A BANDA SLAYER NOS LEVA a PENSAR: O QUE SIGNIFICA REPRESENTAR UM EVENTO LIMITE COMO O HOLOCAUSTO EM UMA CANÇÃO? Reubert Marques Pacheco1

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A BANDA SLAYER NOS LEVA a PENSAR: O QUE SIGNIFICA REPRESENTAR UM EVENTO LIMITE COMO O HOLOCAUSTO EM UMA CANÇÃO? Reubert Marques Pacheco1 “AUSCHWITZ, THE MEANING OF PAIN”: A BANDA SLAYER NOS LEVA A PENSAR: O QUE SIGNIFICA REPRESENTAR UM EVENTO LIMITE COMO O HOLOCAUSTO EM UMA CANÇÃO? Reubert Marques Pacheco1 RESUMO O heavy metal é um novo objeto de investigação historiográfica. Surgido na década de 1970, o heavy metal vem, ao longo destas últimas décadas recrutando legiões de fãs e colecionando polêmicas. Este artigo compõe as atividades de pesquisa desenvolvidas no mestrado da linha História e Cultura da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, onde buscamos entender dentro da dissertação uma parte do imaginário, a iconografia e as representações que remetem a certos tipos de sentimentos como o medo, o horror, trauma, insegurança e violência na contemporaneidade. Neste artigo propomos pensar sobre os usos das memórias traumáticas referentes ao Holocausto e as maneiras como este evento limite poderia ser representado. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, utilizamos a musicalidade do metal extremo como uma forma de discutir sobre este tema pensando a seguinte questão: é possível representar um evento limite como o holocausto em uma música? Quais implicações morais, éticas e teóricas existem neste exercício representativo? Utilizamos como fonte para tal discussão a letra da música “Angel of Death” da banda de thrash metal norte-americana Slayer. Utilizamos como referencial teórico para pensar o rock e seus subgêneros, alguns autores que discutem sobre este tipo de musicalidade e subcultura. Pensamos a musicalidade metal dentro de uma sociedade contemporânea que passa por grandes transformações e para isso recorremos a Zygmunt Bauman para pensarmos esta fluidez das relações e os possíveis diálogos estabelecidos entre os músicos e a sociedade. No tocante aos usos da memória traumática utilizamos alguns autores como Dominick LaCapra, Maria Mudrovic, Cecília Macon e Verônica Tozzi. O metal está atrelado a essa “liquidez” do mundo contemporâneo? PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Thrash metal. Memória. História. Holocausto. Representação. A partir da música Angel of Death composta pela banda norte-americana de thrash metal, o Slayer, propomos neste artigo pensar algumas questões referentes à memória traumática a partir de reflexões que problematizam os usos de tais memórias dentro do trabalho historiográfico. Uma das questões que nos move é: é possível representar um evento limite como o Holocausto em uma canção? A primeira indagação nos remete a segunda: que implicações éticas existem em transformar um acontecimento traumático em uma música? O título deste artigo é uma provocação para pensarmos algumas questões referentes a temas polêmicos e como o historiador deve lidar com eles. No caso não trabalhamos necessariamente com memórias, mas 1 Formado em História pela Universidade Federal de Goiás Campus Catalão no ano de 2012. Mestrando na linha História e Cultura pela Universidade Federal de Uberlândia no programa de 2014. Contatos pelo email: [email protected]. ressignificações e representações de todo um imaginário a cerca do Holocausto. Porém, faz-se pertinente discutirmos a cerca dos usos da memória traumática dentro do trabalho historiográfico para esboçar uma reflexão sobre como determinados sujeitos ressignificam tais memórias e criam representações de um passado traumático. O autor Dominick LaCapra discute sobre as dificuldades que a historiografia atual enfrenta em lidar com as memórias traumáticas. Um evento como o Holocausto lança novas indagações para o historiador principalmente sobre a maneira como ele irá lidar com as vítimas e como construir uma narrativa histórica. Um dos pontos discutidos é a proximidade que o historiador possui com a vítima. Este contato cria um paradigma de como lidar com este tipo de documentação, pois seria complicado contestar a narrativa da vítima, mas ao mesmo tempo esta memória deve ser pensada de maneira crítica. Em outro momento, LaCapra questiona se os métodos atuais de investigação histórica dariam conta de lidar com o testemunho. “No creo que las técnicas convencionales – que en muchos aspectos son necessárias – siempre sean suficientes, y em cierta medida, el estudio del Holocausto puede ayudarnos a reconsiderar los requisitos de la historiografia en general.” (LACAPRA, 2007, p. 175-176) É preciso pensar as formas de escrever sobre tais tipos de memória para não correr o risco de minimiza-las, relativizar, silenciar ou emudecer as vítimas. LaCapra afirma que existem limites a serem considerados na escrita dos testemunhos dados pelas vítimas. Se o objetivismo não consegue lidar com memórias traumáticas, o método da comparação menos ainda. A objetividade e o rigor da narrativa historiográfica em lidar com estes testemunhos criariam limitações no processo de escrita. Estes limites criariam mais problemas do que soluções, pois não dariam conta de expor as angústias, sentimentos e interpretações elaboradas pelas próprias vítimas. O método comparativo trariam problemas ainda mais sérios para o trabalho do historiador. Ao comparar o Holocausto a qualquer outro evento limite corre-se o risco de negar o mesmo, pois limita a criticidade chegando-se ao ponto de até mesmo tratar tal evento como algo normal. LaCapra afirma também que tais dificuldades ocorrem devido ao fato do Holocausto ser único. LaCapra fazendo referência a Eberhard Jäckel afirma: El extermínio nazi de los judíos fue único porque nunca antes un Estado, bajo la autoridad responsable de su líder, había decidido y anunciado que un específico grupo de seres humanos, incluyendo ancianos, mujeres, ninos y bebés, sería asesinado hasta el último de ellos, implementando dicha decisíon con todos los médios a su alcance. (JÄCKEL apud LACAPRA, 2007, p. 178) Fazer comparações entre eventos limites ou relativiza-los implica em questões morais e éticas. São eventos que proporcionaram momentos difíceis na vida das pessoas e que precisam ser pensados. Por mais que haja dificuldades em transferir tais experiências para o trabalho historiográfico devido aos limites da linguagem – se é que existe esta possibilidade -, vai dizer LaCapra, negar ou relativizar tais eventos tampouco irá solucionar os problemas teóricos-metodológicos. Menos ainda tratar a memória traumática como algo cristalino, fonte da verdade. Deve-se trata-la de maneira crítica e considerar pontos importantes como os sujeitos, ao contexto histórico, as disputas políticas do presente sobre o passado, os interesses sobre os ditos e os silenciados. Essa chamada de atenção do autor se deve as inúmeras tentativas dos revisionistas tanto de construir outra memória desses eventos limites quanto de nega-los. Cecília Macon e Verónica Tozzi (2005) trazem para a discussão o Hayden White para pensar o processo de elaboração do passado referente ao Holocausto. O giro linguístico, diz White, trouxe novas questões para o debate historiográfico principalmente referente ao trabalho do historiador. Uma das discussões é a cerca da possibilidade de representar o passado a partir da narrativa elabora pelo historiador. As autoras apontam que de maneira geral os historiadores fazem uma leitura equivocada de Hayden White apontando três destes possíveis equívocos: o historiador inventa o passado, os eventos passados não ocorreram e se ocorreram, o passado é incognoscível. Mas o que este autor aponta seriam questões a cerca dos discursos criados sobre este passado. (MACON, Cecília; TOZZI, Verónica, 2005, p. 115) Pensar nesta perspectiva nos ajuda a refletir sobre os usos das memórias traumáticas. Embora existam dificuldades metodológicas de lidar com este tipo de documentação é necessário problematiza-las e tentar perceber as intencionalidades por traz de tais testemunhos. Eventos limites como o Holocausto é difícil de ser representado pelo historiador devido à gravidade dos fatos e as limitações da narrativa. La narrativa tradicional, en su esfuerzo por domesticar la realidad histórica y encajarla en los limites discursivos, cuando es aplicada a estos acontecimientos modernistas, se tornaría distorsionadora y encobridora de su naturaleza límite y extrema. (Ibidem, p. 121) Hayden White é citado pelas autoras quando este fala que certos tipos de representação das memórias dos sobreviventes do Holocausto devem ser vistos com muito cuidado, pois corre-se o risco de elaborar formas interpretativas que distorçam ainda mais os fatos, assim sendo “(...) la elección de un estilo grotesco para la representación de algunos tipos de acontecimientos históricos constituiria, no sólo una falta de gusto, sino también una distorsión de la verdad.” (WHITE apud MACON, Cecília; TOZZY, Verónica, 2005, p. 120) Neste sentido, uma canção sobre o Holocausto teria uma série de problemas para além dos intuitos dos músicos. Pensar o texto destas autoras nos ajuda a refletir sobre possíveis metodologias ao lidar com tal tipo de documentação, além também de pensar sobre as representações que se faz do Holocausto. Um pouco mais além, Macon e Tozzi nos ajuda a compreender o papel do historiador como construtor de determinadas interpretações sobre o passado. Assim como em outras fontes históricas, a memória traumática é constituída por disputas do presente sobre o passado, inclusive disputas políticas. O Holocausto principalmente, pois a preservação deste passado envolve questões políticas importantes como a necessidade de registrar as memórias dos sobreviventes, construir museus e até mesmo a própria existência do Estado de Israel. Ou como aponta LaCapra, a necessidade de trabalhar o testemunho se faz pertinente devido a avançada idade dos sobreviventes, portanto, é necessário coletar
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