense of three dimensions.21
7.2.3 Influence/influences
There are pieces identified as Attic imports at Corinth, including Classical kantharos versions, but these do not prompt regular imitation. Instead Corinthian drinking vessels indicate regional interaction. The cyma kantharos is found throughout the Peloponnese and there are fragments on the Ionian Islands and versions in Epiros representing Corinthian influence. The one-piece kantharos is popular in northern, central and southern Greece.
21 The plate with wide rim, COR2804, is one of the finer examples of this development (see 5.1.2). Here the star flower is painted in gradations of clay colours and the boukrania that decorate the wall zones are effectively mottled. The outer decoration of concentric rectangles and checkerboard is incised and provides an additional contrast. Similar attempts are made on the tondo of other bowls though here the gradations are limited to a single band of white paint which transverses the clay painted petal: COR2902, COR2903, COR2906, COR2908, COR2924. (See 3.1.12, 8.2.3 for further discussion).
487 In the late third century the introduction of a number of new shapes and motifs to Corinth prompts the consideration of sources of inspiration. The widely popular hemispherical bowl with conical profile and plate with wide rim carry a set of motifs that are linked to other productions. The Corinthian dolphins are not the diminutive Attic variety and while they share some elements of the Pergamene examples they are not known to alternate with palmettes. The swans from Corinth are shown carrying ribbons in their mouths, something that is seen in renditions from Knossos.22 The large boukrania are also shared between the two centres and the dolphin is popular at both. The shapes on which the motifs appear (bowls at Corinth and jugs at Knossos) suggest a less than direct route of influence.
Italian pottery has been shown to influence Corinthian production in the fourth century prior to the establishment of the West Slope production (see 1.2.3). In the second half of the third century Gnathia ware may be the cause of some shared elements between Knossos and Corinth given the trade route that passed from Southern Italy through the Corinthian Gulf to Crete and on to Egypt. Examples of Gnathia imports are known in Corinth. The motifs, particularly the dolphin and star flower, are found on open shapes in Gnathia ware. A particularly striking parallel between Corinth and Gnathia can be found in the renditions of the star flowers that highlight the clay petals with white bands.24 The highlighting on the boukrania, winged creatures and other motifs in the Corinthian production, which uses white paint over and mixed with clay paint, adopts a Gnathia technique but does not imitate Gnathia examples. The wheat motif has a longer history in Corinth, it is found on the Corinthian skyphoi before regaining popularity on the hemispherical bowls. The wheat motif is shared with productions in Southern Italy, Sicily, Epiros, Knossos and Athens (see 3.1.15; 8.2.3).
22 COR2909, COR2912 cf. CRK3089, CRK3109, CRK3249, CRK3250. 23 McPhee, 1997, pp. 136-137. 24 Alexandropoulou, 2002, p. 79. Corinthian examples: COR2803, COR2804, COR2902, COR2903, COR2906, COR2908, COR2910, COR2911, COR2924, COR2945, COR2946, COR4535, COR4541. Gnathia example: Green, 1976, pi. 25. Compare also the wavy line on the rim of this Gnathia example with COR2915 and COR2984. 25 Alexandropoulou, 2002, p. 183. For illustrated examples of Corinthian highlighting: COR2803, COR2804, COR2909, COR2912, COR2913, COR4532.
488 7.3 Eretria
While showing the influences of the nearby productions of Athens and of Boiotia, the maritime city of Eretria maintains some independence in pottery production.26 While some shapes reflect the external influence, others, such as the one-piece kantharos, are identifiably Eretrian. The local production has a fairly limited set of motifs though within the renditions there is considerable variation. There are likely to be other productions on the island of Euboia, for example at the Macedonian garrisoned city of Chalkis, though their characteristics are yet to be defined. a. Clay
There are two groups of fabric in Eretria. Much of the material is of a beige to brown colour with Munsell readings of 10YR8/3, 10YR8/4 and 10YR7.5/4.27 This fabric type is fine, hard with no mica and usually no visible inclusions. The second group has clay with an orange to pink tinge and Munsell readings of 7.5YR8/4, 7.5YR7/6, 7.5YR7/5 and 2.5YR6/6. The clay contains voids and occasional brown inclusions. The two groups are contemporary and represent an alternate clay source and, perhaps, two different workshops. The material, particularly the beige group, is often difficult to distinguish from the Attic imports though on the whole it has a less brittle feel.29 b. Glaze
The glaze at Eretria is often very worn leaving only flecks on a mottled clay surface. Those that are better preserved indicate that the finished surface ranged from shiny or semi-lustrous to matt and dull; metallic surfaces are also recorded. The glaze at Eretria
26 Review of the history of Eretria, see Metzger, 1969, pp. 9-11. 27 Munsell readings: Schmid, 2000. 28 Munsell readings: Schmid, 2000. 29 While the earlier publications were bold in their statements of imports and local production, more recent productions appear to err on the side of caution with their identifications, perhaps calling into question some of the earlier identifications. Certainly, though, there is a local production in the region though imports may be from more sources than Athens and Boiotia and may sometimes not be differentiated from the local production.
489 varies from the common black and black-brown with some red-brown, red mottling, grey and occasional orange colouring. There is no evidence of chronological trends in the colouring of glaze. Mottling, stacking marks and different interior to exterior colouring are not uncommon.
7.3.1 West Slope shapes
The Eretrian West Slope shapes cover the four major functions of drinking, serving, pouring and toiletry but drinking shapes dominate. There are only a few fragments that belong to the kantharos forms of the Classical (Attic) production, these include plain- rimmed and turned-foot varieties. The bowl-shaped cup kantharos is more popular and it would appear that the local production of this shape was maintained into the second century. There are a few examples of hemispherical bowls with moulded shell-feet and at least one of these, ERT3336, is of local production. The bolsal is popular in the local production as it is in Boiotia.
While the Attic types of Hellenistic kantharoi are present, namely the angular and baggy versions, it is the one-piece kantharos, with its identifiably Eretrian tall, narrow foot, that appears most frequently. These are decorated with the spearhead necklace and ivy, with just one appearance of the egg and dart. There are very few hemispherical bowls with conical profile but this may reflect the lack of late third-century deposits. The plate, though, is comparatively common.
Amphorae reflect the Attic prototype, except for ERT3470, a pointed amphora. Fragments of choes, West Slope oinochoai, guttoi, lagynoi and double cruets increase the range of shapes found at Eretria. There are four reversible lids, a domed lid, pyxides and a giant pyxis.
490 7.3.2 West Slope decoration
The West Slope motifs of Eretrian production use a combination of incised and painted decoration, including white and clay paint. There is bold use of white from the earliest examples of local production. The incision is generally quite flowing though sometimes the curling ivy stems can turn angular under the hand of the artist-craftsman. There are a limited number of motifs in the Eretrian production, with a dominance of ivy and spearhead necklaces. Both of these appear in a variety of renditions so that the production does not appear overly repetitive. The well deposit, E/600 NW, holds a set of vessels with complementary decoration: nice evidence for the production of a dinner service.30
Of other motifs the elongated leaves with incised branch is a common alternative. Grapevines appear twice, once with and once without grape bunches. There is one wheat motif, ERT3461. Star flowers are rare. There is a local version of the palmette with long incised leaves that is quite similar to the post-West Slope technique.32 There is one dolphin and wave pattern following an Attic prototype. One small figure runs below the spearhead necklace on the kantharos fragment ERT3345. Geometric motifs are scattered through the assemblage with occasional egg and dart, bead and reel, wave patterns and rays. The concentric rectangles and checkerboard motif is uncommon.
Within the assemblage there is no line of development indicated by the decoration, neither in the technical application nor in the choice or renditions of motifs.
30 Schmid, 2000, pp. 368-369. Catalogue numbers: ERT3330, ERT3331, ERT3332, ERT3335, ERT3336, ERT3337, ERT3338, ERT3339. 31 With grape bunches: ERT3548; without grape bunches: ERT3340. 32 ERT3541, ERT3552 cf. AMP1036. 33 Local: ERT3484; Attic import: ERT3502.
491 7.3.3 Influence/influences
There are imports from Boiotia and Athens identified amongst the excavated material, although these identifications are not always certain.34 Attic influence is apparent given the appearance of Classical kantharoi, hemispherical bowls with mould-made feet and amphorae, though none of these shapes dominate the local assemblage. Some motifs, as the above-mentioned dolphin and wave pattern, rely on Attic prototypes. The Eretrian production links with that of Central Greece through the popularity of the bolsal and the one-piece kantharos. The early use of white, particularly on the band of the spearhead necklace, and of incision is shared with the Boiotian production. The Eretrian rendition of the spearhead necklace with a group of three ties and dot rosettes hanging at each side is also found at Demetrias (see 8.3.3).
Pieces of Eretrian production have not been identified at other cities though this could be due to the similarity of the fabric with that of Attic. A second production site on Euboia is entirely possible and, if identified, would have an impact on the understanding of Eretrian West Slope ware.
j4 Boiotian imports identified: Metzger, 1969, 1978, 1979: ERT3349, ERT3380, ERT3381, ERT3382, ERT3383, ERT3385, ERT3417, ERT3418, ERT3426, ERT3536. Amongst these are examples (ERT3380, ERT3381, ERT3382, ERT3383, ERT3385) that carry an ivy wreath with white-painted undulating band and leaves set between, a version that is not common on the mainland: CGR2785, CGR2601.
492 7.4 Knossos
Knossos as the most important city in Hellenistic Crete had an important role in trade and in manufacture. The most striking aspect of West Slope material from Knossos is its independence, visible both in the shapes and decoration produced. The preference for pouring vessels, which far outnumber drinking vessels, is quite at odds with general trends. The West Slope motifs indicate the influence of the other major decorative tradition of Hellenistic Crete, the production of Hadra hydriai. a. Clay
The clay of Knossos is typically a buff colour though variations are common due to non- standardised firing temperatures. The clay is hard and has a high content of lime so white inclusions can be frequent. The clay in Knossos is quite granular although the West Slope fabric is called, perhaps comparatively, fine. b. Glaze
The glaze in Knossos is generally black with a finished surface described variously as lustrous, glossy, semi-lustrous, metallic, dull or matt. There is some misfiring to brown or grey, though this is quite infrequent. Mottling occurs and the black-glaze can have a greenish, brownish or even yellowish tinge. Descriptions of a red or reddish glaze occur only twice. On the whole the vessels are fully coated, though there are some jugs that are glazed only on the exterior. Flaking is not uncommon and on some pieces the glaze is now fugitive.
35 Hadra Hydria: Braunert, 1950-51; Callaghan and Jones, 1985; Enklaar, 1985; 1986; 1990; Eiring, 2001a, p. 60. Another ceramic group, the Plakettenvasen, are also produced in Crete in the Hellenistic period. These carry decoration in West Slope technique on the neck and mid-body, typically incised and painted ivy, along with moulded relief panels on the body, see: Markoulaki, 1997; Zervoudaki, 1997; Magkou, 1997. 36 Callaghan, 1983, p. 31; Eiring, 2001a, pp. 18-19. The colour is described as buff, pinkish buff, reddish buff, orange buff, pink, reddish yellow, red to yellow, very pale brown and grey. 37 CRK3109, CRK3112.
493 7.4.1 West Slope shapes
Kantharoi found in early-second century deposits combine aspects of Hellenistic kantharoi types along with residual elements of the Classical kantharos. These late- dating examples from Knossos are comparatively rare and blur the developments found
1 o in other cities. Of other drinking vessels, hemispherical bowls in various forms make an appearance in the late third and second century. The most well known are the Medusa moulded medallion bowls and these are joined by conical bowls, one bowl with out-turned rim, CRK3064, and one with mould-made feet, CRK3065.
There is a scattering of serving vessels including a fish-plate, CRK3045, alongside more regular plate forms. An example of a bell-krater with decoration on its outer wall dates to the mid-second century, CRK3110; other fragments belong to the second half of the third century. There is one fragment of an amphora or hydria, CRK3033. More popular is the local amphoriskos, which shares the globular body and flaring neck with the local juglet and simply adds a second handle.
By far the most common West Slope vessels in Knossos are pouring vessels. These are distinct local shapes, the most popular being the cylindrical jug. The cylindrical jug is a taller version of a local undecorated cup. At a total height of around nineteen centimetres, the cylindrical jugs are, perhaps, not too large to have had a drinking function. However, the preference for pouring vessels is witnessed by the other common shapes, the juglet and olpe. Some of these vessels, as the pitcher with thin neck, are known first as a black-glaze shape and are only decorated in the late third century.
,8 Hellenistic kantharos, cyma variation: CRK3057, CRK3058 and CRK3107; Hellenistic kantharos, angular variation: CRK3056; Hellenistic kantharos, S-swung variation: CRK3054, CRK3134; Hellenistic kantharos, variant: CRK3152. 39 Knossos stands out from the general pattern when it comes to the function of vessels decorated with West Slope motifs. The lack of decorated drinking vessels remains peculiar. Redefining the cylindrical jugs as cups would go some way in addressing this issue.
494 A lebes, CRK3085, provides the only example of a toiletry vessel. The wreath decoration that it carries, a version of the grapevine, is unusual and is not repeated within the local assemblage.
7.4.2 West Slope decoration
The decorative motifs in Crete, much like the shapes, reveal a distinct local flavour. The outstanding quality of the motifs in Knossos is the lack of standardisation, even for the most common motif. Incised and painted elements are combined from the beginning. The incision is intricate. The focus on colour-contrast sees equal use of white and clay- coloured paint. West Slope motifs are often placed in a series of registers.
Vegetal motifs are popular and varied. Both ivy and grapevine can be formed with a thick branch that would appear to be related to the woollen fillet motifs. Elongated leaves, the less common trefoil and flower garlands, the palmettes and the star flowers are all elaborate and varied.
The popularity of birds (swans) and of dolphins is indicative of the Cretan production. These appear in various forms, sometimes alternating with each other in a frieze. Larger, mythical animals are also found, particularly winged horse-like creatures (pegasi and hippocamps). There is one example of a human figure, CRK3259.
The spearhead necklace is popular throughout the production. Ribbon and bow, both as an independent motif and used in conjunction with vegetal and animal motifs, is characteristic of the production. The tassels that hang from the end of the ties further distinguish examples from Knossos. Boukrania, although not as frequent as one might expect, make an appearance. The maintenance of the meander in Knossos perhaps shows the significance of the labyrinth still used on the city’s coins.40 There are
40 Eiring, 2001a, p. 65. The infrequency of the concentric rectangles motif in Knossos strengthens the link between these two motifs (see 3.3.1).
495 numerous other geometric motifs that can be used as central, secondary or subsidiary motifs including the egg and dart or bead and reel variations along with chevrons, strokes, zigzags, wavy lines and so on.
7.4.3 Influence/influences
The major influence on the West Slope production of Knossos and one largely responsible for the varied and vivacious decoration, is the local white-ground production of Hadra hydriai: vessels exported and favoured as cremation urns in Egypt. The white- ground production fosters an interest in colour-contrast.41 The hydria provides a large canvas allowing multiple zones of decoration and expansive motifs. The same hands have been identified decorating in both techniques so that the crossover of motifs is easily explained; they should be regarded not as imitations but rather as technical variations.42
There are some imports identified in Knossos and most are attributed to Athens though they lack parallels.43 More likely they issue from smaller, Aegean productions unless they are Attic made for Knossian buyers. Indirect Attic influence can be found in some of the Hellenistic kantharos variations and particularly in the motif choices.44
There are certain similarities between the Corinthian and Knossian productions (see 7.2.3). Motifs rather than shapes reflect a similar trajectory with swans, dolphins and other animals, along with boukrania and the ribbon and bow motif being shared. It would seem likely, on chronological indicators, that these were passed from Knossos to
41 Eiring, 2001a, p. 60. The Cretan hydriai are decorated with reddish-brown to black along with incision and white; the polychrome Hadra hydriai are of Egyptian manufacture. 42 See: Eiring, 2001a, pp. 65-68, for discussion and evaluation of Enklaar’s attribution of Hadra hydria and Callaghan’s attribution of Hadra hydria and West Slope painter’s hands. Callaghan, 1992, draws on the study of attributions though the qualities of each painter are not outlined. 43 The quadrupeds, CRK3172, and the meander, CRK3198, do not appear as part of the Attic assemblage. The dolphins, CRK3197, do not draw close parallels with those from Athens. 44 The dolphin and wave pattern on CRK3152 and the checkerboard on CRK3056 say something of Attic production.
496 Corinth. One motif that Knossos may have received from Corinth are scallops, rendered as Y-shapes on CRK3162 and not dissimilar to the imbricate leaves in Corinth.45 The late introduction of the Hellenistic kantharoi variation in Knossos, dated to the early second century, may well rely on the same contact indicated by the contemporary motifs.
The Gnathia ware found in Alexandria is commonly accepted to indicate a well- established trade route between Italy and Egypt. Given the geographic position of Crete on this trade route, along with the fragments of Gnathia recorded from Crete (though not Knossos), it is reasonable to expect exchange between the two regions.46 The renditions of ivy and grapevine can parallel Apulian and Sicilian examples though technically remain true to West Slope.47 A variant form of a Hellenistic kantharos, MUS5003, combines elements of Gnathia and Cretan West Slope ware though its provenance is unknown. In reverse, a Medusa bowl, MUS3168, is said to be of Apulian manufacture that follows the established Cretan prototype.
45 COR2902, COR2903, COR2906, COR2911, COR2920. 46 CRT5161, CRT5162, CRT5163, CRT5168. 47 Alexandropoulou, 2002, pp. 37, 52; ivy on CRK3074 and the grapevine on CRK.3110.
497 7.5 Rhodes
Rhodes drew the majority of its wealth from trade, funnelling material from all regions of the Hellenistic world and beyond. This position as a hub of exchange (a position lost to Delos in 166) is reflected in the ceramic production of Rhodes, which is characterised by versions created in imitation of imports. The imported pieces are identified as products of mainland Greece, the Aegean, Asia Minor and the Levant. The local adoption of a new imported shape is usually accompanied by the adoption of the motif that goes with it. There are also internal preferences and influence made evident in the local West Slope production that sits alongside a dark on light decorative tradition. a. Clay
The clay of the Rhodian West Slope ware varies from light yellow to light pink.49 It tends to hold a number of grey inclusions and many voids so that it has quite a porous appearance. The clay is fairly uniform, though sometimes carries additional white and brown inclusions. It is occasionally well-levigated but usually somewhat coarse; this can cause a rather rough finished surface. b. Glaze
The glaze in Rhodes has a somewhat coarse feel. It is almost invariably dull and worn with a rather speckled appearance. The colour is frequently mottled. The colouring does indicate a chronological trend that ranges from black to black-brown to brown-red. Glaze can be used as a decorative element in Rhodes with glazed and unglazed bands alternating and defining decorative zones. The dark-painted motifs on a clay-ground are used in the local production from the fourth century and are combined with West Slope to decorate pyxides and plates in the late third and second centuries.
48 P. Green, 1990, pp. 378-381; Walbank, 1981, pp. 162-163; decline of Rhodes under the Romans: Walbank, 1981, pp. 241-242. 49 Personal viewing of the material held at the Archaeological Institute of the Dodecanese, October 2000. Patsiada, 1989, p. 135, differentiates between a pink-yellow and a pink-brown clay, the latter being better levigated than the former.
498 7.5.1 West Slope shapes
The shapes that carry West Slope motifs in the Rhodian production include shapes that are characteristic of Attic, Pergamene and Levantine productions. Drinking vessels make up almost forty five percent of the assemblage with plates and kraters constituting almost twenty percent, pouring vessels add to only five percent, and the remaining thirty shared almost equally between amphorae and pyxides.
The one Classical kantharos that appears within the local assemblage shows Attic influence but is closely related to a non-Attic group of kantharoi (see 4.1.5). AERO 106 is a Classical kantharos with strap handles and turned foot and carries concentric rectangles and checkerboard. The calyx cup, though, is found both as an Attic import and as a locally produced shape.
The baggy Hellenistic kantharos is imported from Athens and adopted into the Rhodian production along with its decoration, again concentric rectangles and checkerboard. The hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration follows Asia Minor productions. There are hybrids that combine the Pergamene profile of this bowl with Attic/local concentric rectangles and checkerboard decoration. Hemispherical bowls with conical profile are few in number and can be derivative in form. The Pergamene skyphos, type B, is a popular drinking vessel in the second-century production in Rhodes. The local production of amphorae and lug-handled kraters follow Pergamene prototypes.
The production of plates in Rhodes, favours the rolled-rim form of South Eastern Mediterranean productions. The krater with concave neck is also popular. There are a scattering of pouring vessels including one lagynoi and three guttoi.
There are two versions of the pyxis produced in Rhodes. The first, the type B pyxis, is familiar in many productions in the Hellenistic period. The other, a type A pyxis, is
499 distinctly local, particularly given the banded decoration. These pyxides indicate flourishing local traditions in the third and second centuries.
7.5.2 West Slope decoration
The West Slope decoration in Rhodes is rendered in dilute clay that matches the colour used in the fabrication of the vessels. This is a light yellow to cream paint that restricts any contrast to white, which, perhaps due to this, is rarely used. The line of paint is rather indistinct as though the solution was watery when applied. Incision is a typical component throughout the production and incised-only decoration appears both in the third and the second centuries. Many vessels have only one decorative register, this contrasts to the local flat-lidded pyxides that alternate registers of dark on light motifs with light on dark (that is West Slope) motifs.
The most popular motif in Rhodes is the ivy wreath. This is found throughout the production with some variation in the renditions, though incised stems are standard. The elongated leaves show clear signs of Pergamene influence becoming popular along with the Pergamene skyphos. Two of the elongated leaves found on kraters with concave neck are reduced to incised Vs. Other vegetal motifs that appear occasionally are the grapevine, trefoil garland, volutes and star flower. Animal motifs are absent in Rhodes.
The spearhead necklace is the most common manmade motif. It remains varied in appearance though is reduced to a very basic form, of ribbons and ties only, on a series of second-century amphorae. There is one example of the dot necklace. The ribbon and bow motif, although not common, appears in both incised and painted renditions. A fully incised torch appears once, perhaps indicating a local attempt at the post-West Slope technique.
The concentric rectangles and checkerboard are found early in Rhodian production. The grouping becomes standard and can be incised rather than painted. The motif is used on
500 many shapes including the Classical kantharos with strap handles and turned foot, the calyx cup, the baggy Hellenistic kantharos, the hemispherical bowl with conical profile, the krater with concave neck and the type A pyxis. Other geometric motifs appear infrequently, though can, as the tall wave pattern on some pyxides, show a distinct local form associated with the light on dark ware. The row of dots is the only subsidiary motif that appears with any regularity, the zigzag and diagonal strokes remain rare.
7.5.3 Influence/influences
In the above discussion of local Rhodian production, external influences are constantly evident.'0 These draw on the frequent imports, unusual for the Hellenistic period, that highlight the importance of Rhodes in trade at least until 166. It is difficult to establish whether Rhodes’ change in trade status is reflected in its West Slope assemblage. The imports of West Slope ware may drop off in the second half of the second century, while the local production is maintained and perhaps even strengthened. However, as West Slope productions, such as Pergamon, are in decline by the second half of the second century other factors may be at play.
Attic influence is witnessed in the adoption of the calyx cup and the baggy Hellenistic kantharos along with the concentric rectangles and checkerboard motifs, though preference for incision subverts the standard. Pergamene influence can be seen in the adoption of the Pegamene type B skyphos along with the elongated leaves motif, the popularity of the hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration, the Pergamene amphorae and lug-handled krater imitations. The variation in fabric suggests that some of the imports are not Pergamene but are likely to come from less-known productions in the eastern Aegean and along the Asia Minor coast. Influence also issues from the East with rolled-rim plates and kraters with concave neck being adopted. Local preference shines through with these pieces being decorated with incised rather than painted motif.
>0 It is important to remember that not all elements imported are incorporated into the local assemblage.
501 It is not clear whether the local Rhodian production has any widespread impact. One possible instance is the Classical kantharos with strap handles and turned foot decorated with concentric rectangles and checkerboard pattern. The Rhodian example is identified as local while imported versions are found in Egypt, Crete and on the Black Sea coast.51
51 AERO 106 cf. CRT3222, EGP4639, BLK2441, MUS4461.
502 7.6 Ephesos
Ephesos was a well-established Greek city by the Hellenistic period. The production of West Slope material at Ephesos grows from a local gold-decorated tradition. It maintains some of these fourth-century shapes long after they have disappeared from other regions and adds to these vessels shared with other cities on the Asia Minor coast. The decoration is conservative with little variation in both technique and motif. Ephesos is a city that shows links to the major transitions of the period but maintains tried and tested local products. a. Clay
The clay used for the Hellenistic fine-wares at Ephesos is fine to fairly fine. It is somewhat grainy and contains white inclusions. Mica is always present. The colour of the clay is typically brown with a cinnamon tinge. Light to mid-grey clay is also found; this is not typical for the fine wheel-made wares and is usually associated with mould- made vessels, some late West Slope shapes that correlate to shapes of Eastern Sigillata B manufacture are produced with this fabric. The grey fabric is coarse grained, with brown or grey inclusions and a high mica content. The clay is brittle when misfired. b. Glaze
The best quality glaze is thick and black though more often it is dark grey or brown-grey and mottled. The finish never achieves a high lustre, a few pieces are metallic but most are shiny or dull. Others have a less pleasing brittle, grey slip, mottled to red. It would seem that intentional red glazing was a part of the Ephesian production from the third century. Certainly the late Hellenistic material from the Tetrágonos-Agora contains a high representation of brown to red glaze. The red-glaze is mostly rough in finish and
52 Mitsopoulos-Leon, 1991, p. 17; Zahbelicki-Scheffenegger et. al., 1996. 53 Christine Rogl, personal communication.
503 dull in appearance. Dipping was used increasingly with double dipping lines and fingerprints in evidence. Some vessels are only partially glazed.
7.6.1 West Slope shapes
The production of West Slope material at Ephesos is dominated by drinking vessels. There are a number of fragments from plain or moulded rim Classical kantharoi dated in the third century. The more popular Classical drinking vessel at Ephesos, the bolster cup is produced from the fourth to the second century and shows increasing attenuation. The fragments of Hellenistic kantharoi, on the other hand, suggest that while Attic versions made an appearance it is the S-swung kantharos of Pergamene fame that makes most impact.54
Hemispherical bowls are popular in Ephesos. In addition to the bolster cup there are hemispherical bowls with exterior decoration, many of which retain their handles. Hemispherical bowls with conical profile appear in the late third century and are maintained well into the second century.
Lug-handled kraters are present in Ephesos in second-century deposits but they are uncommon. While one, AME0752, is remarkably similar to the Pergamene examples, the others are decorated with motifs that are common in the Ephesian range. The bolster krater is more popular in Ephesos and pairs up with the bolster cup. The production spans the third and second century.
Choes are maintained throughout the production. They are likely to have been adopted from fourth-century Athens. They are never found in great numbers and the shape undergoes minimal alteration. There is precious little evidence for Ephesian amphorae.
54 These S-swung kantharoi fragments do not always differ greatly from fragments classed as Classical kantharoi; AME0664, AME0657 cf. AME0667.
504 There are some guttoi and a fragment of a double cruet.55 A handful of bowls and plates of various forms are preserved. There is evidence of one reversible lid of post-West Slope ware and two pyxides of type A which parallel a piece from Troy.56
7.6.2 West Slope motifs
Ephesos manufactures gold-decorated ceramics before developing West Slope ware. The West Slope production at Ephesos favours clay-only decoration. The clay is described as beige, pink or grey and is often fugitive. Incision is used as a component of some clay-painted motifs. The use of a contrasting white paint alongside clay paint is found but is not widespread. There are only a few pieces of post-West Slope ware
CO known from Ephesos. While the number of motifs in use is of a reasonable size, a few motifs dominate and make for a rather repetitive assemblage.
Vegetal motifs are popular with ivy and elongated leaves decorating the majority of vessels throughout the production. The form of the ivy develops from the diminutive gilded and all-clay painted versions to a free-flowing version often with incised stems. The elongated leaves tend to have no stem and are generally small-leafed. Grapevines appear in the early phase of the production, probably due to the gold-decorated tradition, but are not maintained. Some new motifs are introduced in the late third to second century as the palmette and the star flower. Even the star flower draws little interest in colour-contrast. A circular wreath and a wavy dot garland complete the range of vegetal motifs.59 The dolphin is the only animal motif and is likely to date to the second century.
The spearhead necklace is popular and there is some variation in the renditions. This is partly due to the change of influence from the intricate gold-decorated versions of Attic
55 Guttus: AME0773, AME0774, AME0775, AME0776, AME0777; Double cruet: AME0790. 56 Reversible lid: AME0748; Pyxis: AME0783, AME0784 cf. AMV1385. 57 Remains of gilding can be found on AME0692 and AME0705. 58 AME0748, AME0788, AME0789. 59 Circular wreath: AME0726; Wavy dot garland: AME0796.
505 type to the bold clay and white examples typical of S-swung kantharoi, probably Pergamene influenced.
Geometric motifs are not common. There are two fragments with a checkerboard and concentric rectangles frieze that are possibly imports.60 The bead and reel is introduced in the late second century while the egg and dart is found in various renditions from the late third to the second century.61 The wave pattern is not found with the dolphin but sits as an independent motif with incised outline and painted filling. Rows of dots are used in Ephesos but they are not regularly a border motif as they are at other nearby productions.
7.6.3 Influence/influences
The manufacture of over-painted pottery at Ephesos begins toward the end of the fourth century. Under influence from Athens a local gold-decorated production is established before it evolves to West Slope ware. Ephesos never boasts the variety and inventive spirit of the Attic assemblage. The cities do not maintain this contact far into the third century but rather develop independently, so the relationship between the West Slope productions is negligible, beyond a shared history.
Given the early establishment of a Hellenistic pottery tradition at Ephesos it is possible that the city influenced other productions in the region, including Pergamon. There is no direct evidence of this and it could only have been short-lived and does not appear to have prompted Ephesos into an active development of either motifs or shapes. By the mid-third century Ephesos receives the form of the S-swung kantharos from Pergamon, along with the distinctive painted spearhead necklaces. Further shapes, such as the lug-
60 AME0786, AME0780. 61 It can consist of double incised lines such as AME0737 and AME0790, be roughly incised and painted, such as AME0699, or have fine incision and painted filling, such as AME0749, the latter version appears similar to a number of Pergamene renditions. AME0789 has a rendition that approaches post-West Slope technique. 62 These connections can be explained by historical indications that Attic potters worked at Ephesos (see 1.4). For further discussion of this relationship between Ephesos and Athens see, Mitsopoulos, 1978.
506 handled krater and the hemispherical bowl with conical profile, introduce new motifs to Ephesos, all suggesting a Pergamene source. Angular vessels and post-West Slope ware do not dominate though the development of a local sigillata is not far away.63 The influence from Pergamon is never over-bearing and the Ephesian production appears largely self-sufficient and independent, happy to produce fourth-century shapes well into the second century.
63 Lund, 2002, pp. 204-205.
507 7.7 Pergamon
The fortress city of Pergamon was the capital of the Attalid Empire, it comes to dominate the Asia Minor coast and its importance is reflected in its later dealings with Rome.64 The Hellenistic ceramic production at Pergamon demonstrates the transition from West Slope and other black-glaze fine-wares to the red-glaze Eastern Sigillata. The Pergamene assemblage has characteristic shapes, including the S-swung kantharos, the hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration, the amphora and the lug-handled krater and, in the second century, it shows a decided preference for angular vessels. The decorative tradition in Pergamon at first shows an interest in colour-contrast with bold use of white and clay; this is later replaced with the fine incised decoration of post-West Slope ware.65 a. Clay
The fabric in Pergamon is light pinkish brown to orange in colour and is hard fired. Munsell readings range around 2.5YR5/6, 2.5YR6/6, 5YR6/6 and 7.5YR7/6. The clay has rather large particles that prevent it from being fine. It carries stone and calcite inclusions; colours of grey, white and brown are observable. Mica is also characteristic. b. Glaze
The glaze of the early shapes in the West Slope production is typically black though it can be mottled in appearance. The glaze can be thick and fused to the vessel surface or it can be thin and leave the clay visible.66 Rather dull or semi-lustrous surfaces are typical, with metallic glaze remaining unusual. During the production of West Slope ware a transition of glaze type and colour occurs. The trend becomes apparent on the hemispherical bowls with conical profile, dated to the end of the third century, which
64 P. Green, 1990, pp. 164-170; p. 531 (Pergamon and Rome). 65 For discussion of the dating of post-West Slope ware, see 2.7.2. 66 Behr, 1988, p. 104.
508 f \ l • carry strips on the exterior that are deliberately fired red. This continues so that vessels typical of second-century production are fired with a black exterior but red interior or are entirely red. The red is smooth and silkier than the black glaze. Some vessels with silky red glaze carry painted West Slope motifs but it becomes standard to couple it with the incised post-West Slope decoration. The glaze indicates a transition from the Hellenistic fine-wares to the sigillatas of the early Roman period.
7.7.1 West Slope shapes
The West Slope shapes in Pergamon are dominated by drinking vessels. There is little evidence of mainland Classical shapes in Pergamon with only a single fragment that could come from a Classical, or Hellenistic, kantharos with moulded rim, AMP1180. There is a series of Hellenistic kantharoi with low foot that indicates some knowledge of the convex-concave profile of the Classical kantharos but the influence is likely to be indirect. Some of the Hellenistic kantharoi at Pergamon have a slightly angular profile
/: o but the majority boast an S-swung or bellied form.
The hemispherical bowl with conical profile is not uncommon in early-second century deposits. The Pergamene version has a low foot and curving wall. The motifs on the bowls are often the star flower, dolphin and palmette. Net-pattern bowls add to the assemblage of drinking vessels in Pergamon. In the early-second century the hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration is popular. The profile of this shape is somewhat of a mystery. Some examples preserve handles, indicating a shape not unlike a baggy or one-piece kantharos. Frequently the handles are not preserved, suggesting a handle-less hemispherical bowl. This shape appears with West Slope and post-West Slope motifs.
67 Behr, 1988, p. 104. 68 Angular profile: AMP0954, AMP0959.
509 In the second-century assemblage the type A Pergamene skyphos appears to be related to the hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration in profile and decoration; both carry ribbing on their lower walls. The later versions, types B and C, add angularity to the profile and stand beside the Pergamene cup; all indicate a movement to the new ware, Eastern sigillata (see 1.2.7).
The lug-handled krater is popular in Pergamon. It carries motifs that are also found on the hemispherical bowl with conical profile: the bird, dolphin, palmette and star flower. This suggests a related function. The amphora produced at Pergamon is symbolic of the production. The shape differs from the Attic profile particularly the plain strap handles and angular shoulder. There is a scattering of pouring vessels that are not standardised: there are fragments assigned to guttoi, lagynoi and a double cruet, among others. Pyxides are rare but reversible lids and lekanides enjoy popularity in the mid-second century. Their decoration and angular shape place the lidded lekanis alongside the second-century drinking vessels.
The post-West Slope assemblage provides the only example of a West Slope thymiaterion, AMP5339. Thymiateria are more likely to be plain or decorated in the white-ground technique.69
7.7.2 West Slope decoration
West Slope decoration begins in Pergamon in the first half of the third century, probably around 275 (see 2.7.2). The West Slope decoration of the third and early second century in Pergamon consists of all-painted or painted and incised decoration. White and clay- coloured paints are used with a demonstrable interest in colour-contrast. The paint is often thick enough to appear three-dimensional. The incision, which is rather deep, is used in subsidiary positions. It was thought that the fully painted motifs dated earlier
69 See, Radt, 2000, for discussion of this unique piece and of thymiateria in general. The thymiaterion is discussed in this study as a West Slope motif but is not presented independently as a West Slope shape.
510 than the incised and painted motifs.70 However, it would appear on depositional evidence and on the evidence of shape development, that the two types were contemporary and the choice was determined largely by the motif that was to be rendered. In Pergamon the choice of clay or white paint is largely interchangeable and either colour can dominate the scheme.
The post-West Slope technique is reliant on incision. It is found on the angular shapes of the second century and is associated with the development of Eastern Sigillata. It dates from the mid-second to the mid-first century, perhaps even extending into the first century A.D.. The paint used in the technique is white and is usually confined to the border motifs of a row of dots, or dot rosettes. The incision on these vessels is very fine. The lines are sharp and just scrape through the glaze, differing from the strong, deep lines of West Slope. It would appear from the chipping of the glaze on some of the examples that the incision occurred post-firing. The post-West Slope technique can show something of the metal-engravers skill but at other times the decoration is so rudimentary the vessel is not enhanced by its appearance. The decline of the decoration to rough, incised pseudo-ribbing and irregular and ill-formed painted dots show the last vestiges of an over-painted tradition.
Vegetal motifs are common in the Hellenistic fine-wares of Pergamon, with ivy frequently decorating a wide range of vessels. Both ivy and elongated leaves are maintained into the post-West Slope ware phase, where volute and other derivative garlands are also found. Palmettes and dolphins decorate the hemispherical bowls with conical profile and kraters. The tondos of these vessels share the star flower motif though the kraters can substitute this for a swan or other winged creature. The repetition of motif groups, such as the dolphin, palmette and star flower, along with the lotus bud, spiral tendril and winged creatures, suggests an interrelated meaning. The elaborate robin birds and griffin are exceptional examples of post-West Slope decoration.
70 Schafer, 1968, pp. 55-57. 71 Some motifs, such as the ivy garland, are almost always rendered with incision and paint while other motifs, like bows and palmette, do not combine fine tendrils into their composition and so incision is not employed.
511 The spearhead necklace is popular on the S-swung kantharos and is standard on the amphora. The ribbon and bow is the only other frequently occurring manmade motif in the assemblage. The other examples, a boukranion and a vessel, are found on the same fragment of a reversible lid, AMP 1056.
Geometric motifs are found on a range of shapes, but rarely on kantharoi, suggesting that these motifs are likely to have entered the assemblage toward the end of the third century. Concentric rectangles and checkerboard are not common. The bead and reel and the egg and dart (rarely as the hoops and leaves version) are found in West Slope ware and appear in derivative forms in the post-West Slope technique. Geometric motifs are well suited to the incised technique. Rows of dots are very common as a border motif in Pergamon. These date throughout the second century and are probably the longest surviving painted element on the Hellenistic fine-wares of Pergamon.
7.7.3 Influence/influences
There is little evidence for the origin of the Pergamene production. The local kantharos with slightly angular profile has been regarded as the earliest, suggesting a role for Athens in the establishment of the production. Such a connection is not long maintained as the Hellenistic kantharoi soon adopt the typical Pergamene S-swung form.
The amphora profile of the Pergamene type suggests some influence of metal-wares, particularly the clay rivets that sit at the lower handle attachment. The use of a mould for the body of some examples may also imitate metal practices. Further evidence of metallic influence in the production may be found in the incised decoration of the best post-West Slope ware, which, as mentioned above, appears engraved. Macedonia had a flourishing metal production in the mid to late second century and wares from here and the East were available in Pergamon.
512 The S-swung kantharos and the Pergamene amphora are characteristic of Pergamon and their appearance as imports or local imitations in the Aegean Islands, along the Asia Minor coast, into the Black Sea and to Northern Greece as well as to Crete, Cyprus and the Near East indicates the influence of Pergamon and the interconnections of the eastern half of the Hellenistic world. The Pergamene skyphos draws the Asia Minor coast and the eastern Aegean into the same material culture group. The Pergamene cup, however, remains a Pergamene shape. Post-West Slope ware is found in the Aegean Islands and on the Black Sea coast, but the technique is not widely adopted unlike its descendent sigillata. The transition of technique that can be seen within the fine-ware production at Pergamon underlines the increasing importance of Asia Minor cities through the Hellenistic period.
72 For distribution see, Rotroff, 2002.
513 Chapter 8: Regional Productions
8.1 Northern Greece
The Macedonian Kingdom, ruled through the Hellenistic period by the Antigonids, was a wealthy region due to its own natural resources and its involvement in the East, a wealth reflected in the material remains. Although the birthplace of Philip and Alexander, the region was not a major controlling force in the Hellenistic world with its power limited to and constantly disputed in mainland Greece. The number of ceramic imports recorded in Northern Greece decreases towards the end of the fourth century.1 2 In the third century the vast majority of West Slope ware is produced locally. Workshops are identified at a number of settlements across the region.
8.1.1 Cohesion of Northern Greece
Patterns of interaction between areas of Northern Greece can be highlighted by the distribution of the pyxis. The type B pyxis with domed lid and ring foot is found through eastern and central Macedonia, in the Chalkidiki and north to the settlements at Stobi and Isar Marvinci. The elaborate pro tome and tripod foot versions have a more limited distribution. These are found at Beroia, Pella, Pentaplatanos, Mieza, Thessaloniki and Isar Marvinci. The majority of examples of both forms are found at Beroia and Pella.
The form of the Classical kantharos with plain rim indicates distinct zones of production. The examples in Eastern Macedonia, from Eion, Amphipolis and Rodeleivos have a short, lower body, often ribbed, and a tall, attenuated upper body; the spur handles have a rounded upper profile. The examples from Pella, Potidaea, Edessa,
1 Themelis and Touratsoglou, 1997, p. 212. 2 Eion: NGR4047, NGR4048, NGR4050, NGR4051, NGR4052, NGR4053, NGR4054; Amphipolis: NGR4210, NGR4211; Rodoleivos: NGR4064.
514 Aiane and Vergina are more solid with broader, squatter bodies and slightly rising spurs. The offset example from Kozani, NGR4258, also belongs to this group though the spurs are set at more of an angle. At Edessa the local production substitutes a low foot but maintains the Classical body and handle profile.3 4 At Beroia there is a Classical kantharos with moulded rim, NGR5298. This is very like an example from Eion, NGR4062, though here a low foot is substituted and the lower body is elongated. Such low foot examples are amongst finds from Thessaloniki.5 Fragments of moulded rims are preserved at Beroia, Thessaloniki, Torone and Isar Marvinci.6 Various forms of the Hellenistic kantharos appear but are not overly frequent.7
The oinochoai found at Pella, Beroia, Thessaloniki (Derveni) and Edessa present a united group quite different from the fragments at Amphipolis.8
8.1.2 Productions in Northern Greece
The material found in Central Macedonia indicates the presence of a number of different but related workshops. The capital Pella and the city of Beroia, the ancestral home of the House of the Antigonids, have separate workshops.9 Similarly, while the commercial port of Thessaloniki draws many parallels with the Pellan production, it is
3 Pella: NGR4948, NGR4952, NGR4953; Potidaea: NGR4116; Edessa: NGR4897; Aiane: NGR4150; Vergina: NGR4226. 4 NGR4148, NGR4149. 5 NGR4042 (import-Athens?), NGR5113. 6 Beroia: NGR4235; Thessaloniki: NGR5059, NGR5060, NGR5061, NGR5062; Torone: NGR4240, NGR4241, NGR4242, NGR4243, NGR4244, NGR4245, NGR4665, NGR4753, NGR4772; Isar Marvinci: NGR2387. 7 Pella: Hellenistic kantharos, one-piece: NGR4658, NGR4659; Pella: Hellenistic kantharos, straight- walled: NGR4660, NGR4661; Hellenistic kantharos, S-swung: Torone: NGR4227, NGR4228; Nea Zichni: NGR4065; Abdira: NGR4172, NGR4222; Fragments: NGR4163, NGR4164, NGR4165, NGR4166, NGR4167, NGR4168, NGR4169, which share the spearhead necklace motif with versions from Pergamon. 8 Pella: NGR4101, NGR4656; Beroia: NGR4022, NGR4046, NGR4091; Thessaloniki: NGR4113; Edessa: NGR4147; Amphipolis: NGR4200, NGR4202. 9 While the two cities produce the same pyxides there are differences in the choice of decoration. At Pella rays are a common motif on the flange, this is less the case in Beroia. The banded decoration on the shaft is painted in white at Pella. While such decoration is utilised at Beroia it is very often rendered in incision.
515 likely to produce pieces locally. The off-centre kantharos at Kozani suggests local derivation while the hybrid low-footed kantharoi at Edessa suggests local production.10 The decoration on the plates at Aiane indicates strong independence.* 11
The productions of Eastern Macedonia, Eion, Amphipolis and the inland settlements of Nea Zichni and Rodeleivos, are interconnected. The kantharos forms are similar at each and suggest trade, likely travelling inland from the coastal cities. The use of the volute garland motif in this zone indicates a link to central Macedonian production.
To the north a fragment at Stobi, NGR2385, shows a pair of dolphins set on either side of a single standing branch: a local misunderstanding of the dolphin and palmette combination. At Isar Marvinci there is no identification of a local West Slope workshop but the local black-glaze production follows Greek prototypes. There are fragments that appear to be wheel-made bowls with exterior decoration that emulate mould-made bowls, suggesting an as yet unidentified production in the region.13 A derivative kantharos from Delogzoda, NGR2588, with low foot, simple ring handles and incised elongated leaves indicates local imitation of Greek imports.
8.1.3 Influence/influences
There is evidence of a shared tradition between Northern Greece and Athens, though the early use of incision in the north soon sets its West Slope production apart. Certain shapes are shared between the areas such as the cup kantharos with tall stem, the moulded rim kantharos, though these vary between the two, the unguentarium and the spool salt cellar.14 However, the connection between the two areas weakens as the third
10 Kozani: NGR4258; Edessa: NGR4148, NGR4149. 11 NGR4151, NGR4641. 12 Sokolovska, 1986, p. 174; Sokolovska, 1994, pp. 215-217. 13 NGR2391, NGR2395, NGR2399, NGR2400. Given the settlement’s position on a trade route (see: Sokolovska, 1986, p. 151) they may well be imported, though they draw no parallels with other published examples (see 4.3.5b). 14 Cup kantharos, tall stem: Thessaloniki: NGR4909; Amphipolis: NGR5294; Athens: ATH1562, ATH1563, ATH1566, ATH1567, ATH1568, ATH1965, ATH2151, ATH2323. Classical/Hellenistic
516 century progresses, indicated by the lack of Hellenistic kantharoi and amphorae in Northern Greece and the variation in the oinochoe form. Such variations suggest difference in the drinking traditions while burial traditions are demonstrably different: compare the rich graves of Macedonia, particularly the production of the elaborate pyxides and lebes gamikoi, with the sparsely furnished Attic graves.
The influence of Pergamon is most evident in Thrace where S-swung kantharoi and hemispherical bowls with exterior decoration are popular. In the “multi-cultural” city of Amphipolis there is an example of post-West Slope ware, NGR4203, which is likely to be an import. Pergamene imports or influence also reach Thessaloniki and Torone highlighting their position on trade routes.15
Shapes indicative of the productions of Central Greece are occasionally found in the north, such as the one-piece and straight-walled kantharoi at Pella and the bolsal at Beroia.16
The influence of Northern Greece on the production of other areas is best indicated by the pyxis production. Examples of the pyxis with a moulded tripod turn up at Patras and Leukada, though here they are combined with domed lids. Protome lids and plain type B pyxides are found in Epiros. While EPI2371 from Amantines may be an import, the others provide evidence of similar practice in the two regions but not of closely related productions (see 8.2.3). The lebes from Mesopotamos, EPI2796, provides further evidence of this. Closer to home the form of the pyxides at Isar Marvinci (protome and tripod) and the decoration of them at Stobi (rays and white bands) relate to central
kantharos, moulded rim: Beroia, Thessaloniki, Eion, Torone and Isar Marvinci (see above for listing) cf. ATH1549, ATH1550, ATH1551, ATH1581, ATH2093, ATH2154. Ungeuntarium: Pella: NGR4100; Thessaloniki: NGR4102; Athens: ATH2295. Spool salt cellar: Aiane: NGR4154; Pella: NGR4657; Athens: ATH 1879, ATH 1880, ATH 1881, ATH2102; the examples from Northern Greece carry ivy (or perhaps egg and dart for NGR4657) while the Attic examples all carry elongated leaves. 15 Spearhead necklace with thick white-painted band and clay-painted pendants: Thessaloniki: NGR4026, NGR4028; Torone: NGR4228. Star flower on a hemispherical bowl with conical profile: Torone: NGR4702, NGR4703. Amphora: Thessaloniki: NGR4016. 16 Hellenistic kantharos, one-piece: NGR4658, NGR4659; Hellenistic kantharos, straight-walled: NGR4660, NGR4661; Bolsal: NGR4139. 17 10N4399, ION4401, PEL4394, PEL4395, PEL4396.
517 Macedonian productions. 1 ft Meanwhile the tall, attenuated kantharoi produced in the cities of eastern Macedonia parallel with examples produced on the Black Sea coast (see
8. 13. 1).
18 Isar Marvinci: Protome and tripod: NGR2374, NGR2375; Protome: NGR2376, NGR2411; Stobi: NGR2384.
518 8.2 Epiros and Illyria
The sites with West Slope material in Epiros and Illyria stretch along the Adriatic coast from Michalisti in the south to Osanici in the north. Epiros and Illyria remained rather on the edge of the Greek world in the early Hellenistic period. However, their proximity to Italy coupled with the actions of their leaders drew the attention of Rome and provided a pretext for Roman involvement in Greek affairs.19 The examples of West Slope ware in this region indicate a clear mix of influence from mainland Greece and Southern Italy alongside local traditions and tastes. Elements of both shape and decoration unite the region though further publication is required before these patterns are fully understood.
8.2.1 Cohesion of Epiros and Illyria
The amphora offers the best example of a shape that distinguishes the productions of this region. Here an amphora that remains closely linked to Classical shapes, though may also show connections to Italian production, is favoured in place of either the Pergamene or Attic versions (see 5.3.1). These examples are found at Michalisti, Kassope, Ambrakia, Mesopotamos and further north at Vis and Budva. In addition to this is a Panathenaic style amphora at Ioannina, EPI4994, again showing a penchant for Classical shapes. A version set between these forms is found at Ambrakia, EPI4993.
The plate and hemispherical bowl with conical profile provide another link through the region. This is particularly displayed in the choice of decoration. Wheat motifs decorate these forms at Kassope, Mesopotamos and at Vis while the swan and star
19 Shipley, 2000, pp. 371-376. 20 Ujes, 1999, p. 208, mentions examples of over-painted pottery in Illyria, fragments listed include dark on light and light on dark. Further publication will hopefully reveal whether these are local and whether they emulate West Slope or Gnathia shapes and motifs. 21 Michalisti: EPI4992; Kassope: EPI5024; Ambrakia: EPI4993, EPI4995, EPI5036, EP15037; Mesopotamos: EPI2801; Vis: EPI5035; Budva: EPI2571, EPI2572, EPI2573, EPI2574, EPI2575, EPI2576, plain-ware examples of this form are housed in Belgrade, see: Popovic, 1994, no. 446, p. 277; no. 448, p. 278.
519 flower are found at Mesopotamos and Lissos. Even the construction of the motifs can be quite similar.
The forms of the unguentaria decorated at Mesopotamos and Kefalochori differ from those chosen in other productions of West Slope ware in mainland Greece, being fusiform rather than globular fusiform.24
The thorn kantharos is found at Budva and Osanici where it appears a popular shape.25
9 c It is also found at Mesopotamos and at Butrint.
8.2.2 Productions in Epiros and Illyria
While derivative shapes found in the southern cities of the region indicate certain characteristics of local production, the identification of their locality and defining qualities remain inconclusive. The derivative Hellenistic kantharoi at Kefalochori and Butrint and the derivative bowls with mould-made medallions from Kassope suggest local productions. The all-incised ivy motif, as on EPI5300 from Butrint, highlights a preference for incision in some workshops in the region.
Local production has been identified at Budva, characterised by a fine, buff-yellow
90 fabric. Amphorae produced in this fabric are decorated with checkerboard, lattice or quartered rectangles on the neck and egg and dart on the shoulder. At Osanici the local production emulates the imported thorn kantharos form but decorates it with egg and dart. The local thorn kantharos found at Budva, EPI2578, does not retain over-painted
22 Wheat: EPI4967, EPI5023, EPI5027, EPI5213; Bird: EPI2793, EPI4890. 23 The star flower on both EPI4890 and EPI5023 have looping petals alternating with tripartite leaves. 24 EPI2795, EPI2799, EPI4173, (EPI2800?). 25 EPI2577, EPI2578, EPI2579, EPI2580. 26 EPI2798, EPI5302. 27 Kefalochori: EPI4174; Butrint: EP15300, EPI5301; Kassope: EPI5029, EPI5030. 28 EPI2571, EPI2572, EPI2573, EPI2574, EPI2575. 29 Other motifs of unidentified appearance are also found. 30 EPI2579, EPI2580.
520 decoration. At Vis the local production is more commonly associated with the manufacture of Gnathia-type vessels, but the motifs decorating the thin-necked jugs make apparent their connection to West Slope ware.
8.2.3 Influence/influences
Indications of Corinthian influence are found in Epiros, first with the cyma kantharos derivatives at Kefalochori and Butrint. The choice of bird and wheat motifs on the hemispherical bowls and plates parallel Corinthian examples. These bowls often carry checkerboard on the rim, also popular in Corinth. However, the examples of checkerboard from Epiros are accompanied by lattice rather than concentric rectangles or, as on EPI4890, by ivy.
The wheat motif provides a link with Italian productions and suggests a role for the Adriatic coast in the exchange between Italy and Corinth.34 The plate, EPI2793, from Mesopotamos has a wavy line around the rim, a feature that reinforces this Italian- Corinthian source.3> An Italian link can also be argued for the amphorae found in the region.36 The connection is emphasised by the painted technique used on EPI4995, which adds clay on top of a white paint, as in Gnathia (see 1.2.3) and yet conforms to the stylistic qualities of West Slope ware.37 At Vis such a combination of characteristics is demonstrated on the thin-necked jugs (see 8.2.2). Some amphorae appear to follow a similar hybridisation, conforming to the bi-conical form of Gnathia ware but choosing
31 Cvijanovic, 1995, p. 37; Green, 2001, p. 70; Thin-necked jugs: EPI4960, EPI4961, EPI4962, EPI4963, EP14964, EPI4965. EPI4966 has been identified as Macedonian. Motifs: ivy, elongated leaves, single leaves, palmette, dolphin, spearhead necklace, concentric rectangles, checkerboard, lattice, egg and dart, bead and reel, zigzag, bands. 32 Hellenistic kantharos, various: EPI4174, EPI5300, EPI5301. 33 EPI5025, EPI5026, EPI5027, EPI5028, EPI4890, EP14967, EPI5023, EPI5213; cf. COR2908, COR2942, COR2970, COR4517, COR4518, COR4521, COR4536, COR4548, COR4550. 34 Green, 1979; see 3.1.15. 35 Green, 1976, pi. 25, cf. COR2915 (rim decoration). See: Alexandropoulou, 2002, p. 110, where the rendering of the star motif on these examples is compared. 36 Alexandropoulou, 2002, pp. 149f. ’7 Alexandropoulou, 2002, p. 189.
521 TO lattice, checkerboard and quartered rectangle motifs. The locally produced thorn kantharoi show the region drawing yet again on ceramics that move between Corinth and Italy (see 4.1.6).
Influence from other areas of Greece can be discerned. The plate with rouletting and over-painted decoration from Durrës, EPI4974, shows fourth-century Attic influence combined with Hellenistic decorative trends: a hybrid rather than the full emulation of a style.' Attic influence may be witnessed in the angular version of the amphora from Mesopotamos, EPI2727, though a metal prototype may have caused this divergence from the local form. The double cruet from Vis, EPI4968, is identified as an Attic import.
The popularity of the pyxis shows connections with traditions in Macedonia to which the southern zones were politically connected throughout the period. However, many of the forms of the pyxis found in Epiros are highly derivative.40 Despite this the productions of northwest Greece may have filtered a pyxis prototype from Macedonia to the Italian productions at Centuripe and Canosa.41 The lebes from Mesopotamos, EPI2796, copies another shape popular in the productions of Northern Greece though this could be filtered through Central Greece. Central Greece also shares the amphora form with Epiros.42
’8 Popovic, 1994, no. 445, p. 277; no. 447, p. 278. ,9 In the Hellenistic period the best parallel for the shape is: Rotroff, 1997, no. 838, p. 327, fig. 57, pis. 70, 144, with a hooking, though not concave rim; convex and hooking rims are found in the fourth century, see: Sparkes and Talcott, 1975, no. 1011, p. 307, fig. 9. ATH1687, a plate with rilled rim, parallels the decoration combining rouletting and palmettes with a painted star flower. 40 EPI2371, EPI2794, EPI2797, EPI5020, EPI5242, EPI5262, EPI5263, EPI5285, EPI5286. 41 Kotitsa, 1996, p. 180. 42 EPI2571, EPI2572, EPI2573, EPI2574, EPI2575, EPI2576, EPI4992, EPI5024, EPI4993, EPI4995, EPI5036, EPI5037, EPI2801 cf. CGR2638, CGR2664, CGR2666.
522 8.3 Central Greece
Central Greece in the Hellenistic period held rather distinct political regions. Thessaly was under Macedonian control with Demetrias a Macedonian garrison, flourishing port and popular resort.43 Boiotia, which appears to have suffered a decline at this time, found itself wedged between Macedonian strongholds in the north their interests in the south and the growing power of the Aetolians to the west.44 Aetolia and Akamania restricted Macedonian control by uniting the strengths of numerous cities into a league, the alternative political unit to the kingdom in the Hellenistic period.45 In some regions of Central Greece, such as Boiotia, the technique of over-painted pottery was already in use in the fourth century (see 1.2.3). The cities in Central Greece cluster in geographic groups, which largely reflect interrelated workshops. These production zones follow the prefecture/geographical groups: Boiotia-Phthiotis, southern Thessaly-Lokris, Thessaly (Pagasitikos Gulf), inland Thessaly and Aetolia-Akamania.
8.3.1 Cohesion in Central Greece
There is a certain amount of cohesion in the assemblage of Central Greece, though most cohesion is found within clusters of cities and so defines a production zone (see 8.3.2). The cities in the eastern zones of Central Greece show considerable interaction while the western sites of Aetolia-Akarnania appear somewhat isolated.
The one-piece kantharos is the standard drinking vessel through the whole region, often sporting an unglazed outer foot.46 Another drinking vessel that characterises the region is the bolsal.47 Fragments of kantharoi with moulded rim link Demetrias with Medeon.48
43 Walbank, 1981, pp. 89-90. 44 Shipley, 2000, p. 30; P. Green, 1990, p. 248. 45 Shipley, 2000, pp. 133-136. 46 Examples at: Thebes, Thespies, Medeon, Delphi, Opous, Demetrias, Pherai, Amphane, Karditsa, Kalydon and Chalkis. 47 Demetrias: CGR2601, CGR2609; Thebes: CGR2626, CGR2627, CGR2769; Medeon: CGR2661, CGR2662, CGR2672, CGR2680; Akraifias: CGR2752. 48 Medeon: CGR2669; Demetrias: CGR2710, CGR2711.
523 Oinochoai from Akrafias and Medeon find a closely related example further north at Asopos.49 These have the twisted handle of the Athenian oinochoe but often maintain the trefoil mouth. The neck tends to be thinner than the Attic examples, sometimes exaggeratedly. A reversible lid from Lamia draws a parallel with one from Phthiotic Thebes.50 The double cruet, a popular shape at Medeon, is also found at Demetrias and an unusual example, perhaps with pseudo-moulded decoration, is found at Delphi.51
The range of motifs is not great with the majority of vessels holding ivy wreaths and spearhead necklaces. The ivy often has incised stems, each branching one from the other and at Demetrias, Pherai and Delphi a white-painted ribbon is a common addition. The spearhead necklace can appear with or without a chain and is most often composed with an incised band. Alternatives to these motifs are few, with elongated leaves and grapevines only at Demetrias and Delphi and charm necklaces at Demetrias and Pherai. The dolphin is represented by single examples at Demetrias and Chalkis in Aetolia. Checkerboard and lattice is a common combination at Thebes and a band of lattice and concentric rectangles is preserved at Delphi. The geometric motifs are more common in Aetolia where concentric rectangles, checkerboard and lattice decorate bowls, pyxides and reversible lids.
8.3.2 Productions of Central Greece
Thebes maintains shapes popular in the local Classical assemblage, such as the boisai and, developed from the Kabeiric cup, the one-piece and straight-walled kantharos. The production is characterised by the use of white paint that often depicts the main component of the motif. The hemispherical bowls reported in some number at Thebes
49 Medeon: CGR2667; Akraifias: CGR2616, CGR2750, CGR2751, CGR2753, CGR2754; Asopos: CGR4109. 50 Lamia: CGR2596; Phthiotic Thebes: CGR2745. 51 Medeon: CGR2660, CGR2670, CGR2671, CGR2674, CGR2675; Demetrias: CGR2611; Delphi: CGR4859. 52 Ivy with incised branching stems: Amphane: CGR2733; Demetrias: CGR2700, CGR2709, CGR2710; Medeon: CGR2663; Akraifias: CGR2616, CGR2750, CGR2751; Thebes: CGR2619, CGR2622, CGR2627, CGR2764, CGR2783, CGR2791, CGR2792.
524 are not found in the publication of vessels from other Boiotian centres. The vessels at Thebes are often dip-glazed, their lower halves remaining unglazed. Medeon shares the characteristic techniques and shapes of Theban production. The krater from Thespies, CGR4275, is unusual but retains elements of Classical production. The two amphorae from Medeon, which resemble a fragment from Thebes, have a rounded body and an out-turned and thickened lip. The bolster kraters from the two cities also show the maintenance of Classical forms.54 Decorated Classical kantharoi are produced at Thebes, though black-glaze versions must provide the profile. These carry horizontal grooves on their exterior wall.55 An example of this type, CGR2749, is reported from Gla. Medeon is set apart from the production through the presence of the double cruet, a popular shape in local burials.56 The material from Delphi, on the other hand, is scrappy and varied and would appear to be of mixed productions as suited to a pan-Hellenic site.57
The evidence for cities of Lokris and southern Thessaly is scattered, so while the examples suggest local production they do not allow an understanding of local characteristics. Some pieces can be compared to examples from other zones, such as the oinochoe from Asopos and the reversible lid from Lamia (8.3.1). The kantharoi at Opous are ungainly enough to be of local production though they could represent pieces made especially for the grave given that other vessels from the site are more finely
r o formed. The angular kantharos from Martinon Lokridos has a conical lower body and unadorned handles, atypical for Central Greece (Larisa provides the only regional parallel).69 The pyxis from Lamia, CGR2615, is a misunderstood creation with its stemmed foot and bowl-like lower body, the lack of flange on the lid to balance that on
53 Medeon: CGR2664, CGR2666; Thebes: CGR2638. 54 Medeon: CGR2663; Thebes: CGR2637. 55 Black-glaze example: Heimberg, 1982, no. 84, pi. 6. West Slope examples: CGR2788, CGR2789, CGR2790, CGR2791, CGR2792. 56 Medeon: CGR2660, CGR2670, CGR2671, CGR2674, CGR2675; Cheronee Museum: MUS2676, MUS2677, MUS2678, MUS2679. 57 Some examples parallel with the production at Demetrias: Spearhead necklace version: Delphi, CGR2651; Demetrias, CGR2761; Krater: Delphi, CGR2642; Demetrias, CGR2690. There are two thorn kantharoi: CGR2643, CGR2653. 58 Ungainly: CGR4387, CGR4388; Finely formed: CGR4385, CGR4386. 59 Martinon Lokridos : CGR2729; Larisa: CGR2738.
525 the lower body and a tall, narrow knob on top. The decoration of spearhead necklaces, however, is quite like that on the more regular pyxis from Larisa, CGR2740. The other pyxis from Lamia has banded decoration.60
Demetrias had a fine production of West Slope pottery, perhaps benefiting from the arrival of an Athenian potter in the early third century, though local production may have been established prior to this.61 The other cities in this region, Pherai, Amphane, Phthiotic Thebes and Halos share the shapes and motifs of the Demetrias production, although the productions may, in practical terms, have been independent. The boisai and the double cruet are only reported from Demetrias, suggesting Boiotian (or Eretrian) contact. In addition to the one-piece kantharoi, angular kantharoi with a rather convex- concave profile are found at Demetrias and Pherai.63 Probably a variation of this, CGR2706, draws close to the S-swung profile. Hemispherical bowls are produced in small numbers and while drinking vessels dominate, reversible lids and pyxides broaden the assemblage.64 Decorative motifs are shared through the region; for example a charm necklace at Demetrias compares to remnants at Pherai.6:1
Inland at Larisa, the angular kantharos is popular and has a more articulated form than those at Demetrias.66 The pyxis from Larisa follows the same form as one at Amphane.67 The ivy decoration on the baggy kantharos from Karditsa, CGR2748,
60 This piece, CGR5240, is identified as of Boiotian type, though it represents the only such example from a known context. For discussion of this pieces see: Kotitsa, 1996, pp. 42 and 53; CGR5240 cf. CGR5248 of unknown provenance, also MUS5268, which shows a nice example of rather unrefined potting. 61 Furtwängler, 1990. In this presentation the focus is on the production of a group of vessels that are made of a more yellow fabric than is standard amongst the local wares, charaterised by a red-brown to orange-brown clay. These pieces adhere more closely to Attic standards of form and decoration, though local shapes are apparent. From this evidence the workshop of an Attic potter working in Demetrias is identified, this potter utilises a different clay source than the other potter/s. The local production spans the third to second century, the yellow ware belongs only to the 280-250 phase. 62 Bolsal: CGR2601, CGR2609; Double cruet: CGR2611. 63 Hellenistic kantharos, angular: CGR2705, CGR4374. 64 Hemispherical bowls: Demetrias: CGR2715, CGR2717, CGR2718; Pherai: CGR4375, CGR4376. Reversible lids: CGR2692, CGR2745; Pyxis: CGR2735, CGR2740. 65 Amphane: CGR2733; Demetrias: CGR2700, CGR2709, CGR2710; Medeon: CGR2663; Akraifias: CGR2616, CGR2750, CGR2751; Thebes: CGR2619, CGR2622, CGR2627, CGR2764, CGR2783, CGR2791, CGR2792. 66 CGR2738, CGR2739, CGR2741, CGR2742. 67 CGR2740.
526 follows the branching stems popular in the region but the result is a rather angular series of lines; a bad rendition by a local potter.
The West Slope ware from Aetolia is not closely related to examples found in other areas of Central Greece. At Chalkis the fine-wares and plain-wares are produced from similar clay, suggesting localised productions of West Slope material. The hemispherical bowl from Nafpaktos is quite similar to an imported example from Chalkis, indicating local interaction. The region places pyxides in the graves; those from Thurreion are domed, while an example from Kallipolis has a moulded knob.69 Another shape from Aetolian graves is the type B situla, one found at Trichonio, the other from Chalkis. These are fine vessels combining painted and moulded decoration. A filter jug is preserved at Kallipolis, CGR4379.
8.3.3 Influence/influences
Fourth-century production in Central Greece, namely Boiotia, is understood to have played a significant role in the establishment of West Slope ware (see 1.2.3; 4.2). The influence of this production is seen both in the shapes of the Hellenistic kantharoi and in the over-painted decoration, especially the use of white paint. Boiotian influence has been recognised in the pottery production of Eretria, particularly in the local production of one-piece kantharoi and boisais and in the early and bold use of white paint (see 7.3.3). The boisai shape is also found at Beroia, at Athens and at Carthage though these examples may rely on Classical rather than Hellenistic prototypes.
A rendition of the spearhead necklace at Demetrias draws a close parallel with examples from Eretria. 77 Although requiring more evidence, the likelihood of connections
68 Nafpaktos: CGR4398; Chalkis: CGR4441. 69 Thurreion: CGR4403, CGR4457, CGR4458; Kallipolis: CGR4380. 70 Trichonio: CGR4366; Chalkis: CGR4440. 71 Boisai: AFR0642, AFR0643, ATH2304, ATH2344, ATH4515, ERT3329, ERT3330, ERT3460, ERT3527, ERT3528, ERT3540, NGR4139. 72 CGR2690 cf. ERT3331, ERT3336, ERT3395.
527 between these two productions is not geographically unrealistic. It is possible that the bolsal and the double cruet, shapes popular in Boiotia but not common in Thessaly, reached Demetrias via Euboia.
The productions of Central Greece are connected to those in Epiros. This is displayed clearly in the form of the amphora preserved in both regions. More subtly it is found in the combination of lattice and checkerboard on the rim of hemispherical bowls and plates.73
Evidence of fourth-century Attic products is found at Larisa.74 Attic influence in Central Greece is strongly evident at Demetrias. Claims have been made of an Attic potter working in the city (see 8.3.2) and identified imports further substantiate the link.75 Classical kantharoi suggest the connection, particularly the bowl-shaped cup kantharos, CGR2608, which has the out-turned rim of third-century Attic prototypes. Attic decorative elements also indicate the connection with a partially preserved thymiaterion, the charm necklace, grapevine and wave pattern all following Attic standards.76 Other Attic elements in the region include the hemispherical bowl with mould-made feet from Medeon, CGR2659.
Corinthian influence may reach along the Corinthian Gulf to Chalkis, where a hemispherical bowl carries a large painted dolphin. The situlae from Aetolian graves draw on a metal prototype, used in burials in Aetolia and to the north. Ceramic versions are also found in Italy (see 5.3.5b, c).
The Classical kantharoi and fragments with moulded rim may relate to Macedonian, rather than Attic, production, particularly given the use of the volute garland on
73 CGR2635, CGR2780, CGR2781, CGR2782, CGR4441 cf. EPI5027, EPI5029, EPI5213, EPI4890. 74 CGR5175, CGR5176, CGR5177, CGR5178, CGR5179. 75 Imports: CGR2597, CGR2599. 76 Thymiaterion: CGR2708; Charm necklace: CGR2607, CGR2613, CGR2702, CGR2703; Grapevine: CGR2721, CGR2759, CGR2720; Wave pattern: CGR2607. 77 CGR4442 cf. COR2913, COR2915, COR2943, COR2984, COR4537.
528 no # # CGR2669. The footed hemispherical bowl from Pherai, CGR4421, represents another shape most often produced in Northern Greece.
78 CGR2669 cf. NGR5298; also CGR2710, CGR2711.
529 8.4 Ionian Islands
The West Slope material from this region is yet to be presented in a comprehensive fashion. Material from Ithaca issues from domestic and civic contexts while that from Leukada comes from burial contexts.
8.4.1 Cohesion of the Ionian Islands
Perhaps due to the different find contexts the material assemblages from the two islands, Leukada and Ithaca, bear little resemblance to each other.
8.4.2 Productions in the Ionian Islands
Recent reports would suggest that West Slope ware is produced at Ithaca, though full details of this production are awaitied. Ithaca indicates independence in the renditions of drinking vessels, particularly ION4419 which appears to be a cyma kantharos though carries an egg and dart motif on the upper face of the out-turned rim. Plates are popular, often decorated with incised concentric rectangles, checkerboard and lattice on the rim. There are two fragments from hemispherical bowls, one, ION4408, appears to have a straight rim and so would belong to the conical profile group though Benton’s comparison of the pieces• with• mould-made bowls suggests, instead,• an out-turned rim.0 1 There is a selection of pouring vessels including fragments from a narrow-necked jug, perhaps a guttus, ION4405. Ivy is a popular motif with incised stems and painted, rather indistinctly formed leaves. There is a neat rendition of the spearhead necklace, ION4413. One of the hemispherical bowls, ION4409, preserves part of an inscription,
79 British School at Athens, 2002, p. 34. 80 ION4410,10N4411, ION4412, ION4413,10N4414. 81 Benton, 1938, p. 32. 82ION4405, ION4406, ION4408, ION4411, ION4413, ION4414, ION4420.
530 O'} as does the plate ION4410. This maintenance of inscription on Hellenistic forms is rather unusual.
At Leukada there are four pyxides in the assemblage, two with ring bases and the other two with moulded tripods.84 Concentric rectangles decorate the pyxides though lattice is more popular; both motifs appear with checkerboards. An unusual West Slope vessel, a flask with broad body and narrow neck, is decorated with a band of lattice, ION4426.
8.4.3 Influence/influences
Corinthian influence leaves traces in the Ithacan wares. The skyphos, ION4420, may be a Corinthian import. The cyma kantharos prototype issues from that region too, though may have passed through intermediary productions. The form of the plates with wide rim and the choice of concentric rectangles and checkerboard to decorate, are close to examples in the Corinthian production dated to the end of the third century. The use of inscriptions is found both in Corinth and in Athens, though is usually confined to Classical or early Hellenistic shapes. The continued use of inscription in Ithaca may reveal vestiges of influence from Classical productions. Athens may be responsible for the amphora fragment ION4407, which has a twisted handle and is decorated with concentric rectangles. The white elongated leaves motif found on the one-piece kantharos, ION4416, suggests influence from Central Greece, namely Boiotia.
At Leukada the thorn kantharos, ION4402, is most likely an import. Examples found in the Peloponnese indicate a dispersal of these vessels along the Corinthian Gulf, while others are found to the north in Epiros and Illyria and to the west in Italy. This one at Leukada adds to the evidence of trade. The pyxides with tripod feet reveal a connection
83ION4409: YMd>; ION4410: N[-]AI[-] with a suggested restoration of NYMOAII for both. 84 With ring bases: ION4397, ION4400; Moulded tripods: ION4399, ION4401. 85 Ithaca: ION4412 cf. Corinth: COR2802, COR2804, COR2805, COR2950, COR2964, COR3002, COR3003, COR3004, COR4527. 86 Mamousia: PEL4276; Aigeira: PEL4269; Budva: EPI2577, EPI2578; Osanici: EPI2579, EPI2580; Mesopotamos: EPI2798; Butrint: EPI5302; Taranto: MUS4905, MUS490; Brindisi: MUS4907.
531 between Leukada and Patras though there are differences in profile and decoration of the examples from each city (see 8.5.3). The use of the pyxides in tombs draws parallels with Aetolian practice as well as potential connections to Northern Greece and Epiros. Certainly the tripod feet indicate some knowledge, and emulation, of Macedonian burial practices.
In addition to the thorn kantharoi and pyxides there are further parallels between vessels found on the Ionian Islands with those along the Adriatic coast. The star flower decorating the pyxis ION4400 is very similar to that on EPI2794 from Mesopotamos. The looping star flower on the plate fragment ION4414 also finds parallels in Epiros.87 The use of the lattice to decorate the rim of a plate, in place of concentric rectangles, is another feature shared through the western regions of Hellenistic Greece.88
87 Cf. EPI4890, EPI5023, EPI5213. 88ION4412 cf. EPI5213. Lattice on hemispherical bowls: EPI5027, EPI5029; Thebes: CGR2635, CGR2780, CGR2781, CGR2782; Chalkis: CGR4441.
532 8.5 Peloponnese
The Hellenistic settlements in the Peloponnese were largely combined into the Achaean League, whether by choice or by force. While the Macedonians were the enemy, the real problem in the region was Sparta who was attempting to reassert dominance in the region. The ceramic material from the Peloponnese has not been presented in any quantity from any one site, so that the evidence is scattered and the patterns are inconclusive. Examples of West Slope ware have been excavated from burial and domestic contexts.
8.5.1 Cohesion of the Peloponnese
The cities in the Peloponnese share Hellenistic kantharos forms, most of which relate to Corinthian prototypes. At Pylos there is an early form of the cyma kantharos, PEL4331, with bulbous, tall lower body, short rim and plain strap handles. A fragment from Nemea, PEL4312, is likely to belong to this group. The majority of examples from Elis and Olympia along with two from Yalova are much closer to the later Corinthian cyma kantharos with tall, narrow foot, smooth convex-concave profile and spur handles.90 PEL5307 from Elis provides a transition between the two forms. A group of vessels from the Messenia region are classed as the Hellenistic kantharos with low foot but show elements to suggest that they are a local derivation of the early cyma kantharos.91 The tall narrow foot of the cyma kantharos can be used as the base to other drinking cups. The angular kantharos from Pylos shares the articulated profile of the Corinthian type.92 While the black-glaze pieces from Helleniko belong to this group, the West
89 Walbank, 1981, pp. 154-158; P. Green, 1990, pp. 249-253. 90 Elis: PEL4335; Olympia: PEL4279, PEL4291, PEL4304; Yalova: PEL5200, PEL5201. 91 Chora Trifilias: PEL4277; Pylos: PEL4310; Yalova: PEL5196, PEL5197, PEL5219, PEL5221; Tsopani Rachi: PEL5222. 92 Pylos: PEL4329.
533 Slope kantharoi along with the kantharoi from Sparta stand apart and show elements of Attic rather than Corinthian production (see 8.5.3).
The motifs are incised and paint, clay or white in colour, is added. Ivy, elongated leaves and some volute garlands appear. The other motifs tend to be geometric with egg and dart, wavy lines and rays. Checkerboard and concentric rectangles are found on the coast of the Corinthian Gulf and are popular in Messenia.94 The spearhead necklace remains rare.9^ The decoration at Messenia and at Elis is often placed in a narrow band between incised lines, while bands of glaze are used at Elis and Patras. Evidence of dip glazing is common.
8.5.2 Productions in the Peloponnese
At Argos, there is a reversible lid, PEL4333, a shape not reported from other sites in the region. The lagynos, PEL4259, carries an elaborate, all-incised ivy garland. These unparalleled pieces open the possibility of a local production.
The West Slope vessels at Helleniko are of the local fabric. They are Classical kantharoi with strap handles and turned foot and both are decorated with incised ivy wreaths.96
The examples of baggy kantharoi from Sparta have a very broad, low ring foot and wide body.97 These drinking vessels differ from other examples known from the Peloponnese and suggest the presence of a local workshop. The decoration is derivative with free- floating heart-shaped leaves or rough loops imitating circular wreaths. Other fragments hold derivative geometric and vegetal motifs. Of note is the frequent use of the row of dots. The finest decoration is on PEL5148: an elaborate, shaded star flower.
9j Helleniko, black-glaze kantharos, see: Abadie and Spyropoulos, 1985, p. 400, fig. 28; Helleniko, West Slope kantharos: PEL4308, PEL4309; Sparta, West Slope kantharos: PEL4266, PEL4267. 94 Aigeira: PEL4270, PEL4271; Mamousia Aigialeias: PEL4276; Elis: PEL4311; Patras: PEL4394, PEL4395; Yalova: PEL5206, PEL5207; Messenia: PEL5208. 95 Yiolavas: PEL5198, PEL5215; Pylos, dot necklace: PEL4273. 96 PEL4308, PEL4309. 97 PEL4266, PEL4267; related fragments: PEL5140, PEL5149.
534 The West Slope ware from Messenia includes a range of drinking and pouring vessels. Classical drinking vessels are found though these all have strong Hellenistic elements: the strap handles and cyma kantharos foot on the bowl-like cup kantharos, the high rising spur handles of the Classical kantharos and the use of concentric rectangles as decoration. The relaxation of the profiles and blurring of the distinction between the cyma kantharos and the low-footed Hellenistic kantharos characterise the local production. The one-piece kantharoi share a characteristic reserved band on their foot." The lagynoi are varied in their profile while an aryballos, PEL5218, parallels with examples from Patras (see below).100 There is a limited range of motifs with ivy and elongated leaves dominating. There are a few examples of the spearhead necklace and of geometric motifs, such as egg and dart, concentric rectangles, checkerboard and row of dots. The decoration of the lebes gamikos from Pylos, PEL4970, stands out from the majority of examples. The most characteristic decorative element in this area is the placement of motifs within a narrow incised rectangle.
At Patras the one-piece kantharoi are quite spherical, differing from the Messenian examples.101 The aryballoi with broad disc bases, ribbed lower walls and flaring rim are distinctive,102 as are the pyxides with moulded tripods.103 The pyxides feature bands of glaze that highlight the form and carry more elaborate motifs than the standard ivy (and one volute garland) on the other shapes.
Local production is argued for material in Elis on the strength of the clay type and seems secured by PEL5304, an Elian lekythos combining moulded and stamped decoration with a band of incised and painted ivy.104 Further local elements are displayed by the
98 Cup kantharos, bowl-like: PEL5202, PEL5204; Classical kantharos, plain rim: PEL5215; Concentric rectangles: PEL5206, PEL5207. 99 PEL4272, PEL4273, PEL4278, PEL5216. 100 White-ground lagynoi form: PEL5198, PEL5217. Angular lagynoi form: PEL4330, PEL5220. 101 PEL4392, PEL4393. 102 PEL4389, PEL4390, PEL4391; these find parallels within the West Slope tradition only with PEL5218 from Yalova; See 5.3.9 for further discussion of this shape. 103 PEL4394, PEL4395, PEL4396. 104 For clay type see: Kastler, 2000, p. 406; stamped decoration is also found on PEL4306.
535 banded decoration on the two thin-necked oinochoe.10? More common for the productions of Elis and Olympia, which are largely interlinked, are the cyma kantharoi with decoration, often ivy, placed in narrow bands between incised lines. One, PEL4311, is decorated with concentric rectangles and checkerboard. A bowl-shaped cup kantharos from the Elian collection, PEL5306, uses the high foot of the local cyma kantharos. Kraters are produced that do not adhere to standard Hellenistic types but may well have developed from the local plain-ware production.106 Two shapes not common in the Peloponnese, the plate and the hemispherical bowl, are both present in Olympia. Ivy completely dominates the decorative assemblage with other motifs, vegetal or geometric, remaining as singular examples.
8.5.3 Influence/influences
Corinth is the largest pottery production centre in the vicinity and its influences can be seen throughout the Peloponnese. The cyma and one-piece kantharos along with the form of the angular kantharos, follow Corinthian styles. Of more direct links, the concentric rectangles on the cyma kantharos from Elis, PEL4311, parallel with COR2960, while the inscription, PEL4311, is a common Corinthian feature (see 3.3.28). A plate from Messenia, PEL5208, carries decoration that parallels with examples from the Isthmus. At the settlement of Aigeira a hemispherical bowl with conical profile, PEL4271, carries concentric rectangles and checkerboard spaced with broad white bands, a feature of Corinthian production.109 The plate, PEL5340, shows a similar Corinthian connection. Other pieces from the shores of the Gulf, particularly the thorn kantharoi, indicate trade.110
105 PEL4860, PEL4861; compares with banded decoration on the Patras pyxides, PEL4394, PEL4395, PEL4396. 106 PEL4263, which may suggest a profile for the fragment from Messenia, PEL4332. 107 PEL4292, PEL4294, PEL4297. 108 Concentric rectangles and checkerboard on the rim, panthers and boukranion on the body and a star flower at the centre. Cf. COR2952, COR2953. 109 COR2906, COR2910, COR2911, COR2914, COR2918, COR2919, COR2920, COR2940, COR4520, COR4529. Ilu Classical kantharos, thorn: PEL4276 (from Mamousia); PEL4269 (from Aigeira).
536 Attic influence is indicated by the maintenance of fourth- or early-third century shapes. At Olympia there is a variant kantharos, PEL4295, which appears to draw on the fourth- century goblet kantharos.111 The Classical kantharoi at Helleniko follow an Attic prototype of the fourth or early third century but combine this with local incised decoration.112 At Epidauros, the oinochoe, PEL4260, a likely import, shows third- century Attic contact.113 The Hellenistic kantharoi from Sparta find a close parallel with a set of broad baggy kantharoi from Athens. They preserve spurs on the upper and lower sections of the handle, as does ATH1674, however this practice is found on fourth-century Kabeiric cups, so Boiotian influence in the Peloponnese is not out of the question.
The connection between Patras and Leukada is indicated by the similar pyxides with tripod and dome present at both sites. Both use concentric rectangles and checkerboard to decorate. While the form and motifs are similar, there are differences. The Patras pyxides have a low dome, the glaze is applied in bands and the geometric frieze is confined to the shaft. In Leukada, the pyxides have a higher dome, the geometric frieze can appear on the shaft or dome (and can also include lattice) and the exterior lids are fully glazed.
The hemispherical bowl with mould-made feet from Tsopani Rachi, PEL5203, is a rather unusual vessel with a deep body, ribbing, projecting rim and pseudo ring handles. The ivy decoration with row of dots is at variance with the typical local decoration. The use of moulded face, rather than shell, feet is also found in Crete and in Epiros.114
111 Sparkes and Talcott, 1970, nos. 722-723, p. 124, pi. 29, fn. 73. 112 PEL4308, PEL4309. 113 The version of the elongated leaves and spearhead necklace both have a white wavy line set between parallel bands. This is uncommon in Athens though two pieces, ATH1725 and ATH2265, comply. These date 225-175, after the majority of oinochoai are produced at Athens though this later date may explain the narrow neck and rounded shoulder of PEL4260. Boiotia produces round-bodied and thin-necked oinochoe (5.3.4, 8.3.1) but the motif version finds no parallels here. 114 Crete: MUS4615; Epiros: EPI2728. Though the choice of face varies: satyr, female, Dionysos. See 4.3.2.
537 8.6 Aegean Islands
The Aegean Islands are set between the cities of mainland Greece and those of Asia Minor and the East, thus in the centre of the Hellenistic world. The seafaring trade allowed the dissemination of material throughout the region, increasing the islands’ wealth. The quantity of imported pottery reflects the character of this trade. Evidence of local pottery indicates a heavy reliance on prototypes supplied first from the workshops of mainland Greece, most noticeably Athens, and then from productions on the Asia Minor coast, largely from Pergamon.
8.6.1 Cohesion of the Aegean Islands
The West Slope vessels in the Aegean find their cohesion in their emulation of vessels from major productions. The patterns are influenced by the geographic proximity of the islands but on the whole the evidence shows that Attic connections belong to the third, especially the early third century, while Asia Minor shapes and decorative techniques are popular from the end of the third century.
Much of the material from Aegina is difficult to distinguish from the Attic imports that are present. The shapes and the motifs generally follow Attic prototypes along with occasional pieces reflecting other mainland productions. In the Cyclades the popular shapes of third century Athens and then the Pergamene prototypes of the late third to second century are present. There is little indication of independent production. Examples of West Slope ware from the Dodecanese, excluding ceramics from the major urban centre of Rhodes, are not numerous. There is a single example from ancient Alasama (Karadamena) on Kos, a handful of pieces from Nisyros and a piece from Kasos. These often show something akin to Attic versions and remind one of the Attic imports and influence apparent at Rhodes. The material found on the islands in the northeast Aegean correlate closely to Pergamene shapes, though some are localised.
538 8.6.2 Productions in the Aegean Islands
Although largely following Attic prototypes, there are some examples from Aegina that suggest the possibility of a local output. Most notable are the number of lebetes gamikoi, a shape not reported amongst the West Slope material from the Athenian Agora.115 The preference for the Corinthian skyphos and an example of an angular kantharos, AEV0507, with articulated form also stand out.116 A hemispherical bowl, AEV0497, decorated with a dolphin and wave pattern replaces the shell feet that match the Attic production with a ring foot. The profiles of krater fragments are difficult to determine and could offer alternative forms. The decorative technique and the majority of motifs do not differ greatly from that of Attic production, however the star flower version, AEV0536, is an unusual type retaining small, leafy, alternate petals.
In the Cyclades, Tenos offers positive evidence of a local workshop, if one of rather limited success. The baggy kantharos, AEV0344, decorated with a simple wavy line, appears as a local version of an Attic form. The motifs remain quite limited at Tenos; without the standard ivy, elongated leaves or spearhead necklace, but rather numerous dolphins, palmettes, star flower, lattice, wavy lines and zigzag. The majority of pieces from Delos are imported, reflecting the significance of the Apollo sanctuary and the increase in trade after 166 when the Romans declared Delos a free port. Many of the imports are identified as Attic or Pergamene. Others are of less certain origin and while these cannot be examples of local Delian workshops, they could issue from the Cyclades. The most remarkable is a plate, AEV0435, that carries incised and painted decoration with a cricket-like animal, reconstructed musical instruments and vessels.119 Also unusual is the unguentarium, AEV0359, with a bird outstretched on the mid-wall.
115 AEV0540, AEV0541, AEV0542, AEV0543. 1,6 Skyphos, Corinthian: AEV0446, AEV0447, AEV0450, AEV0452, AEV0453, AEV0482 (miniature). The decoration on some, as AEV0452, indicates the presence of Attic products. 117 AEV0534. 118 Queyrel, 1986, p. 214. 119 The scattering of dot triangles on this plate as a filling ornament is unusual in West Slope ware but a similar composition with dot rosettes is found on the imported plate, ATH2359.
539 The double cruets with their unusual decoration afford few clues as to origin. 1 90 At Siphnos the shape of the oinochoe, AEV0294, and the star flower decoration on AEV0297 lack external parallels. The Classical kantharoi from Naxos, some of which preserve West Slope decoration, have a solidity that supports an identification of local production.121 The same can be said for the reversible lid, AEV0604. The decoration at Naxos is simplified with ivy, elongated leaves and egg and dart the only motifs in evidence.
Similarly in the Dodecanese a hemispherical bowl from Kos, AEV0239, has no obvious source though is of high quality. At Nisyros, variations on the guttus form, AEV0353, including one with concave walls, AEV0355, suggests localised production. There is also a derivative version of a Classical kantharos, AEV0352, with rough ivy decoration.
Local production is identified at Samos though on the whole it emulates the Pergamene imports. 1 99 Again at Chios most fragments adhere to external prototypes, however there are some local elements as a partially preserved jug and a fragment of a large basin. 1 99 Two guttoi and a double cruet are also produced.124 Decorative renditions are identifiably local. At Lesbos only Methyma shows shapes not drawn from Pergamene types: a variation krater and a plate with rolled rim. At Mytilini a verson of the ribbon and bow motif on a lug-handled krater displays limited independence amongst the Pergamene prototypes. A narrow version of a pyxis, an inkpot and an unusual lid with central drilled hole from Samothrace are distinguished from shapes of Attic and Pergamene influence.
120 AEV0304, AEV4900, AEV4901. 121 West Slope examples: AEV0607, AEV0610, AEV0612. 122 Potential local examples: Tolle-Kastenbein, 1974, p. 155 (AEV0581, AEV0582, AEV0583, AEV0584, AEV0585, AEV0586, AEV0587, AEV0588); Isler and Kalpaxis, 1978, pp. 114-119 (AEV0363, AEV0391, AEV0392, AEV0393, AEV0395, AEV0400, AEV0401). 123 Fragment - Jug: AEV0241; Fragment - Basin: AEV0243. 124 Guttus: AEV0271, AEV0272; Double cruet: AEV4892. 125 The starburst decoration, AEV0264, the wheat, AEV0260, the multiple incised stem ivy, AEV0271, and the local, elaborated elongated leaves version, AEV0242. 126 Krater, various: AEV0335; Plate, rolled rim: AEV0337. 127 Pyxis: AEV0343; Inkpot: AEV0403; Lid: AEV0406.
540 8.6.3 Influence/influences
Attic influence is strongly felt in Aegina, in fact it is likely that many of the pieces are imported. Shapes of all functions reveal this influence and the decoration, first gilded and then simply over-painted with limited use of incision and white, adheres to Attic standards. There are, however, no examples of second-century Attic West Slope pieces published from Aegina. There is evidence of Attic influence in the Cyclades, including the local production at Tenos which chooses an Attic baggy kantharos and amphora to emulate. At Delos the Classical kantharos, a pouring vessel and amphorae that carry checkerboard and concentric rectangles or lattice are likely to represent Attic production. At Siphnos the baggy kantharoi with concentric rectangles and checkerboard point to mid-third century Attic production. The Classical kantharoi at Naxos draw on Attic fourth- or early-third century prototypes. Moving west to Nisyros a fine cup kantharos, AEV0354, shows signs of early Hellenistic contact with Athens while the Classical kantharos with plain rim from Kasos, AEV0614, may not be of Attic production but shows an adherence to Attic prototypes. In the northeast Aegean, Attic imports of a number of Classical shapes are identified, some of which are gilded.133 A Classical kantharos from Samothrace, AEV0341, indicates a link with fourth-century traditions.
Pergamene influence is evident in the Cyclades. At Tenos the hemispherical bowl, AEV0345, and the lug-handled krater, AEV0346, decorated with dolphin and/or palmette, are Pergamene or close imitations thereof. At Delos there are Pergamene imports, including Pergamene skyphoi with post-West Slope decoration.134 At Siphnos
128 Including, AEV0452, AEV0458, AEV0520. 129 Hellenistic kantharos, baggy, AEV0344; Amphora: AEV0351. 130 Classical kantharos, plain rim: AEV0236; Oinochoe / Lekythos: AEV0306; Amphora: AEV0235, AEV0238, AEV0305, AEV0308, AEV0602. 131 AEV0295, AEV0296. 132 AEV0603, AEV0606, AEV0607, AEV0608, AEV0609, AEV0610, AEV0611, AEV0612, AEV0612, AEV0613. 133 Samos: AEV0548, AEV0558, AEV0559, AEV0560, AEV0561, AEV0562, AEV0563, AEV0564, AEV0565, AEV0566. Lemnos, Kabirion: AEV0436, AEV0437, AEV0438. 134 AEV0237, AEV0310, AEV0320, AEV0600, AEV0601.
541 the S-swung kantharoi with spearhead necklace and the krater decorated with dolphin and palmette indicate a Pergamene presence.135 At Amorgos the influence is overwhelmingly Pergamene, with an S-swung kantharos, a bowl with exterior decoration, Pergamene amphorae and a lug-handled krater. The motifs of palmette, dolphin and spearhead necklace and the post-West Slope technique found on these pieces reinforce this source. The local workshops of the northeast Aegean emulate
1 0*7 many Pergamene shapes. The hemispherical bowls with conical profile have decoration that parallels Pergamene versions. These could be disseminated through other production, though the large number of imports identified as Pergamene would suggest direct contact. The low-footed kantharoi from Samos, AEV0363, and Kabirion, AEV0439, draw parallels with examples from Troy and Pergamon.140 While Pergamene versions and preferences for certain motifs are overwhelming in the northeast Aegean, the presence of post-West Slope ware is not extensive.141
Influences from smaller productions are also evident through the products of the Aegean Islands. At Aegina the angular kantharos suggests a Corinthian element. Also at Aegina
135 Hellenistic kantharos, baggy: AEV0295, AEV0296; Hellenistic kantharos, S-swung: AEV0301, AEV0302; Krater: AEV0293. 136 Hellenistic kantharos, S-swung: AEV0432; Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration: AEV0431; Amphora: AEV0428, AEV0430; Krater, lug-handled: AEV0429. 137 Samos: Hellenistic kantharos, S-swung: AEV0584; Fragment - Skyphos (Pergamene): AEV0585; Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration: AEV0391, AEV0392, AEV0395; Fragment - Krater (lug- handled): AEV0400, AEV0581, AEV0582. Chios: Hemispherical bowl, conical profile: AEV0254, AEV0255, AEV0256, AEV0261, AEV0262, AEV0263, AEV0264; Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration: AEV0242, AEV0244; Amphora: AEV0257, AEV0258, AEV0259, AEV0265, AEV0266, AEV0267, AEV0268; Krater, lug-handled: AEV0269, AEV0270. Lesbos: Mytilini: Hellenistic kantharos, S-swung: AEV0284, AEV0285, AEV0291; Skyphos, Pergamene: AEV0281, AEV0282, AEV0283, AEV0286, AEV0287, AEV0288; Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration: AEV0289, AEV0290, AEV0598; Krater, lug-handled: AEV0595, AEV0596; Amphora: AEV0597; Methyma: Hellenistic kantharos, S-swung: AEV0292; Skyphos, Pergamene: AEV0332, AEV0333; Hemispherical bowl, conical profile: AEV0329, AEV0330; Krater, lug-handled: AEV0327, AEV0328; Lemnos: Skyphos, Pergamene: AEV0424, AEV0425; Samothrace: Hellenistic kantharos, S-swung: AEV0342, AEV0402, AEV0404, AEV0405; Thassos: Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration: AEV0357; Krater, lug-handled: AEV0358. 138 Samos: AEV0587. 139 Imports from Pergamon are positively identified at Samos: AEV0361, AEV0364, AEV0365, AEV0366, AEV0367, AEV0368, AEV0369, AEV0370, AEV0371, AEV0372, AEV0373, AEV0374, AEV0377, AEV0378, AEV0379, AEV0380, AEV0381, AEV0382, AEV0384, AEV0385, AEV0387, AEV0388, AEV0389, AEV0390, AEV0396, AEV0397, AEV0398, AEV0399. 140 AMP0941, AMP 1059, AMP 1060, AMV1308; there are also versions of this shape in Central Greece, the Peloponnese, in Knossos and around the Black Sea coast - see 4.2.7, 4.2.8. 141 Post-West Slope motifs in the Northeastern Aegean: Mytilini: AEV0283, AEV0416.
542 the footed hemispherical bowl could show influence from Central or Northern Greece, while the presence of the lebetes gamikoi parallels Macedonian practices. In the Cyclades a northern source seems likely for the pyxis, AEV0343, from Delos that appears to have had a protome-like attachment. The hemispherical bowl with lattice decoration from Lemnos, AEV0423, has similar decoration as an imported example from Rhodes and local examples from Central Greece, Epiros and Corinth.142 The presence of a hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration and a small bulging horizontal handle, AEV0394, from Samos, draws an identification of a bolster cup that parallels production in Ephesos (see 7.6.1). The Knidian cup also from Samos, AEV4899, suggests connection to Rhodes or further east.
There is also an Italian import at Aegina and a fragment from Siphnos that preserves identical decoration.143 The thorn kantharoi from Aegina indicate external connections.. 144
142 AER0014, ATH1733, CGR2635, CGR2780, CGR2781, CGR2782, CGR4441, COR2992, EPI5027, EPI5029, MUS4623. 143 Italian import: Aegina: Smetana-Scherrer, 1982, no. 499, p. 71, pi. 38; Siphnos: AEV0302; Green 1979, p. 82, for further examples of Gnathia ware in the Aegean. 144 Classical kantharos, thorn: AEV0443, AEV0479.
543 8.7 Crete
Crete had long benefited from its position on the east-west trade route, gaining wealth through piracy or by legitimate means.145 The region had strong diplomatic and trade contacts with the Ptolemies.146 The productions from regional Crete show a range of characteristics. While there are links to the production at Knossos (see 7.4) there is also certain independence from this. The region is divided into three zones: western Crete (Rokka, Lyttos, Elyros and Tarras), central Crete (Eleutherna, Agia Pelagia, Archanes, Gortyn and Phaistos) and eastern Crete (Lato, Siteia).
8.7.1 Cohesion of Crete
Classical kantharoi with plain rim and West Slope decoration are preserved at Eleutherna and at Lyttos.147 At Eleutherna the kantharos is decorated with elongated leaves while the example from Lyttos holds a typical Cretan motif, the palmette chain. At Agia Palagia and Elyros there are examples of drinking vessels that show something of the Hellenistic cups popular in other regions, though they do not closely adhere to any one form.148
In the west of Crete, amongst the burial goods from Rokka and Elyros are a group of pyxides that adhere to a type B form but add a moulded knob on top of the dome.149 These are decorated with incised motifs, of wavy dot garland, checkerboard, lattice and a distinctive large star flower.
145 Rhodian steps to curb activities of Cretan pirates: Shipley, 2000, p. 82; P. Green, 1990, pp. 654- 655. 146 Shipley, 2000, p. 205. 147 Eleutherna: CRT5158; Lyttos: CRT3235. Related fragments from Eleutherna: CRT5155, CRT5156 (though the decoration on the latter suggests second-century production), CRT5157 (with a misunderstood spearhead necklace), CRT5164 (inscription), CRT5172 (moulded rim). 148 Elyros: CRT3223; Agia Pelagia: CRT3228. 149 Rokka: CRT3233, CRT3234; Elyros: CRT3224; also MUS3053 from Chania. Also from Rokka is CRT3014, a lid without the walls of a pyxis but with the same dome and knob.
544 The cylindrical jug is confined to central Crete with examples from Archanes, Gortyn and from Phaistos.150
8.7.2 Productions in Crete
The united group of pyxides from Elyros and Rokka (8.7.1) point to the possibility of a western Crete production. This unity is attested both in their form and in the united group of decorative motifs. The other products include a variant Hellenistic kantharos from Elyros and a peculiar oinochoe from Tarras with narrow foot, tall handle and trefoil mouth. The decoration on the oinochoe corresponds to the Hadra hydria production.151
Many pieces found in central Crete are likely to have been produced at Knossos. Some shapes that do not find parallels there are the type A related pyxis and the net-pattern bowls from Gortyn and the net-pattern jugs from Phaistos. The Classical kantharos with plain rim from Eleutherna, CRT5158, is thought to have been produced at Lyttos where it matches CRT3235.
The plate with rolled rim from Lato, CRT3220, introduces a new shape to the island. It is decorated with incised and painted ivy, incised wave pattern and a five-pointed star flower in the tondo.
8.7.3 Influence/influences
Undoubtedly the greatest source of influence in the regional workshops of Crete issues from the production at Knossos. The Classical kantharoi from Lyttos and Eleutherna (8.7.2) could be taken as an indication of Attic influence, though as the Lyttos example
150 Archanes: CRT3227; Gortyn: CRT3046; Phaistos: CRT0340. 151 Hellenistic kantharos, variant: CRT3233; Pouring vessel, other: CRT3013. 152 Pyxis: CRT3047; Hemispherical bowl, net pattern: CRT3048, CRT3049; Jug, broad body: CRT3015, CRT3240.
545 is decorated with a trefoil garland and follows a form known amongst the black-glaze production at Knossos, a local contact is more likely to be the source of inspiration. The variant Hellenistic kantharos from Elyros, CRT3223, has something of the angular kantharos and yet is too attenuated, only partially glazed and carries rotelle thumbrests. It is not identical to the versions from Knossos yet is comfortable in this broad group. In central Crete the Hellenistic kantharos from Agia Pelagia adheres quite closely to the S- swung variety though the decoration, a grapevine, parallels decoration from Knossos. The cylindrical jugs (8.7.1) reinforce the central zones’ interaction with Knossos. Decoration further attests to this connection, particularly at Phaistos where the ribbon and bow, the boukranion and the bird are all from the Knossos range.153 In the east of the island the connection to Knossos is less strong but a fragment of a Medusa medallion from Lato, CRT3165, shows a form familiar in Knossos.
The pyxides produced in western Crete correspond to an example from Aetolia and one in the Bonn Museum, identified as Corinthian.154 These two have rather more varied decoration than the examples at Crete. Similar decoration is found on a pyxis with simple domed lid from Eretria, ERT3428.
In the east of Crete the influence is quite mixed. A bowl-shaped kantharos from Siteia, CRT3051, has the form of an Attic version with out-turned rim. Lato preserves a plate with rolled rim, CRT3165, a shape that is popular in the Near East and is emulated in the production at Rhodes though does have a fourth-century mainland origin.
The Hellenistic ceramics in Crete reflect its position on a trade route. The fine Classical kantharos excavated from the burials at Rokka compares with examples found at Egypt, Rhodes and at Olbia.155 The identification of imports from Italy has been proposed for
153 Bird: CRT3023; Ribbon and bow: CRT3018, CRT3019, CRT3020, CRT3021, CRT3027; Boukranion: CRT3027. 154 Aetolia: CGR4380; Bonn Museum: MUS3567. 155 CRT3222 cf. AERO 106, BLK2441, EGP4639, MUS4461 (probably from Alexandria).
546 fragments at Eleutherna and Gortyn.156 Both of these are ribbed drinking vessels with elongated leaves painted on the upper wall (as found on other Aegean Islands, see 8.6.3). If the identification is correct then these would join a Gnathia ware vessel from the Athens National Museum said to be found in Crete. 1 S7
156 Alexandropoulou, 2002, p. 194; CRT5168, CRT5161; in both cases the original publications do not identify these fragments as imports. Two fragments, CRT5162 and CRT5163, may also be of Italian origin. 157 Green, 1979, p. 82.
547 8.8 Asia Minor Various
The coastal cities of Asia Minor relied on both trade and agriculture. They were able to export fruits, wine, textiles and animal products for which they became famous. The ceramic material from Asia Minor provides evidence of a shared drinking tradition throughout the region. The examples of West Slope ware fit well with the productions at the major cities of Pergamon and Ephesos and also correlate with vessels found on the islands of the eastern Aegean. The influence of mainland Greek productions does not survive beyond a limited production of Classical drinking vessels.
8.8.1 Cohesion of Asia Minor
The material along the coast of Asia Minor provides quite a cohesive group and clearly reflects the interaction of the cities. There is some differentiation between the drinking vessels in the region to the north of Pergamon to those in the region to the south; the latter share characteristics with the production at Ephesos.
The S-swung kantharos, a favoured drinking vessel in Pergamon, is found in the surrounds of Istanbul, in Çanakkale, Beçik Tepe, Troy and Assos.159 There is a fragment from Didyma that probably belongs to this group, though the lack of a rim renders the identification uncertain.160 The lug-handled krater and the Pergamene amphora are found throughout the region with both recorded at Beçik Tepe, Troy, Assos and Didyma.161 The amphora is also found at Kyme and the krater at Priene and Labraunda. The amphorae are commonly decorated with spearhead necklaces.
158 Shipley, 2000, p. 275. 159 Istanbul: AMV1509; ganakkale: AMV1398; Be$ik Tepe: AMV1512; Troy: AMV1287, AMV1291, AMV1292, AMV1321, AMV1378, AMV4573; Assos: AMV1394, AMV1409, AMV1414, AMV1418, AMV1422, AMV1434, AMV1435, AMV1436, AMV1442, AMV1447. 160 AMV1528 could also be a low-footed Classical kantharos. 161 Be$ikTepe: Amphora: AMV1523; Krater, lug-handled: AMV1521; Krater, base: AMV1518; Troy: Amphora: AMV1293, AMV1297, AMV1304, AMV1305, AMV1306, AMV1347, AMV1382, AMV1383; Krater, lug-handled: AMV1343 (majority imported); Assos: Amphora: AMV1412, AMV1413, AMY 1416, AMV1417, AMV1438, AMV1439; Krater, lug-handled: AMV1443, AMV1452, AMV1454;
548 The hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration is found in a variant form at Be§ik Tepe. Hemispherical bowls with exterior decoration are rare at Troy and joined by one net-pattern bowl.164 At Kyme there are a series of hemispherical bowls with exterior decoration, often decorated with a simple row of dots.165 A fragment found at Miletus, AMV1526, is decorated with ivy and preserves handles with rotelle attachments. This drinking vessel version appears to be the standard form at Labraunda where it is decorated either with elongated leaves or with a row of dots.166
8.8.2 Productions in Asia Minor
There are three examples of the Classical kantharos with plain rim at Be§ik Tepe and also a cup kantharos, shapes not known from many sites on the Ionian coast.167 The Hellenistic S-swung kantharos, AMV1512, sits quite early in the series. A guttus and a reversible lid broaden the assemblage. While much at Be§ik Tepe suggests a shared production with Troy, the variation of the star flower motifs and an unusual version of the egg and dart suggest at least some independent production.169
There is likely to be local pottery production at Troy. As at Be§ik Tepe there are Classical kantharoi amongst the local assemblage. The third century examples adhere to the standard profile of the Classical kantharos with plain rim. However, from the upper wall fragments it would appear that there is a change in the kantharos form in the early
Fragment - Krater: AMV1451; Didyma: Amphora: AMV1529, AMV1530, AMV1534; Krater, lug- handled: AMV1535, AMV1536. 162 Kyme, amphora: AMV1400, AMV1405; Priene, krater, lug-handled: AMV1395; Labraunda plate/krater: AMV1389. 163 AMV1516 has a straighter wall than typical and therefore could represent another drinking shape. 164 AMV1341, AMV1342. 165 AMV1401, AMV1402, AMV1403, AMV1404. 166 AMV1387, AMV1390, AMV1391. 167 Be$ik Tepe: AMV1513, AMV1519, AMV1520, AMV1524. 168 Guttus: AMV 1511 ; Reversible lid: AMV 1514 169 The Be§ik Tepe examples, AMV1518, AMV 1521 and AMV 1522, do not adhere to the standards of a Pergamene star flower. Egg and dart: AMV 1523. 170 Berlin, 1999, p. 86.
549 second century. The upper wall becomes broader and the lower wall more bellied. Such an upper wall profile suggests the development of a low-footed kantharos that maintains the convex-concave profile of the Classical versions. These are decorated with incision, white and clay paint with considerable variation in the quality and composition of motifs. Ivy and elongated leaves are popular and, in the second century, the spearhead necklace joins the assemblage. There are fragments with matching decoration found within dumps indicating the production of a dinner service.
Local production at Assos seems likely. Along with the S-swung kantharos, the Pergamene skyphos is popular in the assemblage. There is one fragment, AMV1410, that shows something of a Classical kantharos profile. There are three fragments that appear to be from jugs, vessels rarely decorated in this region.174 It should be noted that there are many fragments at Assos that have not been associated with any standard shape, suggesting considerable variation in the production. Ivy, spearhead necklace and elongated leaves are the popular motifs. These are joined by star flower renditions, lotus bud and palmette. One unusual motif has perpendicular spearhead-shaped leaves transecting an incised band, a hybridisation of the spearhead necklace and elongated leaves motifs.175 Decoration set between rows of dots is a common feature in Assos.
At Kyme, alongside the hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration, are unusual fragments that hold mould-made decoration on their body and simple painted decoration on the rim.176
171 Comparisons of AMV1308 with the imported AMV1376 and AMP1060 (and other low-footed kantharoi) suggest the presence of this hybrid at Troy. See 4.4.1b. 172 Berlin, 1999, p. 104, while the fragments differ stylistically the fabric remains the same, suggesting the presence of more than one workshop. 173 Pergamene skyphos: AMV1415, AMV1421, AMV1427, AMV1428, AMV1429, AMV1448, AMV1455, AMV1458, AMV1461. 174 Hemispherical bowl, conical profile: AMV1449; Plate: AMV1453; Fragments: AMV1437, AMV1440, AMV1441. 175 AMV1435, AMV1456, AMV1463. 176 Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration: AMV1401, AMV1402, AMV1403, AMV1404; Hemispherical bowl, mould-made: AMY 1407, AMY 1408.
550 At Priene, a fragment of a variant krater sits beside the more familiar lug-handled krater. The motif on the variant krater shows an unusual version of the ribbon and bow and dot necklace motifs, consisting of incised ties, an incised band and rows of suspended dots.
At Didyma the shapes adhere to standard forms but the decoration shows some variation. The spearhead necklaces do not preserve any bands while the egg and dart pattern on the krater rim, AMY 1535, is unusually elaborate.
8.8.3 Influence/influences
Classical shapes are not common in the West Slope ware of Ionia. They are, however, in evidence at Be§ik Tepe and Troy while a fragment from Assos may add an example.178 Attic influence at Ephesos is established (see 7.6.3) and it would seem that similar connections existed in the Troad in the late fourth and early third century. These do not last beyond an initial introduction of kantharos shapes to the region. The Classical kantharos with strap handles and turned foot, found in the shipwreck off Serse Limani, AMV1525, gives a clue as to the nature of shape dispersal at this time. This piece is unlikely to be Attic as the ivy stems are incised and rather it shows how forms could be disseminated through intermediaries.
Classical influence is quite clearly displayed at Caunus where gold-decorated calyx kraters are reported.179 These are fine examples of ceramics produced in the second half of the fourth century. Only one fragment, a bell krater, AMV4873, that uses added
177 Krater, various: AMV1396; Krater, lug-handled: AMV1395. 178 Be$ik Tepe: AMV1513, AMV1519, AMV1520, AMV1524; Troy: AMV1280, AMV1285, AMV1286, AMV1294, AMV1299, AMV1307, AMV1308, AMV1309, AMV1310, AMV4576, AMV4577, AMV4578; Assos: AMV1410. Note from Troy: AMV1285, a Classical kantharos with plain rim that is identified as a Pergamene import despite the lack of this shape in the Pergamene assemblage. 179 AMV4862, AMV4863, AMV4864, AMV4865, AMV4866, AMV4867, AMV4868, AMV4869, AMV4870, AMV4872, AMV4874, AMV4875, AMV4876. Roos, 2001, p. 30, refers to examples in museums at Istanbul, Izmir, Bodrum and Rhodes.
551 white to render the motifs of elongated leaves, checkerboard and meander, suggests the presence of West Slope ware. i an
The shapes and the decoration from the cities along the Asia Minor coast do not differ greatly from those produced at Pergamon. The lists of S-swung kantharoi, kraters and amphorae (above) indicate the close correlation of the productions. The reversible lids at Miletus and Beçik Tepe also tie in to Pergamene production.181 Decoration, particularly the dominance of the spearhead necklace and examples of dolphin and palmette, highlight these connections. Adherence is not slavish and allows for local derivations. This group of shapes and motifs is shared with the settlements on the islands that sit opposite the coastal cities and may not rely on direct contact with Pergamon or Pergamene products. The ribbon and bow motif at Miletus and at Mytilini display such a connection between island and coastal settlements.183 Imports from Pergamon are positively identified at Troy.
At Myrina the hemispherical bowl, AMV1533, has remarkable decoration. It is probably of Pergamene manufacture, given the frieze of dolphin and palmette on the wall. In the tondo of the vessels stands a white swan with pink beak, legs and feet. The body is shaded to achieve a sense of volume and incised lines demark the folded wing. The tondo decoration is one of the few of such examples to be preserved and may
180 Alternatively, this piece may belong to a tradition of fourth-century over-painting as the use of a meander alongside a checkerboard is a fourth, rather than a third-century indicator. 181 Miletus: AMV1527; Be§ik Tepe: AMV1514. 182 Spearhead necklace: Be§ik Tepe: AMV1511, AMV1512, AMV1513, AMV1516, AMV1519, AMV1521, AMV1523; Troy: AMV1286, AMV1304, AMV1308, AMV1309, AMV1310, AMV1313, AMV1314, AMV1315, AMV1316, AMV1342, AMV1347, AMV1352, AMV1353, AMV1354, AMV1355, AMV1378, AMV1382, AMV4578; Assos: AMV1394, AMV1409, AMV1410, AMV1411, AMV1412, AMV1413, AMV1414, AMV1415, AMV1417, AMV1418, AMV1419, AMV1420; Didyma: AMV1529, AMV1530, AMV1531; Labraunda: AMV1388, AMV1392. Dolphin: Myrina: AMV1533; Miletus: AMV1527; Palmette: Assos: AMV1452; Myrina: AMV1533; Miletus: AMV1527. 183 Miletus: AMV1532; Mytlini: AEV0595. 184 This suggests that imports from Pergamon are possibly amongst other Asia Minor finds though while the local productions remain under-studied the identification of imports is not readily made. Imports to Troy identified as Pergamene: AMV1285, AMV1288, AMV1290, AMV1322, AMV1344, AMV1345, AMV1346, AMV1348, AMV1349, AMV1350, AMV1351, AMV1357, AMV1358, AMV1359, AMV1360, AMV1376, AMV1377, AMV1380, AMV1381, AMV1384, AMV4574.
552 provide clues to the reconstruction of the decoration on some tondo fragments, including krater tondos, know from Pergamon.
The southern cities reveal similarities in their preference for the hemispherical bowl, something familiar from Ephesos (see 7.6.1). However, such shapes as the bolster cup, popular at Ephesos, are not reported. There are no strong indications of connections to the mainland in the third century and only limited evidence of contact with the East.186
185 Related tondo fragments are: AMP0883, AMP0884, AMP0885, AMP1137, AMP1198; these motifs, though, appear to show creatures with outstretched wings. 186 Though the Knidian cup from Priene, AMV4976, indicates some contact.
553 8.9 Near East
The Seleucids and Ptolemies fought for control of the Levantine coast, desirable not only for the agricultural riches of the Fertile Crescent but also for revenue from the overland caravan trade. The inland region contained many well-established cities whose wealth was gained from agriculture and trade. This broad and ethnically diverse region was not centrally controlled but rather the Seleucids placed representatives at the head of existing local power structures.
West Slope ware rarely seems to penetrate far inland and this is certainly the case in the Near East. West Slope material is found in sites along the coast where there are certain indications of local production with penetration as far east as the Jordan River. Further inland at the cities of Tell Halaf, Nimrud, Dura Europos, Seleucia and Babylon, the West Slope wares represent imports with only one possible exception from Nimrud. Due to this discrepancy this chapter will be largely devoted to the discussion of material found in the west of the region followed by a summary of the distribution of West Slope ware further inland.
In the cities along the Levantine coast there are two different techniques of decoration. On one hand there is the clay-painted and incised technique, which tends to appear on shapes familiar from West Slope productions in other regions. Alongside this is a technique, characteristic of the region and referred to as Ivy Platter ware, which uses all- white paint for renditions of ivy, elongated leaves and ribbon and bow to decorate plates with rolled or flaring rim and kraters with concave neck. Some variation or hybridisation of motifs and shapes appear in certain cities.
187 For detailed discussion of the Seleucid Empire, see: Shipley, 2000, pp. 271-312. 188 Rotroff, 2002; see 5.1.2, 5.2.5.
554 8.9.1 Cohesion of the Near East
The Ivy Platter plate with rolled rim is the most widespread shape of the type. It is found at Tarsus, Ibn Hani, Tell ‘Arqa, Tell Keisan, Beth-Shan, Dor, Samaria, Gezer, Ashdod, Beth Zur and Anthedon.189 The plate with flaring rim is less common; it occurs at Tarsus, the Orontes Valley, Ibn Hani, Dor, Pella, Samaria, Ashdod and Jerusalem.190 The krater with concave neck is found at Tarsus, Ibn Hani, Dor and Samaria.191 The examples carry the distinctive white-painted decoration and the plates can also carry stamped and rouletted decoration. The ribbon and bow motif is most associated with the flaring rim plate while the ivy and elongated leaves are used to decorate all three vessels. The fabric of the Ivy Platter vessels ranges in colour from clean pink to buff-red to grey.
Incised and painted wares are recorded at Tarsus, Sirkeli, the Orontes Valley, Ibn Hani, Hama, Tel Anafa, Akko, Dor, Caesarea Maritima, Pella, Samaria, Ashdod and Judaiideh. The drinking vessels found in this region are decorated, most frequently with the incised and painted technique. The hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration is the most common though skyphoi also appear, S-swung kantharoi, on the other hand, are rare. Ivy, elongated leaves and a range of geometric motifs are common in this technique. Spearhead necklaces are infrequent.
189 Tarsus: NRE1490, NRE1491, NRE1492, NRE1495, NRE1497, NRE1498, NRE1499, NRE1501; Ibn Hani: NRE3772, NRE3773; Tell ‘Arqa: NRE3795; Tell Keisan: NRE5182, NRE5183; Beth Shan: NRE3769; Dor: NRE3859, NRE3860, NRE3861, NRE3862, NRE3863, NRE3864, NRE3865, NRE3866, NRE3867, NRE3868, NRE3869, NRE3870, NRE3871, NRE3872, NRE3873, NRE3874, NRE3875, NRE3876, NRE3877, NRE3878, NRE3879, NRE3880, NRE3881, NRE3882, NRE3884; Pella: NRE5313?; Samaria: NRE3743, NRE3744, NRE3745, NRE3746, NRE3747, NRE3748, NRE3749, NRE3750, NRE3751, NRE3752, NRE3753, NRE3754, NRE3755, NRE3822, NRE3823, NRE3824, NRE3825, NRE3826; Gezer: NRE3770; Ashdod: NRE3719; Beth Zur: NRE3730; Anthedon: NRE3796. 190 Tarsus: NRE1494, NRE1496; Orontes Valley: NRE3925, NRE3926; Ibn Hani: NRE3774, NRE3779; Dor: NRE3885, NRE3886, NRE3887, NRE3888; Pella: NRE5310; Samaria: NRE3828, NRE3829; Ashdod: NRE3722; Jerusalem: NRE3797. 191 Tarsus: NRE1502, NRE1503, NRE1504, NRE1505, NRE1506, NRE1507; Ibn Hani: NRE3787, NRE3788, NRE3789, NRE3790, NRE3791; Dor: NRE3897, NRE3898, NRE3899, NRE3900, NRE3901, NRE3902, NRE3903, NRE3904; Samaria: NRE3737, NRE3738, NRE3798, NRE3815, NRE3816, NRE3817. 192 This technique is also common in the finds from the Australian Expedition to Jebel Khalid on the bank of the Euphrates in North Syria: John Tidmarsh, personal communication. 193 Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration: Tarsus: NRE1467, NRE1469, NRE1470, NRE1473, NRE1474, NRE1475, NRE1476, NRE1477, NRE1479, NRE1489; Sirkeli: NRE5337, NRE5338; Tel Anafa: NRE3710, NRE3711, NRE3712; Samaria: NRE3756, NRE3813, NRE3814; Ibn Hani: NRE3778,
555 Net-pattern bowls are quite common in the northern zone of the region. The net-pattern can be painted or incised, and on some occasions the bowls carry additional decoration. Tarsus, Sirkeli, the Orontes Valley, Ibn Hani, Hama and Tel Anafa all provide examples.194
The region’s cohesion is reflected in the wide dispersal of certain vessels, some by trade. Apparent common standards in form and decoration between productions cannot be properly analysed until the settlements producing these wares are clearly identified.
8.9.2 Productions in the Near East
At Tarsus there are twenty-eight fragments recorded with clay and incised decoration and seventeen fragments of Ivy Platter ware. There is no distinction between the clays of the two types though the shapes and motif construction are quite distinct.19^ The clay- painted and incised decoration appears popular on the hemispherical bowls, particularly those with exterior decoration, though also on conical and mould-made versions.196 Amphorae and pouring vessels are preserved with this decorative technique. A Knidian cup decorated with an ivy wreath, versions of the dolphin and palmette combination, along with a fragment combining stamped decoration with a painted star
NRE3783; Orontes Valley: NRE3940, NRE3941, NRE3942, NRE3943, NRE3944, NRE3945, NRE3947, NRE3949, NRE3950, NRE3951, NRE3952, NRE3954; Pella: NRE5309. Skyphos (including possible imports): Tarsus: NRE1466, NRE1468, NRE1471, NRE1472; Dor: NRE3834, NRE3835, NRE3836, NRE3837, NRE3838; Pella: NRE5312?, NRE5316; Samaria: NRE3727, NRE3728, NRE3740, NRE3741, NRE3742; Gezer: NRE3771; Hama: NRE3923. Hellenistic kantharos, S-swung: Samaria: NRE3733; Dor: NRE3842, NRE3843; Caesarea Maritima: NRE3984. 194 Tarsus: NRE1478, NRE1488; Sirkeli: NRE5336; Orontes Valley: NRE3946, NRE3948, NRE3953; Ibn Hani: NRE3784; Hama: NRE3921; Tel Anafa: NRE3713, NRE3714, NRE3715. 195 The clays are described as red-buff, fine with some mica and occasional pieces with lime inclusions. The glaze varies from black to red-brown to red. 196 Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration: NRE1467, NRE1469, NRE1470, NRE1473, NRE1474, NRE1475, NRE1476, NRE1477, NRE1479, NRE1489; Hemispherical bowl, conical profile: NRE1493; Hemispherical bowl, mould-made: NRE1508. The fragments from Sirkeli adhere closely to the Tarsus examples with no suggestion that they represent an alternative production; NRE5336, NRE5337, NRE5338. 197 NRE1480, NRE1481, NRE1482, NRE1483, NRE1484, NRE1485, NRE1486, NRE1487, NRE1537.
556 flower, reinforce the localisation of this technique. The shapes with Ivy Platter motifs are confined to the standard plate with rolled rim, plate with flaring rim and krater with concave neck. Given the cross-over of fabric types between the two wares it is possible that both types were produced in Tarsus, though fulfilling quite different roles.
In the Orontes Valley there are thirty-five pieces of clay-painted and incised decoration recorded with just five pieces of the all-white decoration. A group of the incised and painted ware has an homogenous hard buff to brown clay. The Knidian cup, the hemispherical bowl with conical profile (including a version with a handle), the hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration and the net-pattern bowl are all made of this clay-type.199 The decorative motifs are the common ivy, a distinctive scrolling tendril, scallops and an incised thymiaterion. The Ivy Platter group includes the standard plate with flaring rim made with very hard, brown, purplish clay.200 The plate with thickened edge, unusually popular at this site, is found with both types of decoration.201
At Ibn Hani there are no clay and glaze descriptions to assist in the differentiation of productions. Both decorative types appear but the hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration is the only identified shape with painted and incised decoration and ivy is the only motif. The Ivy Platter ware includes the krater and both flaring and rolled rim plate with the standard motifs. Some crossover is evident on a krater with concave neck, NRE3791, that appears to be decorated with a version of egg and dart and possibly a lattice pattern.
At Dor the local ware tends to have a reddish brown or brown fabric with small white or grey grits. Some pieces in this fabric belong to the broader Hellenistic assemblage as
198 Knidian cup: NRE1465; Dolphin and palmette: NRE1482, NRE1487; Star flower: NRE1500. 199 Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration: NRE3940, NRE3941, NRE3942, NRE3943, NRE3944, NRE3945, NRE3947, NRE3949, NRE3950, NRE3951, NRE3952, NRE3954; Hemispherical bowl, net pattern: NRE3946, NRE3948. 200 NRE3925, NRE3926. 201 NRE3927, NRE3928, NRE3929. 202 NRE3778, NRE3783.
557 the S-swung kantharos, the Classical kantharos with moulded rim and the amphora. The majority of the pieces are decorated in the Ivy Platter style though there are additions to the standard plate and krater shapes.204 There is a series of household lekanai with white-painted decoration including ivy, elongated leaves and rays. There are hemispherical bowls that can have a mastos-type or flat base, that are decorated with white-painted elongated leaves and white star flowers, a combination of two
AA/ traditions. Two fragments, possibly from the same krater with concave neck, are decorated with upside-down palmettes, another adaptation of a foreign prototype.907
The examples of West Slope ware from Pella fit within the characteristics of the region without identifiable local features. Some of the fragments suggest the presence of a West Slope production at Antioch.209 These pieces share the fabric of black-glaze imports at Pella identified as Antiochene. 910
At Samaria such hybridisation of types is more pronounced though the material may represent imports rather than local production. There are a group of Pergamene skyphoi found at Samaria that are not found at other sites in the region. A Knidian cup and three hemispherical bowls with exterior decoration carry incised and painted decoration, though one bowl, NRE3814, is decorated with a cream-coloured ivy wreath.212 There
203 Classical kantharos, moulded rim: NRE3844; Hellenistic kantharos, S-swung: NRE3842, NRE3843; Amphora: NRE3905, NRE3906, NRE3907, NRE3908, NRE3909, NRE3913 (some of these may be imports). 204 There is a hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration, NRE3845, (an incised and painted shape) that carries a white-painted elongated leaves motif (of the Ivy Platter type), though with yellow-red clay it is probably not of local production. This piece finds comparison with examples from Pergamon: AMP 1008, AMP1011, AMP1126. 205 Dor: NRE3891, NRE3892, NRE3893, NRE3894, NRE3895, NRE3896; Akko: NRE3708. 206 NRE3849, NRE3850, NRE3851, NRE3852, NRE3853, NRE3854, NRE3855, NRE3856, NRE3857, NRE3858. 207 NRE3900, NRE3901. 208 Non-imports: Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration: NRE5309; Fragment - Skyphos: NRE5312; Plate, rolled rim: NRE5313; Plate, flaring rim: NRE5310; Krater, concave neck: NRE5311, NRE5317 (fragment). 209 NRE5314, NRE5316, NRE5318. 210 Tidmarsh, 2000, p. 184 (black-glaze), p. 188 (West Slope ware). 211 NRE3740, NRE3741, NRE3742, NRE5314; these have red clay except for one that has grey. NRE3727 and NRE3728 have a profile not dissimilar to an early Pergamene skyphos but substitute recurved handles. 212 Knidian cup: NRE3739; Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration: NRE3756, NRE3813, NRE3814.
558 are two plates with rolled rim that record clay-coloured ivy in place of the usual white. These are made of a red clay as are the white-painted examples, however only the white- painted examples combine with rouletted decoration. Within the Ivy Platter tradition a series of plate fragments are decorated with ivy and a border of white dots, a local addition.214 There are plates with flaring rim (brownish buff or pale purple clay) and kraters with concave neck (purple or a light drab-reddish clay) decorated in white paint. In addition to these typical shapes is a plate with upright rim decorated with elongated leaves, NRE3827. There are also derivative Classical and S-swung kantharoi that carry white-only motifs.• 91 S
8.9.3 Influence/influences
The influence of Classical Greek potting traditions is apparent in the local Ivy Platter production. The plate with rolled rim and stamped and rouletted decoration was popular in the fourth-century Attic production and Hellenistic black-glaze but is rarely adopted by West Slope productions. In the Near East it is produced into the second century and over-painted motifs are added to the stamped and rouletted decoration, the preference for all-white paint is characteristic. The flaring rim plate, another form characteristic of the region, may grow from a fourth-century Attic plate or bowl with out-turned rim. The influence of Athens is maintained into the early third century indicated by kantharos and amphora fragments from Akko, Dor, Pella, Samaria and Judaiideh.218
213 Clay-painted: NRE3748, NRE3750; White-painted: NRE3746, NRE3747. 214 NRE3754, NRE3824, NRE3825, NRE3826. 215 Classical kantharos, variant: NRE3729; Hellenistic kantharos, S-swung: NRE3733. 216 The plate with rolled rim: Sparkes and Talcott, 1970, nos. 1046-1060, p. 147, fig. 10, pi. 36; Rotroff, 1997, nos. 631-700, pp. 142-145, figs. 46-50, pis. 60-62; for an elaborate example: ATH1870. 217 Plate with flaring rim = plate with broad rim: Sparkes and Talcott, 1970, nos. 1002-1010, pp. 144-145, fig. 9, pi. 36; Bowl with out-turned rim: Sparkes and Talcott, 1970, nos. 777-808, pp. 128-130, fig. 8, pi. 321; Rotroff, 1997, nos. 866-959, pp. 156-159, figs. 59-60, pis. 72, 144-146. In many Hellenistic productions this shape is a common black-glaze form but it is not commonly part of the West Slope assemblage. Versions of the bowl with out-turned rim with West Slope are found in the Orontes Valley: NRE3927, NRE3928, NRE3929. 218 Akko: NRE3989; Dor: NRE3834, NRE3835, NRE3836, NRE3837, NRE3838, NRE3840, NRE3905, NRE3915; Pella, NRE3985; Samaria: NRE3800, NRE3801, NRE3802, NRE3803, NRE3804, NRE3805,
559 Other influences on the Ivy Platter wares are best noted in the hybridisation found at Samaria and Dor. Some of the white-painted hemispherical bowls at Dor have a base like the Classical mastos, though others reflect the profile of the West Slope version (the hemispherical bowl, conical profile) widely popular in the later third century. The star flower decoration is typical of the Hellenistic shape, though elsewhere combines clay and white paint. Hybridisation at Samaria sees Classical and Hellenistic kantharoi and hemispherical bowls of the broader assemblage decorated with the local white-painted tradition.221
The popularity of the hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration on the Levantine coast continues a trend found on the Asia Minor coast. Elements of Asia Minor traditions are found at Tarsus in the renditions of spearhead necklaces and palmette and dolphin combinations (see 8.9.2). Though bowls with lattice and checkerboard on their exterior wall found at Tarsus and Pella find no close parallels. The skyphos produced in the local ware in the Orontes Valley, NRE3958, parallels a Pergamene shape. At Hama and Tel Anafa there are a series of fragments decorated in post-West Slope technique, certainly of Pergamene origin. At Dor the local S-swung kantharoi indicate emulation of Pergamene types while the S-swung kantharos from Caesarea Maritima is likely to be imported.224 The skyphoi from Samaria further suggest some
NRE3806, NRE3807, NRE3809, NRE3810, NRE3811, NRE3812; Judaiideh: NRE3959, NRE3960, NRE3962, NRE3963. 219 Narrow base: NRE3849, NRE3852 cf. COR2924; Conical profile: NRE3850, NRE3851, NRE3853, NRE3854, NRE3855, NRE3856, NRE3857, NRE3858. Other conical bowls are found at Amman, NRE5308, and at Pella, NRE5315. 220 It remains possible that the dispersion of the form and decoration relied somewhat on metal-wares, see 4.3. 221 Classical kantharos: NRE3729; S-swung kantharos: NRE3733; Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration: NRE3814. 222 Tarsus: NRE1476; Pella: NRE5309; the closest parallel is an S-Swung kantharos, AER0084; the hemispherical bowls, exterior decoration from Rhodes, AER0068 and AER0069, are close but have concentric rectangles rather than lattice. 223 Hama: NRE3923; Tel Anafa: NRE3716, NRE3717, NRE3718. 224 Dor: NRE3842, NRE3843; Caesarea Maritima: NRE3984.
560 interaction with Pergamon. 99 S Although the fragments from Judaiideh are identified as Attic imports there is one that carries a scrolling tendril motif popular in Pergamon.
Of other sources, the lekane krater from Sha’ar ha-Amakim, NRE3708, is presented as a Cypriot import, though parallels are found nearby at Dor (see 8.9.2). There is a fragment in the Orontes Valley with pale buff clay that carries a meander pattern, NRE3973, a motif that suggests a Cretan origin.
The reach of Near Eastern ware is not extensive. There are Ivy Platter wares found in Cyprus and at Rhodes where they are imitated in the local production. The number of the net-pattern bowls in the Near East allows for the possibility that some of those found at other places issue from here. The Pergamene skyphos versions can be decorated with white-painted dots, a style that fits easily in the local tradition of the Near East and is found on the recurved handle skyphos.227 This opens the possibility of an eastern influence in the last phases of West Slope production at Pergamon supported by the increase of red glaze, long the favoured surface colouring in the East.
The significance of the two decorative traditions remains somewhat difficult to distil. Certainly the shapes decorated with the different techniques tend to be separated by form and even function, potentially belonging to separate traditions co-existing in these cities. The crossover of production at Dor and even more so at Samaria indicates some hybridisation of these potential cultural groups. Although a single production site for the Ivy Platter ware has been sought, it would seem that production is likely to occur at more than one place. Not every city along the coast would have need to produce the ware and some definitely relied on imports, however, the variation in the clay-colour and quality along with the additional shapes found at certain settlements, highlights the probability of multiple productions.
225 NRE3740 cf. AMP0974, AMP0975, AMP0976, AMP0977; NRE3742 cf. AMP0982, though the lower wall is more rounded. Skyphoi fragments at Pella, NRE5316, NRE5312, follow the Pergamene prototype. 226 Paphos imports: CYP3262, CYP3263, CYP3264, CYP3292, CYP4879; Rhodes imports: AER0004, AER0005, AER0006, AER0007; Rhodes, local: AER0009, AER0010; Related: AER0011, AER0012. 227 Skyphos, recurved handle: NRE3727, NRE3728. 228 Rotroff, 2002, p. 101, discusses proposed origins and suggests the south coast of Asia Minor or the coast of Lebanon and Syria; Mlynarczyk, 2002, suggests Knidos or Kos for NRE5183.
561 8.9.4 Inland Near East summary
The examples of West Slope ware found in the inland regions of the Near East are imported and, with improved identification, could provide a tracking device for trade routes. Many of the imports are likely to issue from the productions on the Levantine coast; others are identified as Attic, many remain unidentified. Strong local production and maintenance of local traditions and rituals would appear to prevent much penetration of Greek/imitative pottery. This suggests the rather superficial nature of Greek involvement in the region.
At Tell Halaf fragments with West Slope decoration seem to belong to kantharoi.229 The pictured example, NRE3975, preserves the rim and upper wall of a Classical kantharos with incised and painted decoration. These represent imports, probably from Athens, of the first half of the third century. An Ivy Platter plate with rolled rim, NRE3978, is also found at Tell Halaf.
At Nimrud the local manufacture of ceramics is little affected by Greek traditions, retaining, as it does, the red-glaze tradition. There is one hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration, NRE3979, which preserves rather schematic incised suspended lines. Given the popularity of this shape on the coast it is possible that this represents local imitation of West Slope ware.
At Dura Europos the local ceramics imitate Greek black-glaze shapes but the West Slope ware is imported. These imports include a late gold-decorated fragment and a West Slope fragment of a Classical cup of Attic production. Two other fragments, probably also of Classical drinking vessels, have no certain origin. NRE3764 is a plate with
229 NRE3975, NRE3976, NRE3977. 230 Hannestad, 1983, pp. 93-94. 231 NRE3761, NRE3766. 232 NRE3762, NRE3763.
562 flaring rim brought from the Levantine coast. The other West Slope fragments from Dura Europos are varied in their appearance and suggest that products of numerous centres reached this city.233
At Seleucia there are reports of a fragment from a West Slope amphora, NRE3832.234 At Babylon gold-decorated Attic imports are found along with an unusual grey-ware lagynos decorated with a white wreath; the decoration suggests this piece is part of the Ivy Platter group.23>
233 NRE3760, NRE3765, NRE3767, NRE3768. 234 Hannestad, 1983, p. 97. Details of form are unknown. 235 Gold-decorated: NRE3980; Lagynos: NRE3983.
563 8.10 Cyprus
Cyprus was largely under Ptolemaic control in the Hellenistic period, vital as it was for control of the waters before Egypt. It is another island well situated to benefit from trade, with proximity to the Levantine and Asia Minor coasts and to Alexandria. The classification of the ceramic material in Cyprus requires further analysis. Examples of West Slope ware at each site are not numerous and are largely dominated by imports. There do seem to be local productions, however, identified largely by shapes unknown in other regions. There has been a tendency to identify likely local examples as ‘eastern Cypriot’; one looks forward to the verification of such a source.
8.10.1 Cohesion of Cyprus
Patterns of production are rather difficult to distil. Overall, the examples of West Slope ware, both locally produced and imported, indicate the island’s proximity to the Levantine coast and to the southern coast of Turkey. Furthermore, its position as a trading port also impacts on the ceramic assemblage.
The examples of vessels that have been identified as local tend to have rather simple form and motifs though elements of both mainland and eastern productions are incorporated. There are simple drinking vessels and plates decorated with rows of dots. Further possible local production emulates the decorative technique of Ivy Platter ware with thick white-painted wreaths though opts for different shapes, amphorae and Classical kantharoi, to decorate.
236 Shipley, 2000, p. 206.
564 8.10.2 Productions in Cyprus
At Paphos there are fragments of amphorae that are of local, or Cypriot, manufacture.237 One of these, CYP3303, from the House of Dionysos is of fabric and glaze that links it to the production of Cypriot Sigillata. It is quite fragmentary though has been restored to reflect the Pergamene amphora form. The decoration is incised. Some of the other amphora fragments hold the thick white-painted ivy wreaths and bands of Ivy Platter ware. The lack of external parallels with certain provenance and the concentration of these examples at Paphos, suggests a production source with some proximity to the city. Similar decoration is found on the hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration, CYP3297, that has strap handles with moulded thumb-rests. This piece has thin, soft yellow-orange fabric that has suggested an eastern Cypriot origin. CYP3264, a plate with rolled rim from Paphos, carries a row of dots on the upper interior wall, it closely parallels examples from Aradippou (below).
The best evidence of production in Cyprus comes from the excavation at Aradippou where a series of homogenous vessels suggest a local manufacturing site. These are drinking vessels, skyphoi or hemispherical bowls. All vessels are decorated with simple and somewhat irregular rows of dots painted in white.
Two fragments from Kition Bamboula, a plate and a skyphos, identified as imports can be likened to the examples from Aradippou.240 A Classical kantharos fragment, CYP3290, that shows derivation in its shape is decorated with a thick, white ivy scroll. Although the manufacturing site is not specified in the original publication, later discussion suggests the piece is Cypriot.241
237 CYP3296, CYP3298, CYP3303, CYP4877, CYP4878; note also amphora, MUS3277, with ivy decoration held at the Cyprus Museum, Nicosia, that is published as local. 2,8 From the Neat East there are two fragments, NRE1480 and NRE1483, from Tarsus that show an amphora decorated in the Ivy Platter style. Also from Soli: CYP3327. Imported examples from Egypt: EGP4492, EGP4493. 239 Lund, 1996, pp. 144, 150. CYP3284, CYP3285, CYP3286, CYP3287, CYP3288. 240 CYP3278, CYP3280. 241 Salles, 1993, p. 191; Lund, 1996, p. 150, talks of the examples as of local production. Note also from the Cyprus Museum, Nicosia, MUS3268, a kantharos with high strap handles and MUS3267, a kantharos of Hellenistic form, both with white-painted elongated leaves.
565 8.10.3 Influence/influences
The ivy wreath decorations on the pieces from Paphos and Kition Bamboula correlate with the technique used on the Levantine coast. Fragments from Samaria provide parallels for the Cypriot preference of decorating with simple rows of dots.242 This influence from the Neat East is also apparent through imports. At Paphos plates with rolled rim, plates with flaring rim, kraters with concave neck and some hemispherical bowls, particularly CYP3319 that corresponds to examples from Dor (see 8.9.2), suggest trade with the Levantine coast and the southern coast of Turkey.
The shapes of the Cypriot vessels often indicate an awareness of the Hellenistic assemblage but do not adhere closely to prototypes. Vestiges of Classical Greek influence are seen in the amphora from Aphendrika, CYP3272, with its smooth belly to shoulder junction. At Soli the material draws general parallels with vessels known from Tarsus. The amphora fragment, CYP3327, has ribbing on the shoulder and white- painted decoration that parallels the pieces from Tarsus and Paphos (8.10.2).243 Another fragment, CYP3326, however, carries moulded ovolo decoration on the rim with a large white dot rosette and ivy wreath. This combines a feature of the Classical amphora with Ivy Platter decoration. Another hybridisation is CYP3292, a plate with rolled rim decorated with a painted dolphin.
The imports to Cyprus are not only from the southeastern Mediterranean but indicate a wider range of contact. Historically the island had close relations with Egypt, a relationship perhaps highlighted by two fragments of over-painted ceramics from Alexandria that provide a parallel for the fragments from Paphos.244 Vessels of Pergamene and Attic type are represented. Pergamene elements at Paphos include the
242 Samaria: Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration: NRE3712; Skyphos, recurved handles: NRE3727, NRE3728; Skyphos, Pergamene: NRE3741; Fragment: NRE3821; Ashdod: Amphora: NRE3721. 243 Tarsus: NRE1480, NRE1481, NRE1483. 244 CYP4877, CYP4878 cf. EGP4492, EGP4493.
566 form and decoration of kraters and of a hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration.245 Often closer parallels can be found amongst the products of lesser-known cities. Some of these examples are discussed below, though many remain difficult to source. Fragments of Gnathia ware have been identified at Paphos.246
The amphora or pelike from Amathous, CYP3282, carries a spearhead necklace akin to Pergamene examples. CYP3318 is a hemispherical bowl or plate with a base higher than is typical at Pergamon, rather it finds a similarity with examples from Ephesos, particularly AME0 8 43.247 The amphora, CYP3310, is of Pergamene type but the fabric is not Pergamene and the elaborate decoration also differs from the examples found at that city (see 8.13.3).248 The bowl with projecting rim, CYP3260, is published as an Attic import but compares well to a piece from Rhodes, AER0011. Two fragments have ivy in white and a dot rosette in yellow, a colouring that allows for Rhodian production.249 CYP3291, a kantharos fragment, is also likely to be from the eastern Aegean. Amphora fragments decorated with concentric rectangles and checkerboard but made of non-Attic fabric would be comfortably identified as products of the Aegean Islands.2M) CYP3321, a globular jug with rouletted bands and painted ribbon and bow motif has been given an origin of Crete or Knidos. The hydria fragment, CYP3261, has decoration (boukrania with ribbons) associated with the production at Knossos.
" Krater: CYP3293, CYP3294; Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration: CYP3295. 246 Hayes, 1991, nos. 14-16, p. 10, pi. 111:1-3. 247 An Ephesian origin can also be argued for CYP3317, a hemispherical bowl with mould-made medallion. 248 Incised dolphins: AEV0346, AME0752, AMP 1082, AMP 1090, ATH1651, ATH1745, NGR5255; Imports: BLK2426, NRE3955, NGR4016. 249 CYP3308, CYP3309. 250 CYP3306. 251 Hayes, 1991, no. 5, p. 109.
567 8.11 Egypt
Although Alexandria, the capital of Ptolemaic Egypt, was a leading political, economic and cultural force in the Hellenistic world there does not appear to be a local production of West Slope pottery in the region. The quality of the local clay does not respond well to traditional Greek firing techniques and a distinct glazed surface could not be achieved. Without a good glaze it would seem that the local potters did not attempt to produce decorated table-wares, but rather relied on the imports from Greece and from Italy. In Alexandria, imports of Gnathia ware, produced at Taranto and Metaponto, outnumber pottery imports from other areas. Of course, the fine-ware, including Gnathia ware, constitutes only a small component of the total pottery assemblage.254 Egypt also received ceramic vessels from Crete, most famously the Hadra hydria (see 2.4.2, 7.4).
8.11.3 Influence/influences
The imports identified as Attic production are all of the late fourth to early third century. These are drinking vessels; the shapes are those inherited from the Classical period. A good number of the motifs are rendered in the gold-decorated technique. c z
252 Alexandria: Enklaar, 1988, p. 263; Gabbari: Ballet and Harlaut, 2001, p. 301, maintain that there was no local over-painted production; Morel, 1995, p. 372, identifies Ivy Platter ware as locally produced; Rotroff, 2002, p. 101, shows that Ivy Platter ware is more closely associated with the Levant; here see 8.9. 253 Green, 1995a, pp. 271, 274; the ware is made available through trade with Italy or through migration from Italy to the new capital. Walbank, 1981, p. 229, discusses political links between the Romans and the Ptolemies. 254 Pfrommer, 1996, p. 180. 255 Classical kantharos, plain rim: EGP4977; Classical kantharos, moulded rim: EGP4504; Classical kantharos, thorn: EGP4506; Classical kantharos, strap handles, turned foot: EGP4505, EGP4507; Cup kantharos, variant: EGP4483; Classical kantharos, fragment: EGP4465, EGP4466, EGP4467, EGP4471, EGP4488; Skyphos, Corinthian: EGP4508; Hemispherical bowl: EGP4473; Calyx cup: EGP4509, EGP4510. EGP4509 has horizontal ribbing on the lower wall in place of the vertical ribbing of typical Attic examples. It finds parallels with a museum piece, MUS4943, held in the Ashmolean Museum, that has decoration compatible with Attic production. 256 EGP4465, EGP4471, EGP4473, EGP4504, EGP4508.
568 There are some shapes that point to Pergamene, or Pergamene-influenced (i.e. Asia Minor or eastern Aegean) production. Some are identified through shape, as a Pergamene skyphos, two amphorae and two lug-handled kraters.257 Others show links to this region of production through their decoration: the renditions of spearhead necklaces,
^ r o star flower or ivy, find parallels within Pergamene material.
Influence from the Near East is indicated by the presence of the plate with rolled rim decorated with white-painted ivy that is found repeatedly amongst the material published from Alexandria. ‘ There are two large fragments that carry white-painted ivy and white-painted bands, that bring to mind the amphora fragments from the Tombs of the Kings at Paphos, Cyprus.260
Imports to Egypt were not confined to the major centres of the Hellenistic world. Such connections are displayed by a guttus that compares closely with one from Nisyros. A Classical kantharos with strap handles and turned foot, decorated with concentric rectangles and checkerboard has a companion piece in the Heidelberg Museum, said to be from Alexandria. These two vessels find parallels with examples from Rhodes and Rokka. Other pieces mimic aspects of the Attic production but do not find close parallels in Athens. For example, a baggy kantharos is decorated with elongated leaves, a motif not popular in Athens on Hellenistic baggy or angular kantharoi, though found in the north of Greece, for example at Aiane.264
237 Skyphos, Pergamene: EGP4489; Amphorae: EGP4482, EGP4495; Krater, lug-handled: EGP4487, EGP4476; Related fragment: EGP4468. 258 EGP4469, EGP4491, EGP4475. 259 EGP4474, EGP4478, EGP4485, EGP4486, EGP4511. 260 EGP4492, EGP4493 cf. CYP4877, CYP4878. 261 EGP4479 cf. AEV0353. 262 EGP4639, MUS4461 cf. AERO 106, CRT3222. An imported example is also found at Olbia, BLK2441. The Egyptian examples are presented as being of Attic production though there are no excavated examples from that city that combine this form and decoration. 263 EGP4467, EGP4501, MUS4494. 264 EGP4484 cf. NGR4153.
569 It would seem, that the hemispherical bowls found in Egypt should join the assemblage of Italian imports. The renditions of the star flower share more with Gnathia ware than with those of Greek productions.
265 EGP4481, EGP4490. EGP5184 from Tebtynis may belong to this group.
570 8.12 Africa
Two cities on the north coast of Africa, Berenice (Sidi Khrebish) and Carthage, have examples of over-painted pottery. The majority of these are imported. These imports issue largely from Italian workshops though others draw comparisons to various West Slope productions. The local production of over-painted pottery appears to adopt elements from both these sources.266 North Africa was a supplier of grain, particularly wheat, both to the east and west. Carthage was seen as an important ally for the Ptolemies largely for its resources including horses and control of Spanish silver.267 Rome famously clashed with Carthage through the third century and was successful in removing it as a power in the western Mediterranean.
8.12.1 Cohesion in Africa
Both Carthage and Berenice reflect a similar combined influence, receiving imports both from across the Aegean and from Italy. Berenice would appear to follow the Italian influence more closely, while at Carthage there are more indications of local independence and hybridisation.
8.12.2 Productions in Africa
Amongst the finds from Berenice there is an amphora and a krater fragment that could represent local production. The amphora, AFR0619, has a moulded rim that would seem to follow Pergamene renditions but the addition of spurs, the short neck and the broad, rounded shoulder are atypical. The neck carries a derivative spearhead necklace (a dot necklace). The bell krater, AFR0618, has no certain origin. Its form draws
266 The selection of local pieces to include here relies on their parallels to imports at the site or through comparison to the West Slope and Gnathia productions. Those showing strong Italian elements are not included though those with potential hybrid or uncertain influence are. 267 P. Green, 1990, pp. 369-370.
571 parallels with Italian examples though the decoration has been likened to Attic production.268
The most popular shape in the local over-painted pottery at Carthage is a bowl-shaped cup kantharos with high-swung handles. The cup has a high ring foot and an open, slightly baggy body. The decoration, typically a simplified garland, sits on the exterior wall just below the rim. Although this shape is also part of the Greek tradition, the versions at Carthage are closer to examples in Italy.269 One example, AFR0629, substitutes strap handles and spurs and moves the decoration to the interior wall. The locally produced plates and hemispherical bowls with conical profile retain the form and interior divisions popular in West Slope ware, though the divisions can be painted rather than incised.271 The hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration, AFR0629, has a low disc foot and a rim that kicks out slightly, it is decorated with a wavy dot garland. The local amphora, AFR0617, has twisted handles and a strongly protruding rim that suggests the influence of late-second century Attic production. The ribbed body is not characteristic of Attic examples, however, and opens the possibility of other, perhaps Pergamene, influences.
The decoration at Carthage tends to be somewhat simplified. The ivy, set on a straight branch, has trilobed rather than heart-shaped leaves. Elongated leaves and the wavy dot garland are popular. The star flower sits on the bottom of AFR0641 and a rather rough dolphin rendition is placed on the bowl AFR0616. Egg and dart is found on AFR0617 and on AFR0629. Both clay and white paint are preserved and incision is utilised.
268 Kenrick, 1985, p. 79, draws the comparison for decoration with MUS4625. 269 For Gnathia examples, see: Forti, 1965, pp. 38-39, pis. VI centre right, Vllb. 270 MUS4621, another cup kantharos, bowl-shaped, Hellenistic, with interior decoration. 271 Hemispherical bowl, conical profile: AFR0616, AFR0647; Plate: AFR0648; AFR0647 and AFR0648 are potentially Italian imports rather than of local production.
572 8.12.3 Influence/influences
Imports from Italian and Greek sources are found in both cities.272 At Berenice and Carthage parallels can be found for the hemispherical bowls with conical profile at Athens, Corinth, Knossos and Epiros.273 The bolsals from Carthage, presented as Attic, find parallels more easily in Boiotia or Eretria.274 At Carthage there are Classical kantharoi that are presented as possible Attic imports. However, the profile, particularly the rotelle handles, the moulded rim and the high-stemmed foot along with the incised decoration on a Classical shape, are uncharacteristic in Athens. The alternative proposition of an Etruscan origin is more acceptable.27^ Other imports to Carthage that follow Attic prototypes are of shapes dated within the third century.276
At Berenice a series of vessels indicate links to the eastern Aegean. The Hellenistic S- swung kantharos, AFR0622, complete with spearhead necklace, adheres to versions from Asia Minor. The krater, AFR0626, can parallel with Gnathia ware though also compares to the bolster krater of Ephesian production. The hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration, AFR0623, is a popular shape in the eastern Aegean. The thin and straight-walled drinking vessel, AFR0621, has an unusual form though the decoration of elongated leaves set between rows of dots suggests production in the eastern Mediterranean. At Carthage one amphora, AFR0627, presented as an Attic import, has the foot, ribbing and moulded rim of Pergamene or Pergamene-influenced production.
272 Analysis of the Italian imports is not included in this study but must be kept in mind when assessing the ceramic composition of the region. 27, The rim and upper wall of AFR0624 has a profile close to Corinthian or Pergamene examples. The wheat decoration on AFR0625 and AFR0615 find parallels at Athens: ATH1750, ATH1954; Corinth: COR2942, COR4521, COR4536; Knossos: CRK3042; Epiros: EPI4967, EPI5023, EPI5027, EPI5213. The wheat motif is, however, one that is shared with Gnathia production and appears there on hemispherical bowls: see Green, 1979. 274 AFR0642, AFR0643 cf. CGR2626, CGR2627, CGR2661, CGR2662, CGR2672, CGR2680, CGR2752, CGR2769, ERT3329, ERT3330, ERT3460, ERT33527, ERT3528. 273 AFR0630, AFR0631; Forti, 1965, pi. XlVa, top row, third and fourth from left. 276 Cup kantharos, bowl-shaped: AFR0640; Amphora: AFR0645; Chous: AFR0644. The amphora is the latest dating piece, carrying as it does concentric rectangles and so belonging in the second half of the third century. 277 For Gnathia parallels: Kenrick, 1985, p. 79, states that the shape may be related to the form B101 but there are no close parallels. Also compare with AME0759, and less so with ATH1852.
573 8.13 Black Sea Coast
The evidence of Hellenistic pottery on the Black Sea coast comes from cities placed along the western to northern coast with the majority of examples from cities clustered around the Cymmerian Bosphorus. Two cities inland from the west coast and one from the north indicate the limited penetration of Greek ceramic traditions into the hinterlands. The Black Sea coast had attracted Greek colonists in the second half of the seventh century, largely due to the natural resources that were limited on the Greek mainland, particularly grain. It was these same natural resources that attracted Hellenistic trade into the region.
8.13.1 Cohesion of the Black Sea Coast
Cohesion is found within the patterns of imports to the region. While there is some evidence of local production, the majority of the examples of West Slope ware from the Black Sea settlements are identified as imports, providing a picture of trading patterns through the Hellenistic Age.278
Shapes in this region tend to follow the prototypes of Attic or Pergamene (and related) productions. However, there are some variations that can be seen as characteristic of the region.279 At Olbia, at Tomis and possibly at Chersonessos there is an overly attenuated kantharos form, a variation of the Classical, plain rim version. These are not frequently decorated but when they are the chosen motif is a spearhead necklace with
278 Many of the pieces are published as imports from Athens or Pergamon. While examples from these productions are present, there are examples from other, derivative productions. This is recognised by Zabelina, 1992, who attributes pieces found at Pantikapeion not only to Athens and Pergamon but also to Rhodes, Samos and other unidentified Aegean or Asia Minor workshops. 279 Bozkova, 1997b: discussion of the kantharoi and black-glaze shapes characteristic of the region. 280 Olbia: BLK2486, BLK2501, BLK2502; Chersonessos: BLK2462 (the upper wall of this vessel is preserved and could, alternatively, be identified as the neck of a jug); Tomis: BLK2418, BLK4986. See, Bozkova, 1997b, pp. 9-11, for discussion and further listing of this type including black-glaze examples.
574 incised chain. There is a group of low-footed kantharoi from Apollonia, Olbia and from Chersonessos that also stand out from the imports and imitations.281
8.13.2 Productions in the Black Sea Coast
The regional versions of the kantharos (8.13.1) indicate the presence of local production most likely centred on the Cymmerian Bosphorus with possible related production on the west coast. However, the identification of local wares most often relies on derivative shapes and motifs or on low-quality production.
The bowl-shaped cup kantharos from Olbia, BLK2488, could be local as it has replaced the turned foot of the Attic imports, such as BLK2497, with a high ring foot. A serving bowl with out-turned rim, BLK4884, is decorated on the exterior with a painted wave pattern and on the interior with stamped palmettes. This form is widely popular in black-glaze productions but is rarely included in the West Slope assemblage, allowing this example to be local.282 A hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration, BLK2427, is deemed local due to the poor quality of production though it closely follows Asia Minor prototypes.
At Chersonessos there are fragments carrying decoration that lack external parallels. These include an elaborate palmette, an incised wave pattern combined with multiple stems and a painted motif that appears as some kind of long-necked animal. There is also a hydria, BLK5181, a shape more popular in the fourth century, which is covered with elaborate and multi-registered decoration.
28lApollonia: BLK4984; Olbia: BLK2503; Chersonessos: BLK2463, BLK2469. Other parallels for this shape include: AMV1376, CRK3151, CGR2730, PEL4277, PEL4310, AEV0363, MUS3630, MUS3684, (the two Museum pieces are probably from this region). 282 Exterior decoration: ERT3332, ERT3460; Interior decoration: AME0836, NRE3927, NRE3928, NRE3929, NRE5314. 283 Palmette: BLK2459; Wave pattern: BLK2468; Animal: BLK2473.
575 At Pantikapeion the oversized decoration on BLK4990 may indicate local imitation of Asia Minor wares.
Local production is proposed for the site of Mirmeki. The fragments of West Slope ware are quite thick-walled, have a matt dark brown to red glaze and carry white to cream decoration. The shapes are angular and the motifs include ivy, dot rosettes and rows of dots as borders.
At Taman, an amphora follows the Attic prototype but the quality of the manufacture suggests it is local, though it could also issue from any number of derivative productions. It is decorated in a reduced imitation of the Attic prototype with lattice on the shoulder and checkerboard and a quartered rectangle on the neck
Another amphora whose quality of production is low enough to suggest local production is reported from Phanogeria. The profile shows a low and somewhat bi-conical body and a tall, broad neck. This piece combines the body of the Gnathia amphora with the handles, rim and decoration (spearhead necklace and elongated leaves) of the Pergamene range.
On the west coast a Classical kantharos with plain rim, BLK4572 from Histria, follows the Attic prototype but is made of unclean and therefore possibly local clay.
284 Michalowski, 1958, p. 78. 285 Local: BLK2534, BLK2535; these correspond to the imports: BLK2533, BLK2536. 286 Maksimova, 1979, p. 115. BLK2591 is made from a light brown clay with many, including micaceous, inclusions. The clay appears to have been fired at a low temperature. The glaze is mottled red to brown. The decoration parallels with examples on the Adriatic coast: EPI2571, EP12572, EPI2573, EPI2574, EPI2575, EPI2576. 287 Maksimova, 1979, p. 114. The clay is clean and pink, porous but without inclusions. Many productions suffered from low standards and some discuss this piece as a Pergamene import: Schafer, 1968, p. 50, fig. 3,1.
576 8.13.3 Influence/influences
Attic imports are reported from Olbia, Chersonessos, Pantikapeion, Mirmeki, Anapa, Histria, Durankulak, Cabyle and Seuthopolis.288 The drinking vessels, Classical and Hellenistic kantharoi, represent late-fourth and early-third century Attic influence while the amphorae, with their concentric rectangles and checkerboard decoration, draw the influence down into the mid-third century. These imports provide prototypes for local production, most notably the adoption of the plain-rimmed Classical kantharos. Some influence may not be received directly from Athens. The narrow kantharoi found at Olbia, Chersonessos and Tomis share their profile with examples from the eastern Macedonian sites of Eion, Amphipolis and Rodeleivos though the Black Sea examples take the attenuation further. The oinochoe from Tomis, BLK2419, emphasises a connection to Macedonia.
Shapes characteristic of Pergamene production are found along the Black Sea coast and would seem to date from the third into the second century.289 Of interest is the identification of fragments from smaller, often Pergamene-related, productions that highlight the range of material brought to the cities on the Black Sea coast.290 The popular shapes are the S-swung kantharos, the hemispherical bowl with conical profile, the hemispherical bowl with exterior decoration, the Pergamene skyphos, the lug-
288 Olbia: BLK2426, BLK2438, BLK2439, BLK2440, BLK2448, BLK2450(?), BLK2484(?), BLK2487(?), BLK2495, BLK2498(?), BLK2499(?), BLK2511, BLK2523, BLK2525, BLK4582 (?); Chersonessos: BLK2457, BLK2470, BLK2471, BLK2583, BLK2584(?); Pantikapeion: BLK2437, BLK2444(?), BLK2446(?), BLK5233, BLK5237; Mirmeki: BLK2537, BLK2538, BLK2539, BLK2541, BLK2544, BLK2587; Anapa: BLK2443(?); Histria: BLK2417, BLK4570, BLK4571(?); Durankulak: BLK2372; Cabyle: BLK4176, BLK4177; Seuthopolis: BLK4129, BLK4130, BLK4131, BLK4132, BLK4133, BLK4134, BLK4135. 289 Olbia: BLK2422, BLK2423, BLK2424, BLK2425, BLK2428, BLK2451, BLK2521, BLK2522, BLK2524; Chersonessos: BLK2456, BLK2461, BLK2464, BLK2472, BLK2474; Pantikapeion: BLK2476, BLK2477, BLK2479, BLK2480, BLK2566, BLK2567, BLK2568, BLK2569, BLK2570; Tanais: BLK2475; Mirmeki: BLK2533, BLK2543, BLK2545, BLK2546; Histria: BLK2413, BLK2414, BLK2416; Mesambria: BLK2482, BLK2483. Also Asia Minor: BLK2431, BLK2433, BLK2453. 290 Samian and Rhodian pieces are identified: Samos: BLK2554, BLK2555, BLK2556, BLK2557(?), BLK2558(?); Rhodes: BLK2559, BLK2560(?), BLK2561, BLK2562; Uncertain: BLK2563, BLK2564, BLK2565. The trade in the Black Sea region appears to have been largely dominated by Rhodian traders, if the transport amphorae are any indication, so that even if material issues from other production sources it is possible that they reached the Black Sea via Rhodes, a notion supported by the amount of imported material in Rhodes itself. For discussion of Rhodian amphorae in the Black Sea see: Badaljanc, 1999.
577 handled krater and the amphora. Post-West Slope ware is rare but examples indicating the evolution of this technique are found at Pantikapeion and Mirmeki. The local production at Mirmeki is unusual in its apparent emulation of mid to late-second century prototypes.292 The Knidian cup, BLK2594, from Shevchenkovka in the Dneiper Valley carries an incised geometric motif, which further indicates the presence of late Hellenistic elements in the region.
There are two vessels, a lug-handled krater from Pantikapeion and an unguentarium from Olbia, that are decorated with dove-like birds.293 These have been regarded as Pergamene, though the decorative motifs lack close parallels from that city.294 The form of the krater is, of course, characteristic of Pergamon but decorated unguentaria are not reported from anywhere on the Asia Minor coast though are identified as imports in the Aegean. A parallel for the decoration is found on a Panathenaic amphora with a proposed provenance of Olbia and on a drinking vessel formerly in the Vogell collection." The pieces are not dissimilar to an imported amphora from Cyprus, CYP3310, identified as non-Pergamene and carrying neat star-flowers alternating with boukrania, in place of the birds on BLK2477. A reversible lid from Taman, BLK2590, is similarly difficult to place. It is decorated with lotus-like single standing flowers alternating with palmettes and vessels. The quality of these pieces suggests an accomplished production. The lack of parallels could argue for quality local production
291 Identified as Aegean or Asia Minor productions: Pantikapeion: BLK2557, BLK2558 BLK2560, BLK2567; Mirmeki: BLK2528, BLK2529, BLK2531, BLK2532, BLK2533. See also: Bozkova, 1997b, pp. 11-12, for black-glaze cups that are related in form to the Pergamene skyphos. 292 BLK2534, BLK2535. 293 Krater: BLK2477; Unguentarium: BLK5032. 294 Alexandropoulou, 2002, pp. 113-114. 295 AERO 192 is identified as a Pergamene import. It preserves birds whose form is not well-preserved but has a similar row of dots on the lower wall as BLK5032. AEV0359 is another unguentarium, this time from Delos, identified as Pergamene, carrying a bird in post-West Slope technique. 296 Amphora, Panathenaic: MUS5004; Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration, strap handles: MUS5299. MUS5004 and the lug-handled krater BLK2477 both show tendrils with palmette (or fleur de lys) flourishes at the ends.
578 or the production of quality vessels specifically for export from a known or yet to be identified source. 907
297 The panathenaic amphora and the unguentaria are both popular in the productions in Epiros but the lug- handled krater and the bird forms argue against this origin. The closest parallel for the panathenaic amphora MUS5004 is MUS4996, a vessel from the necropolis at Sciatbi identified as Cretan. A Cretan origin for MUS5004 gains credence when one turns to non-West Slope amphorae also found at Olbia (Belin de Ballu, 1972, pis. XLIV, XLV). Here there are vessels with Hadra style decoration including one that shares the profile of MUS5004. There are two amphorae of the same profile (pictured on either side of MUS5004) with black-glaze base and over-painted decoration. The decoration on the body carries large figures holding shields and flanking a tripod. The decoration on the neck, in both cases a spearhead necklace, suggests a Cretan origin due to the thin tassels that hang from the ends of the ties, a typical feature of Cretan West Slope. No parallels for these vessels have been found amongst the published Cretan products, but given the above similarities and the known production for trade in Crete, it may be a good place to start.
579 Chapter 9: Conclusion
This thesis has presented the motifs and shapes that comprise the over-painted black- glaze (West Slope) wares of the dining, burial and cultic traditions in the Hellenistic world. An attempt has been made to identify manufacturing centres of West Slope ware and to present their characteristics. Links to other fabrics have been highlighted. Productions across a broad geographical zone have been drawn together in an attempt to provide an all-inclusive (if not conclusive) study.
The similarity of the ceramic tradition and the commonality of the development of ceramics in the Hellenistic world must to some extent be explained by the Hellenistic koine. To understand the functioning of the Hellenistic koine we must review what factors tied the region together. Many of these factors had long-existed by the beginning of our period but were solidified and expanded in the new world of Alexander and his Successors.
First and foremost the Hellenistic world was tied together by the Mediterranean (and most often the Aegean) sea, a link that had facilitated contact between settlements for millenia. The sea provided both the common experience and the practical link between the areas. Trade across the Aegean brought cross-pollination to artistic endeavours seen centuries before the period under study. In the second count the peoples shared a language. Dialects there may have been, but the Greek peoples could converse and this language defined the Greeks from their barbarian neighbours. A common language allowed the sharing of other aspects of culture. From story-telling grew a common pantheon of gods, common cultic practices and events to go with them. Shared places of worship, the Panhellenic sites of Olympia, Delphi and Delos provided points of contact, competition and exchange. With the introduction of and familiarity with a written form of the language came a chance to share even more, texts facilitated common learning across the seas, allowing the spread of philosophy and science. A popular cultural development was theatre, a place for religious, social and political exchange.
580 Many of these Hellenic cultural traditions were boosted in the Hellenistic period. The lands conquered by Alexander and ruled by his Succesors were drawn into this cultural landscape, sharing language, exchanging stories and deities. Trans-Mediterranean trade was given renewed vigour in the late fourth century as the control of eastern trade routes came into Greek hands. The rich resources, particularly metals, could now move more freely westward. The expansion benefited learning, reflected in the growth of intellectual centres as at Alexandria. The itinerant theatre groups of the Hellenistic period further encouraged similarities in experience across a diverse area. Shared traditions in architecture, sculpture, pottery and metal production were inherited by the Hellenistic Greeks. These material elements already distinguished a Greek city from a barbarian city and could be used to turn the latter into the former. Pottery, of course is not a tool of propanganda, as a Greek temple in a foreign city may be, but rather shows a spread of Greek practices. The similarity of the ceramic material indicates similar practices of drinking and eating, burial and ritual. These many common factors allow the geographically diverse centres to be understood as belonging to an interrelated family: the Hellenistic koine. This koine is not a static body but rather fluctuates over time and from place to place. As traditions and practices diversify the koine may be considered to be in decline.
West Slope pottery appears to develop through a combination of local potting traditions and a widespread trend in the simplification of pottery decorating techniques, which includes the cessation of narrative scenes on painted pots. This may be influenced by economic factors, broader cultural trends, artistic desires or through the replacement of fine-ware ceramics by other products including metal vessels. The gold-decorated ware, produced in Athens and Ephesos (alongside other possible sites) in the fourth century is perhaps West Slope’s closest ancestor. The Corinthian fourth-century bell kraters with over-painted decoration are likely to have exerted a wider influence on the ceramic production. The influence of these fourth-century decorated ceramics that share the aesthetic of West Slope pottery can be paired with the popularity of quality black-glaze ceramics. Influence is also demonstrated by earlier local productions of over-painted wares, particularly that of fourth-century Boiotia, and, as current research suggests,
581 Epiros. The over-painted pottery productions in Italy, collected under the term Gnathia ware, begin earlier than the West Slope productions and so can also be cast as influential, though a direct relationship has not been established and the two wares remained distinct.
Interconnections continuing from the fourth century allow some productions to share the early phases of West Slope ware. Such is seen in the productions of Athens, certainly a fine if not primary producer, at Ephesos and Northern Greece. Corinth, the Peloponnese and the regions of Central Greece, particularly Boiotia, maintain their fourth-century independence in their West Slope productions. The Hellenistic kantharos shapes appear to be drawn from fourth-century forms produced in these regional contexts. The variation in the types of the Hellenistic kantharos is largely reflective of regional groups. The production of Pergamon begins in the second quarter of the third century and it develops a distinct assemblage, which comes to dominate the Asia Minor coast and eastern Aegean and differs from the productions of the older cities of Asia Minor, such as Ephesos. Stability brought wealth to Northern Greece at the end of the third to mid- second century, reflected in many intricate examples of local West Slope vessels, popular as grave goods. Influence from this tradition can be traced to Thessaly, Aetolia and Epiros. Strong independence is apparent in the production of Crete, best reflected at Knossos, where the shapes and motifs follow local traditions. Such regional patterns indicate some limitations of the koine.
A striking group of material found along the Levantine coast sets the region apart from other West Slope productions. The shapes, a krater with concave neck and a preference for plates (with rolled or flaring rim) rather than drinking vessels, along with the thick white-painted ivy and elongated leaves distinguish this group. Interestingly West Slope pottery of a more standard technique on standard shapes is also found at these sites indicating a dual tradition in the region. Hybrid forms, though rare, indicate assimilation of the material cultures. Vessels of possible Cypriot production are related to this ware. Here, then, the differences are less between one city and another and the evidence rather points to two concurrent material cultures existing side by side. Both show a familiarity
582 with Greek forms, but the plates of the Ivy Platter ware conform more closely with fifth and fourth century forms rather than with plates common in the majority of the Hellenistic world. Here, the two periods of major influence are differentiated and maintained, indicating more complexity than straight-forward regional trends. Perhaps older traditions were maintained in some pockets of society while more recent Greek immigrants sought to adhere to more current trends.
While West Slope pottery was not an intensely sought trade item, it can highlight connections between regions, though identification of non-local pottery remains in its infancy. Trade is likely to have played a role in the dispersal of the shapes and technique. The trade routes appear to be largely sea routes with a hub first at Rhodes and later at Delos. The sea-based trade restricts the majority of West Slope ware to the coast, a fact that suggests limited penetration of Greek (fine-dining) culture despite the massive gain in land control after Alexander’s expansion. Inland routes are in evidence in the Near East and also span the zone from the Adriatic to the Black Sea coast. Material from Greece and Asia Minor is spread through the Aegean, along the Levantine coast and into the Black Sea. Geographical and chronological patterns are revealed with third century Attic (or Attic-like) vessels found frequently, sometimes inspiring imitative productions, while Pergamene influence picks up in the second half of the third century and dominates in the second, particularly in the eastern Aegean. Vessels, such as the thorn kantharos and Classical kantharos with strap handles and turned foot, show the popularity of certain ‘fancy’ ceramics as trade items. Imports of high quality can often lack parallels from a known producer, suggesting that there may have been a practice of producing fine vessels specifically for export.
At Knossos the motifs used to decorate West Slope pottery are related to the local white- ground production of Hadra hydriai, which were produced for export to Alexandria. Also imported to Alexandria is a quantity of black-glaze imports including a proportion of Gnathia ware from Southern Italy. This underlines a trade route from Italy to Alexandria. Certain West Slope motifs (particularly the swan and animals) connect Corinth and Knossos, and along with the added paint technique used in Corinth toward
583 the end of the third century, reflect the Gnathia tradition. From this evidence a trade route can be proposed, one that reached from Italy, through the Corinthian Gulf to Corinth, from where material was transferred to Crete and on to Alexandria. Although having to negotiate the Isthmus, this trade route avoided the windswept seas south of the Peloponnese. Additional Gnathia imports at Corinth, in the Aegean, in Crete and at Paphos, alongside West Slope pieces in Italy, show the regions to be interacting on a material, as well as political level. Italian influence is evident in Epiros and Illyria. Proximity alone may have allowed this, though the political interaction between these two areas in the Hellenistic period was quite intense.
Through this study some broad trends in the assemblage have been uncovered. Drinking vessels are dominant, except in the Levant and at Knossos. Kraters are less frequent particularly in mainland Greece. The Asia Minor workshops produce a krater quite shallow in form and not well suited for ladling-out wine. Pouring vessels are varied in form and are only frequent at Knossos. Difference and independence are also evident in the production of amphorae, which appear in three major forms characteristic of certain zones (Athens/Northem Greece, Asia Minor and Eprios/Illyria/Central Greece). Plates particularly defy classification, suggesting that beyond the regional pattern in the Levant, the standard of serving food were flexible. Again evidence for a shared origin is strong, but the material also suggests a loosening of these ties.
The drinking vessels can reflect changes in the drinking traditions that are common to many of the regions under study, though the near absence of West Slope drinking vessels within the local productions in Crete and on the Levantine coast precludes them, again emphasising diversity in the region. In the first thirty years of the third century, high-stemmed cups inherited from the Classical period are largely replaced by low footed baggy vessels with open form and sizable interior. The low-footed forms were developed in some regions within the fourth century but their increased popularity across a broad geographical zone signifies a new phase. Hemispherical bowls are then introduced. Some of these have handles and are closely related to the Hellenistic kantharoi. Others, though, have no handle and are decorated on the interior rather than
584 the exterior wall. In the second century drinking vessels become rare, possibly replaced by the mould-made bowls that carry relief decoration. These bowls share many of the shape attributes of the West Slope bowls but could be produced en masse. These trends are widespread and indicate that the changes occurring within the fine-ware assemblages were caused by common, trans-Aegean factors.
The areas that follow the trend outlined above adhere to a similar a change in the drinking tradition. The deepening of the cups and the loss of the high foot is accompanied by other changes to the drinking assemblage, including the decline of the krater, and the reduction in the number and size of pouring vessels. These vessels are tied together through their functional use in the symposion (or other drinking event). The changes to them in the third century indicate a change in the practice of the symposion. Practically the larger cups would allow for wine and water to be mixed within the cup, measured to suit an individual’s taste. One wonders of the influence of the North in this change, given the Macedonian’s practice of drinking wine neat, a barbaric act in Classical Greece, but perhaps one gaining acceptance in the Hellenistic world following the political and military influence of Macedonia through the region. The krater is, therefore, less often required, and the jugs are not filled from the krater but are rather used as bottles; the popularity of thin-necked jugs including the white-ground lagynoi supports such a proposition.
The number of kraters in the Pergamene production in the later third century indicates that these trends were not universal, unless, as mentioned above, these shallow kraters were not used for wine at all. Perhaps again, though we are caught thinking in Classical terms expecting a situla or an oinochoe to be used to remove the wine from the krater to the cup. If one looks at the available assemblage the shallow conical bowl itself could have been dipped with success, like a ladle, in these kraters. The two shapes are linked iconographically and suggest a different drinking custom in Asia Minor from that in Mainland Greece.
585 Other breaks in the connections are visible. One thinks particularly of the evidence of Attic influence at Ephesos in the late fourth century, that cannot be followed for long into the third century. Rather the Ephesian production continues producing vessels of the Classical period long after they have fallen out of widespread usage. Despite being situated close to Pergamon, the most influential production from the late third century, the Ephesian workshops remain relatively unaffected. Was the tie that Ephesos had to Athens witnessed in the early Hellenistic period, enough to set it on a very different path to Pergamon, leaving it with a cultural tradition that was not easily ousted? While we may talk of a Hellenistic koine and trans-Aegean factors, each city was different and held to an independent identity. These identities had to be defined and maintained, often through the taking up of arms. Is then, the difference between Pergamene and Ephesian pottery an attempt on one side or the other, a conscious attempt, to be different from the other, to define oneself by independent cultural practices, revealed to us through the objects employed (the material culture)? Similarly, we can ask, are Athens and Corinth happy to remain largely differentiated by the details of shape, even when the functions are shared? The difference could be a reflection of a general independence of spirit, a confidence that maintained local forms in the face of imported models. Was there, then, no pressure to conform?
West Slope motifs are also used to decorate vessels of non-drinking or dining function, namely toiletry vessels that are frequently preserved in burial contexts. The best evidence for these issues from Northern Greece, where the many rich burials carry pyxides, unguentaria or lebetes gamikoi. Some of the pyxides are embellished with moulded elements. Emulation of these traditions can be witnessed in Thessaly, Epiros, Aetolia, the Ionian Islands and even Patras. Broad comparisons of burial traditions remain difficult given the uneven spread of evidence thus far. Furthermore, one would need to examine all wares placed within burials and not just the West Slope ware for such an examination to be meaningful.
West Slope vessels could have been used in a number of different roles in the varied cultic celebrations of the period. Some likely candidates are the phiale-like conical
586 bowls that share many decorative features across the region in the late third century. The lotus motifs found upon them open possibilities of a common religious trend. In the early first century the cultic traditions manifested on the reversible lids of Athens do not, as yet, find parallels in other regions, suggesting a unique practice in the worship of Isis at that city.
The West Slope vessels would not have been confined to symposion, cultic and burial contexts but would have filled different functions in a variety of aspects of Hellenistic life. Rarely published coarse versions of West Slope motifs on plainware vessels extend the context of this decorative-type into the household. This was a functional ware, and pieces could be adapted for a variety of purposes.
In this study I have relied on the publications of numerous excavations and I am greatly indebted to the scholars who prepared these reports. There remain, however, holes in our understanding of Hellenistic ceramics that have caused problems within this study, one hopes they will be answered by continued research. The first is a broader and firmer understanding of local chronologies, ones which do not rely so heavily on comparison to other sites. This would allow one to determine which productions have precedence and to pinpoint the movement of trends and developments. Another problem encountered within this study, which may be alleviated through further work, has been the number of settlements that lack a quantity of evidence to facilitate the characterisation of the local production. With a better understanding of each manufacturing centre one would be better able to identify trends and influences and also to provenance imports, which is currently a frustrating task. Such advances would illuminate trading patterns and identify trade routes that are currently shrouded.
The study of Hellenistic ceramics would be greatly enhanced by further publication, particularly with a presentation of the material from Alexandria. Results of ongoing research in Epiros and on the Ionian Islands are eagerly awaited. While many examples of West Slope pottery have been presented from Northern Greece, particularly from burials, a comprehensive study from a city context, such as Pella, has yet to emerge.
587 Studies remain preliminary on many of the Aegean Islands, including Rhodes and Cyprus. The production sites of the Ivy Platter ware, popular in the Near East, remain elusive. Variation in the contexts from which the material has been drawn further complicates comparison. While burial traditions are well represented amongst the finds in Northern and Central Greece and in the Peloponnese, we await such information from other regions. The current preparation of additional material from many sites should increase our understanding of the assemblage.
This study remains rather tentative. A similar comparative examination of the black- glaze productions of each of the regions would greatly complement any trends witnessed here. Similarly further study of white-ground wares would be of great benefit. Such examinations would be necessary to really appraise the variations in eating and drinking patterns, in burial customs and in cultic practices. Some connections and patterns within the drinking and burial traditions of the Hellenistic world have been alluded to in the above chapters, but remain to be fully examined. The interpretation of motifs is likely to remain tentative given the reduced nature of West Slope decoration, though this stands to be improved through a more rigorous examination of other Hellenistic arts. The presence of metal vessels and their position in the material assemblage haunts the study of ceramic fine-wares and must be regarded as a force in the development of ceramic forms and decoration. It is hoped that this study provides the preliminary research, so that these questions are more easily asked and the results more within reach.
588 I. Appendix: Regional West Slope Clay and Glazes
I.i Northern Greece
•Thessaloniki The material from Thessaloniki is frequently described as having a blue-black to grey slip though brownish glaze is also found. The clay is variously described as red-brown, light red and pink and the following Munsell colours are given: 5YR6/6, 7.5YR6/4 and 10YR6/1.
•Beroia The clay is described as orange, light red, reddish and yellow-orange with some mica and numerous other inclusions.1 2 NGR5298 records a red-brown fabric. The glaze only sometimes achieves a black or red colour, more often appearing as brown or grey.
•Vergina NGR5291 from Vergina has grey glaze.
•Pella A range of fabric colours is given in the publications of material found at Pella. Most are pink or reddish yellow, though other terms as red, light grey, brown-red, light red, pink-grey, light brown and pink-white are utilised in the description of the clay. The Munsell readings are varied, the most common include: 2.5YR6/6, 5YR6/6, 5YR7/6, 5YR7/4, 5YR8/4 and 7.5YR7/4.3 The glaze is most often black though some pieces record a red, red-brown, black-brown, grey-brown and even orange surface. The finish can be metallic or dull.
1 Drougou and Touratsoglou, 1980, pp. 115-116. 2 Drougou and Touratsoglou, 1980, pp. 115-116. 3 Other, less common, readings include: 2.5YR6/8, 2.5YR5/6, 2.5YR6/2-2/5YR6/4, 5YR5/3 or 5YR4/4, 5YR5/4, 7.5YR7/6, 7.5YR7/5, 5YR7/3, 7YR7/4, 7.5YR6/4, 7.5YR8/4, 7.5YR7/3, 10YR6/3, 7.5YR7/2, 7.5YR8/2, 10YR7/2, 5YR5.1.
589 •Edessa The glaze at Edessa ranges from black to brown to red.
•Pentaplatanos The glaze from this site is recorded as black-brown to grey and the clay is described as brown. This material is likely to issue from Pella.
•Mieza At Mieza the fabric is described as brittle and ranging in colour from bright red, red and orange to brownish-pink. The glaze is metallic black, dull red to black or dull brown to black. Sometimes the surface is crazed.
•Kallithea The fabric is described as red or red-orange and the glaze can be red-brown or a good quality black.
•Aiane At Aiane the glaze is black sometimes mottled to red. The glaze has a matt surface.
•Eordaia - Spelia The glaze from Eordaia is recorded as black.
•Torone The examples of West Slope from Torone are of high quality. They typically have very fine clay with no visible inclusions, though in some cases white grits and mica are intrusive. The colour of the clay is generally a reddish yellow though pink and pale brown fabrics are also apparent. Munsell readings include: 2.5YR6/4, 2.5YR6/6, 5YR6/4, 5YR6/6, 5YR7/4, 5YR7/6, 7.5YR6/6, 10YR7/4, 10R6/6 and 10R6/8. The glaze is most often black and shiny. There are some examples of a metallic or a worn metallic surface and occasionally a dull surface is recorded. The glaze can be mottled
590 brown to black or red-brown or achieve a matt brown surface though these examples are rare.
•Mekybema The West Slope vessel from Mekyberna, NGR5264, has a red clay and reddish glaze.
•Eion The material from Eion is made of a clay typically described as orange but red-yellow and red-orange are also encountered. The glaze is black except for NGR4059, which has a red-brown glaze and NGR4048 that is glazed black on the exterior but red on the interior.
•Amphipolis The glaze at Amphipolis is lustrous and black and the clay is reddish.
•Rodeleivos Serres Here the clay is described as a light red-brown while the glaze is a bluish-black.
•Nea Zichni At Nea Zichni, as at Rodeleivos Serres, the clay is described as a light red-brown while the glaze is a bluish-black.
I.ii Epiros/Illyria
•Butrint The glaze is applied by dipping at Butrint and leaves visible marks. Black is the standard colour for the glaze.
•Paliopyrgos At Paliopyrgos the clay is described as light brown and the glaze is black-brown.
591 •Budva At Budva the recorded glaze ranges from black to dull grey. The fabric is frequently fine and buff-yellow though can be a pale yellow.
•Osanici At Osanici the glaze is black, sometimes worn. The fabric is very fine, yellowish grey in colour and with no micaceous inclusions.
•Vis At Vis the glaze is a lustrous or dull black with examples of mottled brown-black and reddish-black. The fabric is described as buff-orange in colour.
I.iii Central Greece
•Thebes The fabric from the ceramic vessels of Thebes varies from a description of red, both light and dark, to orange, orange-brown and grey.
•Medeon The clay is described as fine and ranges in colour from beige-pink to beige-orange though can also be pink-orange, red-orange, pink-grey or orange. The glaze is black and matt though some mottling occurs and there are examples of a metallic finish.
•Delphi The clay and glaze is infrequently described. One piece is described as having yellow clay, and another of being fine. The glaze, when described, is black.
•Asopos The one piece from Asopos, CGR4109, has a lustrous black glaze.
592 •Martinon Lokridos The kantharos from Martinon Lokridos, CGR2729, has dipping marks on the lower wall.
•Opous Black glaze is recorded from Opous, once described as lustrous.
•Lamia Lamia records banded, dark glaze.
•Demetrias The glaze is often a mottled dark coating (black, black-brown, grey, yellow-brown); shiny, slightly lustrous, metallic and dull surfaces are reported. The clay is orange- brown or grey-orange, grey-red, fine to very fine with some mica except for one group of vessels, apparently by the same potter, which are made of a yellow fabric.
•Phtiotic Thebes The clay is described as orange and in one case grey. The glaze is black or brown-black.
•Halos The vessel from Halos, CGR2747, has worn glaze and a reserved band on the upper foot of the cup kantharos.
•Pherai The clay is mostly orange though there are examples of grey and of yellow fabric. The glaze is described as blue-black and is often lustrous or slightly lustrous, sometimes with a metallic sheen. Two red-glazed examples, CGR4371 and CGR4372, are preserved with a lustrous surface.
593 •Amphane Here the glaze is black, typically a metallic black. The fabric appears a bright orange in the colour photographs accompanying the publication.
•Larisa The clay is not very fine. It is coloured brown to light brown to red (Munsell colours are different for each vessel: 5YR6/3, 5YR6/6, 5YR7/4, 7.5YR5/6, 7.5YR6/4, 10YR7/3). The glaze tends to be dull and mottled though can preserve a metallic surface and often doesn’t cover the entire external surface.
•Kalydon The one published piece of West Slope ware from Kalydon has a light brown glaze.
•Chalkis The clay is soft and carries small, dark inclusions and voids. It is not overly fine though is comparatively fine within the local assemblage. The common Munsell readings are: 2.5YR6/6, 2.5YR7/6, 5YR7/6, 5YR6/4-7/4, 5YR7/4-6, 5YR6/6, 7.5YR7/6, 7.5YR8/4, 10YR7/4, 10R6/8, 10YR8/3. The glaze is often worn, generally dark (black or brown) with occasional red or red-orange examples. It is typically dull though some examples are shiny and even a lustre can be preserved.
I.iv Ionian Islands
•Polis, Ithaca When the fabric colour is given it is described as bright red or as reddish grey. The glaze is sometimes described as ‘good’.
•Leukada One piece from Leukada, ION5249, has the glaze recorded as black.
594 I.v Peloponnese
•Argos The glaze is described on one piece as red and on another as black-brown. Dipping marks are visible on the lower body of some examples.
•Helleniko At Helleniko the glaze is mottled black to orange on both PEL4308 and PEL4309 and is described as lustrous on the latter. The clay is fine, grey-pink (7.5YR7/2) to pink-orange (5YR7/6) or soft orange (7.5YR7/6). Both examples record micaceous inclusions.
•Pylos At Pylos one fragment is described as having red fabric (PEL4272) and the other brown- red fabric (PEL4273).
•Yalova Clay is mostly reddish though yellow, orange-red and greyish colouring is also recorded. The glaze is frequently black with some mottling to brown or to red. The finish can be metallic though the glaze is often worn.
•Tsopani Rachi Clay is yellow, reddish or orange-red. The glaze is black and the finish is once recorded as metallic.
•Chora Trifilias At Chora Trifilias yellow fabric and black glaze are recorded.
•Olympia The fragments from Olympia are described as having black glaze, sometimes worn.
595 •Elis The material from Elis is made of a clean, soft clay. The colour of the clay varies from pink/light-brown to pink/yellow-brown. The firing strength is varied even within one sherd. The glaze is coloured from black to dark brown and dark grey to red.
I.vi Aegean Islands
•Aegina The fabric in Aegina is described as orange-red to brown and fine. Grey-brown and yellow-red are occasional variations. The glaze is black, either lustrous or matt. There are some black metallic examples and some mottling to brown and less frequently to red.
•Tenos The fabric at Tenos is quite varied. It is described as red and micaceous, brown and hard, pink, brown and soft beige-pink. The glaze is typically matt, either black or brown and on one occasion red.
•Delos Descriptions of glaze and fabric are rarely recorded for the material from Delos. When they are recorded the glaze is black and the fabric beige. Note that this material must be considered as imported.
• Siphnos The fragment AEV0297 is said to have a dark red colour and non-metallic surface.
•Nisyros The examples from Nisyros are described as having a red fabric while the glaze, for AEV0352, is orange.
596 •Kasos The piece from Kasos, AEV0614, has black glaze.
• Samos The local fabric is described by Isler and Kalpaxis as red-brown or light red-brown and contains no mica.4 In Tolle-Kastenbein’s report the local ceramics are said to have grey- red clay with one light red, which can be distinguished from the red clay of identified imports.5
•Chios The fabric from Chios is frequently described as reddish-brown though occasionally calls for a red or brown description. The glaze is somewhat varied, mostly black or brown-black. There are some pieces that are black on the exterior and brown on the interior, while the hemispherical bowls tend to have a reserved exterior and black glaze on the interior. There are a handful of examples of a red or bright red glaze.
•Lesbos - Mytilini The fabric of the West Slope ware found on the Kastro of Mytilini is yellow-red and light red (2.5YR6/6-8 and 5YR7/8), some examples have a small quantity of glimmering dark or yellow inclusions.6 West Slope material from the excavations of the sanctuary of Demeter is described as fine-grained, hard fired with silver mica and some inclusions. The Munsell readings are 5YR7/3, 5YR7/4 or 5YR7/4 but with a brighter pink tinge.7
- Methyma The fabric from Methyma is varied in its description including pink-red, light red, light red-brown, brown-red, light brown and brown. The material ranges from no micaceous inclusions to frequent mica.
4 Isler and Kalpaxis, 1978. 5 Tolle-Kastenbein, 1974. 6 Williams and Toli, 1990, p. 103. 7 Williams and Toli, 1990, p. 99, specifics of these pieces are not given.
597 •Lemnos - Efestia The fabric from Efestia is described as pink or pink-purple and the glaze is black, often matt.
- Kabirion The glaze on Kabirion fragments is described as black.
•Samothrace The fabric from Samothrace is twice described as pink with Munsell readings of 5YR7/4 and 5YR7/8. The glaze is variously black, brown-black, grey-black or brown-red.
•Thassos The fabric from Thassos is once described as orange while the glaze is described as black and as matt black.
I.vii Crete
•Rokka At Rokka, kantharos CRT3222 has black-brown glaze that stops before the foot. The clay is pink-brown.
•Tarras At Tarras the clay is described as orange and the glaze as black.
•Eleuthema At Eleuthema the clay is described as orange, sometimes with a grey tinge or a beige- grey colouring. The particles are fine. The glaze is black, black-red or brown. Usually thick and dull the finish can preserve some lustre.
598 •Gortyn At Gortyn the glaze ranges from a lustrous black to a mottled, black-brown. The fabric varies slightly; it can be fine and compact or carry white inclusions. The colouring is beige-pink, brown-pink, buff-pink and buff-beige.
•Phaistos Phaistos preserves a beautiful, lustrous black glaze for CRT3016, CRT3017 and CRT3240; CRT5011 also has black glaze.
•Lato The glaze at Lato is different on each piece. CRT3165 has black, matt interior glaze with orange-brown glaze on the exterior and orange, fine, well-levigated clay. CRT3220 has red to yellow glaze on the interior and on part of the exterior; the clay is whitish- beige and very clean.
I.viii Asia Minor Various
•Istanbul The glaze of the kantharos on display in the Archaeological Museum, AMV1509, has dull black glaze mottled to red around the foot.
•Troy The production at Troy is characterised by a light brown to reddish pink clay that varies in its lévigation. At best it is very clean and compact with white inclusions and little or no mica. The clay tends to be hard fired with Munsell readings of 2.5YR6/4-2.5YR6/6- 5YR5/4 or 7.5YR7/4 and 7.5YR7/6.8 The glaze in Troy is thin and matt. There is some mottling and peeling though on the whole the glaze adheres well to the wall of the vessel. The colour of the glaze can be black or grey or mottled red to brown. The
8 Tekkôk, 2000, pp. 88-89; Berlin, 1999, p. 86.
599 internal and external walls of the vessel can differ in colour, perhaps intentionally or perhaps due to stacking.
•Be§ik Tepe The clay from Be§ik Tepe is pink-orange or orange-ochre, once recording a grey colour. It tends to be fine or very fine and can be soft or hard. Mica is noted though varies in quantity. The grey-coloured clay is the only to record lime inclusions. The glaze varies from black and grey-black to mottled black-red and red. It tends to have a matt finish and can be worn and thin.
•Assos The West Slope material at Assos may have a homogenous clay type though the colour varies greatly due to variations in firing temperature.9 Given the thin walls of the vessels there is some difficulty noted in attempting to characterise the clay and identify the clay source (this would suggest that the production is independent of Pergamon where the vessels are often quite thick-walled).10 The clay is generally red or reddish, it varies from relatively fine to coarse and can contain no, some, or frequent micaceous inclusions. In Assos it is possible to witness a change from a preference for black glaze to one of red, or reddish, glaze. This develops along with an increase in the angularity of vessel forms.
•Kyme There is some indication of homogenous clay types to reflect a possible local production.* 11 The colour of the clay varies from red, pink to brown and grey. The glaze is mostly matt and ranges from black to grey.
•Myrina The bowl from Myrina, AMY 1533, has mottled grey-brown to red glaze.
9 Filges, 1993, p. 136. 10 Filges, 1993, p. 136. 11 Bouzek, 1994, p. 78.
600 •Priene One piece from Priene, AMV1395, is described as having brown-black glaze and fine, bright red fabric.
•Miletus The fabric colours recorded are light brown with Munsell readings of 5YR6/4 and 5YR7/4. The glazes are brown-red, 10R5/8, and light brown, 5YR7/4.
•Didyma The clay of the West Slope material from Didyma is frequently described as red-brown and has little or no mica. The glaze is generally black, sometimes metallic. There is one example of a black-glazed exterior with a red-glazed interior.
•Labraunda At Labraunda the glaze tends to be a matt black, brownish-black or brown, sometimes with a slight shine. The clay can lack mica though some pieces do have micaceous inclusions. The clay colour is described as red, red-brown, red-buff, buff and brown.
• Serçe Limani The drinking vessel from the shipwreck has black glaze.
•Caunus The fabric at Caunus is described as buff, red (dark to light), grey-red and brown. The glaze tends to be black and lustrous though some pieces have flaking and worn glaze, one is described as greenish and the bell krater, AMV4873, holds mottled black to red glaze.
601 I.ix Near East
•Tarsus The clay at Tarsus is most often described as a red-buff colour; red-brown, orange-red, buff, warm-buff, red-grey, brown-buff are occasional variations. Micaceous inclusions are sometimes recorded and some examples have lime inclusions though mostly the clay is very fine. The glaze is black, matt or lustrous, mottled black-red-brown or can be a solid, matt red.
•Sirkeli The glaze in Sirkeli ranges from black to red-brown to orange to brown.
•Orontes Valley The material from the sites in the Orontes Valley range from light brown to pink and buff, very occasionally recording a reddish colouring. They are usually hard though some examples are described as soft. Some retain differing colours in the margin and core of the fragments. The glaze is a dull black, sometimes described as poor or thin. Mottling occurs with black to black-red to brown colouring. Occasionally pieces are a solid red colour.
•Ibn Hani A few general remarks made about the production indicate that the West Slope ware isn’t of high quality but the glaze is solid, sometimes black and shiny, rarely red-brown and matt.12
•Hama The four examples from Hama all sport different coloured clay. One is red and fine, another yellow and granular, the third pink and clean and the last grey and micaceous. The glaze is similarly varied with metallic black and matt black recorded. There is frequent contrast between the colour of the exterior with that on the interior.
12 Bounni et al., 1976, p. 250.
602 •Tell Arqa The fragment from Tell Arqa, NRE3795, has grey-beige clay and black glaze.
•Tell Anafa The pieces not identified as imports have varied clay colour of reddish yellow, very pale brown and yellow. The Munsell codes of 7.5YR7/6, 7.5YR9/6, 10YR8/4 and 10YR7/6 are given. The glaze is usually dull and grey though can also achieve a redness.
•Tell Keisan NRE5182 has pale brown-beige clay and brownish black glaze.
• Sha’ar ha-Amakim The fragment from Sha’ar ha-Amakim is identified as an import. The clay is yellowish pink with lime spores and some mica. The glaze is red to orange-brown and thin though slightly glossy.
•Dor The majority of the material at Dor has a reddish-brown or brown fabric. Occasionally flesh-ochre and grey clay are recorded. The glaze of these fragments is described as dark brown, to dark sepia and is matt or somewhat streaky. The glaze often only partially covers the vessel.
•Caesarea Maritma The fabric of NRE3984 is described as reddish yellow and given a Munsell reading of 5YR7/6. The glaze is black and badly preserved.
•Beth Shan The piece of West Slope ware from Beth Shan, NRE3769, has dark brown clay and a rather poor greenish black glaze on the interior.
13 Rosenthal-Heginbottom, 1995, pp. 222ff.
603 •Pella The glaze at Pella often varies from the interior to the exterior and part of the vessel can remain unglazed. The finish ranges from lustrous to dull. The colour can be black, black-brown, red-brown or red. The clay is generally well levigated. It is light grey (2.5Y7/2) or light red (10R7/6 or 2.5YR7/6). The fragments identified as evidence of production at Antioch have black or dull black glaze, one with brown on the interior. The clay is pink, reddish yellow or reddish brown (7.5YR7/4, 7.5YR8/6, 7.5YR7/6).
• Samaria The clay from Samaria can be red, buff or grey; occasional red and brown fabrics are recorded. The glaze is most often black and can be semi-lustrous or dull. Red glaze is recorded and mottling of black, red and brown is also found.
•Gezer The two imports from Gezer both have black glaze.
•Ashdod The examples from Ashdod mostly have a black glaze. One records a thin brown glaze, NRE3726, and another varies from the black exterior with a red interior, NRE3721. Grey-red, buff, grey-buff and pink-buff are the clay colours.
•Beth Zur The fragment from Beth Zur, NRE3730, has light brown fabric and a red-brown glaze on the rim and interior and dark brown glaze on the exterior walls.
•Tell Halaf The fragments from Tell Halaf record black glaze and fine brown or fine grey-yellow clay.
604 •Nimrud The earlier local tradition of red-glaze pottery is largely retained at Nimrud.14 The example that may imitate West Slope ware, NRE3979, has a brown glaze and gritty, buff clay.
•Babylon Two of the imports from Babylon, NRE3980 and NRE3981, are said to have yellow- brown fabric and black glaze, one lustrous, the other dull. The third fragment, NRE3983, has a grey fabric with black glaze on the exterior.
•Dura Europos The imports at Dura Europos have black or red glaze, with one example of brown, NRE3764. The clay is only twice described, once as red, NRE3764, another time as yellow-buff, NRE3767.
Lx Cyprus
•Paphos Those fragments that may be of Cypriot production show a variation in colour. Often a pinkish red to light brown colouring is recorded, a description similar to the fabric at Aradippou. The following Munsell colours are recorded at Paphos: 7.5YR7/5-6, 10YR6/4, 2.5YR6/6-5YR6/6. The clay tends to be fine though varied in hardness. White and grey inclusions and some mica are recorded. The colour of the glaze varies from a brown-grey-black glaze to a red slip that would appear to be ushering in the Cypriot sigillata production.
14 Oates, 1968, p. 68.
605 •Aradippou The clay at Aradippou is described as a light reddish brown with some black or white and grey or yellow-white inclusions. The glaze is varied and includes dull black to grey or dark reddish brown and dusky-red colourings.
•Kition Bamboula Some of the fragments from Kition Bamboula can be likened to the material from Aradippou though the description of clay is quite at odds with this parallel. The clay is described, in all cases, as orange and fine. The glaze can be black and achieve either a lustrous or metallic surface or red with a matt finish.
I.xi Egypt
See 8.11 for discussion of lack of an identified local West Slope production in Egypt
I.xii Africa
•Berenice The amphora, AFR0619, of probable local production and imitative of West Slope ware has a fine, brown clay and lustrous-black slip. The krater, AFR0618, is of clay described as fine, hard, pale grey, fired partly orange beneath the foot and glaze that is thin, unevenly applied and black.
•Carthage The colouring of the clay for the pieces identified as local production is pink, beige or brown. The fabric is clean or very clean and hard. The glaze is black, sometimes with mottling to red or brown. Generally the glaze is, at least partially, lustrous or metallic though it can be dull.
606 I.xiii Black Sea Coast
•Chersonessos BLK5181 records a metallic finish to its glaze.
•Mirmeki The local production at Mirmeki is typified by orange clay with many inclusions. The glaze has a matt finish and is red or dark brown.
•Tomis At Tomis the glaze is described as black, sometimes a lustrous black though mottled red- brown-black colouring with an inferior finish is also recorded. The clay is said to be red-brown with fine mica.
•Delogzoda The glaze from Delogzoda is described as black and the clay as clean and yellow in colour.
607 II. Lists
The following tables are brief listings to assist in consultation of the catalogue. The first set of lists are those of motifs which were too numerous to list within the text (the subheadings are marked with a footnote). Following this are lists of examples of each shape, presented in the order found within the text. Naturally, a number of fragments and some variant forms are not included in the shape listings. The last group of listings compile the vessels identified as imports. The imports are grouped together by their origin city or region.
More extensive listings can be found in the tables on the accompanying disc. Here all the motifs have full listings of the examples in the catalogue. Here the catalogue numbers are accompanied by the shapes and the other motifs which appear with them. Within the shapes tables the catalogue number of each group is found alongside the motifs, the findspot and production location. For some groupings identifications of the details of shape are also provided. Again, though, variant or related examples may not be listed. The imports tables include the shape, motif and findspot along with the origin of production. The version of the catalogue, also found on the accompanying disc, may also facilitate inquiries.
608 II.i Motifs a. Ivy
AER0003 AER0130 AER0227 AEV0330 AEV0478 AEV0596 AER0004 AER0131 AER0233 AEV0331 AEV0479 AEV0598 AER0005 AER0132 AEV0235 AEV0335 AEV0480 AEV0610 AER0009 AER0133 AEV0237 AEV0352 AEV0481 AEV4899 AER0013 AER0134 AEV0238 AEV0354 AEV0482 AEV4901 AER0018 AER0135 AEV0240 AEV0356 AEV0483 AFR0623 AER0020 AER0136 AEV0241 AEV0358 AEV0484 AFR0627 AER0021 AER0146 AEV0243 AEV0369 AEV0485 AFR0630 AER0022 AER0147 AEV0244 AEV0370 AEV0486 AFR0631 AER0024 AER0157 AEV0245 AEV0374 AEV0487 AFR0632 AER0035 AER0159 AEV0246 AEV0375 AEV0488 AFR0633 AER0036 AER0160 AEV0247 AEV0377 AEV0509 AFR0634 AER0037 AER0161 AEV0248 AEV0378 AEV0510 AFR0636 AER0038 AER0162 AEV0249 AEV0384 AEV0511 AFR0639 AER0051 AER0166 AEV0254 AEV0386 AEV0512 AFR0646 AER0052 AER0167 AEV0256 AEV0392 AEV0513 AFR0647 AER0053 AER0168 AEV0257 AEV0394 AEV0521 AFR0648 AER0054 AER0169 AEV0258 AEV0395 AEV0525 AME0649 AER0057 AER0179 AEV0259 AEV0398 AEV0526 AME0650 AER0058 AER0182 AEV0269 AEV0399 AEV0527 AME0655 AER0059 AER0183 AEV0271 AEV0400 AEV0528 AME0657 AER0060 AER0184 AEV0272 AEV0407 AEV0530 AME0658 AER0064 AER0185 AEV0282 AEV0408 AEV0537 AME0661 AER0065 AER0186 AEV0283 AEV0410 AEV0540 AME0663 AER0070 AER0187 AEV0284 A E V 0411 AEV0544 AME0664 AER0071 AER0188 AEV0285 AEV0413 AEV0548 AME0667 AER0072 AER0189 AEV0286 AEV0414 AEV0550 AME0668 AER0081 AER0190 AEV0288 AEV0415 AEV0554 AME0669 AER0082 AER0191 AEV0291 AEV0416 AEV0556 AM E0670 AER0083 AER0193 AEV0296 AEV0417 AEV0565 AME0672 AER0092 AER0200 AEV0298 AEV0420 AEV0566 AME0678 AER0099 AER0201 AEV0303 AEV0424 AEV0574 AME0681 AER0101 AER0202 AEV0305 AEV0431 AEV0576 AME0682 AER0104 AER0205 AEV0315 AEV0433 AEV0580 AME0692 AER0105 AER0206 AEV0317 AEV0434 AEV0581 AME0694 AER0108 AER0208 AEV0318 AEV0438 AEV0582 AME0696 AER0114 AER0209 AEV0319 AEV0439 AEV0583 AM E0697 AER0115 AER0210 AEV0320 AEV0448 AEV0584 AME0698 AER0116 AER0216 AEV0322 AEV0454 AEV0585 AME0707 AER0117 AER0218 AEV0325 AEV0455 AEV0586 AME0708 AER0128 AER0220 AEV0326 AEV0456 AEV0587 AME0709 AER0129 AER0225 AEV0327 AEV0464 AEV0588 AME0710
609 AME0711 AME0816 AMP0927 AMP1086 AM P1242 AMV1526 AM E0712 AME0823 AMP0930 AMP1087 AM P1243 AMV1528 AM E0713 AME0824 AMP0932 AM P1089 AM P1244 AMV4575 AM E0714 AME0825 AM P0936 AM P1092 AM P1246 AM V4576 AM E0715 AME0826 AMP0945 AMP1093 AMP1261 AMV4862 AM E0728 AME0827 AMP0946 AM P1094 AM P1262 AMV4866 AM E0729 AME0828 AMP0952 AMP1095 AM P1263 ATH1538 AM E0730 AME0837 AMP0954 AM P1096 AM P1275 ATH1541 AME0731 AM E0838 AM P0955 AMP1099 AM P1276 ATH1544 AME0732 AM E0839 AMP0956 AMP1101 AM P4558 ATH1551 AME0733 AME0841 AMP0957 AMP1105 AM P4562 ATH1557 AM E0734 AME0842 AMP0960 AMP1106 AM P4563 ATH1569 AME0735 AME0845 AMP0963 AMP1107 AM P4564 ATH1571 AM E0736 AME0846 AMP0966 AMP1108 AM P4565 ATH1573 AM E0744 AME0847 AMP0967 AMP1109 AM V1278 ATH1574 AM E0745 AM E0848 AMP0968 AMP1112 AM V1279 ATH1578 AM E0746 AM E0849 AMP0969 AM P1113 AM V1280 ATH1580 AM E0747 AME0851 AMP0973 AMP1128 AM V1285 ATH1582 AM E0753 AME0853 AMP0974 AMP1131 AM V1292 ATH1584 AM E0754 AME0855 AM P0975 AMP1133 AM V1294 ATH1596 AM E0755 AM E0856 AM P0976 AMP1135 AM V1298 ATH1606 AME0756 AM E0857 AM P0983 AM P1140 AM V1317 ATH1610 AME0757 AM E0858 AMP0984 AMP1141 AM V1318 ATH1612 AME0759 AM E0859 AMP0985 AMP1144 AM V1319 ATH1614 AME0760 AME0860 AMP0986 AMP1148 AM V1320 ATH1623 AME0761 AME0861 AM P0987 AMP1151 AM V1343 ATH1625 AM E0763 AMP0863 AMP1000 AM P1156 AM V1360 ATH1626 AM E0765 AMP0864 AMP1003 AM P1159 AM V1383 ATH1627 AM E0770 AMP0874 AMP1004 AM P1160 AM V1395 ATH1632 AME0772 AM P0875 AM P1013 AMP1165 AM V1397 ATH1633 AM E0773 AMP0878 AMP1014 AMP1172 AM V1400 ATH1643 AM E0776 AMP0881 AMP1035 AM P1173 AM V1423 ATH1644 AM E0777 AMP0886 AMP1049 AM P1175 AM V1425 ATH1660 AM E0778 AMP0887 AMP1052 AMP1177 AM V1436 ATH1662 AM E0779 AMP0891 AM P1057 AMP1180 AM V1437 ATH1663 AM E0782 AMP0894 AM P1059 AMP1185 AM V1438 ATH1681 AM E0795 AM P0895 AM P1060 AMP1194 AM V1439 ATH1684 AM E0798 AMP0896 AMP1061 AMP1218 AM V1440 ATH1690 AM E0799 AM P0897 AMP1064 AMP1219 AM V1443 ATH1691 AM E0800 AM P0898 AM P1066 AMP1220 AM V1444 ATH1699 AME0801 AM P0915 AMP1067 AMP1221 AM V1446 ATH1712 AM E0802 AM P0917 AM P1068 AMP1222 AM V1447 ATH1713 AME0803 AMP0918 AM P1069 AMP1226 AM V1448 ATH1717 AM E0804 AM P0922 AMP1071 AMP1230 AM V1514 ATH1720 AM E0812 AM P0923 AM P1073 AMP1237 AM V1517 ATH1721 AM E0813 AM P0924 AM P1075 AMP1238 AM V1520 ATH1725 AM E0815 AM P0926 AM P1083 AMP1241 AM V1525 ATH1731
610 ATH1742 A T M 961 ATH2142 ATH2369 BLK2587 CGR2733 ATH1743 A T M 962 ATH2158 ATH4589 BLK2591 CGR2742 ATH1746 A T M 987 ATH2162 ATH4590 BLK4129 CGR2743 ATH1754 A T M 989 ATH2163 ATH4593 BLK4130 CGR2748 ATH1765 A T M 990 ATH2184 ATH4599 BLK4984 CGR2750 ATH1776 A T M 991 ATH2208 BLK2420 BLK4990 CGR2751 ATH1785 A T M 993 ATH2209 BLK2422 BLK5193 CGR2752 ATH1802 ATH2000 ATH2210 BLK2431 BLK5234 CGR2754 ATH1803 ATH2009 ATH2212 BLK2432 BLK5235 CGR2758 ATH1804 ATH2016 ATH2213 BLK2433 BLK5237 CGR2760 ATH1805 ATH2022 ATH2214 BLK2435 BLK5270 CGR2763 ATH1815 ATH2024 ATH2215 BLK2437 CGR2596 CGR2764 A T M 816 ATH2026 ATH2216 BLK2444 CGR2599 CGR2765 A T M 820 ATH2027 ATH2219 BLK2450 CGR2601 CGR2769 A T M 821 ATH2031 ATH2229 BLK2453 CGR2602 CGR2775 A T M 823 ATH2033 ATH2230 BLK2458 CGR2609 CGR2783 A T M 828 ATH2035 ATH2235 BLK2465 CGR2610 CGR2785 A T M 829 ATH2036 ATH2260 BLK2468 CGR2612 CGR2790 A T M 831 ATH2037 ATH2261 BLK2469 CGR2616 CGR2791 A T M 832 ATH2038 ATH2267 BLK2480 CGR2617 CGR2792 A T M 833 ATH2039 ATH2280 BLK2484 CGR2618 CGR4274 A T M 856 ATH2040 ATH2281 BLK2487 CGR2619 CGR4369 A T M 857 ATH2048 ATH2282 BLK2488 CGR2622 CGR4378 A T M 858 ATH2052 ATH2283 BLK2490 CGR2627 CGR4379 A T M 859 ATH2053 ATH2284 BLK2503 CGR2629 CGR4382 A T M 861 ATH2054 ATH2288 BLK2512 CGR2643 CGR4383 A T M 862 ATH2055 ATH2292 BLK2515 CGR2645 CGR4385 A T M 866 ATH2056 ATH2293 BLK2516 CGR2648 CGR4387 A T M 869 ATH2061 ATH2295 BLK2518 CGR2650 CGR4388 A T M 870 ATH2066 ATH2302 BLK2522 CGR2663 CGR4403 A T M 874 ATH2079 ATH2303 BLK2526 CGR2664 CGR4428 A T M 891 ATH2082 ATH2305 BLK2527 CGR2666 CGR4429 A T M 892 ATH2085 ATH2313 BLK2530 CGR2671 CGR4430 A T M 893 ATH2088 ATH2316 BLK2534 CGR2683 CGR4431 A T M 895 ATH2093 ATH2320 BLK2535 CGR2685 CGR4432 A T M 896 ATH2100 ATH2326 BLK2539 CGR2686 CGR4433 A T M 899 ATH2103 ATH2331 BLK2542 CGR2692 CGR4434 A T M 902 ATH2110 ATH2332 BLK2551 CGR2693 CGR4435 A T M 905 ATH2116 ATH2333 BLK2553 CGR2694 CGR4436 A T M 908 ATH2118 ATH2335 BLK2555 CGR2696 CGR4437 A T M 920 ATH2119 ATH2338 BLK2557 CGR2697 CGR4438 A T M 936 ATH2123 ATH2340 BLK2560 CGR2700 CGR4440 A T M 939 ATH2124 ATH2341 BLK2562 CGR2709 CGR4441 A T M 949 ATH2126 ATH2345 BLK2565 CGR2710 CGR4444 A T M 951 ATH2131 ATH2348 BLK2567 CGR2726 CGR4446 A T M 956 ATH2133 ATH2350 BLK2569 CGR2729 CGR4447 A T M 958 ATH2138 ATH2353 BLK2582 CGR2731 CGR4449
611 CGR4450 COR2901 CRK3063 CYP3316 ERT3341 ERT3402 CGR4451 COR2910 CRK3064 CYP3325 ERT3343 ERT3403 CGR4454 COR2920 CRK3074 CYP3326 ERT3346 ERT3422 CGR4456 COR2927 CRK3075 CYP3327 ERT3347 ERT3423 CGR4457 COR2928 CRK3078 CYP4877 ERT3348 ERT3431 CGR4459 COR2935 CRK3126 CYP4878 ERT3349 ERT3434 CGR5178 COR2936 CRK3129 EGP4474 ERT3351 ERT3436 CGR5180 COR2937 CRK3134 EGP4475 ERT3352 ERT3438 COR2805 COR2940 CRK3148 EGP4476 ERT3353 ERT3439 COR2807 COR2941 CRK3154 EGP4478 ERT3357 ERT3442 COR2808 COR2951 CRK3177 EGP4480 ERT3359 ERT3449 COR2810 COR2961 CRK3192 EGP4485 ERT3362 ERT3452 COR2812 COR2962 CRK3206 EGP4486 ERT3364 ERT3453 COR2813 COR2963 CRK3217 EGP4487 ERT3366 ERT3454 COR2814 COR2966 CRK3219 EGP4492 ERT3368 ERT3456 COR2815 COR2968 CRK5160 EGP4493 ERT3369 ERT3457 COR2819 COR2969 CRT0340 EGP4502 ERT3370 ERT3463 COR2826 COR2972 CRT3025 EGP4506 ERT3371 ERT3466 COR2827 COR2974 CRT3027 EGP4507 ERT3372 ERT3469 COR2829 COR2975 CRT3046 EGP4508 ERT3373 ERT3470 COR2833 COR2979 CRT3047 EGP4510 ERT3374 ERT3476 COR2835 COR2980 CRT3050 EGP4511 ERT3375 ERT3478 COR2836 COR2983 CRT3220 EPI2371 ERT3376 ERT3479 COR2838 COR2995 CRT3223 EPI2728 ERT3377 ERT3480 COR2842 COR2996 CRT3239 EPI2797 ERT3378 ERT3482 COR2843 COR2998 CRT5011 EPI2799 ERT3379 ERT3483 COR2845 COR2999 CRT5163 EPI2800 ERT3380 ERT3487 COR2855 COR3000 CRT5165 EPI2801 ERT3381 ERT3488 COR2857 COR3005 CRT5166 EPI4029 ERT3382 ERT3489 COR2858 COR3006 CRT5323 EPI4890 ERT3383 ERT3490 COR2859 COR3008 CYP3261 EPI4963 ERT3384 ERT3491 COR2860 COR3009 CYP3262 EPI4966 ERT3385 ERT3492 COR2861 COR3010 CYP3263 EPI4967 ERT3386 ERT3493 COR2862 COR3011 CYP3266 EPI4992 ERT3387 ERT3495 COR2863 COR4523 CYP3280 EPI4993 ERT3388 ERT3496 COR2864 COR4524 CYP3290 EPI4994 ERT3389 ERT3497 COR2866 COR4525 CYP3294 EPI4995 ERT3390 ERT3498 COR2867 COR4534 CYP3295 EPI5022 ERT3391 ERT3500 COR2868 COR4538 CYP3296 EPI5025 ERT3392 ERT3505 COR2869 COR4540 CYP3297 EPI5026 ERT3393 ERT3506 COR2870 COR4541 CYP3298 EPI5028 ERT3394 ERT3507 COR2871 COR4547 CYP3305 EPI5035 ERT3395 ERT3509 COR2874 COR4549 CYP3308 EPI5036 ERT3396 ERT3510 COR2880 COR4552 CYP3309 EPI5285 ERT3397 ERT3512 COR2888 CRK3031 CYP3312 EPI5300 ERT3398 ERT3513 COR2896 CRK3041 CYP3314 EPI5301 ERT3399 ERT3514 COR2900 CRK3044 CYP3315 EPI5302 ERT3401 ERT3526
612 ERT3527 MUS3576 MUS3704 NGR4053 NGR4224 NGR5209 ERT3528 MUS3579 MUS4194 NGR4054 NGR4231 NGR5250 ERT3530 MUS3580 MUS4460 NGR4055 NGR4240 NGR5273 ERT3531 MUS3582 MUS4598 NGR4056 NGR4241 NGR5275 ERT3536 MUS3584 MUS4612 NGR4062 NGR4242 NGR5283 ERT3541 MUS3585 MUS4614 NGR4063 NGR4244 NGR5289 ERT3542 MUS3589 MUS4617 NGR4066 NGR4245 NGR5293 ERT3543 MUS3591 MUS4618 NGR4069 NGR4248 NRE1465 ERT3545 MUS3594 MUS4621 NGR4071 NGR4253 NRE1466 ERT3546 MUS3596 MUS4625 NGR4073 NGR4255 NRE1467 ERT3547 MUS3598 MUS4627 NGR4077 NGR4256 NRE1468 ERT3549 MUS3604 MUS4902 NGR4079 NGR4258 NRE1469 ERT3550 MUS3605 MUS4908 NGR4082 NGR4642 NRE1470 ERT3551 MUS3606 MUS4910 NGR4083 NGR4656 NRE1471 ERT3552 MUS3611 MUS4978 NGR4089 NGR4657 NRE1473 ERT3555 MUS3626 MUS4996 NGR4091 NGR4681 NRE1474 ERT3556 MUS3627 MUS5005 NGR4093 NGR4745 NRE1475 ERT3558 MUS3628 MUS5016 NGR4095 NGR4762 NRE1477 ERT3560 MUS3630 MUS5214 NGR4097 NGR4772 NRE1479 ERT3561 MUS3631 MUS5236 NGR4100 NGR4778 NRE1482 ERT5185 MUS3636 MUS5261 NGR4101 NGR4784 NRE1483 ERT5186 MUS3638 MUS5267 NGR4102 NGR4909 NRE1484 ION4399 MUS3641 MUS5292 NGR4103 NGR4912 NRE1485 ION4405 MUS3642 MUS5303 NGR4105 NGR4913 NRE1490 ION4406 MUS3644 NGR2374 NGR4115 NGR4954 NRE1495 ION4408 MUS3645 NGR2375 NGR4117 NGR4957 NRE1502 ION4411 MUS3647 NGR2387 NGR4124 NGR5069 NRE1503 ION4413 MUS3649 NGR2388 NGR4125 NGR5070 NRE1506 ION4414 MUS3653 NGR2394 NGR4138 NGR5071 NRE1537 ION4420 MUS3659 NGR2399 NGR4139 NGR5072 NRE3711 MUS2144 MUS3662 NGR2409 NGR4140 NGR5073 NRE3719 MUS3053 MUS3665 NGR2481 NGR4141 NGR5075 NRE3722 MUS3164 MUS3670 NGR2595 NGR4143 NGR5076 NRE3726 MUS3269 MUS3675 NGR4000 NGR4153 NGR5077 NRE3730 MUS3270 MUS3676 NGR4001 NGR4154 NGR5079 NRE3731 MUS3271 MUS3678 NGR4007 NGR4155 NGR5080 NRE3733 MUS3273 MUS3679 NGR4014 NGR4157 NGR5081 NRE3734 MUS3274 MUS3681 NGR4015 NGR4159 NGR5082 NRE3735 MUS3275 MUS3684 NGR4017 NGR4171 NGR5084 NRE3737 MUS3277 MUS3686 NGR4025 NGR4186 NGR5085 NRE3738 MUS3289 MUS3687 NGR4036 NGR4188 NGR5115 NRE3739 MUS3563 MUS3692 NGR4037 NGR4199 NGR5116 NRE3740 MUS3564 MUS3693 NGR4038 NGR4209 NGR5119 NRE3743 MUS3565 MUS3697 NGR4040 NGR4213 NGR5120 NRE3744 MUS3566 MUS3698 NGR4044 NGR4217 NGR5129 NRE3745 MUS3571 MUS3699 NGR4048 NGR4220 NGR5130 NRE3746 MUS3575 MUS3701 NGR4052 NGR4222 NGR5131 NRE3747
613 NRE3748 NRE3819 NRE3888 NRE3975 PEL4299 PEL4860 NRE3749 NRE3823 NRE3892 NRE3976 PEL4300 PEL4970 NRE3750 NRE3824 NRE3894 NRE3977 PEL4301 PEL4972 NRE3751 NRE3825 NRE3895 NRE3978 PEL4302 PEL5019 NRE3752 NRE3826 NRE3896 NRE3983 PEL4303 PEL5134 NRE3753 NRE3831 NRE3903 NRE5182 PEL4304 PEL5135 NRE3754 NRE3834 NRE3918 NRE5316 PEL4305 PEL5142 NRE3755 NRE3835 NRE3919 PEL4259 PEL4306 PEL5149 NRE3765 NRE3836 NRE3920 PEL4261 PEL4307 PEL5191 NRE3766 NRE3837 NRE3923 PEL4263 PEL4308 PEL5192 NRE3767 NRE3838 NRE3925 PEL4266 PEL4309 PEL5194 NRE3769 NRE3846 NRE3926 PEL4271 PEL4313 PEL5195 NRE3770 NRE3848 NRE3927 PEL4272 PEL4314 PEL5196 NRE3772 NRE3858 NRE3928 PEL4279 PEL4315 PEL5197 NRE3773 NRE3859 NRE3930 PEL4281 PEL4316 PEL5198 NRE3778 NRE3860 NRE3931 PEL4282 PEL4317 PEL5199 NRE3782 NRE3861 NRE3940 PEL4283 PEL4319 PEL5200 NRE3783 NRE3862 NRE3941 PEL4284 PEL4321 PEL5201 NRE3785 NRE3863 NRE3942 PEL4287 PEL4322 PEL5202 NRE3786 NRE3864 NRE3943 PEL4288 PEL4326 PEL5203 NRE3787 NRE3865 NRE3946 PEL4289 PEL4332 PEL5204 NRE3796 NRE3866 NRE3949 PEL4290 PEL4335 PEL5304 NRE3797 NRE3867 NRE3951 PEL4292 PEL4389 PEL5305 NRE3799 NRE3868 NRE3952 PEL4293 PEL4390 PEL5306 NRE3806 NRE3869 NRE3955 PEL4295 PEL4391 PEL5307 NRE3807 NRE3870 NRE3956 PEL4296 PEL4393 PEL5326 NRE3814 NRE3871 NRE3958 PEL4297 PEL4396 PEL5327 b. Elongated leaves
AER0006 AER0035 AER0138 AEV0242 AEV0361 AEV0445 AER0011 AER0044 AER0139 AEV0251 AEV0363 AEV0450 AER0012 AER0061 AER0195 AEV0252 AEV0373 AEV0451 AER0014 AER0062 AER0203 AEV0253 AEV0387 AEV0469 AER0022 AER0090 AER0204 AEV0287 AEV0389 AEV0470 AER0025 AER0091 AER0211 AEV0289 AEV0391 AEV0471 AER0026 AER0093 AER0212 AEV0290 AEV0403 AEV0498 AER0027 AER0096 AER0218 AEV0299 AEV0409 AEV0499 AER0028 AER0111 AER0222 AEV0300 AEV0418 AEV0500 AER0029 AER0112 AER0224 AEV0323 AEV0419 AEV0501 AER0030 AER0113 AER0226 AEV0332 AEV0437 AEV0508 AER0031 AER0123 AER0229 AEV0333 AEV0440 AEV0521 AER0032 AER0124 AER0230 AEV0335 AEV0441 AEV0535 AER0033 AER0125 AER0232 AEV0336 AEV0443 AEV0541 AER0034 AER0127 AER0234 AEV0355 AEV0444 AEV0542
614 AEV0543 AME0743 AMP1019 AMV1521 A T M 794 ATH2029 AEV0549 AME0748 AMP1020 AMV1524 A T M 820 ATH2030 AEV0555 AME0758 AMP1021 AMV3720 A T M 822 ATH2034 AEV0559 AME0767 AM P1040 AMV4577 A T M 824 ATH2041 AEV0562 AME0784 AMP1053 AMV4579 A T M 827 ATH2065 AEV0567 AME0785 AMP1058 AMV4863 A T M 854 ATH2070 AEV0569 AME0791 AMPI 072 AMV4868 A T M 860 ATH2072 AEV0601 AME0792 AMPI 084 AMV4869 A T M 865 ATH2094 AEV0605 AME0793 AMP1085 AMV4870 A T M 870 ATH2095 AEV0607 AME0797 AMP1087 AMV4872 A T M 874 ATH2097 AEV0612 AME0808 AMP1099 AMV4873 A T M 879 ATH2102 AEV4892 AME0809 AM P1126 AMV4875 A T M 880 ATH2115 AFR0621 AME0810 AM P1127 AMV4991 A T M 881 ATH2117 AFR0629 AME0811 AM P1142 ATH1539 A T M 882 ATH2120 AFR0635 AME0814 AM P1166 ATH1542 A T M 885 ATH2145 AFR0637 AME0817 AM P1178 ATH1543 A T M 887 ATH2150 AFR0641 AME0818 AM P1181 ATH1546 A T M 893 ATH2151 AFR0642 AME0819 AM P1195 ATH1549 A T M 907 ATH2153 AFR0643 AME0820 AM P1196 ATH1551 ATH1916 ATH2154 AME0652 AME0821 AMP1209 ATH1553 ATH1918 ATH2160 AME0653 AME0852 AMP1210 ATH1555 A T M 919 ATH2161 AME0659 AME0862 AMP1245 ATH1565 A T M 935 ATH2165 AME0660 AMP0876 AMP4560 ATH1570 A T M 937 ATH2166 AME0662 AMP0877 AMP4567 ATH1576 A T M 938 ATH2168 AME0665 AMP0880 AMV1300 ATH1577 A T M 941 ATH2169 AME0671 AMP0892 AMV1321 ATH1581 A T M 943 ATH2170 AME0680 AMP0909 AMV1341 ATH1597 A T M 946 ATH2189 AME0683 AMP0914 AMV1344 ATH1599 A T M 947 ATH2192 AME0684 AMP0916 AMV1381 ATH1603 A T M 950 ATH2233 AME0685 AMP0933 AMV1390 ATH1607 A T M 960 ATH2265 AME0689 AMP0939 AM V1391 ATH1609 A T M 963 ATH2266 AME0690 AMP0940 AMV1398 ATH1634 A T M 975 ATH2270 AME0691 AMP0944 AMV1421 ATH1647 A T M 978 ATH2272 AME0693 AMP0947 AMV1422 A T M 678 A T M 985 ATH2278 AME0695 AMP0949 AMV1424 ATH1691 A T M 996 ATH2285 AME0700 AMP0951 AMV1427 A T M 693 ATH2002 ATH2287 AME0701 AMP0965 AMV1428 A T M 694 ATH2010 ATH2299 AME0702 AMP0977 AMV1429 A T M 695 ATH2012 ATH2306 AME0703 AMP0980 AMV1430 A T M 699 ATH2015 ATH2307 AME0704 AMP0987 AMV1434 A T M 700 ATH2017 ATH2309 AME0705 AMP0988 AMV1444 A T M 724 ATH2018 ATH2311 AME0706 AMP1001 AMV1453 A T M 725 ATH2019 ATH2315 AME0718 AMP1008 AMV1458 A T M 726 ATH2020 ATH2318 AME0726 AMP1010 AMV1459 A T M 728 ATH2021 ATH2322 AME0736 AMP1011 AMV1461 A T M 739 ATH2023 ATH2360 AME0741 AMP1015 AMV1464 A T M 781 ATH2025 AT H2364 AME0742 AMP1017 AMV1509 A T M 788 ATH2028 ATH2368
615 ATH4605 CGR2620 CRK3037 CYP3291 ERT3503 MUS4496 ATH4895 CGR2621 CRK3045 CYP3300 ERT3504 MUS4497 ATH4896 CGR2628 CRK3055 CYP3301 ERT3505 MUS4498 ATH4973 CGR2639 CRK3060 CYP3304 ERT3508 MUS4500 BLK2372 CGR2642 CRK3067 CYP3319 ERT3522 MUS4512 BLK2417 CGR2644 CRK3070 CYP3322 ERT3534 MUS4619 BLK2427 CGR2659 CRK3075 CYP3323 ERT3535 MUS4622 BLK2440 CGR2668 CRK3083 CYP3328 ERT3537 MUS4626 BLK2451 CGR2673 CRK3086 CYP4879 ERT3538 MUS4888 BLK2454 CGR2714 CRK3088 EGP4465 ERT3540 MUS4902 BLK2474 CGR2735 CRK3104 EGP4466 ERT5186 MUS4911 BLK2498 CGR2741 CRK3109 EGP4470 ION4400 MUS4944 BLK2499 CGR2744 CRK3113 EGP4483 ION4416 MUS4996 BLK2500 CGR2745 CRK3141 EGP4484 MUS2679 MUS4998 BLK2501 CGR2746 CRK3143 EGP4488 MUS3267 MUS5012 BLK2517 CGR2762 CRK3152 EGP4489 MUS3268 MUS5017 BLK2521 CGR4109 CRK3153 EGP4501 MUS3270 MUS5018 BLK2524 CGR4275 CRK3159 EGP4504 MUS3271 MUS5236 BLK2533 CGR4366 CRK3176 EGP4505 MUS3276 MUS5238 BLK2536 CGR4371 CRK3178 EGP4509 MUS3562 MUS5241 BLK2537 CGR4373 CRK3180 EPI2727 MUS3564 MUS5258 BLK2541 CGR4374 CRK3182 EPI4175 MUS3581 MUS5268 BLK2548 CGR4380 CRK3183 EPI4966 MUS3583 MUS5299 BLK2549 CGR4398 CRK3185 EPI5020 MUS3586 NGR2376 BLK2556 CGR4441 CRK3186 EPI5021 MUS3587 NGR2386 BLK2563 CGR4457 CRK3188 EPI5030 MUS3588 NGR2389 BLK2583 CGR5175 CRK3189 ERT3342 MUS3590 NGR2395 BLK2589 CGR5176 CRK3193 ERT3344 MUS3593 NGR2398 BLK2592 CGR5177 CRK3201 ERT3358 MUS3596 NGR2399 BLK4131 CGR5179 CRK3204 ERT3361 MUS3599 NGR2410 BLK4132 CGR5180 CRK3205 ERT3394 MUS3603 NGR2411 BLK4133 CGR5240 CRK3211 ERT3400 MUS3612 NGR2588 BLK4134 COR2915 CRK3214 ERT3426 MUS3614 NGR3991 BLK4176 COR2931 CRK3216 ERT3427 MUS3632 NGR3993 BLK4177 COR2958 CRK3241 ERT3432 MUS3646 NGR4006 BLK4570 COR2959 CRK3245 ERT3433 MUS3650 NGR4022 BLK4571 COR2967 CRK3256 ERT3443 MUS3654 NGR4035 BLK4982 COR2978 CRT3016 ERT3444 MUS3658 NGR4041 BLK4983 COR2987 CRT3024 ERT3450 MUS3660 NGR4047 BLK4986 COR2989 CRT5158 ERT3458 MUS3667 NGR4050 BLK4987 COR3005 CRT5161 ERT3459 MUS3674 NGR4060 BLK5232 COR4521 CRT5168 ERT3462 MUS3677 NGR4070 BLK5233 COR4526 CRT5172 ERT3464 MUS3682 NGR4074 BLK5234 COR4538 CRT5321 ERT3475 MUS4195 NGR4079 BLK5235 COR4898 CYP3260 ERT3486 MUS4463 NGR4082 CGR2603 CRK3035 CYP3272 ERT3499 MUS4464 NGR4083 CGR2606 CRK3036 CYP3279 ERT3501 MUS4494 NGR4084
616 NGR4091 NGR4646 NGR5062 NRE1505 NRE3822 NRE3899 NGR4094 NGR4647 NGR5063 NRE1507 NRE3827 NRE3905 NGR4096 NGR4648 NGR5064 NRE3716 NRE3829 NRE3916 NGR4108 NGR4654 NGR5065 NRE3717 NRE3839 NRE3959 NGR4111 NGR4660 NGR5066 NRE3718 NRE3840 NRE3960 NGR4114 NGR4663 NGR5067 NRE3729 NRE3845 NRE3969 NGR4118 NGR4665 NGR5068 NRE3732 NRE3847 NRE3974 NGR4121 NGR4679 NGR5209 NRE3736 NRE3848 NRE3980 NGR4126 NGR4705 NGR5223 NRE3759 NRE3849 NRE3985 NGR4127 NGR4744 NGR5226 NRE3761 NRE3850 NRE5183 NGR4145 NGR4747 NGR5251 NRE3762 NRE3851 NRE5308 NGR4149 NGR4753 NGR5260 NRE3763 NRE3853 PEL4260 NGR4150 NGR4897 NGR5282 NRE3764 NRE3854 PEL4277 NGR4156 NGR4904 NGR5283 NRE3774 NRE3855 PEL4310 NGR4170 NGR4913 NGR5289 NRE3775 NRE3856 PEL4320 NGR4180 NGR4951 NGR5294 NRE3777 NRE3857 PEL4323 NGR4206 NGR4955 NGR5295 NRE3780 NRE3872 PEL4324 NGR4207 NGR4959 NGR5296 NRE3781 NRE3873 PEL4325 NGR4208 NGR4971 NGR5297 NRE3788 NRE3874 PEL4327 NGR4210 NGR5039 NRE1481 NRE3789 NRE3875 PEL4328 NGR4215 NGR5040 NRE1489 NRE3798 NRE3876 PEL4329 NGR4221 NGR5051 NRE1491 NRE3801 NRE3877 PEL4331 NGR4225 NGR5052 NRE1492 NRE3802 NRE3878 PEL4333 NGR4236 NGR5056 NRE1493 NRE3803 NRE3879 PEL4861 NGR4243 NGR5057 NRE1494 NRE3813 NRE3880 PEL5150 NGR4249 NGR5058 NRE1497 NRE3815 NRE3881 PEL5216 NGR4251 NGR5059 NRE1498 NRE3816 NRE3891 PEL5221 NGR4257 NGR5060 NRE1499 NRE3817 NRE3897 PEL5222 NGR4643 NGR5061 NRE1501 NRE3820 NRE3898
c. Grapevine
AER0095 AME0717 ATH1664 ATH1791 ATH1897 ATH2080 AER0140 AMV4864 ATH1690 ATH1793 ATH1898 ATH2093 AER0141 AMV4867 ATH1701 ATH1794 ATH1906 ATH2106 AER0144 AMV4876 ATH1714 ATH1795 ATH1915 ATH2108 AER0145 ATH1566 ATH1716 ATH1796 ATH1939 ATH2125 AER0191 ATH1585 ATH1740 ATH1821 ATH1945 ATH2165 AER0233 ATH1595 ATH1741 ATH1847 ATH1959 ATH2215 AER4638 ATH1613 ATH1775 ATH1853 ATH1960 ATH2234 AEV0452 ATH1624 ATH1776 ATH1862 ATH1968 ATH2263 AEV0453 ATH1639 ATH1779 ATH1873 ATH2042 ATH2264 AEV0529 ATH1641 ATH1782 ATH1882 ATH2048 ATH2310 AEV0558 ATH1642 ATH1783 ATH1891 ATH2050 ATH2313 AME0716 ATH1661 ATH1786 ATH1894 ATH2051 ATH2314
617 ATH2321 BLK4582 CRK3030 CRK3161 EPI4029 MUS5236 ATH4592 BLK5235 CRK3032 CRK3174 ERT3340 MUS5239 ATH4593 CGR2598 CRK3040 CRK3190 ERT3365 NGR2392 ATH4973 CGR2646 CRK3069 CRK3191 ERT3548 NGR4128 BLK2426 CGR2720 CRK3072 CRK3242 MUS3652 NGR4144 BLK2439 CGR2721 CRK3076 CRK3243 MUS3661 NRE3981 BLK2443 CGR2759 CRK3085 CRT3026 MUS3694 BLK2491 COR3007 CRK3110 CRT3052 MUS3701 BLK2493 CRK3028 CRK3132 CRT3226 MUS4626 BLK2525 CRK3029 CRK3150 EGP4473 MUS4997 d. Volute garland
AER0094 AMP0893 ATH1594 CGR2669 NGR4137 NGR5078 AEV0360 AMP0996 ATH1598 CGR2684 NGR4138 NGR5083 AEV0457 AMP0997 ATH1719 CGR2712 NGR4186 NGR5272 AEV0460 AM P0998 ATH1890 CGR2719 NGR4192 NGR5291 AEV0461 AM P0999 ATH1942 CGR4439 NGR4197 NGR5298 AEV0489 AM P1018 ATH2259 CGR4443 NGR4204 NRE3708 AEV0490 AM P1025 ATH2286 MUS2442 NGR4235 PEL4268 AEV0491 AM P1029 ATH4592 MUS3643 NGR4658 PEL4269 AEV0492 AMP1031 BLK5181 MUS4996 NGR4659 PEL4280 AEV0493 AM P1032 BLK5233 MUS5012 NGR4685 PEL4334 AEV0541 AMP1033 CGR2600 MUS5241 NGR4738 PEL4392 AEV0542 AM P1034 CGR2641 NGR4091 NGR4787 AEV0545 AM P1168 CGR2652 NGR4136 NGR4794 e. Star flower
AER0002 AER0215 AEV0546 AMP0865 AM P1050 AM P1232 AER0007 AER0217 AEV0547 AMP0866 AM P1090 AMP1268 AER0010 AEV0261 AEV0570 AM P0867 AMP 1098 AMV1345 AER0014 AEV0262 AFR0641 AMP0868 AM P1124 AMV1357 AER0015 AEV0263 AM E0735 AMP0869 AM P1147 AMV1358 AER0016 AEV0264 AM E0737 AMP0870 AM P1149 AMV1389 AER0018 AEV0297 AM E0745 AMP0871 AM P1150 AMV1395 AER0020 AEV0310 AM E0750 AM P0872 AM P1153 AMV1449 AER0042 AEV0345 AME0751 AM P0882 AM P1169 AM V1450 AER0043 AEV0380 AME0752 AM P0902 AM P1170 AMV1451 AER0079 AEV0433 AME0768 AMP0929 AM P1189 AMV1462 AER0109 AEV0435 AME0842 AM P1005 AM P1190 AMV1518 AER0164 AEV0459 AME0843 AMP 1006 AMP1191 AMV1521 AER0199 AEV0536 AM E0844 AM P1007 AMP1192 AMV1522 AER0202 AEV0538 AM P0864 AMP 1026 AMP1231 AMV1536
618 ATH1675 ATH1886 ATH2174 CGR2773 CRK3066 MUS4621 ATH1689 ATH1899 ATH2177 CGR2774 CRK3142 MUS4622 ATH1721 ATH1900 ATH2182 CGR2776 CRK4637 MUS4623 ATH1723 ATH1909 ATH2183 CGR2777 CRT3014 MUS4625 ATH1725 ATH1953 ATH2195 CGR2778 CRT3220 MUS5004 ATH1726 ATH1980 ATH2221 CGR4398 CRT3224 MUS5266 ATH1728 ATH1985 ATH2231 CGR4403 CRT3233 MUS5267 ATH1729 ATH2044 ATH2245 CGR4452 CRT3234 MUS5329 ATH1730 ATH2045 ATH2263 CGR5248 CRT5167 NGR4005 ATH1731 ATH2046 ATH2265 COR2802 CYP3299 NGR4016 ATH1732 ATH2047 ATH2268 COR2803 CYP3310 NGR4021 ATH1735 ATH2050 ATH2269 COR2804 CYP3318 NGR4137 ATH1736 ATH2052 ATH2317 COR2810 CYP3319 NGR4198 ATH1737 ATH2053 ATH2329 COR2902 EGP4481 NGR4212 ATH1738 ATH2055 ATH2330 COR2903 EGP4490 NGR4218 ATH1739 ATH2056 ATH2332 COR2906 EGP4491 NGR4254 ATH1740 ATH2057 ATH2350 COR2907 EGP5184 NGR4641 ATH1741 ATH2060 ATH2361 COR2908 EPI2793 NGR4702 ATH1742 ATH2061 ATH2362 COR2910 EPI2794 NGR4801 ATH1744 ATH2062 ATH2363 COR2911 EPI4890 NGR5048 ATH1746 ATH2063 ATH4589 COR2915 EPI4974 NGR5049 ATH1747 ATH2064 ATH4896 COR2920 EPI5023 NGR5050 ATH1748 ATH2065 ATH5320 COR2924 EPI5026 NGR5053 ATH1749 ATH2066 BLK2452 COR2945 EPI5213 NGR5123 ATH1750 ATH2067 BLK2477 COR2946 EPI5242 NGR5251 ATH1751 ATH2068 BLK2483 COR2947 EPI5286 NGR5256 ATH1780 ATH2085 BLK2519 COR2950 ERT3341 NRE1500 ATH1808 ATH2089 BLK2543 COR2952 ERT3424 NRE3849 ATH1824 ATH2090 CGR2624 COR2953 ERT3428 NRE3852 ATH1848 ATH2107 CGR2630 COR2984 ERT3455 NRE3882 ATH1864 ATH2115 CGR2631 COR4521 ERT5188 NRE3890 ATH1865 ATH2122 CGR2632 COR4529 ION4399 NRE3932 ATH1867 ATH2128 CGR2633 COR4532 ION4400 NRE3933 ATH1868 ATH2138 CGR2634 COR4535 ION4414 NRE3934 ATH1872 ATH2139 CGR2690 COR4536 MUS3053 NRE3961 ATH1873 ATH2140 CGR2715 COR4537 MUS3644 PEL4292 ATH1875 ATH2143 CGR2755 COR4541 MUS3652 PEL4394 ATH1876 ATH2169 CGR2770 COR4551 MUS3703 PEL5019 ATH1877 ATH2170 CGR2771 COR4903 MUS4194 PEL5148 ATH1878 ATH2172 CGR2772 CRK3062 MUS4598 PEL5208
f. Dolphin
AER0041 AER0098 AER0102 AER0156 AER0199 AEV0293 AER0097 AER0100 AER0121 AER0164 AER0214 AEV0345
619 AEV0346 ATH1554 A T H 1782 ATH4600 CRK3101 MUS3577 AEV0349 ATH1558 A T H 1783 BLK2416 CRK3102 MUS3578 AEV0429 ATH1559 A T H 1788 BLK2426 CRK3103 MUS3607 AEV0458 ATH1561 A T H 1790 BLK2446 CRK3104 MUS3618 AEV0459 ATH1562 A T H 1799 BLK2448 CRK3131 MUS3622 AEV0462 ATH1563 A T H 1801 BLK2470 CRK3152 MUS3665 AEV0463 ATH1588 A T H 1821 BLK2471 CRK3160 MUS3672 AEV0497 ATH1591 A T H 1872 BLK2479 CRK3175 MUS3677 AFR0616 ATH1593 A T H 1875 BLK2483 CRK3179 MUS3689 AFR0640 ATH1617 A T H 1892 BLK2495 CRK3197 MUS3690 AM E0727 ATH1620 A T H 1904 BLK2544 CRK3207 MUS4621 AME0752 ATH1635 A T H 1922 BLK2545 CRK3244 MUS4943 AME0830 ATH1636 A T H 1923 BLK2564 CRK3245 MUS4978 AMP0900 ATH1637 A T H 1924 BLK2566 CRK3246 MUS5239 AMP0908 ATH1638 A T H 1948 CGR2725 CRK3247 MUS5329 AMP0933 ATH1640 ATH2003 CGR4442 CRK3248 NGR2385 AMP1022 ATH1651 ATH2045 COR2802 CRK3251 NGR4016 AMP1037 ATH1665 ATH2071 COR2913 CRK3252 NGR4021 AMP1081 ATH1666 ATH2084 COR2915 CRK3253 NGR4043 AMP1082 ATH1671 ATH2127 COR2943 CRK3254 NGR4125 AMP1090 ATH1690 ATH2152 COR2955 CRK3255 NGR4162 AMP1091 ATH1702 ATH2156 COR2984 CRK3256 NGR5044 AMP1110 ATH1703 ATH2164 COR4537 CRK3257 NGR5255 AMP1136 ATH1713 ATH2201 CRK3071 CRK3258 NRE1482 AMP1155 ATH1714 ATH2217 CRK3074 CYP3292 NRE1487 AMP1158 A T H 1718 ATH2264 CRK3091 CYP3293 NRE3804 AMP1187 ATH1745 ATH2289 CRK3092 EPI4964 NRE3889 AMP1258 A T H 1774 ATH2291 CRK3094 ERT3484 PEL5019 AMV1527 A T H 1775 ATH2336 CRK3095 ERT3502 AMV1533 A T H 1776 ATH2337 CRK3097 MUS2442 ATH1540 A T H 1779 ATH2356 CRK3098 MUS3221 ATH1545 A T H 1781 ATH4595 CRK3100 M US3569 g. Spearhead necklace
AER0001 AER0148 AER0172 AEV0266 AEV0353 AEV0404 AER0002 AER0149 AER0173 AEV0267 AEV0357 AEV0405 AER0039 AER0150 AER0174 AEV0268 AEV0364 AEV0412 AER0049 AER0151 AER0175 AEV0292 AEV0365 AEV0425 AER0050 AER0152 AER0176 AEV0301 AEV0366 AEV0428 AER0080 AER0153 AER0181 AEV0302 AEV0367 AEV0430 AER0085 AER0154 AER0198 AEV0321 AEV0368 AEV0432 AER0086 AER0165 AER0228 AEV0324 AEV0376 AEV0442 AER0146 AER0167 AEV0236 AEV0334 AEV0397 AEV0446 AER0147 AER0171 AEV0265 AEV0341 AEV0402 AEV0447
620 AEV0472 AME0754 AMP1138 AMV1411 A T M 725 ATH2087 AEV0473 AME0758 AMP1139 AMV1412 A T M 735 ATH2092 AEV0474 AME0760 AMP1145 AMV1413 A T M 736 ATH2096 AEV0475 AME0762 AMP1157 AMV1414 A T M 737 ATH2103 AEV0476 AME0764 AMP1171 AMV1415 A T M 738 ATH2104 AEV0502 AME0766 AMP1213 AMV1417 A T M 747 ATH2132 AEV0503 AME0769 AMP1214 AMV1418 ATH1781 ATH2146 AEV0504 AME0771 AMP1215 AMV1419 A T M 784 ATH2159 AEV0505 AME0775 AMP1216 AMV1420 A T M 797 ATH2165 AEV0506 AME0779 AMP1217 AMV1511 A T M 798 ATH2167 AEV0507 AME0781 AMP1227 AMV1512 A T M 800 ATH2179 AEV0521 AME0806 AMP1229 AMV1513 A T M 806 ATH2194 AEV0523 AME0807 AMP1234 AMV1516 A T M 807 ATH2203 AEV0524 AME0829 AMP1239 AMV1519 A T M 808 ATH2222 AEV0532 AME0834 AMP1240 AMV1521 ATH1810 ATH2262 AEV0551 AME0840 AMPI 247 AMV1523 ATH1815 ATH2279 AEV0552 AME0850 AMP1259 AMV1529 A T M 821 ATH2295 AEV0553 AME0854 AMP1260 AMV1530 A T M 822 ATH2304 AEV0560 AMP0919 AMPI 264 AMV1531 A T M 824 ATH2308 AEV0561 AMP0920 AMP1265 AMV4578 A T M 830 ATH2329 AEV0563 AMP0921 AMPI 266 ATH1550 A T M 834 ATH2339 AEV0564 AMP0928 AMP1267 ATH1556 A T M 835 AT H2344 AEV0575 AMP0929 AMV1286 ATH1564 A T M 838 ATH2347 AEV0579 AMP0932 AMV1288 ATH1572 A T M 849 ATH2353 AEV0597 AMP0933 AMV1304 ATH1575 A T M 868 ATH4158 AEV0599 AMP0935 AMV1308 ATH1583 A T M 871 ATH4595 AEV0614 AMP0937 AMV1309 ATH1589 A T M 874 ATH4601 AFR0619 AMP0938 AMV1310 ATH1590 A T M 877 ATH4611 AFR0622 AMP0941 AMV1313 ATH1600 A T M 883 ATH5320 AFR0644 AMP0958 AMV1314 ATH1601 A T M 887 BLK2413 AFR0645 AMP0959 AMV1315 ATH1602 A T M 892 BLK2414 AME0673 AMP0963 AMV1316 ATH1616 A T M 903 BLK2416 AME0674 AMP0964 AMV1342 ATH1618 ATH1917 BLK2417 AME0675 AMP0971 AMV1347 ATH1621 A T M 934 BLK2418 AME0676 AMP0972 AMV1352 ATH1622 A T M 937 BLK2419 AME0677 AMP1048 AMV1353 ATH1630 A T M 957 BLK2421 AME0684 AMP1062 AMV1354 ATH1646 A T M 982 BLK2424 AME0716 AMP1078 AMV1355 ATH1650 A T M 984 BLK2425 AME0719 AMP1100 AMV1376 ATH1657 A T M 986 BLK2428 AME0721 AMP1103 AMV1377 ATH1659 A T M 997 BLK2431 AME0722 AMP1104 AMV1378 ATH1667 ATH2006 BLK2432 AME0723 AMP1117 AMV1382 ATH1668 ATH2043 BLK2434 AME0724 AMP1118 AMV1388 A TM 676 ATH2044 BLK2438 AME0725 AMP1121 AMV1392 A TM 677 ATH2047 BLK2451 AME0738 AMP1122 AMV1394 A TM 699 ATH2057 BLK2453 AME0739 AMP1123 AMV1409 A T M 700 ATH2073 BLK2456 AME0740 AMP1134 AMV1410 A T M 721 ATH2080 BLK2461
621 BLK2462 CGR2688 COR2844 COR4903 ERT3406 MUS2676 BLK2472 CGR2690 COR2846 CRK3038 ERT3407 MUS3271 BLK2476 CGR2691 COR2848 CRK3054 ERT3408 MUS3324 BLK2478 CGR2695 COR2849 CRK3058 ERT3409 MUS3563 BLK2482 CGR2698 COR2850 CRK3093 ERT3410 MUS3566 BLK2486 CGR2699 COR2851 CRK3107 ERT3411 MUS3568 BLK2489 CGR2701 COR2852 CRK3116 ERT3412 MUS3569 BLK2496 CGR2704 COR2853 CRK3117 ERT3413 MUS3570 BLK2502 CGR2705 COR2854 CRK3127 ERT3414 MUS3572 BLK2505 CGR2706 COR2856 CRK3199 ERT3415 MUS3598 BLK2506 CGR2708 COR2872 CRK3210 ERT3416 MUS3599 BLK2507 CGR2722 COR2873 CRT3013 ERT3417 MUS3600 BLK2508 CGR2730 COR2875 CRT3051 ERT3419 MUS3601 BLK2509 CGR2732 COR2876 CRT3228 ERT3420 MUS3613 BLK2510 CGR2735 COR2877 CRT3229 ERT3421 MUS3616 BLK2521 CGR2736 COR2878 CRT3239 ERT3422 MUS3617 BLK2524 CGR2739 COR2879 CYP3272 ERT3423 MUS3618 BLK2538 CGR2740 COR2881 CYP3282 ERT3445 MUS3620 BLK2552 CGR2761 COR2882 CYP3310 ERT3446 MUS3621 BLK2559 CGR2766 COR2883 EGP4469 ERT3451 MUS3622 BLK2561 CGR2787 COR2884 EGP4472 ERT3459 MUS3623 BLK2570 CGR4109 COR2885 EGP4479 ERT3460 MUS3624 BLK2592 CGR4110 COR2886 EGP4482 ERT3467 MUS3625 BLK4985 CGR4367 COR2887 EGP4495 ERT3469 MUS3629 BLK4989 CGR4368 COR2889 EGP4503 ERT3470 MUS3634 BLK4990 CGR4380 COR2890 EPI4963 ERT3471 MUS3635 BLK5181 CGR4384 COR2891 EPI4965 ERT3472 MUS3640 BLK5231 CGR4386 COR2892 ERT3330 ERT3473 MUS3642 BLK5232 CGR4421 COR2893 ERT3331 ERT3474 MUS3648 BLK5235 CGR4452 COR2894 ERT3332 ERT3477 MUS3651 CGR2597 CGR4453 COR2895 ERT3335 ERT3478 MUS3656 CGR2608 CGR4979 COR2897 ERT3336 ERT3481 MUS3657 CGR2615 COR2809 COR2898 ERT3337 ERT3484 MUS3664 CGR2616 COR2811 COR2899 ERT3338 ERT3493 MUS3667 CGR2623 COR2816 COR2907 ERT3339 ERT3511 MUS3671 CGR2624 COR2817 COR2930 ERT3340 ERT3525 MUS3673 CGR2638 COR2818 COR2945 ERT3341 ERT3529 MUS3674 CGR2648 COR2822 COR2981 ERT3342 ERT3533 MUS3683 CGR2651 COR2824 COR2982 ERT3345 ERT3541 MUS3688 CGR2660 COR2825 COR2986 ERT3354 ERT3544 MUS3695 CGR2661 COR2828 COR2991 ERT3355 ERT3548 MUS3705 CGR2662 COR2832 COR2993 ERT3356 ERT3556 MUS3706 CGR2664 COR2833 COR3012 ERT3360 ERT3557 MUS4477 CGR2666 COR2834 COR4520 ERT3363 ERT3558 MUS4613 CGR2672 COR2837 COR4535 ERT3395 ERT5186 MUS4614 CGR2680 COR2839 COR4549 ERT3404 ERT5187 MUS4615 CGR2682 COR2841 COR4551 ERT3405 ION4413 MUS4620
622 MUS4625 NGR4013 NGR4120 NGR4250 NGR5100 NRE3710 MUS4627 NGR4016 NGR4146 NGR4252 NGR5101 NRE3725 MUS4886 NGR4026 NGR4148 NGR4655 NGR5102 NRE3808 MUS4887 NGR4027 NGR4152 NGR4656 NGR5103 NRE3809 MUS5008 NGR4028 NGR4160 NGR4661 NGR5104 NRE3810 MUS5012 NGR4041 NGR4161 NGR4663 NGR5105 NRE3811 MUS5014 NGR4042 NGR4163 NGR4678 NGR5106 NRE3812 MUS5015 NGR4043 NGR4164 NGR4688 NGR5107 NRE3842 MUS5018 NGR4044 NGR4165 NGR4692 NGR5108 NRE3843 MUS5173 NGR4046 NGR4166 NGR4700 NGR5109 NRE3848 MUS5174 NGR4049 NGR4167 NGR4701 NGR5110 NRE3906 MUS5241 NGR4051 NGR4168 NGR4709 NGR5111 NRE3907 MUS5259 NGR4057 NGR4169 NGR4743 NGR5112 NRE3908 MUS5266 NGR4059 NGR4178 NGR4749 NGR5113 NRE3957 MUS5268 NGR4061 NGR4183 NGR4763 NGR5114 NRE3962 NGR2373 NGR4064 NGR4184 NGR4784 NGR5116 NRE3964 NGR2390 NGR4066 NGR4187 NGR4785 NGR5118 NRE3965 NGR2396 NGR4085 NGR4196 NGR4948 NGR5122 NRE3966 NGR2401 NGR4086 NGR4211 NGR4950 NGR5124 NRE3967 NGR2402 NGR4087 NGR4214 NGR4958 NGR5125 NRE3968 NGR2403 NGR4092 NGR4227 NGR5045 NGR5128 NRE3984 NGR2404 NGR4096 NGR4228 NGR5055 NGR5132 PEL4260 NGR2405 NGR4097 NGR4230 NGR5095 NGR5171 PEL5198 NGR2406 NGR4100 NGR4237 NGR5096 NGR5224 PEL5215 NGR2408 NGR4101 NGR4238 NGR5097 NGR5277 NGR3990 NGR4104 NGR4239 NGR5098 NGR5280 NGR3992 NGR4113 NGR4246 NGR5099 NRE1486 h. Concentric rectangles
AER0068 AER0143 AEV0516 ATH1586 ATH1705 ATM 798 AER0073 AER0145 AEV0517 ATH1587 ATH1769 ATM 799 AER0074 AER0208 AEV0518 ATH1652 ATH1784 ATM 800 AER0075 AER0221 AEV0520 ATH1653 ATH1786 ATM 801 AER0076 AEV0238 AEV0522 ATH1670 ATH1787 ATM 802 AER0077 AEV0295 AEV0523 ATH1672 ATH1788 ATM 803 AER0078 AEV0321 AEV0537 ATH1674 ATH1789 ATM 804 AER0087 AEV0362 AEV0602 ATH1675 ATM 790 ATM 808 AER0088 AEV0385 AFR0645 ATH1693 ATM 791 ATH1810 AER0089 AEV0393 AFR5034 ATH1694 ATM 792 ATH1811 AER0106 AEV0466 AME0780 ATH1695 ATM 793 ATH1812 AER0107 AEV0467 AME0786 ATH1696 ATM 794 ATM 825 AER0137 AEV0494 AMP0942 ATH1697 ATM 795 ATM 837 AER0141 AEV0495 AMP0948 ATH1698 ATM 796 ATM 847 AER0142 AEV0514 AMP1129 ATH1704 ATM 797 ATM 852
623 ATH1912 ATH2236 CGR2675 COR2994 EPI2577 MUS4907 ATH1939 ATH2237 CGR2707 COR3001 EPI4962 MUS4911 ATH1949 ATH2238 CGR4403 COR3002 ERT3343 MUS4997 ATH1956 ATH2239 CGR4427 COR3003 ERT3344 MUS5259 ATH1968 ATH2246 CGR4452 COR3004 ERT3367 MUS5266 ATH2005 ATH2258 CGR4455 COR3006 ERT3429 MUS5268 ATH2007 ATH2260 COR2802 COR3007 ERT3450 NGR4014 ATH2013 ATH2294 COR2804 COR4519 ERT3485 NGR4179 ATH2049 ATH2295 COR2805 COR4520 ION4399 NGR4731 ATH2069 ATH2296 COR2906 COR4527 ION4407 NGR5046 ATH2098 ATH2331 COR2910 COR4529 ION4410 NGR5047 ATH2110 ATH4589 COR2911 COR4530 MUS3602 NRE3800 ATH2111 ATH4590 COR2913 COR4532 MUS3608 NRE3841 ATH2113 ATH4592 COR2914 COR4541 MUS3619 NRE3915 ATH2114 ATH4607 COR2918 COR4542 MUS3624 NRE3985 ATH2115 ATH5230 COR2919 COR4546 MUS3670 NRE3989 ATH2116 BLK2417 COR2920 CRK3170 MUS3700 PEL4270 ATH2124 BLK2435 COR2940 CRK3194 MUS3702 PEL4271 ATH2155 BLK2437 COR2950 CRK3195 MUS4461 PEL4276 ATH2196 BLK2441 COR2956 CRK3198 MUS4618 PEL4311 ATH2197 BLK2446 COR2960 CRK5159 MUS4624 PEL4394 ATH2198 BLK2550 COR2964 CRT3222 MUS4625 PEL4395 ATH2200 BLK4988 COR2965 CRT5011 MUS4626 PEL5206 ATH2234 CGR2600 COR2971 CYP3306 MUS4905 PEL5207 ATH2235 CGR2640 COR2986 EGP4639 MUS4906 PEL5208 i. Checkerboard
AER0014 AEV0238 AEV0520 ATH1694 ATH1793 ATH1810 AER0068 AEV0295 AEV0530 ATH1695 ATH1794 ATH1825 AER0069 AEV0296 AEV0537 ATH1696 ATH1795 ATH1837 AER0073 AEV0308 AEV0602 ATH1697 ATH1796 ATH1847 AER0076 AEV0313 AME0780 ATH1698 ATH1797 ATH1852 AER0077 AEV0316 AME0786 ATH1705 ATH1798 ATH1876 AER0078 AEV0321 AMP0942 ATH1733 ATH1799 ATH1939 AER0084 AEV0385 AMV1379 ATH1769 ATH1800 ATH1949 AER0087 AEV0466 AMV4873 ATH1784 ATH1801 ATH1956 AER0106 AEV0467 ATH1586 ATH1785 ATH1802 ATH1957 AER0107 AEV0494 ATH1587 ATH1786 ATH1803 ATH1968 AER0142 AEV0496 ATH1653 ATH1787 ATH1804 ATH2005 AER0143 AEV0514 ATH1658 ATH1788 ATH1805 ATH2007 AER0180 AEV0516 ATH1670 ATH1789 ATH1806 ATH2013 AER0208 AEV0517 ATH1672 ATH1790 ATH1807 ATH2079 AER0221 AEV0518 ATH1674 ATH1791 ATH1808 ATH2082 AEV0235 AEV0519 ATH1675 ATH1792 ATH1809 ATH2110
624 ATH2113 ATH4589 CGR4452 COR4530 ION4397 MUS5014 ATH2114 ATH4590 COR2804 COR4542 ION4399 MUS5259 ATH2115 ATH4592 COR2805 COR4548 ION4401 MUS5266 ATH2116 ATH4607 COR2906 CRK3056 ION4410 MUS5268 ATH2124 ATH4608 COR2910 CRK5159 MUS2144 NGR4014 ATH2133 ATH5230 COR2911 CRT3014 MUS3053 NGR4179 ATH2155 BLK2417 COR2914 CRT3222 MUS3590 NGR4731 ATH2196 BLK2435 COR2918 CRT3233 MUS3598 NRE1472 ATH2197 BLK2437 COR2919 CRT3234 MUS3602 NRE3915 ATH2200 BLK2441 COR2920 CRT5011 MUS3608 NRE3989 ATH2218 BLK2446 COR2940 CYP3306 MUS3619 NRE5309 ATH2234 BLK2448 COR2950 EGP4639 MUS3624 PEL4270 ATH2235 BLK2450 COR2960 EPI2572 MUS3641 PEL4271 ATH2236 BLK2523 COR2964 EPI2577 MUS3670 PEL4276 ATH2240 BLK2525 COR2971 EPI4890 MUS4461 PEL4311 ATH2242 BLK2550 COR2981 EPI4960 MUS4618 PEL4394 ATH2246 BLK2591 COR2986 EPI4962 MUS4623 PEL4395 ATH2256 BLK4988 COR2994 EPI4964 MUS4625 PEL5206 ATH2257 CGR2600 COR3002 EPI5020 MUS4626 PEL5207 ATH2258 CGR2635 COR3006 EPI5029 MUS4627 PEL5208 ATH2294 CGR2707 COR3007 EPI5213 MUS4905 ATH2295 CGR2781 COR4519 ERT3343 MUS4906 ATH2296 CGR2782 COR4520 ERT3344 MUS4907 ATH2331 CGR4403 COR4522 ERT3429 MUS4911 ATH2334 CGR4427 COR4529 ERT3485 MUS4997 j. Egg and dart
AER0023 AEV0525 AMP0981 AMV1348 ATH1703 ATH4609 AER0100 AEV0573 AMP0982 AMV1349 ATH1774 BLK2423 AER0118 AEV0577 AMP0993 AMV1350 ATH1792 BLK2464 AER0119 AEV0578 AMP1016 AMV1351 ATH1839 BLK2495 AER0120 AEV0604 AMP1028 AMV1523 ATH1844 BLK2568 AER0126 AFR0617 AMP1038 AMV1535 ATH1872 BLK5181 AER0170 AFR0629 AMP1053 ATH1545 ATH1922 CGR2605 AER0196 AME0699 AMP1054 ATH1554 ATH1981 CGR2611 AER0201 AME0737 AMP1062 ATH1562 ATH2079 CGR2614 AER0213 AME0744 AMP1065 ATH1588 ATH2082 CGR2656 AEV0270 AME0745 AMP1088 ATH1591 ATH2133 CGR2667 AEV0294 AME0749 AMP1176 ATH1592 ATH2156 CGR2670 AEV0304 AME0789 AMP1184 ATH1608 ATH2164 CGR2689 AEV0309 AME0790 AMP1224 ATH1640 ATH2343 CGR2711 AEV0458 AMP0911 AMV1284 ATH1645 ATH2355 CGR2717 AEV0462 AMP0943 AMV1301 ATH1671 ATH2367 CGR2738 AEV0510 AMP0950 AMV1302 ATH1690 ATH4608 CGR2755
625 CGR3709 CRK3039 EPI5263 MUS5266 NGR4656 NGR5246 CGR4427 CRK3045 ERT3428 MUS5267 NGR4949 NGR5264 CGR4445 CRK3065 ERT3458 NGR2384 NGR4954 NGR5274 CGR4452 CRK3115 ERT3500 NGR4067 NGR4955 NGR5276 CGR4859 CRK3119 ERT3502 NGR4071 NGR4956 NGR5281 COR2840 CRK3125 ERT3523 NGR4098 NGR5086 NGR5282 COR2847 CRK3128 ION4419 NGR4102 NGR5087 NRE3760 COR2909 CRK3140 MUS2678 NGR4108 NGR5088 NRE3791 COR2928 CRK3202 MUS3568 NGR4122 NGR5089 NRE3818 COR2929 CRK3243 MUS3592 NGR4178 NGR5090 NRE3909 COR2932 EGP4495 MUS3613 NGR4179 NGR5091 NRE5317 COR2938 EPI2572 MUS3614 NGR4185 NGR5092 PEL4285 COR2950 EPI2579 MUS3618 NGR4188 NGR5093 PEL4293 COR2977 EPI2580 MUS3678 NGR4189 NGR5094 PEL4394 COR2985 EPI2796 MUS3690 NGR4193 NGR5119 PEL4861 COR2986 EPI4173 MUS4194 NGR4200 NGR5126 PEL5152 COR2988 EPI4174 MUS4622 NGR4202 NGR5127 PEL5208 COR4528 EPI4960 MUS4996 NGR4233 NGR5130 PEL5217 COR4533 EPI4961 MUS5239 NGR4647 NGR5209 PEL5218 COR4539 EPI4965 MUS5257 NGR4653 NGR5223 PEL5219 COR4550 EPI5262 MUS5259 NGR4654 NGR5245 PEL5220
k. Inscription
AEV0360 ATH1593 ATH2035 COR2856 COR4925 ION4409 AEV0436 ATH1594 ATH2041 COR2867 COR4926 ION4410 AEV0446 ATH1595 ATH2080 COR2871 COR4927 MUS3565 AEV0463 ATH1600 ATH2096 COR2877 COR4928 MUS3594 AEV0474 ATH1601 ATH2157 COR2880 COR4929 MUS3643 AEV0482 ATH1609 ATH2213 COR2883 COR4930 MUS3651 AEV0485 ATH1613 ATH2214 COR2884 COR4931 MUS3660 AMP0957 ATH1618 ATH4158 COR2885 COR4932 MUS3675 AMV1279 ATH1621 BLK2438 COR2888 COR4933 MUS3676 ATH1553 ATH1622 BLK2490 COR2891 COR4934 MUS3689 ATH1555 ATH1650 BLK2493 COR2896 COR4935 MUS3690 ATH1556 ATH1699 BLK2495 COR4914 COR4936 MUS3691 ATH1559 ATH1700 BLK2544 COR4915 COR4937 MUS3692 ATH1560 ATH1906 BLK2584 COR4916 COR4938 MUS3693 ATH1563 ATH1917 BLK4582 COR4917 COR4939 MUS3694 ATH1565 ATH1938 BLK5333 COR4918 COR4940 MUS3695 ATH1567 ATH1982 CGR2681 COR4919 COR4941 MUS3696 ATH1575 ATH1997 COR2810 COR4920 CRT5164 MUS4612 ATH1580 ATH2000 COR2823 COR4921 EGP4467 MUS4613 ATH1583 ATH2001 COR2832 COR4922 EGP4508 MUS4614 ATH1587 ATH2006 COR2839 COR4923 EGP4977 MUS4943 ATH1590 ATH2011 COR2855 COR4924 EPI5302 MUS5303
626 NGR4159 NGR4162 NGR4958 NGR4959 PEL4311
627 II.ii Drinking vessels a. Classical kantharos, plain rim
AER0090 AME0654 ATH1547 BLK2544 MUS3583 NGR4116 AER0091 AME0657 ATH1548 BLK4176 MUS3585 NGR4148 AER0092 AME0659 ATH1918 BLK4177 MUS3586 NGR4149 AER0093 AMV1280 ATH1936 BLK4570 MUS3587 NGR4150 AER0094 AMV1285 ATH1943 BLK4572 MUS3588 NGR4183 AER0095 AMV1286 ATH1945 BLK4982 MUS3607 NGR4184 AER0229 AMV1294 ATH1946 BLK4983 MUS3628 NGR4204 AER0232 AMV1299 ATH1950 BLK4986 MUS3629 NGR4205 AEV0236 AMV1307 ATH1951 BLK4988 MUS3650 NGR4206 AEV0341 AMV1308 ATH1952 CGR2606 MUS3656 NGR4210 AEV0352 AMV1309 ATH1963 CGR2744 MUS3658 NGR4211 AEV0360 AMV1310 ATH1964 COR2989 MUS3662 NGR4226 AEV0437 AMV1410 ATH2094 CRT3017 MUS3680 NGR4236 AEV0439 AMV1519 ATH2095 CRT3235 MUS4464 NGR4258 AEV0469 AMV1520 ATH2096 CRT5158 MUS4494 NGR4897 AEV0603 AMV1524 ATH2097 CRT5164 MUS5174 NGR4948 AEV0606 AMV4576 ATH2150 CYP3290 NGR2386 NGR4952 AEV0607 AMV4577 ATH2322 EGP4501 NGR3991 NGR4953 AEV0608 ATH1539 BLK2418 EGP4977 NGR4047 NGR5319 AEV0609 ATH1540 BLK2484 ERT3501 NGR4048 NRE3839 AEV0610 ATH1541 BLK2486 ERT3502 NGR4050 PEL5190 AEV0611 ATH1542 BLK2498 ERT3503 NGR4051 PEL5215 AEV0612 ATH1543 BLK2499 ERT3512 NGR4052 AEV0613 ATH1544 BLK2500 MUS3572 NGR4053 AEV0614 ATH1545 BLK2501 MUS3580 NGR4054 AME0653 ATH1546 BLK2502 MUS3582 NGR4064
b. Classical kantharos, moulded rim
AER0103 AME0650 ATH2154 MUS3627 NGR4245 NGR5298 AER0105 AME0652 BLK2541 NGR2387 NGR4665 NRE3729 AEV0436 AME0798 CGR2669 NGR4235 NGR4753 NRE3801 AEV0438 ATH1549 CGR2710 NGR4240 NGR4772 NRE3844 AEV0440 ATH1550 CGR2711 NGR4241 NGR5059 PEL5207 AEV0548 ATH1551 COR2967 NGR4242 NGR5060 AFR0630 ATH1581 EGP4504 NGR4243 NGR5061 AFR0631 ATH2093 ERT3426 NGR4244 NGR5062
c. Cup kantharos, plain rim
AEV0354 AMV1513 ATH1553 ATH1554 ATH1555 ATH1556
628 ATH1557 ATH1560 ATH2163 COR3012 MUS3675 ATH1558 ATH1561 CGR2726 MUS3574 NGR4958 ATH1559 ATH1917 CGR2733 MUS3651
d. C u d kantharos, tall stem
AER4638 ATH1567 ATH2323 MUS3653 MUS3677 ATH1562 ATH1568 ATH4895 MUS3659 MUS3707 ATH1563 ATH1965 MUS3600 MUS3661 NGR4909 ATH1566 ATH2151 MUS3649 MUS3676 NGR5294
e. Classical kantharos, strap handles, turned foot
AER0106 ATH1572 ATH2072 COR2991 ERT3515 MUS5009 AME0658 ATH1573 ATH2158 CRT3222 MUS3581 NGR4042 AME0660 ATH1574 ATH2278 CRT5011 MUS3643 PEL4308 AMV1525 ATH1575 BLK2441 EGP4505 MUS3652 PEL4309 ATH1569 ATH1576 BLK2511 EGP4507 MUS3679 ATH1570 ATH1577 BLK2512 EGP4639 MUS4461 ATH1571 ATH1578 BLK2584 ERT3514 MUS5008
f. Classical kantharos, thorn
AEV0443 COR2971 EPI2578 ERT3344 MUS4905 NGR5129 AEV0479 COR3005 EPI2579 ION4402 MUS4906 PEL4269 ATH4593 COR4519 EPI2580 MUS3608 MUS4907 PEL4276 CGR2643 EGP4506 EPI2798 MUS3678 MUS4908 PEL5194 CGR2653 EPI2577 EPI5302 MUS4617 MUS4997 PEL5206
e. Calyx cud
AER0107 ATH1583 ATH1586 COR2995 MUS3593 NGR4959 AER0108 ATH1584 ATH1587 EGP4509 MUS4497 NGR5293 ATH1582 ATH1585 ATH2157 EGP4510 MUS4943 NGR5295
h. C ud kantharos, bowl-shaned. Classical
AEV0485 ATH1592 ATH2071 BLK2493 CRT3051 MUS3693 ATH1588 ATH1593 BLK2438 BLK2495 MUS3689 MUS3694 ATH1589 ATH1594 BLK2439 BLK4582 MUS3690 MUS3695 ATH1590 ATH1595 BLK2490 CGR2597 MUS3691 MUS3696 ATH1591 ATH1944 BLK2491 CGR2608 MUS3692 MUS3697
629 MUS3698 MUS4613
i. Cup kantharos, bowl-shaped, Hellenistic (and related)
ATH1596 ATH1603 BLK2496 ERT3379 MUS3654 NGR4010 ATH1597 ATH1604 BLK2515 ERT3445 MUS3657 NGR4012 ATH1598 ATH1769 CGR2681 ERT3513 MUS3705 NGR4162 ATH1599 ATH1941 CGR2747 ERT3549 MUS4463 PEL5306 ATH1600 BLK2487 CGR3709 MUS3579 MUS4620 ATH1601 BLK2488 CRK3060 MUS3601 MUS4621 ATH1602 BLK2489 ERT3335 MUS3648 MUS4882
i. Skvohos, Corinthian
AEV0446 AEV0454 AME0819 ATH1609 COR4517 NRE3834 AEV0447 AEV0455 ATH1605 ATH1934 COR4518 AEV0450 AEV0482 ATH1606 ATH1938 EGP4508 AEV0452 AME0814 ATH1607 ATH2167 ION4420 AEV0453 AME0818 ATH1608 ATH2279 MUS3655
k. Beaker
AMV1379 ERT3553
1. Bolsal
AFR0642 ATH4515 CGR2627 CGR2680 ERT3330 ERT3540 AFR0643 CGR2601 CGR2661 CGR2752 ERT3460 NGR4139 ATH2304 CGR2609 CGR2662 CGR2769 ERT3527 ATH2344 CGR2626 CGR2672 ERT3329 ERT3528
m. Hellenistic kantharos, straisht-walled
AER0081 ATH1616 ATH2025 ATH2037 CGR2620 NGR4679 AER0082 ATH1617 ATH2031 ATH2038 CGR2621 NGR4706 AER0083 ATH1618 ATH2033 ATH2039 CGR2673 AER0230 ATH2011 ATH2034 ATH2040 MUS3645 AEV0444 ATH2023 ATH2035 ATH2321 NGR4660 AEV0470 ATH2024 ATH2036 CGR2619 NGR4661
630 n. Hellenistic kantharos, one-piece
ATH1610 CGR2668 CGR4367 CGR4454 ERT3391 NGR4659 ATH1611 CGR2695 CGR4368 CGR4459 ERT3392 PEL4270 ATH1935 CGR2696 CGR4373 COR2811 ERT3393 PEL4272 ATH2345 CGR2697 CGR4378 COR2812 ERT3407 PEL4273 CGR2602 CGR2698 CGR4385 COR2813 ERT3409 PEL4278 CGR2603 CGR2699 CGR4386 COR2814 ERT3410 PEL4392 CGR2604 CGR2700 CGR4387 COR4914 ERT3412 PEL4393 CGR2605 CGR2701 CGR4388 COR4915 ERT3431 PEL5216 CGR2610 CGR2702 CGR4430 ERT3337 ERT3441 CGR2612 CGR2724 CGR4432 ERT3338 ERT3489 CGR2613 CGR2732 CGR4437 ERT3376 ERT3523 CGR2617 CGR2734 CGR4439 ERT3385 ION4416 CGR2618 CGR2748 CGR4453 ERT3387 NGR4658
o. Hellenistic kantharos, baggy
AER0073 ATH1659 ATH1678 ATH1994 ATH2251 ERT3343 AER0074 ATH1660 ATH1679 ATH1995 ATH2252 ERT3345 AER0075 ATH1661 ATH1680 ATH1999 ATH2253 ERT3377 AER0076 ATH1662 ATH1681 ATH2012 ATH2256 ERT3378 AER0077 ATH1663 ATH1682 ATH2013 ATH2283 ERT3408 AER0078 ATH1664 ATH1683 ATH2014 ATH2302 ERT3411 AER0087 ATH1665 ATH1684 ATH2021 ATH2303 ERT3414 AER0088 ATH1666 ATH1685 ATH2073 ATH2327 ERT3425 AER0089 ATH1667 ATH1686 ATH2110 ATH2328 ERT3464 AEV0295 ATH1668 ATH1687 ATH2111 ATH2334 ERT3508 AEV0296 ATH1669 ATH1688 ATH2146 ATH2335 ERT3551 AEV0344 ATH1670 ATH1689 ATH2198 ATH4606 MUS3267 ATH1652 ATH1671 ATH1915 ATH2200 BLK2440 PEL4266 ATH1653 ATH1672 ATH1925 ATH2217 BLK5231 PEL4267 ATH1654 ATH1673 ATH1926 ATH2223 CGR4437 ATH1655 ATH1674 ATH1927 ATH2236 CGR4443 ATH1656 ATH1675 ATH1928 ATH2237 CRK3195 ATH1657 ATH1676 ATH1929 ATH2238 CRT3229 ATH1658 ATH1677 ATH1930 ATH2239 EGP4484
D. Hellenistic kantharos, angular
AEV0445 AME0670 AME0677 ATH1619 ATH1623 ATH1627 AEV0498 AME0671 AMP0954 ATH1620 ATH1624 ATH1628 AEV0499 AME0672 AMP0959 ATH1621 ATH1625 ATH1629 AEV0507 AME0676 AMV1512 ATH1622 ATH1626 ATH1630
631 ATH1631 ATH1904 ATH2019 CGR2741 COR2889 COR4931 ATH1632 ATH1905 ATH2020 CGR2742 COR2890 COR4932 ATH1633 ATH1906 ATH2022 CGR4274 COR2891 COR4933 ATH1634 ATH1907 ATH2026 CGR4374 COR2892 COR4934 ATH1635 ATH1910 ATH2027 COR2871 COR2893 COR4935 ATH1636 ATH1920 ATH2028 COR2872 COR2894 COR4936 ATH1637 ATH1923 ATH2029 COR2873 COR2895 COR4937 ATH1638 ATH1924 ATH2030 COR2874 COR2896 COR4938 ATH1639 ATH1931 ATH2032 COR2875 COR2897 COR4939 ATH1640 ATH1947 ATH2041 COR2876 COR2930 COR4940 ATH1641 ATH1982 ATH2070 COR2877 COR2931 COR4941 ATH1642 ATH1983 ATH2127 COR2878 COR2932 ERT3560 ATH1643 ATH1986 ATH2233 COR2879 COR2933 MUS3584 ATH1644 ATH1989 ATH2281 COR2880 COR2934 MUS3591 ATH1645 ATH1990 ATH2282 COR2881 COR4923 MUS3602 ATH1646 ATH1991 ATH2346 COR2882 COR4924 MUS3633 ATH1647 ATH1996 BLK2510 COR2883 COR4925 MUS3682 ATH1648 ATH1997 CGR2599 COR2884 COR4926 MUS4887 ATH1649 ATH2015 CGR2705 COR2885 COR4927 MUS4910 ATH1650 ATH2016 CGR2729 COR2886 COR4928 NGR4153 ATH1651 ATH2017 CGR2738 COR2887 COR4929 PEL4329 ATH1903 ATH2018 CGR2739 COR2888 COR4930
q. Hellenistic kantharos, S-swung
AER0084 AEV0405 AMP0921 AMP0968 AMP1108 AMP1214 AER0085 AEV0432 AMP0922 AMP0969 AMP1117 AMP1215 AER0086 AEV0555 AMP0923 AMP0970 AMP1118 AMP1216 AEV0284 AEV0584 AMP0924 AMP0971 AMP1119 AMP1217 AEV0285 AFR0622 AMP0925 AMP0972 AMP1121 AMP1218 AEV0291 AME0667 AMP0926 AMP0973 AMP1122 AMP1219 AEV0292 AME0668 AMP0927 AMP1069 AMP1123 AMP1220 AEV0342 AME0669 AMP0928 AMP1071 AMP1124 AMP1221 AEV0364 AME0673 AMP0952 AMP1072 AMP1128 AMP1222 AEV0365 AME0674 AMP0955 AMP1073 AMP1132 AMP1223 AEV0366 AME0675 AMP0956 AMP1077 AMP1133 AM P 1224 AEV0367 AME0801 AMP0957 AMP1078 AMP1138 AMP1237 AEV0368 AME0806 AMP0958 AMP1080 AMP1139 AMP1238 AEV0369 AME0807 AMP0960 AMP1100 AMP1140 AMP1239 AEV0370 AMP0914 AMP0961 AMP1101 AMP1142 AM P 1240 AEV0371 AMP0915 AMP0962 AMP1102 AMP1143 AMP1241 AEV0372 AMP0916 AMP0963 AMP1103 AMP1145 AM P 1242 AEV0373 AMP0917 AMP0964 AMP1104 AMP1157 AMP1243 AEV0374 AMP0918 AMP0965 AMP1105 AMP1159 AM P 1244 AEV0402 AMP0919 AMP0966 AMP1106 AMP1160 AM P 1246 AEV0404 AMP0920 AMP0967 AMP1107 AMP1213 AM P 1247
632 AMP1259 AMV1288 AMV1434 BLK2421 BLK5193 MUS3634 AMP1260 AMV1291 AMV1435 BLK2424 CGR2706 MUS3635 AMP 1262 AMV1292 AMV1436 BLK2433 CGR2707 MUS3706 AMP1263 AMV1321 AMV1442 BLK2434 COR2973 NGR4055 AMP 1264 AMV1377 AMV1447 BLK2482 CRT3052 NGR4065 AMP1265 AMV1378 AMV1509 BLK2505 CYP3280 NGR4172 AMP 1266 AMV1394 AMV1528 BLK2506 CYP3291 NGR4227 AMP1267 AMV1409 AMV4573 BLK2507 EGP4468 NGR4228 AMP1268 AMV1414 AMV4575 BLK2508 EGP4502 NRE3842 AMP1275 AMV1418 BLK2413 BLK2509 EGP4503 NRE3843 AMV1287 AMV1422 BLK2420 BLK2570 MUS3570 NRE3984
r. Hellenistic kantharos, cvma
COR2815 COR2829 COR2844 COR2858 COR2929 COR4921 COR2816 COR2831 COR2845 COR2859 COR2960 COR4922 COR2817 COR2832 COR2846 COR2860 COR2961 PEL4261 COR2818 COR2833 COR2847 COR2861 COR2974 PEL4262 COR2819 COR2834 COR2848 COR2862 COR2980 PEL4279 COR2820 COR2835 COR2849 COR2863 COR2982 PEL4291 COR2821 COR2836 COR2850 COR2864 COR2998 PEL4303 COR2822 COR2837 COR2851 COR2866 COR4525 PEL4304 COR2823 COR2838 COR2852 COR2867 COR4534 PEL4311 COR2824 COR2839 COR2853 COR2868 COR4916 PEL4331 COR2825 COR2840 COR2854 COR2869 COR4917 PEL4335 COR2826 COR2841 COR2855 COR2870 COR4918 PEL5200 COR2827 COR2842 COR2856 COR2927 COR4919 PEL5201 COR2828 COR2843 COR2857 COR2928 COR4920 PEL5307 s. Hellenistic kantharos, low foot, plain rim
AEV0363 AMV1376 CGR2730 MUS3632 PEL4310 PEL5222 AMP0941 BLK2463 CRK3128 MUS3684 PEL5196 AMP1059 BLK2503 CRK3147 NGR2588 PEL5197 AMP1060 BLK4984 CRK3151 NGR5113 PEL5219 AMV1308 BLK5333 MUS3630 PEL4277 PEL5221
t. Hellenistic kantharos, low foot, moulded rim
AMP1180 ATH1692 ATH1695 ATH1698 ATH5230 MUS4619 ATH1690 ATH1693 ATH1696 ATH1949 BLK2469 MUS4911 ATH1691 ATH1694 ATH1697 ATH1966 MUS4618
633 u. Hellenistic kantharos, various
ATH2347 CRK3058 CRK3127 CRK3211 PEL4295 CRK3054 CRK3059 CRK3133 CRT3223 ION4418 CRK3055 CRK3107 CRK3134 EPI4174 ION4419 CRK3056 CRK3114 CRK3152 EPI5300 MUS5002 CRK3057 CRK3120 CRK3156 EPI5301 MUS5003
v. Kantharos, fragments
AER0040 AEV0493 AMV1295 ATH2224 BLK4134 COR2898 AER0041 AEV0496 AMV1296 ATH2243 BLK4135 COR2899 AER0079 AEV0502 AMV1311 ATH2247 CGR2639 COR2900 AER0080 AEV0506 AMV1312 ATH2248 CGR2640 COR2962 AER0096 AEV0513 AMV1313 ATH2249 CGR2641 COR2963 AER0097 AEV0514 AMV1314 ATH2250 CGR2645 COR2978 AER0098 AEV0526 AMV1315 ATH2254 CGR2646 COR2979 AER0099 AEV0527 AMV1316 ATH2255 CGR2708 COR2986 AER0100 AEV0529 AMV1317 AT H2342 CGR2709 CRK3028 AER0101 AME0649 AMV1318 ATH2348 CGR2749 CRK3029 AER0102 AME0661 AMV1319 ATH4611 CGR2763 CRK3030 AER0104 AME0662 AMV1320 BLK2372 CGR2764 CRK3032 AEV0251 AME0663 AMV1322 BLK2457 CGR2765 CRK3035 AEV0252 AME0664 AMV1323 BLK2462 CGR2766 CRK3170 AEV0253 AME0799 AMV1324 BLK2468 CGR2767 CRK5153 AEV0298 AME0800 AMV1325 BLK2470 CGR2768 CRT3230 AEV0299 AME0802 AMV1326 BLK2471 CGR2788 CRT5155 AEV0300 AME0809 AMV1327 BLK2472 CGR2789 CRT5156 AEV0301 AME0812 AMV1328 BLK2526 CGR2790 CRT5161 AEV0302 AME0813 AMV1329 BLK2532 CGR2791 CRT5168 AEV0303 AM P 1068 AMV1330 BLK2534 CGR2792 CRT5172 AEV0331 AMP1075 AMV1331 BLK2535 CGR4369 CYP3280 AEV0348 AMP1079 AMV1332 BLK2536 CGR4370 CYP3299 AEV0356 AMP1081 AMV1333 BLK2542 CGR4372 CYP3300 AEV0361 AMP1084 AMV1334 BLK2550 CGR4429 EGP4465 AEV0362 AMP1085 AMV1335 BLK2552 CGR4431 EGP4466 AEV0443 AMP4558 AMV1336 BLK2555 CGR4433 EGP4467 AEV0449 AMV1277 AMV1337 BLK2556 CGR4434 EGP4468 AEV0456 AMV1278 AMV1338 BLK2564 CGR4436 EGP4471 AEV0458 AMV1279 AMV1339 BLK2583 CGR4437 EGP4488 AEV0467 AMV1281 AMV1340 BLK4129 CGR4438 EGP4502 AEV0473 AMV1282 AMV1397 BLK4130 CGR4448 EGP4503 AEV0478 AMV1283 AMV1420 BLK4131 CGR4451 EPI5021 AEV0480 AMV1289 ATH2112 BLK4132 CGR5177 EPI5022 AEV0481 AMV1290 ATH2149 BLK4133 CGR5178 ERT3362
634 ERT3363 ERT3447 ERT3555 NGR4143 NGR5095 NRE3786 ERT3364 ERT3448 ERT3556 NGR4145 NGR5096 NRE3802 ERT3365 ERT3449 ERT3557 NGR4171 NGR5097 NRE3803 ERT3366 ERT3459 ERT3558 NGR4222 NGR5098 NRE3804 ERT3380 ERT3463 ERT3559 NGR4224 NGR5099 NRE3805 ERT3381 ERT3467 MUS3616 NGR4225 NGR5100 NRE3840 ERT3382 ERT3468 NGR2385 NGR4237 NGR5101 NRE3841 ERT3383 ERT3473 NGR2387 NGR4238 NGR5102 NRE3975 ERT3384 ERT3474 NGR2393 NGR4239 NGR5103 NRE3980 ERT3386 ERT3475 NGR2401 NGR4252 NGR5104 NRE3981 ERT3413 ERT3477 NGR2402 NGR4253 NGR5105 PEL4282 ERT3415 ERT3487 NGR2404 NGR4255 NGR5106 PEL4283 ERT3416 ERT3504 NGR2405 NGR4256 NGR5107 PEL4284 ERT3417 ERT3505 NGR2406 NGR4681 NGR5108 PEL4285 ERT3418 ERT3506 NGR2407 NGR4738 NGR5109 PEL4287 ERT3419 ERT3507 NGR2409 NGR4747 NGR5110 PEL4288 ERT3420 ERT3509 NGR2410 NGR4778 NGR5111 PEL4289 ERT3429 ERT3510 NGR4026 NGR5039 NGR5112 PEL4299 ERT3433 ERT3511 NGR4027 NGR5040 NGR5114 PEL4300 ERT3434 ERT3516 NGR4028 NGR5041 NGR5124 PEL4301 ERT3435 ERT3517 NGR4049 NGR5063 NGR5125 PEL4302 ERT3436 ERT3518 NGR4056 NGR5064 NGR5128 PEL4305 ERT3437 ERT3519 NGR4057 NGR5065 NGR5171 PEL4312 ERT3438 ERT3520 NGR4058 NGR5066 NRE3761 PEL5140 ERT3439 ERT3521 NGR4103 NGR5067 NRE3762 PEL5149 ERT3440 ERT3522 NGR4104 NGR5068 NRE3763 PEL5192 ERT3442 ERT3524 NGR4105 NGR5082 NRE3765 ERT3443 ERT3547 NGR4115 NGR5083 NRE3782 ERT3446 ERT3554 NGR4141 NGR5084 NRE3785
w. Bolster
AEV0394 AME0693 AME0698 ATH1612 ATH2186 ATH2191 AME0689 AME0694 AME0699 ATH1613 ATH2187 ATH2316 AME0690 AME0695 AME0815 ATH1614 ATH2188 AME0691 AME0696 AME0816 ATH1615 ATH2189 AME0692 AME0697 AME0820 ATH1988 ATH2190
x. Hemispherical bow l mould-made feet
AEV0441 ATH1701 ATH1922 ATH2336 COR2935 COR2968 AEV0492 ATH1702 ATH2080 ATH2349 COR2936 COR2969 AEV0515 ATH1703 ATH2099 CGR2623 COR2937 COR2975 ATH1699 ATH1704 ATH2100 CGR2659 COR2938 COR2981 ATH1700 ATH1705 ATH2108 CGR5211 COR2939 COR2983
635 CRK3065 ERT3456 MUS3596 NGR4007 NGR4114 EPI2728 ERT3485 MUS4615 NGR4008 PEL5151 ERT3336 ERT3525 NGR4006 NGR4108
y. Hemispherical bow l conical profile
AER0014 AME0729 AMP1096 ATH 1724 CGR2770 COR2970 AER0015 AME0730 AMP1097 ATH 1725 CGR2771 COR2972 AER0016 AME0731 AMP1136 ATH 1726 CGR2772 COR2984 AER0017 AME0732 AMP1147 ATH 1727 CGR2773 COR2992 AER0018 AME0733 AMP1153 ATH 1728 CGR2774 COR4520 AER0019 AME0734 AMP1154 ATH 1729 CGR2775 COR4529 AER0020 AME0735 AMP1155 ATH1730 CGR2776 COR4532 AER0021 AME0737 AMP1156 ATH 1731 CGR2777 COR4535 AER0022 AME0738 AMP1187 ATH 1732 CGR2778 COR4536 AER0023 AME0739 AMP1189 ATH 1733 CGR2780 COR4537 AER0024 AME0740 AMP1190 ATH 1734 CGR2781 COR4538 AEV0239 AME0741 AMP1191 ATH 1909 CGR2782 COR4541 AEV0254 AME0742 AMP1192 ATH1914 CGR4375 COR4542 AEV0255 AME0743 AMP1193 ATH 1942 CGR4376 COR4551 AEV0256 AME0804 AMP1194 ATH 1953 CGR4398 CRK3062 AEV0261 AME0839 AMP1195 ATH 1954 CGR4441 CRK3063 AEV0262 AME0840 AMP1196 ATH2107 CGR4442 CRK3121 AEV0263 AME0841 AMP1197 ATH2128 COR2810 CRK3132 AEV0264 AME0842 AMP1203 ATH2129 COR2906 CRT3021 AEV0297 AME0843 AMP1204 ATH2130 COR2907 CYP3301 AEV0325 AME0844 AMP1233 ATH2231 COR2908 CYP3305 AEV0329 AMP0864 AMP1234 ATH2350 COR2909 CYP3315 AEV0330 AMP0865 AMP1235 ATH4595 COR2910 CYP3316 AEV0345 AMP0866 AMP1236 ATH4596 COR2911 CYP3319 AEV0377 AMP0867 AMP1255 ATH4896 COR2912 EGP4490 AEV0378 AMP0868 AMP1256 BLK2422 COR2913 EGP4491 AEV0379 AMP0869 AMV1298 BLK2483 COR2914 EGP5184 AEV0380 AMP0870 AMV1449 BLK2519 COR2915 EPI2793 AEV0381 AMP0871 AMV1515 BLK2543 COR2918 EPI5025 AEV0391 AMP0872 AMV1533 CGR2628 COR2919 EPI5026 AEV0392 AMP0873 A T M 714 CGR2629 COR2920 EPI5027 AEV0423 AMP1002 A T M 715 CGR2630 COR2924 EPI5028 AEV0525 AMP1003 A T M 716 CGR2631 COR2940 ERT3455 AEV0587 AMP1004 A T M 717 CGR2632 COR2941 ION4408 AFR0615 AMP1005 ATH 1718 CGR2633 COR2942 ION4409 AFR0616 AMP1006 A T M 719 CGR2634 COR2943 MUS3275 AFR0624 AMP1007 ATH 1720 CGR2635 COR2944 MUS3636 AFR0625 AMP1087 ATH 1721 CGR2715 COR2945 MUS4598 AFR0647 AMP1088 ATH1722 CGR2717 COR2946 MUS4623 AME0728 AMP1089 ATH1723 CGR2718 COR2947 NGR4198
636 NGR4212 NGR4744 NRE3851 NRE3856 NRE3932 PEL4271 NGR4218 NGR5048 NRE3852 NRE3857 NRE3933 PEL4297 NGR4678 NRE1493 NRE3853 NRE3858 NRE3934 PEL5019 NGR4702 NRE3849 NRE3854 NRE3930 NRE5308 PEL5148 NGR4703 NRE3850 NRE3855 NRE3931 NRE5315
z. Hemispherical bowl, out-turned rim
ATH1735 ATH1740 ATH1745 ATH1750 BLK4884 MUS4622 ATH1736 ATH1741 ATH1746 ATH1751 CGR2607 ATH1737 ATH1742 ATH1747 ATH1752 COR4521 ATH1738 ATH1743 ATH1748 ATH1753 CRK3064 ATH1739 ATH1744 ATH1749 ATH1890 MUS3577
aa. Hemispherical bowl, mould-made
AMV1407 ATH2330 COR2901 EPI5031 NGR2399 NRE1508 AMV1408 ATH4599 COR2902 NGR2391 NGR2400 ATH2319 ATH4600 COR2903 NGR2395 NGR3993
ab. Hemispherical bowl, moulded medallion
AEV0307 ATH1755 ATH1764 COR2917 CYP3317 MUS3638 AME0845 ATH1756 ATH1765 COR2921 EPI5029 MUS4624 AME0846 ATH1757 ATH1766 COR2922 EPI5030 MUS4944 AME0856 ATH1758 ATH1767 COR2923 MUS3166 NGR4025 AME0857 ATH1759 ATH1768 COR2948 MUS3167 AME0858 ATH1760 CGR4979 COR2949 MUS3168 ATH1712 ATH1761 CGR4980 CRK3061 MUS3169 ATH1713 ATH1762 CGR4981 CRT3018 MUS3575 ATH1754 ATH1763 COR2916 CRT3165 MUS3619
ac. Hemispherical bowl, footed
AEV0497 CGR2737 MUS3637 NGR4180 NGR4949 NGR5131 BLK5033 CGR4421 NGR4045 NGR4181 NGR4950 NGR5132
ad. Hemispherical bowl, net-pattern
AME0835 AMP1114 AMP1116 AMP1146 AMP1200 AM P 1202 AMP1070 AMP1115 AMP1120 AMP1199 AMP1201 AMP1205
637 AMP1253 AMV1346 ATH1709 CGR2779 NRE1478 NRE3946 AMP1254 AMV1386 ATH1710 COR2904 NRE1488 NRE3948 AMP1270 AMV1399 ATH1711 COR2905 NRE3713 NRE3953 AMP1271 AMV1510 ATH4594 CRT3048 NRE3714 PEL5138 AMP1272 ATH1706 BLK2467 CRT3049 NRE3715 PEL5141 AMP1273 ATH1707 CGR2636 CYP3320 NRE3784 PEL5324 AMP1274 ATH1708 CGR2654 NGR5042 NRE3921
ae. Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration, strap handles
AEV0290 AME0684 AME0829 CYP3266 MUS5299 NRE1477 AME0678 AME0685 AMP0887 CYP3297 NRE1469 AME0680 AME0686 AMP1013 MUS3289 NRE1473 AME0681 AME0824 AMV1526 MUS3589 NRE1474 AME0682 AME0825 BLK2516 MUS3686 NRE1475 AME0683 AME0827 BLK2517 MUS3687 NRE1476
af. Hemispherical bowl, exterior decoration (fragments)
AER0051 AEV0382 AME0716 AME0833 AMP1152 CYP3302 AER0052 AEV0383 AME0717 AME0834 AMP1178 CYP4588 AER0053 AEV0384 AME0718 AMP0874 AMP1261 MUS4888 AER0054 AEV0386 AME0719 AMP0875 AMP1276 NGR4246 AER0055 AEV0389 AME0721 AMP0876 AM V1341 NGR4247 AER0056 AEV0395 AME0722 AMP0877 AMV1342 NGR4785 AER0057 AEV0431 AME0723 AMP0878 AMV1387 NRE1467 AER0058 AEV0598 AME0724 AMP0879 AMV1390 NRE1470 AER0059 AEV0623 AME0725 AMP0880 AMV1391 NRE1479 AER0060 AFR0628 AME0726 AMP1008 AMV1401 NRE1489 AER0061 AME0700 AME0727 AMP1009 AMV1402 NRE3710 AER0062 AME0701 AME0803 AMP1010 AMV1403 NRE3711 AER0063 AME0702 AME0808 AMP1011 AMV1404 NRE3712 AER0064 AME0703 AME0810 AMP1012 AMV1516 NRE3756 AER0065 AME0704 AME0814 AMP1014 BLK2427 NRE3778 AER0066 AME0705 AME0817 AMP1015 BLK2565 NRE3783 AER0067 AME0706 AME0818 AMP1016 CGR2614 NRE3813 AER0068 AME0707 AME0819 AMP1017 CGR2622 NRE3814 AER0069 AME0708 AME0821 AMP1018 CGR2657 NRE3845 AER0070 AME0709 AME0822 AMP1092 CGR2703 NRE3940 AER0071 AME0710 AME0823 AMP1093 CGR2704 NRE3941 AER0072 AME0711 AME0826 AMP1094 COR4546 NRE3942 AEV0242 AME0712 AME0828 AMP1099 CRT5165 NRE3943 AEV0244 AME0713 AME0830 AMP1126 CYP3284 NRE3944 AEV0289 AME0714 AME0831 AMP1127 CYP3286 NRE3945 AEV0357 AME0715 AME0832 AMP1141 CYP3295 NRE3947
638 NRE3949 NRE3951 NRE3954 NRE5309 NRE3950 NRE3952 NRE3979
ag. Skyphos, Pergamene variation A
AER0042 AMP0888 AMP0976 AMP1066 AMP1207 AER0043 AMP0947 AMP0977 AMP1165 AMV1398 AEV0282 AMP0974 AMP0978 AMP1181 BLK2528 AMP0886 AMP0975 AMP1065 AMP1186
ah. Skyphos, Pergamene variation B
AER0027 AER0031 AER0035 AMP0889 AMP0981 BLK2531 AER0028 AER0032 AER0036 AMP0892 AMP0982 MUS3631 AER0029 AER0033 AER0037 AMP0979 AM P 1074 AER0030 AER0034 AER0038 AMP0980 AMP1206
ai. Skyphos, Pergamene variation C
AER0044 AER0048 AEV0425 AMP0984 AMP0988 AER0045 AER0049 AMP0890 AMP0985 AMP0989 AER0046 AER0050 AMP0891 AMP0986 AMP1170 AER0047 AEV0424 AMP0983 AMP0987 BLK2454
ai. Skyphos, Pergamene (variations and fragments)
AEV0237 AEV0332 AMP4568 AMV1458 COR4543 NRE3741 AEV0281 AEV0333 AMV1415 AMV1461 CYP3287 NRE3742 AEV0283 AEV0600 AMV1421 BLK2518 EGP4468 NRE5316 AEV0286 AEV0601 AMV1427 BLK2557 EGP4489 AEV0287 AMP4564 AMV1428 BLK2558 EGP4502 AEV0288 AMP4565 AMV1429 BLK2560 EGP4503 AEV0310 AMP4566 AMV1448 BLK2562 MUS4462 AEV0320 AMP4567 AMV1455 BLK2567 NRE3740
ak. Knidian Cup, imitation and related
AER0025 AEV4899 BLK2594 NRE3739 NRE3957 AER0026 AMV4976 NRE1465 NRE3956
639 al. Pergamene cup
AMP0893 AMP0992 AMP0995 AMP0998 AMP1001 AMP1175 AMP0990 AMP0993 AMP0996 AMP0999 AMP1173 AMP1176 AMP0991 AMP0994 AMP0997 AMP1000 AMP1174 AMP1177
640 Il.iii Serving vessels a. Spool salt cellar
ATH1879 ATH1881 ERT3529 NGR4657 ATH1880 ATH2102 NGR4154
b. Plate
AER0002 AFR0648 ATH1856 BLK2553 COR4548 ERT3342 AER0003 AME0736 ATH1857 CGR2644 COR4550 ERT3351 AER0004 AME0744 ATH1858 CGR2649 CRK3045 ERT3361 AER0005 AME0745 ATH1859 CGR2655 CRK3066 ERT3369 AER0006 AME0746 ATH1860 CGR2682 CRK3162 ERT3370 AER0007 AME0747 ATH1861 CGR2683 CRK3200 ERT3371 AER0008 AME0749 ATH1862 CGR2684 CRK3201 ERT3372 AER0009 AMP0863 ATH1863 CGR2685 CRK3202 ERT3373 AER0010 AMP0883 ATH1864 CGR2686 CRK3203 ERT3374 AER0011 AMP0884 ATH1865 CGR2688 CRT3220 ERT3375 AER0012 AMP0885 ATH1866 CGR2689 CYP3262 ERT3404 AEV0240 AMP1053 ATH1867 CGR2758 CYP3263 ERT3405 AEV0245 AM P 1054 ATH1868 CGR2760 CYP3264 ERT3406 AEV0246 AMP1055 ATH1869 CGR2783 CYP3278 ERT3424 AEV0247 AMP1095 ATH1870 CGR2784 CYP3283 ERT3453 AEV0248 AMP1135 ATH1871 CGR2785 CYP3292 ERT3462 AEV0249 AMP1137 ATH1872 CGR2786 CYP3313 ERT3465 AEV0309 AMP1148 ATH1873 CGR2787 CYP3314 ERT3476 AEV0337 AMP1149 ATH1874 CGR4377 CYP3318 ERT3483 AEV0375 AMP1150 ATH1875 COR2802 CYP3325 ERT3486 AEV0376 AMP1169 ATH1876 COR2803 CYP4585 ERT3492 AEV0433 AMP1179 ATH1877 COR2804 CYP4586 ERT3495 AEV0435 AMP1198 ATH1878 COR2805 CYP4879 ERT3496 AEV0459 AMP1231 ATH1902 COR2950 EGP4474 ERT3497 AEV0518 AMV1284 ATH1955 COR2951 EGP4478 ERT3498 AEV0535 AMV1300 ATH1993 COR2952 EGP4480 ERT3499 AEV0536 AMV1302 ATH2101 COR2953 EGP4481 ERT3500 AEV0537 AMV1303 ATH2107 COR2954 EGP4485 ERT3550 AEV0538 AMV1357 ATH2120 COR2955 EGP4486 ERT3552 AEV0546 AMV1358 ATH2121 COR2964 EGP4511 ION4410 AEV0547 AMV1359 ATH2122 COR2966 EPI4890 ION4411 AEV0554 AMV1389 ATH2215 COR3002 EPI4967 ION4412 AEV0567 AMV1453 ATH2359 COR3003 EPI4974 ION4413 AEV0576 AMV1517 ATH2360 COR3004 EPI5023 ION4414 AEV0583 AMV1522 ATH2361 COR4522 EPI5213 MUS4625 AEV0586 AMV4574 BLK2458 COR4527 ERT3334 NGR2388 AFR0647 AMV4579 BLK2460 COR4539 ERT3341 NGR2394
641 NGR2398 NRE1496 NRE3752 NRE3823 NRE3870 NRE3924 NGR3996 NRE1497 NRE3753 NRE3824 NRE3871 NRE3925 NGR4036 NRE1498 NRE3754 NRE3825 NRE3872 NRE3926 NGR4037 NRE1499 NRE3755 NRE3826 NRE3873 NRE3927 NGR4063 NRE1500 NRE3758 NRE3827 NRE3874 NRE3928 NGR4144 NRE1501 NRE3760 NRE3828 NRE3875 NRE3929 NGR4151 NRE3719 NRE3764 NRE3829 NRE3876 NRE3978 NGR4220 NRE3722 NRE3768 NRE3859 NRE3877 NRE5182 NGR4641 NRE3730 NRE3769 NRE3860 NRE3878 NRE5183 NGR4745 NRE3743 NRE3770 NRE3861 NRE3879 NRE5310 NGR4752 NRE3744 NRE3772 NRE3862 NRE3880 NRE5313 NGR4784 NRE3745 NRE3773 NRE3863 NRE3881 NRE5325 NGR4954 NRE3746 NRE3774 NRE3864 NRE3882 PEL4292 NRE1490 NRE3747 NRE3779 NRE3865 NRE3884 PEL5208 NRE1491 NRE3748 NRE3795 NRE3866 NRE3885 NRE1492 NRE3749 NRE3796 NRE3867 NRE3886 NRE1494 NRE3750 NRE3797 NRE3868 NRE3887 NRE1495 NRE3751 NRE3822 NRE3869 NRE3888
c. Krater, bell
AFR0618 ATH1847 ATH2010 CRK3041 AMV4873 ATH1981 ATH2124 CRK3110
d. Krater, calvx
AMV4862 AMV4865 AMV4868 AMV4872 AMV4876 AMV4863 AMV4866 AMV4869 AMV4874 ERT3346 AMV4864 AMV4867 AMV4870 AMV4875 NGR4128
e. Krater, bolster
AFR0626 AME0758 AME0848 ATH1852 ATH2307 COR2807 AME0754 AME0759 ATH1848 ATH1853 ATH2356 COR2808 AME0755 AME0760 ATH1849 ATH1854 ATH4608 ERT3484 AME0756 AME0761 ATH1850 ATH1855 CGR2637 AME0757 AME0847 ATH1851 ATH2193 CGR2663
642 f. Krater, lug-handled
AER0110 AEV0328 AMP0900 AMP 1024 AMV1343 BLK2479 AER0111 AEV0346 AMP0901 A M P I 086 AM V1344 BLK2545 AER0112 AEV0358 AMP0902 AMP1090 AMV1348 BLK2546 AER0113 AEV0429 AMP0903 AMP1091 AMV1349 BLK2566 AER0114 AEV0574 AMP0904 A M P 1110 AMV1350 BLK2569 AER0115 AEV0595 AMP0905 A M P 1111 AMV1351 CYP3293 AER0116 AEV0596 AMP0906 A M P 1125 AMV1380 CYP3294 AER0117 AME0752 AMP0907 A M P 1131 AMV1381 EGP4476 AER0118 AME0753 AMP0908 A M P 1151 AMV1395 EGP4487 AER0119 AME0859 AMP0909 A M P 1158 AMV1443 MUS3576 AER0120 AME0860 AMP0910 A M P1168 AMV1452 MUS3578 AER0121 AME0861 AMP0911 A M P 1188 AMV1454 NGR5115 AER0123 AME0862 AMP0912 AMP1208 AMV1521 NGR5117 AER0124 AMP0894 AMP0913 AMP1209 AMV1535 NRE3799 AER0125 AMP0895 AMP1019 AMP1210 AMV1536 NRE3830 AEV0269 AMP0896 AMP1020 AMP1211 ATH2309 NRE3831 AEV0270 AMP0897 AMP1021 AMP1212 BLK2423 NRE3889 AEV0293 AMP0898 AMP1022 AMP1258 BLK2452 NRE3890 AEV0327 AMP0899 AMP1023 AMP1269 BLK2477
g. Krater, concave neck
AER0127 AER0135 CYP3304 NRE3737 NRE3815 NRE3902 AER0128 AER0136 CYP3323 NRE3738 NRE3816 NRE3903 AER0129 AER0137 NRE1502 NRE3787 NRE3817 NRE3904 AER0130 AER0138 NRE1503 NRE3788 NRE3897 NRE5311 AER0131 AER0139 NRE1504 NRE3789 NRE3898 PEL4263 AER0132 AMP1057 NRE1505 NRE3790 NRE3899 AER0133 CGR4455 NRE1506 NRE3791 NRE3900 AER0134 CRT5321 NRE1507 NRE3798 NRE3901
h. Krater, lekane
ATH2284 ERT3457 ERT3491 NRE3892 NRE3895 ERT3333 ERT3482 NRE3708 NRE3893 NRE3896 ERT3423 ERT3488 NRE3891 NRE3894
643 i. Krater, various
AER0233 ATH1937 ATH2264 ATH2332 MUS3270 PEL5203 AEV0335 ATH2004 ATH2265 CGR2690 MUS3592 PEL4307 AME0786 ATH2092 ATH2266 CGR2691 NGR4663 AMP1057 ATH2123 ATH2267 CGR4275 PEL4264 AMP4562 ATH2155 ATH2268 COR2809 PEL4265 AMV1396 ATH2235 ATH2269 MUS3269 PEL4306
j. Amphora
AER0001 AER0174 AEV0557 AMP1226 ATH1783 ATH1818 AER0140 AER0175 AEV0558 AMP1227 ATH1784 ATH1819 AER0141 AER0176 AEV0560 AMP1228 ATH1785 ATH1911 AER0142 AEV0235 AEV0561 AMP4559 ATH1786 ATH1912 AER0143 AEV0238 AEV0569 AMV1293 ATH1787 ATH1921 AER0144 AEV0257 AEV0570 AMV1297 ATH1788 ATH1948 AER0145 AEV0258 AEV0571 AMV1304 ATH1789 ATH1956 AER0146 AEV0259 AEV0580 AMV1305 ATH1790 ATH1957 AER0147 AEV0265 AEV0597 AMV1306 ATH1791 ATH1958 AER0148 AEV0266 AEV0602 AMV1347 ATH1792 ATH1968 AER0149 AEV0267 AFR0617 AMV1382 ATH1793 ATH1992 AER0150 AEV0268 AFR0619 AMV1383 ATH1794 ATH1998 AER0151 AEV0305 AFR0627 AMV1384 ATH1795 ATH2069 AER0152 AEV0308 AFR0645 AMV1400 ATH1796 ATH2074 AER0153 AEV0312 AFR5034 AMV1405 ATH1797 ATH2075 AER0154 AEV0313 AME0771 AMV1412 ATH1798 ATH2076 AER0155 AEV0314 AME0852 AMV1413 ATH1799 ATH2077 AER0156 AEV0321 AME0853 AMV1416 ATH1800 ATH2078 AER0157 AEV0350 AME0854 AMV1417 ATH1801 ATH2079 AER0158 AEV0351 AMP0929 AMV1438 ATH1802 ATH2082 AER0159 AEV0396 AMP0930 AMV1439 ATH1803 ATH2113 AER0160 AEV0397 AMP0931 AMV1523 ATH1804 ATH2114 AER0161 AEV0398 AMP0932 AMV1529 ATH1805 ATH2115 AER0162 AEV0426 AMP0933 AMV1530 ATH1806 ATH2116 AER0163 AEV0428 AMP0934 AMV1534 ATH1807 ATH2117 AER0164 AEV0430 AMP0935 ATH1538 ATH1808 ATH2118 AER0165 AEV0466 AMP0950 ATH1774 ATH1809 ATH2119 AER0166 AEV0493 AMP1048 ATH1775 ATH1810 ATH2133 AER0167 AEV0494 AMP1049 ATH1776 ATH1811 ATH2134 AER0168 AEV0495 AMP1058 ATH1777 ATH1812 ATH2135 AER0169 AEV0522 AMP1112 ATH1778 ATH1813 ATH2136 AER0170 AEV0523 AMP1129 ATH1779 ATH1814 ATH2234 AER0171 AEV0529 AMP1134 ATH1780 ATH1815 ATH2313 AER0172 AEV0552 AMP1171 ATH1781 ATH1816 ATH2326 AER0173 AEV0553 AMP1225 ATH1782 ATH1817 ATH2331
644 ATH4589 BLK2478 CRK3033 EPI2801 MUS3622 NRE1481 ATH4590 BLK2521 CYP3272 EPI4992 MUS3623 NRE1482 BLK2414 BLK2522 CYP3282 EPI4993 MUS3624 NRE1483 BLK2416 BLK2523 CYP3296 EPI4994 MUS3642 NRE1484 BLK2417 BLK2524 CYP3298 EPI4995 MUS3663 NRE1485 BLK2426 BLK2525 CYP3303 EPI5024 MUS3664 NRE1537 BLK2428 BLK2568 CYP3306 EPI5035 MUS3665 NRE3721 BLK2431 BLK2587 CYP3310 EPI5036 MUS3667 NRE3726 BLK2432 BLK2591 CYP3322 EPI5037 MUS3668 NRE3800 BLK2437 BLK2592 CYP3326 ERT3340 MUS3670 NRE3832 BLK2446 BLK4989 CYP3327 ERT3450 MUS4477 NRE3905 BLK2448 BLK4990 CYP4877 ERT3470 MUS4886 NRE3906 BLK2450 CGR2638 CYP4878 ERT3478 MUS4996 NRE3907 BLK2451 CGR2664 EGP4482 ION4407 MUS4998 NRE3908 BLK2453 CGR2666 EGP4495 MUS3273 MUS5004 NRE3909 BLK2456 COR2806 EPI2571 MUS3277 MUS5214 NRE3913 BLK2461 COR2958 EPI2572 MUS3324 NGR4016 NRE3971 BLK2464 COR2988 EPI2573 MUS3566 NGR4041 NRE3985 BLK2465 COR3006 EPI2574 MUS3568 NGR4743 NRE3989 BLK2474 COR3007 EPI2575 MUS3594 NGR5118 PEL5199 BLK2475 COR4530 EPI2576 MUS3598 NGR5122 BLK2476 COR4903 EPI2727 MUS3617 NRE1480
k. Chous
AFR0644 AME0767 ATH1828 ATH1919 ATH2159 CRT3239 AME0762 AME0768 ATH1829 ATH1984 ATH2160 ERT3339 AME0763 AME0850 ATH1830 ATH1985 ATH2320 ERT3399 AME0764 AME0851 ATH1831 ATH2125 ATH2351 ERT3421 AME0765 ATH1826 ATH1832 ATH2126 BLK4571 MUS3571 AME0766 ATH1827 ATH1833 ATH2137 COR2959 MUS4500
1. West Slope oinochoe
AEV0521 ATH2106 CGR2616 ERT3395 NGR4091 NGR5246 ATH1820 ATH2305 CGR2667 MUS3164 NGR4101 PEL4260 ATH1821 ATH2341 CGR2750 MUS3563 NGR4113 PEL5195 ATH1822 ATH2352 CGR2751 MUS3613 NGR4147 ATH1823 ATH2366 CGR2753 MUS3614 NGR4656 ATH1824 ATH4592 CGR2754 MUS5014 NGR5119 ATH1825 BLK2419 COR2957 NGR4022 NGR5130 ATH1908 BLK2435 ERT3394 NGR4046 NGR5245
645 m. Oinochoe, thin neck
AEV0294 CGR2746 CRK3153 EPI4963 MUS3673 PEL5327 ATH1834 CGR4109 CYP3312 EPI4964 NRE1487 ATH1835 CRK3080 EPI4960 EPI4965 PEL4860 ATH1836 CRK3090 EPI4961 EPI4966 PEL4861 CGR2658 CRK3135 EPI4962 MUS3671 PEL5326
n. Situla
ATH1839 ATH1841 ATH1843 ATH1845 ATH2306 CGR4440 ATH1840 ATH1842 ATH1844 ATH1846 CGR4366
o. Guttus
AER0182 AEV0355 AMP1061 ATH2291 CGR2712 MUS3647 AER0183 AEV0448 AMP1062 ATH2292 CRK3140 NGR2481 AER0184 AEV0605 AMV1511 ATH2293 CRK3141 NGR4092 AER0185 AME0773 ATH2162 ATH2294 CRK3155 NGR4093 AER0186 AME0774 ATH2285 ATH2333 EGP4479 NGR4152 AER0189 AME0775 ATH2286 ATH2338 ERT3401 NGR4182 AER0190 AME0776 ATH2287 ATH2339 ERT3531 NGR4192 AEV0271 AME0777 ATH2288 BLK2582 ERT3532 NGR4193 AEV0272 AMP0936 ATH2289 CGR2651 ION4405 NGR4662 AEV0353 AMP0937 ATH2290 CGR2652 ION4406 NRE3847
D. Lagynos
AER0181 ATH2261 BLK2589 EPI4175 MUS3674 PEL4330 AER0187 ATH2353 CGR2714 ERT3402 NGR5297 PEL5198 AER0188 ATH2354 CGR2731 ERT3403 NRE3776 PEL5220 AME0778 ATH5320 CYP3279 ERT3422 NRE3983 ATH2229 BLK2466 EPI4029 MUS3271 PEL4259
q. Double cruet
AER0191 AME0790 ATH1886 CGR2674 ERT3481 MUS2677 AEV0304 AMP1063 ATH1887 CGR2675 ERT5185 MUS2678 AEV0462 ATH1882 CGR2611 CGR4859 ERT5186 MUS2679 AEV4892 ATH1883 CGR2660 COR4898 ERT5187 MUS3704 AEV4900 ATH1884 CGR2670 EPI4968 ERT5188 MUS4626 AEV4901 ATH1885 CGR2671 ERT3479 MUS2676 MUS4902
646 r. Pouring vessels, other
AER0178 CRK3089 CRK3163 CRT3240 AER0179 CRK3091 CRK3173 CRT5166 AEV0306 CRK3092 CRK3174 CRT5322 ATH1837 CRK3094 CRK3175 CYP3321 ATH1838 CRK3095 CRK3176 ERT3470 ATH1987 CRK3097 CRK3177 MUS2144 ATH2006 CRK3098 CRK3178 MUS3221 ATH2007 CRK3100 CRK3179 MUS3599 ATH2008 CRK3101 CRK3180 MUS3641 ATH2009 CRK3102 CRK3181 MUS3672 ATH2270 CRK3103 CRK3182 MUS4627 ATH2271 CRK3104 CRK3183 MUS5015 ATH2272 CRK3105 CRK3184 MUS5292 ATH2273 CRK3106 CRK3185 NGR4957 ATH2274 CRK3109 CRK3186 NGR5296 ATH2275 CRK3111 CRK3187 NGR5296 ATH2276 CRK3112 CRK3188 NRE3848 ATH2340 CRK3113 CRK3189 PEL4389 ATH4607 CRK3116 CRK3190 PEL4390 ATH4609 CRK3117 CRK3191 PEL4391 BLK4985 CRK3118 CRK3204 PEL5195 CGR4379 CRK3119 CRK3205 PEL5217 CRK3031 CRK3122 CRK3206 PEL5218 CRK3036 CRK3123 CRK3207 PEL5304 CRK3037 CRK3124 CRK3208 CRK3038 CRK3130 CRK3209 CRK3039 CRK3136 CRK3210 CRK3067 CRK3137 CRK3213 CRK3068 CRK3138 CRK3214 CRK3069 CRK3139 CRK3215 CRK3070 CRK3142 CRK3216 CRK3071 CRK3145 CRK3217 CRK3072 CRK3146 CRK3218 CRK3073 CRK3148 CRK3241 CRK3074 CRK3149 CRK3242 CRK3075 CRK3150 CRK3256 CRK3076 CRK3154 CRK3258 CRK3077 CRK3157 CRT0340 CRK3078 CRK3158 CRT3013 CRK3079 CRK3159 CRT3015 CRK3087 CRK3160 CRT3046 CRK3088 CRK3161 CRT3227
647 II.iv Toiletry vessels a. Pyxis, type A (and related)
AER0208 AER0222 AER0225 AMP 1064 ATH2168 NGR5291 AER0209 AER0223 AER0226 ATH1939 CRT3047 AER0210 AER0224 AER0227 ATH2164 NGR4005 b. Pyxis, type B
AER0195 ATH4513 ERT3349 MUS5267 NGR4086 NGR4955 AER0196 ATH4973 ERT3428 MUS5268 NGR4088 NGR4956 AER0197 BLK2443 ERT3480 NGR2374 NGR4090 NGR5209 AER0198 BLK2444 ERT3548 NGR2375 NGR4095 NGR5223 AER0200 BLK5232 ION4397 NGR2376 NGR4096 NGR5224 AER0201 BLK5233 ION4399 NGR2384 NGR4097 NGR5225 AER0202 BLK5234 ION4400 NGR2396 NGR4098 NGR5244 AER0203 BLK5235 ION4401 NGR2411 NGR4119 NGR5247 AER0205 BLK5237 ION5249 NGR3992 NGR4122 NGR5250 AEV0343 BLK5270 MUS2442 NGR4000 NGR4136 NGR5251 AEV0434 CGR2615 MUS3053 NGR4001 NGR4137 NGR5253 ATH1888 CGR2694 MUS3564 NGR4002 NGR4138 NGR5255 ATH1889 CGR2735 MUS3567 NGR4014 NGR4155 NGR5256 ATH1890 CGR2736 MUS3569 NGR4021 NGR4157 NGR5260 ATH1891 CGR2740 MUS3595 NGR4040 NGR4178 NGR5264 ATH1892 CGR4110 MUS3597 NGR4043 NGR4179 NGR5265 ATH1893 CGR4380 MUS3611 NGR4044 NGR4186 NGR5271 ATH1894 CGR4403 MUS3615 NGR4066 NGR4187 NGR5272 ATH1895 CGR4457 MUS3618 NGR4067 NGR4188 NGR5273 ATH1896 CGR4458 MUS3644 NGR4068 NGR4189 NGR5274 ATH1897 CGR5240 MUS3700 NGR4069 NGR4196 NGR5275 ATH1898 CGR5248 MUS3701 NGR4071 NGR4197 NGR5276 ATH1899 COR4528 MUS4194 NGR4072 NGR4257 NGR5277 ATH1900 CRT3224 MUS4195 NGR4073 NGR4642 NGR5278 ATH1901 CRT3233 MUS4614 NGR4074 NGR4643 NGR5279 ATH1913 CRT3234 MUS5012 NGR4075 NGR4644 NGR5280 ATH1932 CRT5167 MUS5018 NGR4076 NGR4645 NGR5284 ATH1933 EPI2371 MUS5236 NGR4077 NGR4646 NGR5287 ATH1962 EPI2794 MUS5238 NGR4078 NGR4647 NGR5288 ATH2103 EPI2797 MUS5239 NGR4079 NGR4648 NGR5289 ATH2152 EPI5020 MUS5241 NGR4080 NGR4649 PEL4394 ATH2165 EPI5242 MUS5257 NGR4081 NGR4650 PEL4395 ATH2166 EPI5262 MUS5258 NGR4082 NGR4653 PEL4396 ATH2192 EPI5263 MUS5259 NGR4083 NGR4654 ATH2277 EPI5285 MUS5261 NGR4084 NGR4904 ATH2368 EPI5286 MUS5266 NGR4085 NGR4913
648 c. Pyxis, type C
AME0783 AME0784 AMV1385 PEL5191 e. Reversible lid
AER0013 AMP1036 ATH2047 ATH2067 ATH2176 CGR2624 AER0193 AMP1037 ATH2048 ATH2068 ATH2177 CGR2692 AER0207 AMP1038 ATH2049 ATH2083 ATH2178 CGR2745 AEV0604 AMP1039 ATH2050 ATH2084 ATH2179 CGR2755 AME0748 AMP 1040 ATH2051 ATH2085 ATH2180 CGR4381 AME0789 AMP1041 ATH2052 ATH2086 ATH2181 CGR4427 AME0791 AMP 1042 ATH2053 ATH2087 ATH2182 CGR4445 AME0792 AMP1043 ATH2054 ATH2088 ATH2183 CGR4446 AME0793 AMP1056 ATH2055 ATH2089 ATH2184 CGR4449 AME0797 AMP1113 ATH2056 ATH2090 ATH2185 CGR4452 AMP0881 AMP1172 ATH2057 ATH2140 ATH2232 ERT3454 AMP1027 AM V1464 ATH2058 ATH2141 ATH2280 ERT3458 AMP1028 AMV1514 ATH2059 ATH2143 ATH2317 ERT3469 AMP1029 AMV1527 ATH2060 ATH2169 ATH2318 ERT3542 AMP1030 ATH1940 ATH2061 ATH2170 ATH2369 NGR4203 AMP1031 ATH2042 ATH2062 ATH2171 ATH4610 NGR4912 AMP1032 ATH2043 ATH2063 ATH2172 BLK2529 PEL4333 AMP1033 ATH2044 ATH2064 ATH2173 BLK2533 AMP1034 ATH2045 ATH2065 ATH2174 BLK2590 AMP1035 ATH2046 ATH2066 ATH2175 CGR2596 f. Lekanis
AME0788 AMP 1044 AMP1045 AMP 1046 AMP 1047 g. Lebes gamikos
AER0126 AEV0543 MUS3562 NGR4013 NGR4111 AEV0540 CRK3085 MUS3620 NGR4070 NGR4156 AEV0541 CRK3198 MUS5005 NGR4087 NGR4655 AEV0542 EPI2796 NGR2373 NGR4099 PEL4970
649 d. Unguentarium
BLK5032 COR4552 EPI2800 MUS3640 NGR4118 CGR4383 EPI2795 EPI4173 NGR4100 NGR5226 COR4549 EPI2799 MUS3639 NGR4102 NRE3848
650 II.v Imports by origin a. Import Athens / Attic
AER0003 AER0144 AEV0565 BLK2541 COR3006 ERT3524 AER0007 AER0145 AEV0566 BLK2544 COR3007 ERT3525 AER0008 AER0178 AEV0602 BLK2548 COR4526 ERT3535 AER0014 AER0179 AFR0615 BLK2549 COR4530 ERT3537 AER0015 AER0180 AFR0623 BLK2550 COR4547 MUS2442 AER0016 AER0183 AFR0630 BLK2551 COR4548 MUS3607 AER0017 AER0184 AFR0631 BLK2552 CRK3170 MUS3608 AER0039 AER0185 AFR0640 BLK2553 CRK3171 MUS3624 AER0040 AER0186 AFR0642 BLK2583 CRK3172 MUS3625 AER0041 AER0187 AFR0643 BLK2584 CRK3195 MUS3643 AER0073 AER0188 AFR0644 BLK2587 CRK3197 MUS4460 AER0074 AER0191 AFR0645 BLK4129 CRK3198 MUS4463 AER0075 AER0194 AME0786 BLK4130 CRK3199 MUS4464 AER0076 AER0195 AMP1225 BLK4131 CYP3279 MUS4477 AER0077 AER0196 AMP4558 BLK4132 EGP4465 MUS5008 AER0078 AER0197 AMV1388 BLK4133 EGP4471 MUS5009 AER0079 AER0198 BLK2372 BLK4134 EGP4473 MUS5174 AER0080 AER0228 BLK2417 BLK4135 EGP4504 MUS5239 AER0081 AER0229 BLK2426 BLK4176 EGP4505 MUS5303 AER0082 AER0230 BLK2435 BLK4177 EGP4507 NGR4041 AER0083 AER0232 BLK2437 BLK4570 EGP4508 NGR4042 AER0090 AER4638 BLK2438 BLK4571 EGP4510 NRE1477 AER0091 AEV0240 BLK2439 BLK4572 EGP4977 NRE3761 AER0092 AEV0330 BLK2440 BLK4582 EPI4967 NRE3766 AER0093 AEV0332 BLK2443 BLK5232 EPI4968 NRE3785 AER0094 AEV0351 BLK2444 BLK5233 ERT3334 NRE3786 AER0095 AEV0360 BLK2446 BLK5235 ERT3339 NRE3800 AER0096 AEV0362 BLK2448 BLK5237 ERT3344 NRE3801 AER0097 AEV0375 BLK2450 CGR2597 ERT3361 NRE3802 AER0098 AEV0376 BLK2457 CGR2598 ERT3362 NRE3803 AER0099 AEV0433 BLK2470 CGR2599 ERT3363 NRE3804 AER0100 AEV0452 BLK2471 CGR2600 ERT3364 NRE3805 AER0101 AEV0458 BLK2484 CGR2659 ERT3365 NRE3806 AER0102 AEV0462 BLK2487 COR2933 ERT3366 NRE3807 AER0103 AEV0520 BLK2495 COR2935 ERT3367 NRE3809 AER0104 AEV0548 BLK2498 COR2959 ERT3368 NRE3810 AER0105 AEV0558 BLK2499 COR2967 ERT3375 NRE3811 AER0107 AEV0559 BLK2511 COR2968 ERT3400 NRE3812 AER0126 AEV0560 BLK2523 COR2978 ERT3429 NRE3834 AER0140 AEV0561 BLK2525 COR2979 ERT3495 NRE3835 AER0141 AEV0562 BLK2537 COR2993 ERT3501 NRE3836 AER0142 AEV0563 BLK2538 COR2995 ERT3502 NRE3837 AER0143 AEV0564 BLK2539 COR2996 ERT3517 NRE3838
651 NRE3840 NRE3909 NRE3963 NRE3968 NRE3985 NRE3905 NRE3915 NRE3964 NRE3969 NRE3989 NRE3906 NRE3959 NRE3965 NRE3980 NRE5315 NRE3907 NRE3960 NRE3966 NRE3981 NRE3908 NRE3962 NRE3967 NRE3983
b. Import Corinth
COR2968 ION4420
c. Import Rhodes
AER0218 BLK2560 BLK2562 CYP3308 BLK2559 BLK2561 CYP3260 CYP3309
d. Import Ephesos
CYP3318
e. Import Pergamon
AER0018 AER0043 AER0048 AER0086 AER0113 AER0118 AER0019 AER0044 AER0049 AER0109 AER0114 AER0119 AER0020 AER0045 AER0050 AER0110 AER0115 AER0120 AER0027 AER0046 AER0084 AER0111 AER0116 AER0042 AER0047 AER0085 AER0112 AER0117 AER0121 AER0159 AEV0346 AEV0378 AEV0431 AM V1344 AER0122 AER0160 AEV0348 AEV0379 AEV0432 AMV1345 AER0123 AER0161 AEV0359 AEV0380 AEV0595 AMV1346 AER0146 AER0162 AEV0361 AEV0381 AEV0596 AMV1376 AER0147 AER0163 AEV0364 AEV0382 AEV0597 AMV1377 AER0148 AER0164 AEV0365 AEV0384 AEV0598 AMV1380 AER0149 AER0192 AEV0366 AEV0385 AEV0599 AMV1381 AER0150 AER0199 AEV0367 AEV0387 AEV0600 AMV1384 AER0151 AER0200 AEV0368 AEV0388 AEV0601 AMV4574 AER0152 AER0211 AEV0369 AEV0389 AFR0621 ATH2336 AER0153 AER0212 AEV0370 AEV0390 AFR0622 ATH2337 AER0154 AER0213 AEV0371 AEV0396 AFR0627 ATH2348 AER0155 AER0214 AEV0372 AEV0397 AMV1285 ATH2350 AER0156 AER0215 AEV0373 AEV0398 AMV1288 ATH2355 AER0157 AER0216 AEV0374 AEV0399 AMV1290 ATH2356 AER0158 AER0217 AEV0377 AEV0430 AMV1322 ATH2358
652 ATH2359 BLK2451 BLK2480 BLK2566 CYP3293 NRE3716 ATH2369 BLK2456 BLK2482 BLK2567 CYP3294 NRE3717 BLK2413 BLK2461 BLK2483 BLK2568 CYP3295 NRE3718 BLK2414 BLK2464 BLK2521 BLK2569 EGP4469 NRE3922 BLK2416 BLK2472 BLK2522 BLK2570 EGP4476 NRE3923 BLK2422 BLK2474 BLK2524 COR2973 EGP4482 BLK2423 BLK2475 BLK2533 COR2984 EGP4487 BLK2424 BLK2476 BLK2543 COR4543 EGP4491 BLK2425 BLK2477 BLK2545 COR4546 EGP4495 BLK2428 BLK2479 BLK2546 COR4903 MUS3706 f. Import Northern Greece
ATH2370 NGR2373 NGR2376 NGR2411 NGR4097 EPI2371 NGR2374 NGR2384 NGR4095 NGR4098 EPI4966 NGR2375 NGR2396 NGR4096 NGR4099 e. Import Central Greece
AFR0642 ATH2345 ERT3381 ERT3385 ERT3426 AFR0643 ERT3349 ERT3382 ERT3417 ERT3536 AT H2344 ERT3380 ERT3383 ERT3418 h. Import Peloponnese
COR2962 COR2963 i. Import Aegean
AFR0624 BLK2554 BLK2557 CYP3321 EGP4506 EGP4639 AFR0625 BLK2555 BLK2558 CYP3325 EGP4508 PEL4259 AFR0626 BLK2556 CYP3291 EGP4479 EGP4509 i. Import Crete
CYP3261 CYP3321 MUS3169 k. Import Asia Minor
653 AEV0329 BLK2453 BLK2509 BLK2528 CYP3278 CYP3317 AMV1394 BLK2454 BLK2510 BLK2529 CYP3280 CYP3320 BLK2421 BLK2478 BLK2516 BLK2530 CYP3284 CYP3325 BLK2431 BLK2489 BLK2517 BLK2531 CYP3285 EGP4469 BLK2432 BLK2505 BLK2518 BLK2538 CYP3286 EGP4475 BLK2433 BLK2506 BLK2519 BLK2560 CYP3287 EGP4476 BLK2434 BLK2507 BLK2526 BLK2589 CYP3288 MUS3324 BLK2452 BLK2508 BLK2527 CRK3108 CYP3310 MUS5004
1. Import Near East
AER0004 CYP3278 CYP3313 CYP3328 EGP4480 NRE5316 AER0005 CYP3280 CYP3314 CYP4585 EGP4485 NRE5318 AER0006 CYP3292 CYP3315 CYP4586 EGP4486 AER0138 CYP3298 CYP3316 CYP4877 EGP4492 AER0139 CYP3301 CYP3319 CYP4878 EGP4493 CYP3262 CYP3304 CYP3323 CYP4879 EGP4511 CYP3263 CYP3305 CYP3326 EGP4474 NRE3767 CYP3264 CYP3312 CYP3327 EGP4478 NRE5314
m. Import Cyprus
CYP3278 CYP3284 CYP3286 CYP3288 CYP3297 CYP4878 CYP3280 CYP3285 CYP3287 CYP3296 CYP4877 NRE3708
n. Import Italy
AEV0300 AFR0646 ATH2359 CRT5162 CYP3302 EPI4967 AFR0630 AFR0647 ATH2367 CRT5163 EGP4481 NRE3771 AFR0631 ATH2343 CRT5161 CRT5168 EGP4490
o. Import uncertain origin
AER0002 AEV0310 AEV0321 AME0744 AMV1348 ATH2340 AEV0235 AEV0311 AEV0333 AME0745 AMV1349 ATH2341 AEV0236 AEV0312 AEV0434 AME0746 AMV1350 ATH2342 AEV0237 AEV0313 AEV0435 AME0747 AMV1351 ATH2346 AEV0238 AEV0314 AEV0436 AME0755 AMV1357 ATH2347 AEV0304 AEV0315 AEV0437 AME0756 AMV1358 ATH2349 AEV0305 AEV0316 AEV0438 AME0769 AMV1359 ATH2351 AEV0306 AEV0317 AEV0439 AME0856 AMV1360 ATH2352 AEV0307 AEV0318 AME0649 AMP0939 AMV1379 ATH2353 AEV0308 AEV0319 AME0660 AMP0944 ATH2338 ATH2354 AEV0309 AEV0320 AME0739 AMP1129 ATH2339 ATH2357
654 ATH2360 ATH2361 AT H2362 ATH2363 ATH2364 ATH2365 ATH2366 BLK4883 COR4550 EGP4502 NGR2398 NRE3839 ATH2368 BLK4885 COR4551 EGP4503 NGR2399 NRE3841 ATH5320 BLK5231 CYP3266 EPI2577 NGR2400 NRE3847 BLK2441 BLK5234 CYP3282 EPI4890 NGR2401 NRE3848 BLK2465 CGR4431 CYP3283 ERT3428 NGR2402 NRE3889 BLK2467 CGR4434 CYP3299 MUS4494 NGR2403 NRE3890 BLK2490 CGR4439 CYP3300 MUS4905 NGR2404 NRE3924 BLK2491 CGR4441 CYP3302 MUS4906 NGR2405 NRE3952 BLK2493 CGR4442 CYP3306 MUS4907 NGR2406 NRE3954 BLK2496 CGR4444 CYP3311 M US4908 NGR2407 NRE3955 BLK2500 CGR4451 CYP3322 MUS4911 NGR2408 NRE3961 BLK2501 COR2971 CYP4584 MUS5173 NGR2409 NRE3970 BLK2512 COR2981 EGP4466 NGR2387 NGR2410 NRE3971 BLK2532 COR2986 EGP4467 NGR2388 NGR2481 NRE3975 BLK2536 COR2989 EGP4468 NGR2389 NGR2595 NRE3976 BLK2540 COR2991 EGP4470 NGR2390 NGR4016 NRE3977 BLK2542 COR2994 EGP4472 NGR2391 NRE1482 NRE3978 BLK2563 COR3005 EGP4483 NGR2392 NRE3762 PEL4311 BLK2564 COR4524 EGP4484 NGR2393 NRE3763 BLK2565 COR4544 EGP4488 NGR2394 NRE3764 BLK2590 COR4545 EGP4489 NGR2395 NRE3765 BLK2592 COR4549 EGP4501 NGR2397 NRE3770
655 Il.vi Museum holdings by origin a. Athens MUS3601 MUS4626 MUS4944 MUS5014 MUS3624 MUS5008 MUS3619 MUS3603 MUS3609 MUS3607 MUS3625 MUS5009 MUS3707 MUS3604 MUS3626 MUS3608 MUS4477 MUS4621 MUS4618 MUS3641 MUS3643 MUS5174 MUS4622 MUS4619 MUS3642 MUS5303 MUS4460 MUS4624 MUS4620 MUS3694 MUS2442 MUS4463 MUS4625 MUS4943 MUS5012 MUS5239 MUS4464
b. C orinth MUS3567
c. Ephesos MUS3687
d. Pergamon MUS3568 MUS3622 MUS4886 MUS3566 MUS3686 MUS3635 MUS3605 MUS3623 MUS5329 MUS3706 MUS3634
e. Northern Greece MUS3564
f. Central Greece MUS2676 MUS2677 MUS2678 MUS2679 MUS5016 MUS5268
g. Crete MUS5017 MUS3164 MUS4996 MUS5002 MUS5003 MUS3169
h. Cyprus MUS3267 MUS3268 MUS3277
i. A sia M inor MUS3324 MUS5004 MUS5015 MUS3606
656 j. Black Sea MUS3677 k. Italy? MUS3168
657 III. Maps
The maps compiled in the following pages plot the sites from which West Slope pottery has been reported, or sites that are otherwise mentioned in the text. References to these sites are made in the discussions of motifs, shapes and productions. While some of these sites are well known others are smaller settlements and may be unfamiliar to readers. The maps are provided so that this unfamiliarity is not a hindrance. Furthermore the maps make it is easier to visualise the distribution of West Slope pottery and certain of its characteristics so that patterns, and their relationship to geographical and other factors, are more easily understood. Note, however, that the outlines follow modem coastlines.
658 m.i: Adriatic and Black Sea Coasts ¡7 Ill.ii: Greece Northern Ill.ii:
o c .2 a M CL Ill.iii: Central Greece Ill.iv: Peloponnese III.v: Northern Aegean III.vi: Southern Aegean III.vii: Crete IILviii: Asia Minor Coast Ill.ix: Levantine Coast III.x: Near East IILxii: Egypt and Africa Ill.xiii: Black Sea Coast IV Bibliography
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A., 1987, 'Pozdheellnisticheskii keramicheskii kompleks iz Gorgippii', Kratki Soobchenja 189, pp. 70-75 710 IV.ii Bibliographic Abbreviations AAA - ApxaiA-oyiKct Avà7eKxa e£, AGqvcbv AA - Archäologischer Anzeiger AAeXx - ApxaiXoyiKÖv AeA.xiov AE- ApxaioÀ.oyiKf| Eipqpepiç AJA - American Journal of Archaeology AJug - Archaeologica Jugoslavia AM - Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung AntK - Antike Kunst ArchCl - Archeologia classica ASAtene - Annuario della [Reale] Scuola Archeologica di Atene BABesch - Bulletin antieke beschaving. Annual Papers on Classical Archaeology BASOR - Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BCH- Bulletin de correspondance hellénique BICS- Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London BSA - Annual of the British School at Athens CRAI - Compte Rendus. Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres CVA - Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum Ergon / Epyov - To 'Epyov xqç ev A0qvaiç ApxaioXoyuaiç Exaipeiaç FuB - Forschungen und Berichte Staatliche Museen zu Berlin Ist For sch - Istanbuler Forschungen IstMitt - Istanbuler Mitteilungen JARCE - Journal. American Research Center in Egypt Jdl - Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts JGS- Journal of Glass Studies JHS - Journal of Hellenic Studies MEFR - Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire de l’École française de Rome MEFRA - Mélanges de l’École française de Rome, Antiquité MIA - Materialy i issledovaniia MonPiot - Monuments et memoirs. Foundation E. Piot ÖJhBeib\ - Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien, Beiblatt n A E - npaKTiKà xqç ev A0f|vai<; ApxaioXoytKfiç Exaipeiaç RdA - Rivista di Archeologia RCRF - Rei Cretariæ Romanæ Favtorvm Acta RDAC - Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus Rev Ar ch - Ré vue archéologique Riv 1st Arch - Rivista dell’Instituto nazionale d’archeologia e storia dell’arte SIMA - Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology SovArch - Sovetskaja archeologija St Ant - Studi di Antichita TürkArchDerg - Türk arkeoloji dergisi 711