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A Study on the Changes in the Number of Participating Athletes in the National Disabled Games Between 2008 and 2012, Using the Latent Growth Model

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A Study on the Changes in the Number of Participating Athletes in the National Disabled Games Between 2008 and 2012, Using the Latent Growth Model A Study on the Changes in the Number of Participating Athletes in the National Disabled Games between 2008 and 2012, Using the Latent Growth Model Cheng-Lung Wu, Department of Marine Sports and Recreation, National Penghu University of Science and Technology, Taiwan ABSTRACT This study employed the Latent Growth Model (LGM) to analyze changes in the number of participating athletes in the National Disabled Games from all cities and counties in Taiwan between 2008 and 2012. The aim was to examine the changes and dynamic process of the participating athletes at different times. The result of the study indicates that between 2008 and 2012, the initial average of the number of participating athletes in the National Disabled Games is 53.23, and the average growth is 3.93; the respective t values are 6.78 and 2.81, which are both statistically significant (*p<.05). In other words, the average number of participating athletes in the National Disabled Games in 2008 was 53.23, and continued to grow at an average rate of 3.93 persons per year. There was significant growth in the number of participating athletes between 2008 and 2012 in all cities and counties. In addition, there was significant difference in the growth rates among different cities and counties. Keywords: Latent Growth Model (LGM), physical and mental impairments, National Disabled Games INTRODUCTION It has become a global trend to improve the welfare of the physically and mentally challenged. The degree to which a country is capable of providing adequate care and opportunities for its physically and mentally challenged citizens is also an important index in evaluating its overall development. Engaging in sports has multiple health benefits. For the physically and mentally challenged, engaging in sports not only improves their health, but also enhances their social adaptability (Yeh, 2010). Wu (2000) points out that “adapted sports” is the integration of medical treatment, special education and sports. Lin (1997) has identified five benefits of participating in sports for the physically and mentally challenged: (1) to better understand their own impairment; (2) to overcome their impairments; (3) to enhance their physical capacity and help them develop cognitive and comprehensive abilities: (4) to develop their ability to control muscle strength appropriately; (5) to provide them with opportunities to learn new skills and comprehend the importance of safety. Consequently, it is necessary to examine the development in adaptive sports for the physically and mentally challenged. Yeh (2009) points out that the National Disabled Games is associated with values of care, health and happiness. The first sports event for the physically and mentally challenged was held in 1978, then called the “Taiwan Area Self-Empowerment Event for the Disabled.” Up to 1992, there had been a total of eight such events held by the then Taiwan Province, Taipei City, and Kaohsiung City. In 1994, the event was renamed the “Taiwan Area Disabled Citizens Games”, and was held in Kaohsiung City. In 2000, the name was once again changed, to “National Disabled Games” and was held in Taipei City. Thereafter, the event has been held in Pingtung, Hsinchu, Yilan, Hualien, and Chiayi. From 1991 to 1998, ball sports The Journal of Global Business Management Volume 11* Number 1 * April 2015 Issue 41 of the Games included: basketball, baseball, goalball, table tennis, tennis, badminton, bowling, lawn bowls, boccia, floor hockey, golf, croquet, and billiard ball; other sports included: gymnastics, judo, archery, shooting, weightlifting, powerlifting, roller skating, marathon, athletics, swimming, ice skating, Frisbee, dance, mountain climbing, hiking, competitions for fun, tug of war, physical strength training, bicycle, etc. (Lin, 1997). In order to meet international standards, the National Disabled Games later added sports included in the Paralympic Games, the Asian Para Games, the Deaflympic Games and the Special Olympic Games (see Table 1). In terms of the number of participating athletes, in 1994, the number was 1,274; in 1996, the number was 1,043; in 1998, the number was 1,254. Thereafter, there has been a steady increase in the number of participants (Yeh, 2010). For a complete list of the number of participants from 2000 to 2012, see Table 2. This study employed the Latent Growth Model (LGM) to analyze the changes in the number of participating athletes in the three National Disabled Games held from 2008 to 2012, in order to examine the changes and dynamic process of the participants. The purpose was to understand the overall trajectory of growth for all participants, the trajectory of growth for individual athletes and the predictor variables for the individual trajectory and their degree of influence (Kaplan, 2009; Preacher,2010; Wu, West & Taylor, 2009). Table 1: List of National Disabled Games Sports from 2002 to 2012 Year Sports Athletics, Swimming, Badminton, Table Tennis, Tennis, Powerlifting, Judo, Shooting, Bowling, 2002 Archery, Basketball (men), Goalball (men) Athletics, Swimming, Badminton, Table Tennis, Tennis, Judo, Shooting, Bowling, Archery, 2004 Basketball, Powerlifting, Goalball for the Visually Challenged (men), Wheelchair Billiards, Bocce Athletics, Swimming, Badminton, Table Tennis, Tennis, Powerlifting, Judo, Shooting, Bowling, 2006 Archery, Goalball, Billiards, Bocce, Boccia Athletics, Swimming, Badminton, Table Tennis, Tennis, Powerlifting, Judo, Shooting, Archery, 2008 Basketball, Goalball, Billiards, Bowling, Bocce, Boccia Athletics, Swimming, Badminton, Table Tennis, Tennis, Powerlifting, Shooting, Basketball, 2010 Bowling, Archery, Goalball, Billiards, Boccia, Bocce, Special Olympics Inline Speed Skating, Special Olympics Table Tennis, Special Olympics Badminton Athletics, Swimming, Badminton, Table Tennis, Wheelchair Tennis, Powerlifting, Shooting, Wheelchair Basketball, Bowling, Archery, Boccia, Goalball, Wheelchair Billiards, Special 2012 Olympics Badminton, Special Olympics Bowling, Bocce, Special Olympics Inline Speed Skating Source: cited from Yeh(2010) Table 2: List of Places and Number of Participating Athletes in the National Disabled Gamesfrom 2000 to 2012 Year Place Number of Participating Athletes 2000 Taipei City 1,474 2002 Pingtung County 1,328 2004 Hsinchu City 1,585 2006 Yilan County 1,820 2008 Hualien County 2,253 2010 Chiayi County 2,078 2012 Kaohsiung City 2,208 Source: adapted from Yeh (2010) 42 The Journal of Global Business Management Volume 11 * Number 1 * April 2015 Issue RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Scope of the study This study focused on the cities and counties that participated in the National Disabled Games. The observational variable was the number of participating athletes (both male and female) in the covered areas. This study aimed to examine and analyze the changes in the growth of number with respect to the participating athletes in the National Disabled Games from 2008 to 2012. Latent growth model The Latent linear growth model was employed to test the latent growth of the number of participating athletes in the three National Disabled Games held between 2008 and 2012. There were three observed indices (see Figure 1) that represent the number of participating athletes calculated repeatedly three times. The other two variables were the starting point of the study (ICEPT, ηI) and the rate of growth (SLOPE, ηS), which were assumed to be correlated (ψSI) and affect the three observed indices (Hou, 2009). The factor leading coefficients (λ) of the growth rate to observed variables were assumed to be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, as the growth of the number of participating athletes was assumed to be linear in this study. The starting point was the intercept of simple regression; therefore all coefficients were assumed to be 1 (Hou, 2009; Bollen & Curran, 2006;Duncan, Duncan & Strycker, 2006). Research hypothesis The Latent Growth Model (LGM) was employed to examine whether the number of participating athletes in the National Disabled Games demonstrated growth. The research hypothesis was that there was a significant growth in the number of participating athletes in the National Disabled Games between 2008 and 2012. RESULTS Test for normality with single variable Testing for normality was conducted. In this study, the test for skewness was between 1.46 and 1.59, and for kurtosis it was between 1.70 and 2.16. This demonstrates a normal distribution of the data in this study (Kline, 1998). Table 3: Normal Hypotheses Identification Variable min max skewness c.r. kurtosis c.r. 2012 7.00 226.00 1.46 3.85 1.70 2.24 2010 3.00 223.00 1.71 4.53 2.57 3.40 2008 4.00 219.00 1.59 4.20 2.16 2.86 Data analysis Testing for goodness of fit was conducted. In this study, TLI (NNFI) was 1.00 (greater than .90); IFI was 1.00 (greater than .90), CFI was 1.00 (greater than .90), and SRMR was .00 (smaller than 0.05). Therefore, the results indicated good fit. The Journal of Global Business Management Volume 11* Number 1 * April 2015 Issue 43 Table 4: Goodness of Fit of the Research Model Goodness-of-Fit Index Criteria Model of the Study Model Fit Ide ntification χ2 Thhe smaller the better 0.55 Pass TLI(NNFI) >0.9 1.00 Pass IFI >0.9 1.00 Pass CFI >0.9 1.00 Pass SRMR <0.05 0.00 Pass Innterpretation of model parameters The intercept indicated that the average number of participating athletes was 53.23. The slope shhowed the growth of number to be 3.93 between 2008 and 2012. Figure 1: Latent Growth Model for the Number of Participating Athletes in the National Disabled Games between 2008 and 2012 Table 5: Estimated Model Parameters Estimate Inntercept Average number of participating athletes in the National Disabled Games in 2008 53.23 Average growth in the number of participating athletes in the National Disabled Slope 3.93 Games between 2008 and 2012 44 The Journal of Global Business Management Volume 11 * Number 1 * April 2015 Issue Average growth in the number of participating athletes in the National Disabled Games between 2008 and 2012 Table 6 shows that the initial average number of participating athletes between 2008 and 2012 was 53.23, and the average growth curve was 3.93.
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