Dai Kibbutz Alla Nakba

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Dai Kibbutz Alla Nakba Dai kibbutz alla Nakba sionismo laburista, movimento operaio e pulizia etnica della Palestina (1881 – 1948) In copertina: - manifesto propagandistico del MAPAI (dal 1968 Partito Laburista Israeliano), 1955 - attivisti dei kibbutz appartenenti al movimento Hashomer Hatzair - Nakba palestinese del 1948 2 indice nota introduttiva……………………………………………………………………………p.5 principali fonti citate………….…………………………………………………………..p.6 principali organizzazioni citate………………………………………………………….p.7 1. La fondazione del sionismo laburista…………………………………………p.9 La nascita del sionismo……………………………………………p.9 Il sionismo e l’idea coloniale……………………………………...p.10 Il primo sionismo e gli arabi palestinesi………………………….p.10 Il sionismo socialista e gli arabi palestinesi: Syrkin………………p.11 Borokhov e il borokhovismo……………………………………...p.12 Primi passi in Palestina……………………………………………p.15 La “conquista del lavoro”…………………………………………p.16 La lotta per il “lavoro ebraico”……………………………………p.17 Separatismo economico e formazione del proletariato……………p.17 2. Il sionismo laburista e la classe operaia araba (1920 – 29)…………………p.19 Sviluppi del sionismo laburista: Ben-Tzvi……………………….p.19 Nascita dell’Histadrut…………………………………………….p.22 “E’ chiaro che dobbiamo organizzarli, ma…”…………………...p.23 Le rivolte antisioniste del 1920 – 21……………………………..p.24 Ben-Gurion e la classe operaia araba…………………………….p.24 Affermazione della linea di Ben-Gurion…………………………p.27 La controversia con Poalei Zion Smol……………………………p.28 Le lotte a Nesher, 1924 – 25……………………………………..p.29 L’intervento sul proletariato arabo e la Quarta Aliyah………..…p.31 Lo sciopero dei falegnami e dei sarti…………………………….p.33 Hapoel Hatzair e il “buon esempio” dell’apartheid sudafricana…p.34 Dalla “missione storica” alla “non interferenza”………………...p.36 3. I ferrovieri in Palestina I (1919 – 25): lotta per l’unità arabo-ebraica…….p.39 I primi salariati delle ferrovie……………………………………p.40 Primi contatti tra ferrovieri arabi ed ebrei……………………….p.41 Ricerca dell’unità e sabotaggio sionista…………………………p.42 Lotta per l’unità e campagna anticomunista dell’Histadrut……..p.44 Apice dell’unità arabo-ebraica…………………………………..p.46 Motivazioni della scissione……………………………………...p.48 Nascita della PAWS…………………………………………….p.50 4. I ferrovieri in Palestina II (1925 – 39): cooperazione e conflitto……………p.52 Una classe operaia, due sindacati………………………………p.52 Rivalità e dialogo………………………………………………p.54 Competizione e cooperazione nei primi anni ’30………………p.55 Le agitazioni del 1935………………………………………….p.57 I ferrovieri durante la rivolta araba…………………………….p.58 Hashomer Hatzair e i ferrovieri………………………………..p.60 3 5. Il proletariato arabo nel mirino dell’Histadrut (1925 – 39)………………...p.62 Nascita del MAPAI e ripresa della “attività araba”……………...p.62 Gli scioperi degli autisti………………………………………….p.65 Crisi della “attività araba”……………………………………….p.68 I portuali di Haifa e la nascita della PLL………………………..p.69 Problemi del lavoro ebraico……………………………………..p.71 La PLL e la PAWS si contendono i salariati arabi………………p.73 I cavatori di Nesher……………………………………………..p.74 Difficoltà della PLL ad Haifa……………………………………p.76 Lavoratori arabi e lavoro ebraico nei moshavot…………………p.77 I portuali di Jaffa e i tessitori di Al-Majdan…………………….p.79 Organizzazione del lavoro e spionaggio sionista………………..p.80 Nascita dell’AWS e campagna contro l’Histadrut………………p.81 I portuali di Jaffa abbandonano la PLL…………………………p.82 L’affare “Even Vesid” e lo sciopero all’IPC…………………….p.82 La guerriglia di al-Qassam e atri prodromi della rivolta…………p.84 6. La Grande Rivolta Araba e il sionismo laburista (1936 – 39)…..……………p.86 Lo sciopero generale e il lavoro ebraico……………..……………..p.87 La PLL durante la rivolta…………………………………..……….p.89 La commissione Peel e il lavoro in Palestina……………………....p.92 “Il nocciolo della questione”…………….…………………………p.93 La soppressione della rivolta………………….……………………p.95 Ideologia della fratellanza e realtà della segregazione…………..….p.97 7. Movimento operaio e sinistra negli anni della guerra (1939 – 45)………….p.98 Gli anni della guerra: mutamento economico e politico……………p.98 I ferrovieri: dall’alienazione alla lotta comune……………………..p.100 L’Histadrut, Hashomer Hatzair e l’attività araba...............................p.101 La ripresa del movimento operaio arabo…………………………….p.103 Hashomer Hatzair verso la sinistra araba……………………………p.105 La rinascita della PLL………………………………………………..p.106 I campi militari, i lavoratori dei campi e la lotta tra i sindacati……...p.107 La scissione del PCP e la formazione della NLL……………………p.111 Sconfitta della PLL…………………………………………………..p.112 Lotte di classe e movimento operaio arabo…………………………..p.115 8. Verso la Catastrofe (1945 – 48)……………………………………..……… .p.117 Prospettive di cooperazione……………………………………….…p.117 Il settore petrolifero 1943 – 48………………....……………………p.119 Lo sciopero generale dell’aprile 1946…………………....………….p.121 Le basi militari inglesi 1945 – 48……………………………………p.122 La disintegrazione del movimento operaio arabo…………….……...p.123 L’ultimo servigio della PLL al sionismo…………………………….p.125 Hashomer Hatzair e la fine del sogno binazionale…………………...p.125 La Nakba ad Haifa…………………………………….……………..p.127 4 nota introduttiva Il presente testo affronta un aspetto specifico fondamentale della storia del sionismo: come questa ideologia si sia declinata nel movimento socialista della prima metà del Novecento, al fine di cooptare strati di proletari ebrei, in larga parte dell’Europa orientale, nel progetto di colonizzazione della Palestina. La componente socialista (o laburista) del sionismo fu altrettanto importante quanto la componente borghese-liberale, e anzi dall’inizio degli anni ’30 sotto la guida di David Ben-Gurion (futuro primo premier di Israele) divenne la fazione egemone nel movimento sionista mondiale. Si può dire che il sionismo, mentre nella versione liberale originaria acquisì dalla borghesia ebraica il capitale, nella sua veste laburista prelevò dalle masse ebraiche impoverite dell’Europa orientale gli uomini e le braccia per l’insediamento in Palestina. La corrente laburista inoltre contese alla corrente sionista di destra (o revisionista) l’organizzazione militare delle colonie. La migrazione di centinaia di migliaia di proletari ebrei in Palestina suscitò nel paese numerose lotte di classe unitarie con il nascente proletariato arabo, ma tra i dirigenti sionisti laburisti prevalse sempre la linea che privilegiava la “conquista del lavoro ebraico” e la segregazione nazionale, sabotando la lotta internazionalista per convogliarla nella lotta per lo stato ebraico. L’epilogo tragico di questa parabola, nella quale furono implicate anche le fazioni più progressiste della sinistra sionista, compreso il movimento dei kibbutz, fu la pulizia etnica della Palestina del 1948. La fonte principale del testo è il libro di Zackary Lochman Comrades and Enemies: Arab and Jewish Workers in Palestine, 1906 – 1948 (1996). marzo 2017 5 principali fonti citate Bulitin, bollettino della federazione dei kibbutz di Hashomer Hatzair Davar, quotidiano dell’Histadrut Filastin giornale palestinese nazionalista Haaretz, quotidiano sionista socialista, fondato nel 1919 e ancor oggi esistente Haifa, giornale del Partito Comunista Palestinese Haqiqat al-Amr, periodico della PLL Al-Ittihad, giornale della NLL Al-Karmil, giornale arabo di Haifa Jewish Frontier, mensile del movimento sionista laburista Kuntres, periodico di Ahdut Haavoda Central Zionist Archives Foreign Office papers (ministero degli esteri inglese) Hashomer Hatzair Archives Histadrut Archives Labour Party Archives (archivi del partito laburista inglese) MAPAI Archives Trade Unions Congress Archives Joel Beinin, Was the Red Flag Flying There?, 1990 Joel Beinin, Knowing your Enemy, Knowing your Ally: the Arabists of Hashomer Hatzair, 1991 Yitzhak Ben-Tzvi, Il movimento arabo, 1921 Edwin Black, The Transfer Agreement, 1984 Ian Black, Zionism and the Arabs 1936 – 39, 1986 Ber Borochov, La questione nazionale e la lotta di classe, 1905 Ber Bochorov, On the Question of Zionism and Territory, 1905 Ber Borochov, La nostra piattaforma, 1906 Musa al-Budayri, Development of the Arab Movement in Palestine, 1981 Paul Cotterell, The Railways of Palestine and Israel, 1984 Shmuel Dothan, Reds: The Communist Party in the Land of Israel, 1991 Bulus Farah, Min al-'uthmaniyya ila al-dawla al-'ibriyya, 1984 Ilan Greilsammer, Les Communistes Israéliens, 1978 David Hachoen, Time to Tell: an Israeli Life 1908 – 1984, 1985 David Horowitz, Rita Hinden, Economic Survey of Palestine, 1938 Simha Kaplan, Zionism and the Palestinians, 1979 Issa Khalaf, Politics in Palestine: Arab Factionalism and Social Disintegration, 1939-1948, 1991 Walid Khalidi, All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated in 1948, 1992 Walid Khalidi, From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem, 1987 Frederick Kish, Palestine Diary, 1938 Neville Mandel, The Arabs and Zionism before World War I, 1976 George Mansur, The Arab Worker under the Palestine Mandate, 1937 Ann Mosely Lesch, Arab politics in Palestine, 1917-1939, 1979 Mordechai Orenstein, Jews, Arabs and British in Palestine: A Left Socialist View, 1936 Yehoshua Porath, The Palestinian Arab National Movement, from Riots to Rebellion, 1977 6 Derek Penslar, Zionism and Technocracy: The Engineering of Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 1991 Yonathan Shapiro, The formative years of the Israeli Labour Party, 1919-30, 1976 Barbara Smith, The Roots of Separatism in Palestine: British Economic Policy, 1920-1929, 1993 Marie Syrkin, Nachman Syrkin, Socialist Zionist: A Biographical Memoir and Selected Essays, 1960 Nachman Syrkin, La questione ebraica
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