L'aquifère Carbonate Karstique De Chekka (Liban) Et Ses Exutoires Sous-Marins. Caractéristiques Hydrogéologiques Et Fonct

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L'aquifère Carbonate Karstique De Chekka (Liban) Et Ses Exutoires Sous-Marins. Caractéristiques Hydrogéologiques Et Fonct L’aquifère carbonate karstique de Chekka (Liban) et ses exutoires sous-marins. Caractéristiques hydrogéologiques et fonctionnement. Ahmad El Hajj To cite this version: Ahmad El Hajj. L’aquifère carbonate karstique de Chekka (Liban) et ses exutoires sous-marins. Caractéristiques hydrogéologiques et fonctionnement.. Sciences de la Terre. Université Saint-Joseph, Beyrouth, 2008. Français. tel-00430215 HAL Id: tel-00430215 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00430215 Submitted on 6 Nov 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II UNIVERSITE SAINT JOSEPH SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DU LANGUEDOC ECOLE SUPERIEURE D’INGENIEURS DE BEYROUTH T H E S E pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II et de L’UNIVERSITE SAINT JOSEPH Discipline : Sciences de l’Eau Formation Doctorale : Sciences de l’eau dans l’environnement continental Ecole Doctorale : Terre, Eau, Espace présentée et soutenue publiquement par Ahmad EL-HAJJ Le 24 novembre 2008 L’AQUIFERE CARBONATE KARSTIQUE DE CHEKKA (LIBAN) ET SES EXUTOIRES SOUS-MARINS. CARACTERISTIQUES HYDROGEOLOGIQUES ET FONCTIONNEMENT. JURY M. Michel BAKALOWICZ Directeur de thèse M. Wajdi NAJEM Directeur de thèse M. Séverin PISTRE Directeur de thèse M. Selim CATAFAGO Rapporteur M. Jacques MUDRY Rapporteur Mme. Nathalie DÖRFLIGER Examinateur Thèse A. El-Hajj, 2008. Hydrogéologie de Chekka, Liban Malgré les désespoirs, après l’assassinat du rêve et du pouvoir, Malgré les âmes blessées, après toutes les invasions et les guerres sans arrêt, Malgré les frontières fictives imposées, Malgré les larmes des enfants qui n’ont pas pu s’échapper, Enfin, j’ai pu achever ma thèse, après tous ces malaises, qui n’ont pas pu me changer. A tous les hommes libres, courageux et honnêtes qui décidaient sans regret et sans peur de résister, A tous ceux qui croient vraiment au Liban, vivant ensemble, sous un parasol à rayures multicolores, je dédie ma thèse … Ahmad El-Hajj 2 Thèse A. El-Hajj, 2008. Hydrogéologie de Chekka, Liban Remerciements C’est d’abord à mon directeur de thèse, M. Michel Bakalowicz qui m’a fait souffrir pendant quatre ans jusqu'à ce que je comprenne et utilise le mot "Pourquoi". Le contact avec lui a été enrichissant aussi bien du point de vue karstologique que du point de vue expérience de vie. Je tiens à le remercier cordialement, pour le savoir et l’expérience qu’il m’a apportés. Enfin je le remercie pour la confiance qu’il m’a accordée, son intérêt constant et sa patience, accompagnés d’un soutien sans lequel il m’aurait été difficile d’achever ce travail. C’est à M. Wajdi Najem, doyen de la Faculté d’Ingénierie à l’Université Saint Joseph, que je dois l’originalité du thème abordé dans ce mémoire. Tout au long de ce travail, j’ai bénéficié de son appui total et constant particulièrement dans les quelques moments difficiles où l’on se remet en cause. Sans ce soutien et cette confiance qu’il m’a toujours témoignés, il est probable que ce mémoire n’aurait jamais vu le jour. Qu’il en soit remercié chaleureusement. Merci à M. Séverin Pistre d’avoir accepté d’être mon directeur de thèse et d’avoir dirigé mes travaux de recherches par des conseils avertis et de nombreuses pistes de réflexion. Malgré ses occupations professionnelles multiples, il est tenu au courant depuis le début du thème abordé et de la progression des recherches, il ne m’a ménagé ni son temps, ni ses encouragements. Il est également assuré de ma sincère reconnaissance. J’adresse également tous mes remerciements à M. Sélim Catafago qui a témoigné en maintes occasions l’intérêt qu’il porte à mon travail et à M. Jacques Mudry, d’avoir accepté tous les deux d’être les rapporteurs de cette thèse et à Nathalie Dörfliger d’avoir accepté d’être examinateur. Mes remerciements s’adressent à tous ceux qui ont participé directement ou indirectement à cette thèse de doctorat pour qu’elle soit réalisée et qu’elle aboutisse. Ma gratitude et ma reconnaissance vont à M. Michel Desbordes, Jean-Luc Seidel et Pascal Brunet ainsi que tout le personnel de la Maison des Sciences de l’Eau de Montpellier qui m’ont bien aidé dans les difficultés auxquelles j’ai été confronté. Surtout, je tiens à remercier Perrine Fleury qui m’a aidé et supporté durant les plongées et pendant ce travail. Je n’oublie pas également mes collègues au CREEN : Massaad El Hakim, Antoine Hreiche, Elie Khacho, WissamWakim et Walid Daher. Je les remercie pour les discussions, la bonne ambiance et pour les beaux moments vécus ensemble au Centre. Mes sincères remerciements ainsi que mes respectueuses considérations vont envers des personnalités, des Universités et des sociétés par lesquels j’ai trouvé qu’une recherche ne peut progresser que si elle favorise des échanges entre spécialistes de différents pays et de disciplines variées. Désolé si j’ai oublié quelqu'un et pour tous, mes pensées dépassent largement les mots, alors tout simplement merci : - Nathalie Dörfliger, Madjid Bouzit, Stéphanie Aulong et Bernard Ladouche (BRGM), Luigi Tulipano (Université de Rome), Amer Salman, Emad Al Karabliyeh, Abbas Al Omari et Manar Fayad (WERSC, Université de la Jordanie/Jordanie), Abdul-Rhman Al Charideh et Walid Al Fares (CEA/Syrie), Mehmet Ekmekci (UKAM/Turquie), Fadi Comair (DG), Khaled Mansour, Milad Mallah et Katia Fakhri (Ministère de l’Energie et de l’Eau/Liban), G. Maroun Khreiche (DG) et Paul Lahoud (DAG/Armée Libanaise), Ali Abboud (Directeur Général) et Elias Hawi (Office National du Litani/Liban), Hani Abdel Nour, Samir Zaiititi (UL), Selim Kraydiyeh, Rania Nabbout (IRAL), Riad El Khodary (Aéroport National du Liban), Ghabby Nasser (EELN), Roger Moussa (ENSAM), Tony Maroun, Christian Francis, Haiydar, Cheker Jawhar, Karim Bou Karim, Nabil Chlala, David et Edmond Touma pour assurer l’assistance des plongées et la logistique sous-marine (Lebanon Divers/Chekka). Enfin je voudrais remercier ma famille et mes proches qui m’ont toujours soutenu dans mes choix, encouragé dans ce travail et ont eu confiance dans mes capacités. 3 Thèse A. El-Hajj, 2008. Hydrogéologie de Chekka, Liban Sommaire Sommaire………………………………………………………..…….4 Figures…………………………………………………………...……8 Tableaux………………………………………………………...……13 Résumé…………………………………………………………….…14 Introduction……………………………………………………….…15 Chapitre 1 - Les sources et les aquifères littoraux karstiques en Méditerranée…………………………………………………………18 1.1. Les sources sous-marines……………………………………………….…18 1.2. Méthodes de recherche et localisation des sources sous-marines………18 1.3. Méthodes d’évaluation des débits de sources sous-marines………….…21 1.4. Les aquifères littoraux et les sources sous-marines du Liban……..……23 1.4.1. Recherches sur les sources littorales et sous-marines du Liban……………...…23 1.4.2. Recherches sur les sources littorales et sous-marines de Chekka………………26 1.4.3. Interprétation générale et discussion des informations………………….………27 1.5. Conclusions et propositions concernant les sources sous-marines au Liban…………………………………………………………………………….30 Chapitre 2 - Cadre géographique, géologique et hydrogéologique de la région de Chekka-Bcharreh-Tannourine…………………...……31 2.1. Présentation régionale………………………………………………….…31 2.1.1. Cadre géographique………………………………………………………..………32 2.1.2. Aperçu général sur le climat………………………………………………………33 2.1.3. Cadre géologique régional…………………………………………………………33 2.1.3.1. Stratigraphie…………………………………………………………..……33 2.1.3.1.1. Le Jurassique…………………………………………………...……34 2.1.3.1.2. Le Crétacé………………………………………………..………….34 2.1.3.1.3. L’Eocène…………………….………………………………………38 2.1.3.1.4. Le Néogène……………………………….…………………………39 2.1.3.1.5. Le Messinien………………………………...………………………39 2.1.3.1.6. Le Pliocène et le Quaternaire…………………..……………………40 2.1.3.2. Structure et évolution géologique et tectonique du Liban………………45 2.2. Hydrogéologie régionale……………………….……………………….…52 2.3. Karst et karstification …………...…………….……………………….…53 2.3.1. Généralité sur le karst ……………………………..…………………….......……53 2.3.1.1. Système karstique et différents types d’aquifères karstiques…….…..…54 2.3.1.2. Fonctionnement et structure d’un aquifère karstique………………..…56 2.3.1.3. Potentiel de karstification……………………………………….…………58 2.3.1.4. Notion de niveau de base……………………………………………..……58 2.3.1.5. Classification fonctionnelle des aquifères karstiques continentaux.........59 2.3.1.6. Classification fonctionnelle des aquifères karstiques littoraux…….…...59 2.3.2. Karst et karstification régionale ………………………………….………………64 4 Thèse A. El-Hajj, 2008. Hydrogéologie de Chekka, Liban Chapitre 3 - Fonctionnement de l’aquifère de la région de Chekka- Bcharreh-Tannourine……………………….............................……65 3.1. Approche hydrodynamique …………………………...………………...65 3.1.1. Analyse des hydrogrammes………………………………………………….……66 3.1.2. Fonctionnement hydrodynamique de certaines sources……………………...…69 3.1.2.1. Analyses des débits classés……………………………………………...…70 3.1.2.1.1. Méthode et fondement mathématique………………….……………70 3.1.2.1.2. Interprétation des courbes……………………………...……………71 3.1.2.1.3. Application et analyse des débits classés des systèmes…………..…72 3.1.2.1.4. Synthèse……………………………………………………..………80 3.1.2.2. Analyse de la courbe de récession…………………………………………81 3.1.2.2.1. Principe de la méthode………………………………………………81 3.1.2.2.2. Fonctions utilisées pour l’étude des courbes de récession…………..82 3.1.2.2.3. Calcul du volume dynamique………………………………….……83 3.1.2.2.4. Classification de Mangin……………………………………………84 3.1.2.2.5. Application aux systèmes étudiés…………………………...………86 3.1.2.2.6. Discussion et synthèse………………………………………………91 3.1.2.3. Analyse corrélatoire et spectrale…………………………………….……92 3.1.2.3.1. Généralité et méthodes d’analyse…………………………...………92 3.1.2.3.2. Analyse simple………………………………………………………92 3.1.2.3.3. Analyse croisée………………………………………………...……93 3.1.2.3.4.
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