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How Canadian News Frames Cyberbullying As a Social Problem University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2015-04-29 Reification of the Teenage Victim: How Canadian News Frames Cyberbullying as a Social Problem Felt, J. Mylynn Felt, J. M. (2015). Reification of the Teenage Victim: How Canadian News Frames Cyberbullying as a Social Problem (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/27593 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/2177 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Reification of the Teenage Victim: How Canadian News Frames Cyberbullying as a Social Problem by J. Mylynn Watson Felt A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE CALGARY, ALBERTA April, 2015 © J. Mylynn W. Felt 2015 Abstract This study utilizes framing theory to conduct a mixed method content analysis of Canadian print news coverage of four high-profile teen suicides linked with cyberbullying. Results demonstrate that print news discourse frames cyberbullying as a social problem. News coverage of these deaths emphasizes more female victims than males, demonstrating a predisposition to focus on more ideal victims in the construction of social problems. Each case involves a process of reducing complicated circumstances leading to the teen’s death down to overly simplified caricatures portrayed as victims for the cause of cyberbullying. The social problem frame emphasizes the need for public attention and awareness of cyberbullying as well as new legislation to address an emerging issue. It is unclear whether legal changes in response to such extreme cases will impact the more common instances of what the literature describes as cyberbullying. ii Acknowledgements There are many people I must thank for their contribution and support in my process. I wish to thank my committee members, Dr. Dawn Johnston and Dr. H. Lorraine Radtke, for taking the time to go through my work and for helping me to refine it. I especially want to thank my supervisor, Dr. Barbara Schneider, for skillfully guiding me through this process. Her dedication and wit are greatly appreciated. Because it is in my nature to want to talk something out before I put in on paper, I must thank the many friends who patiently listened to me as I thought out loud. This includes Kala Ortwein, Olga Shapovalova, Ashley Jette, Jen Caswell, and Amber Hedges, but mostly Sarah Dorchak who sat across from me and put up with constant interruptions in her own work. I must also thank Krystle Monahan, Kristine Ennis, Mimi Daniel, and Megan Freeman for helping me through random spontaneous brainstorming sessions. Finally, I wish to thank my family for the many sacrifices they made in order for me to do this. I must thank my children who rarely understood what I was working on, just that Mom was often working. I want to thank my Mother for her support and faith in me. Last of all, I want to express my great love and appreciation for my husband, Eugene. I would not be here without his encouragement and belief in me. He has made every sacrifice possible to get me here, and I thank him for that loving devotion. iii Dedication I dedicate this work to my father, Eugene Arden Watson, who was not able to live long enough to see it finished. My father firmly believed that each person he met was a potential friend. He had a knack for turning angry people into friends and for being able to start up a conversation with anyone. He saw the best in humanity. He also believed in the value of new media and liked to be on the cutting edge of technology. I thank him for teaching me kindness and for encouraging me forward, from the family electronic typewriter to our Atari to the Mac he bought me when I first left for college. He always had confidence in me and saw to it that I had access to the tools that would allow me to succeed. iv Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .................................................................................................................v List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii Epigraph ............................................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................1 1.1 Canada Faces a New Problem ...................................................................................1 1.2 How to Spell Cyberbullying ......................................................................................2 1.3 Evolution of a Social Problem ...................................................................................3 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................14 2.1 Social Problems Literature .......................................................................................14 2.1.1 Debates on Social Problems Research ............................................................15 2.1.2 Classifications of Social Problems Research ..................................................19 2.1.2.1 Social Problems Work ...........................................................................20 2.1.2.2 Hollow Constructs .................................................................................23 2.1.2.3 Position Issues ........................................................................................27 2.1.2.4 Valence Issues ........................................................................................30 2.1.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................................32 2.2 Cyberbullying Literature ..........................................................................................32 2.2.1 An Emerging Canadian Social Problem ..........................................................32 2.2.2 Definitions .......................................................................................................34 2.2.3 Prevalence ........................................................................................................38 2.2.4 Characteristics of Those Involved ...................................................................42 2.2.5 Effects ..............................................................................................................46 2.2.6 Remedies and Advice ......................................................................................49 2.2.7 Conclusion .......................................................................................................52 CHAPTER THREE: FRAMING THEORY: A MULTI-FACETED PARADIGM .........55 3.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................55 3.2 Definition .................................................................................................................55 3.3 Clarification of Terms ..............................................................................................56 3.4 Taxonomy of Framing and Its Criticisms ................................................................58 3.4.1 Ideology ...........................................................................................................59 3.4.2 Priming, Agenda Setting, and Framing ...........................................................60 3.4.3 Collective Action Frames ................................................................................63 3.4.4 Cultural Stock of Frames .................................................................................64 3.4.5 Primary Framework .........................................................................................65 3.4.6 Schemata ..........................................................................................................66 3.5 Response to Criticisms of the Application of Framing Theory ...............................67 3.5.1 Psychological Framing ....................................................................................68 3.6 Frames in the News ..................................................................................................72 v 3.7 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................75 CHAPTER FOUR: METHODOLOGY: MIXED METHOD CONTENT ANALYSIS ...77 4.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................77
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