Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Vol. 31 No 4(86): 8-16 Ochrona Środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych DOI 10.2478/oszn-2020-0013

Wojciech Gotkiewicz*, Krzysztof Wittbrodt**, Ewa Dragańska*

The Dynamics of Changes in the (Amphibia) Population Size in the Masurian Landscape Park Monitoring Results of Spring Migration Monitoring from the Years 2011–2019

* Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; ** Masurian Landscape Park in Krutyń; e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Biodiversity, , threats, Masurian Landscape Park

Abstract The study presents the results of nine-year-long monitoring of the population size of amphibians (Amphibia) as one of the indicator communities used to assess the biological diversity level. The study was conducted in the Masurian Landscape Park located in Warmińsko-MazurskieVoivodeship. The obtained results demonstrated that 13 out of the 18 domestic amphibian occurred in the area selected for research activities, including the species entered in the IUCN Red List. No clear correlation was found between the dynamics of population changes and the environmental, primarily climatic, determinants. © IOŚ-PIB

1. INTRODUCTION 2. FACTORS REPRESENTING A THREAT TO In Poland, 18 amphibian species live in Poland. They AMPHIBIANS represent two orders, namely, – Caudata and – Anura, and six families: true frogs (Ranidae), As regards amphibians, the greatest threat is the loss of true (Bufonidae), true salamanders and habitats, which affects a total of 76 species. Contaminants (), European spadefoot toads (Pelobatidae), are the second major threat that affects 62 species. They Firebelly toads (Bombinatoridae) and Tree frogs (). are followed by invasive alien species, which pose a All of them are subject to species protection and, with threat to almost half of the European amphibian species. the exception of the common and smooth , to These invasive species include predators, such as the protection under the EU Habitats Directive (Table 1) [Sura salmonids, and pathogens, such as a fungal disease P., Głowaciński Z., 2018; Herczek A., Gorczyca J., 2004]. , which is associated with a reduction in Amphibians are among the most endangered vertebrate the amphibian population numbers, and the extinction species worldwide. At the European level, nearly 23% of of amphibians in many parts of the world1 [Todd B. et al., the amphibians have been recognised as endangered, of 2009; Woodhams D.C. et al., 2003; Rollins-Smith L. A., 2017]. which 2.4% as critically endangered, 7.2% as endangered As far as amphibians are concerned, it is the loss of wetland and 13.3% as vulnerable. A similar situation is observed habitats that is of particular importance, as many species throughout the EU-27 (22.0% endangered, including use shallow or periodically flooded wetland habitats for 2.4% critically endangered, 6.1% endangered and 13.4% reproduction [Ray A. M. et al., 2016; Mollov I.A., 2018]. vulnerable). In general, almost a quarter of amphibians Another serious threat is the uptake of water resources are regarded as endangered on the European continent. (particularly for agricultural purposes), which changes the Further, 16.9% of the amphibians are regarded as near hydrology of surface waters of the habitats inhabited by threatened. By way of contrast, 19.4% of the reptiles, amphibians [Mathwin R. et al., 2002]. The fragmentation 15.2% of the mammals and 13% of the European birds are of habitats, which contributes to the loss of biological endangered [Temple, H.J., Cox, N.A., 2009]. diversity worldwide, is also of extreme importance. The

1 ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/ redlist/amphibians/major_threats.htm

8 Wojciech Gotkiewicz, Krzysztof Wittbrodt, Ewa Dragańska

fragmentation implies a reduced gene flow, an increase in that there is little evidence of being lethal the inbreeding levels, the loss of diversity in populations, to amphibians. These authors believe that the information an increased differentiation between populations and the on thermal tolerance of amphibians, their thermal increased risk of extinction and the dispersion (i.e. from preferences and the actual temperature and humidity the site of birth to the reproduction in other population) ranges in which amphibians live is too limited. [Pabijan M. et al., 2020; Winter M. et al., 2016; Testud G. et The examples provided above have resulted in eight out al., 2020]. of 18 species having been awarded the UI (unfavourable- One of the factors contributing to the fragmentation inadequate) status in the European Union. These species of habitats is the network of roads, particularly the include: European common spadefoot (Pelobatesfuscus), local ones. Amphibians are dependent on the complex European fire-bellied toad (Bombinabombina), landscape structure when moving between breeding and European tree (Hylaarborea), feeding habitats. Roads act as barriers: they increase the (Trituruscristatus), pool frog (Pelophylaxlessonae), moor imperviousness of habitats and mortality of amphibians. frog (Rana arvalis), (Rana temporaria) and Unfortunately, the mass mortality of amphibians on the Carpathian newt (Triturusmontandoni).23 roads increases with the development of infrastructure In Poland, all amphibian species are subject to legal and occurs faster than mitigating measures [Kolenda K. protection, of which three species are under strict et al., 2019]. Consequently, the fragmentation of habitats protection, while for six species, active protection was results in the fragmentation of population, modification proposed (Table 1). of ’ behaviours and a reduction in gene flow [Puky M., 2006; Sillero N. et al., 2019; Wittbrodt K., 2011; Sjögren- 3. SELECTED PREVENTIVE MEASURES Gulve P., 2020]. In addition, the roads, due to the need for maintaining them (e.g., sand or salt spreading on icy The unfavourable situation in the context of changes in roads), change and pollute the habitats located in the populations of individual amphibian species necessitates immediate vicinity, which can have a lasting effect on the taking remedial measures such as the development biology of organisms, the population dynamics and the of programmes for construction/reconstruction of distribution of species [Grzybowski M., Glińska-Lewczuk, water bodies, which increase the diversity of plants and 2019]. The fragmentation of habitats in the form of road as well as amphibians, programmes for infrastructure development has an adverse effect on: reintroduction and the construction - an amphibian’s individual characteristics within the of road-crossing tunnels for amphibians in the road same species (certain individuals, especially females, infrastructure [Downie J.R. et al., 2019; Klimaszewski K. et mature earlier, while others do it later), al., 2015; Dalbeck L. et al., 2020]. - ecological and hydrobiological differences, even It is very important to create natural buffers between between neighbouring water bodies in which wetlands and the surrounding areas, which will amphibians mate, consequently have a positive effect on water quality - differences in meteorological conditions, taking place and biological diversity. Buffer zones are contact zones primarily during the growing periods of individual between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, which help years (dry, wet, warm and cold growing periods) regulate the ecological functions of both systems. As [Juszczyk W., 1987]. regards the amphibians, an effective buffer zone should be approximately 50 m wide [Lind L. et al., 2019; GuzyJ.C. It is believed that it is the climate change that is of et al., 2019]. significance in the shaping of amphibian population. However, the research conducted in Canada, the United Ectothermic animals such as amphibians and reptiles States and Italy showed that the guidelines concerning are particularly sensitive to the rapidly rising global the protection of true frogs (Ranidae) and true toads temperature [Bodensteiner B.L., 2020; Taylor E.N. et al., (Bufonidae) in agricultural landscapes should focus on 2020]. According to Bucciarelli G.M. et al. [2020], although the protection of terrestrial habitats at the landscape the amphibians have developed life strategies in order to level, and not on the maintenance of narrow buffers in mitigate the adverse consequences of varying precipitation wetlands [Sawatzky M.E. et al., 2019; FicetolaG.F., 2009; patterns, their ability to adapt to the simultaneous Semlitsch R.D. et al., 2003]. Such a strategy, however, drought and rapid increased in the temperature as well requires the cooperation between naturalists with as the greater environmental variability in general, may broadly understood local communities and professional be insufficient to maintain viable populations, given the groups due to the emerging conflicts of interest [Preisser rate and intensity of these changes. A study by Cohen E. et al., 2000]. Further measures to protect amphibians J. M. et al. [2018] demonstrated that global warming may have consequences for the amphibians adapted 2 nature-art17.eionet.europa.eu/article17/species/report/?pe- to relatively cold conditions, which are most vulnerable riod=5&group=Amphibians&country=PL®ion= to the interactions between an increase in the average 3 Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the temperature and the emerging infectious diseases. Yiming conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and LI Y et al. [2012] express a different opinion, as they claim flora, OJ L 206, 22.7.1992, pp. 7–50, IUCN (2020).

9 The Dynamics of Changes in the Amphibian (Amphibia) Population Size in the Masurian Landscape Park Monitoring Results of Spring Migration Monitoring from the Years 2011–2019

Table 1. Protection status of amphibians in Poland

Species Protection Type Red Data Book of Animals Commonfrog (Rana temporaria) PP Moor frog (Rana arvalis) SP Pool frog (Pelophylaxlessonae) PP Marsh frog (Pelophylaxridibundus) PP Edible frog (Pelophylaxesculentus) PP Agile frog (Rana dalmatina) SP NT ( bufo) PP European green toad (Pseudepidaleaviridis) SP Natterjack toad (Epidaleacalamita) SP/A European common spadefoot (Pelobatesfuscus) SP European fire-bellied toad(Bombinabombina) SP/A (Lissotritonvulgaris) PP Northern crested newt (Trituruscristatus) SP/A NT (Ichthyosauraalpestris) PP Carpathian newt (Lissotritonmontandoni) SP/A LC European tree frog (Hylaarborea) SP/A Yellow-bellied toad (Bombinavariegata) SP/A Fire (Salamandra salamandra) PP

SP – strict protection, SP/A – strict protection requiring active protection, PP – partial protection, NT – near threatened, LT – least concern Source: Regulation of the Minister of Environment of 6 October 2014, on the protection of species (Journal of Laws No 2014, item 1348), Krzysztofiak L., Krzysztofiak A., 2016. Active protection of amphibians, the “Man and Nature” Association, Krzywe, p. 68, IUCN 2020. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2020-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org. include the restoration of flow capacity of the wildlife of the reserve’s protection is to protect , aquatic and river corridors and the abandonment or limitation of the peat bog biocenoses associated with the Upper Krutynia removal of aggradate mud and sandy deposits (amphibian River Valley and the Lake Krutyńskie and the natural overwintering in the mud) [Biedroń I. et al., 2020]. landscape features. The reserve has a landscape park character, and its area is 271.01 ha. The reserve protects 4. THE AIM, MATERIALS AND METHODS OF the Lake Krutyńskie and the upper section of the Krutynia River, which flows out from the lake, and the leafy and RESEARCH mixed located by the river banks [Wittbrodt K., et al., 2020].45 The aim of monitoring was to determine the dynamics of changes in population numbers of amphibians (Amphibia) 4 Order of the Minister of Forestry and Wood Industry of during the spring migrations. Field research was conducted 22 April 1983 on the recognition as nature reserves [M.P. of from 2011 to 2019 in the vicinity of the “Krutynia Górna” 1983, No 16, item 91]. Nature Reserve located in the Masurian Landscape Park in 5 Order of the Regional Director for Environmental Warmińsko-MazurskieVoivodeship (Fig. 1). Protection in Olsztyn of 7 May 2019 on the “Krutynia The reserve was established on 22 April 1983 by Order of Górna” Nature Reserve [Journal of Laws of Warmińsko- the Minister of Forestry and Wood Industry. The main aim MazurskieVoivodeship of 2019, item 2375].

10 Wojciech Gotkiewicz, Krzysztof Wittbrodt, Ewa Dragańska

Figure 1. The location of field research Source: Own research

In the years 2011–2019, at the turn of February 5. STUDY RESULTS and March, barriers were placed on both sides of a 200-m-long section of the district road 1773N adjacent to the reserve, in order to prevent amphibians from 5.1. Climate change characteristics crossing the road (Fig. 2). Along the barrier, from the inside, plastic traps were embedded in the ground (8 During the period under study, the average spring period on each side). The traps had holes in them so that no temperatures were 8.10C and were higher by 0.90C than water accumulated in them during rainfalls; moreover, the multi-annual average temperatures of 1981–2010 branches were placed in them to allow and small- [Dragańska et al., 2019]. The average temperature values sized mammals to escape from the trap [Information and for individual months of the spring period were also educational materials..., 2014]. considerably higher than in the years 1981–2010. The Depending on the air temperature and humidity, difference was 0.80C in March and May, and 1.00C in April. the monitoring was conducted 2–3 times a day. The The total precipitation in the spring (from March to May) temperature was measured, and the weather conditions was 122.2 mm and did not deviate from the multi-annual were determined. The monitoring personnel checked norm of 126.9 mm (Fig. 2). The total precipitation values the traps located on one side of the road, identified the in individual months, that is, in March, April and May, also species composition and counted the trapped individuals fell within the standard limits, which, for the multi-annual and then transferred them to the other side of the road. period of 1981–2010, amounted to 34.7, 32.1 and 60.1 mm, The barriers were removed in the first half of May, when respectively [Dragańska et al., 2019]. amphibians finish their migration to breeding sites. In the situation of a significant rise in the air temperature, and Each year, before commencing the monitoring, the in the absence of a clear trend in precipitation changes, the Regional Director for Environmental Protection in Olsztyn climatic water balance, which is determined as a difference was applied to for permission to trap the protected species between the precipitation and the evapotranspiration, individuals. was used for the assessment of the shaping of humidity

11 The Dynamics of Changes in the Amphibian (Amphibia) Population Size in the Masurian Landscape Park Monitoring Results of Spring Migration Monitoring from the Years 2011–2019

Figure 2. Average annual values of the temperature, total precipitation and the climatic water balance during the spring period (from March to May) in the Masurian Landscape Park in the years 2011–2019. (P – precipitation, ETP – potential evapotranspiration, S – climatic waterbalance, T – the average annual air temperature) Source: Own research

conditions for the particular area [Ziarnicka-Wojtaszek Having analysed the number of amphibians in individual A., 2015; Radzka E., 2014]. The comparison of the losses years, it was concluded that most of them occurred in 2014 of water used for evaporation and the total precipitation (5,080), that is, in the year following the record-braking allows the humidity habitat conditions to be diagnosed. droughts of 2012 and 2013 (Fig. 2), while the least of them The value of this indicator during the spring period in occurred in the years 2017 (1,193) and in 2011 (1,688). Over individual years of the study ranged from -3.0 mm in 2012 a period of nine years, the dominant species in the area to -100.4 mm in 2018. Occasionally, situations were noted concerned was the common frog (Rana temporaria). At the where the KBW values in individual months of the analysed same time, it was one of the four species (apart from the period were positive. This means that the situation as edible frog (Pelophylaxesculentus), the common toad (Bufo regards the humidity conditions of the habitats under bufo) and the smooth newt (Lissotriton vulgaris) observed study was not favourable (Fig. 2). every year (Table 3). It should be mentioned that in Poland, the common frog (Rana temporaria) is an example of the species 5.2. The dynamics of changes in amphibian whose population, despite a series of adverse environmental changes, remains at a relatively stable level despite a certain population decrease in Western Europe [Kuzmin S. et al., 2016]. In the years 2011–2019, in the area selected for the study, The species that only occasionally occurred in the part a total of 30,563 individuals (Fig. 3) that represented six of the Masurian Landscape Park under study included: families and 13 domestic amphibian species were trapped. the natterjack toad (Epidaleacalamita) (1 individual in 9 Among these, the true frogs (Ranidae), which accounted years), the European green toad (Pseudepidalea viridis) (5 for almost 85% of all trapped animals, were dominant individuals) and the European tree frog (Hylaarborea) (4 (Table 2). The overwhelmingly dominant species was the individuals). It is noteworthy that of the three amphibian common frog (Rana temporaria), whose population size species that are particularly endangered on the national in the traps in the years 2011–2019 amounted to 15,471 scale (agile frog (Rana dalmatina), Northern crested individuals. The edible frog (Pelophylaxesculentus) took newt ( cristatus), Carpathian newt (Lissotriton the second position, yet its numbers were five times lower montandoni)) [IUCN, 2000], the Northern crested newt (Table 3). The dominant proportion of the common frog was encountered six times in the area concerned (with (Rana temporaria) in the domestic landscape was also the exception of the years 2011 and 2014–2015) and the confirmed by studies conducted by Wojdan [2012] (Stawki total number of individuals was 134. The more numerous Landscape Park) and by Deoniziak K. et al. [2017] (The occurrences of this species in the Masurian Landscape Park Narew River Valley). are confirmed inter alia by Kruszelnicki J. [2019].

12 Wojciech Gotkiewicz, Krzysztof Wittbrodt, Ewa Dragańska

Table 2. Amphibian population numbers in terms of affiliation to individual families

Family n % True frogs (Ranidae) 22,253 84.9%. True toads (Bufonidae) 3,208 12.2% True salamanders and newts (Salamandridae) 649 2.5% European spadefoot toads (Pelobatidae) 92 0.3% Firebelly toads (Bombinatoridae) 17 0.1% Tree frogs (Hylidae) 4 0.02% Total 26,223 100.00%

Source: Own research

Table 3. Population numbers for individual amphibian species in the years 2011–2019

Species 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Rana temporaria 684 2,730 1,458 3,620 2,631 2,871 466 1,011 204 Rana arvalis - 81 2 124 468 554 200 1,368 3,026 Pelophylaxlessonae - 2 17 48 330 49 50 - 230 Pelophylaxridibundus - - - - 17 - 31 - - Pelophylaxesculentus 449 520 640 890 219 134 135 454 305 Bufo bufo 535 649 374 342 380 263 259 401 299 Pseudepidaleaviridis ------4 1 Epidaleacalamita 1 ------Pelobatesfuscus 1 5 11 6 17 4 21 27 7 Bombinabombina - - 3 2 2 - 5 5 1 Lissotritonvulgaris 17 31 17 48 108 358 17 39 147 Trituruscristatus 16 6 - 23 8 34 47 Hyla arborea 1 2 - - - - 1 - - Total 1,688 4,036 2,528 5,080 4,172 4,256 1,193 3,343 4,267

Source: Own research

Figure 3. Amphibian population numbers in the years 2011–2019 Source: Own research

13 The Dynamics of Changes in the Amphibian (Amphibia) Population Size in the Masurian Landscape Park Monitoring Results of Spring Migration Monitoring from the Years 2011–2019

6. CONCLUSION humidity conditions in the habitats under monitoring, no clear correlations were noted between the population The results of amphibian monitoring carried out in the abundance of amphibian species occurring in the Masurian years 2011–2019 in the Masurian Landscape Park, in the Landscape Park and the climatic factors in individual years. vicinity of the “Krutynia Górna” Nature Reserve, showed In view of the situation of amphibians at the domestic the occurrence of 13 out of the 18 domestic amphibian and global levels, presented in the study, it is necessary species, including the Northern crested newt (Triturus to continue the monitoring along with an extended cristatus) categorized as a Near Threatened (NT) species. assessment of the (biotic and abiotic) factors affecting the Despite the unfavourable situation with regard to the fluctuations of individual populations.

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15 The Dynamics of Changes in the Amphibian (Amphibia) Population Size in the Masurian Landscape Park Monitoring Results of Spring Migration Monitoring from the Years 2011–2019

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