Study of the Carbonaceous Aerosol Over Gazipur City: Identification and Assessment of Sources
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STUDY OF THE CARBONACEOUS AEROSOL OVER GAZIPUR CITY: IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF SOURCES A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY (M PHIL.) IN PHYSICS Submitted by MOHAMMED MOZAMMEL HOQUE Student No: 102806-P Session: 2010-11 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS DHAKA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GAZIPUR GAZIPUR-1707 DECEMBER, 2016 DECLARATION It is hereby declared that the dissertation entitled “Study of the Carbonaceous Aerosol over Gazipur City: Identification and Assessment of Sources” is an original work and has been prepared as well as presented by myself. I further declare that this dissertation has not been submitted to elsewhere for awarding of any academic degree. Mohammed Mozammel Hoque Student No: 102806-P Session: 2010-11 Department of Physics Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur. Gazipur-1707. APPROVAL OF SUPERVISOR This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Study of the Carbonaceous Aerosol over Gazipur City: Identification and Assessment of Sources” has been carried out by Mohammed Mozammel Hoque, Student No: 102806-P, Session: 2010-2011, Department of Physics, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh. To my knowledge this dissertation has not been submitted to elsewhere for awarding of any academic degree. It may be mentioned here that two research papers have already been published in peer reviewed journals out of this thesis work. Supervisor (Dr. Syed Jamal Ahmed) Professor Department of Physics Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707, Bangladesh DEDICATED TO MY BELOVED PARENTS Acknowledgements All praises are for the Almighty Allah for his infinite mercy and blessings. I would like to express deepest sense of gratitude to my supervisor Professor Dr. Syed Jamal Ahmed, Head, Department of Physics, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur, for his encouragement and suggestions throughout the progress of my research work. I would also like to express gratitude to my co-supervisor Dr. Bilkis Ara Begum, CSO and head, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Center, Dhaka (AECD) for her indispensable guidance and valuable suggestions to carry out the research work. I am grateful to all faculty of the Physics Department specially to Professor Dr. Md. Kamal-Al-Hassan and Professor Dr. Abu Talib Md. Kaosar Jamil, for their constructive criticism, stimulating encouragement and suggestions in many ways. I gratefully acknowledge the Department of Environment (DoE) for giving me the opportunity for sampling at the Continuous Air Monitoring Stations (CAMS) and Atomic Energy Center, Dhaka (AECD) for laboratory facilities. In this connection I would like to thank Engr. Mrinal Kanti Saha, CAMS, Gazipur, DoE and Mrs. Lipi Sarkar, Scientific Assistant, Chemistry Division, AECD for helping me in various ways. I acknowledge the Ministry of Education, Bangladesh to permit me to carry out this research work and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Bangladesh for giving me fellowship for this work. Finally I am thankful to my wife and kids for giving me all kinds of support during the research work. December, 2016 The Author ABSTRACT The ambient air of Dhaka and Gazipur are polluted by different particulate matters (PM) as well as gaseous pollutants. Sampling was done at a semi residential site, Joydebpur (CAMS- 4 site), Gazipur city and a traffic hot spot site (HS), Farmgate (CAMS-2 site), Dhaka, during December, 2013 to February, 2014 to observe the concentrations of black carbon (BC) and particulate matters for both coarse (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) fractions in the air of these cities. At the same time the meteorological parameters of the sampling sites such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, visibility etc. was observed. Sampling was performed by Air Matrices Mini Vol. sampler. At Gazipur site, in December 2013, it was observed that, the average concentrations of PM10, 3 3 3 PM2.5 and BC were 189.46 µg/m , 146.71 µg/m and 80.171 µg/m , respectively. The ratio of PM2.5 and PM10 showed that the average PM2.5 mass was about 78 % of the PM10 mass. Whereas, at the same time in Dhaka site the average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and BC 3 3 3 were 291 µg/m , 123 µg/m and 31.47 µg/m , respectively and the average PM2.5 mass was about 42.27 % of the PM10 mass. In January 2014, at Gazipur site the average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and BC were 3 3 3 found 200.43 µg/m , 129.78 µg/m and 65.67 µg/m , respectively. The ratio of PM2.5 and PM10 showed that the average PM2.5 mass was about 65 % of the PM10 mass. Whereas, at the 3 same time in Dhaka site the average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and BC were 209 µg/m , 3 3 126 µg/m and 25.71 µg /m , respectively and the average PM2.5 mass was about 61 % of the PM10 mass. In February 2014, at Gazipur site the average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and BC were 3 3 3 found 163.57 µg/m , 119.94 µg/m and 74.17 µg/m , respectively. The ratio of PM2.5 and PM10 showed that the average PM2.5 mass was about 73 % of the PM10 mass. Whereas, at the 3 same time in Dhaka site the average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and BC were 208 µg/m , 3 3 97 µg/m and 26.47 µg/m , respectively and the average PM2.5 mass was about 50 % of the PM10 mass. i During the sampling period (December, 2013 to February, 2014) the average concentrations 3 3 3 of PM10, PM2.5 and BC were found 185 µg/m ,132.65 µg/m and 73.1 µg/m , respectively at Gazipur, whereas those are 237µg/m3, 117 µg/m3 and 27.7 µg/m3, respectively in Dhaka. At the same time the average readings of relative humidity, visibility, temperature, rain fall and wind speed were 69.65 %, 2.76 km, 19.150C, 0.02 cm and 0.95 m/s, respectively. Though Farmgate (CAMS-2 site) of Dhaka is a very busy traffic point and Joydeppur of Gazipur (CAMS-4 site) is a semi-residential area, the concentration of PM2.5 in the air of Gazipur was found higher than that of Dhaka during the sampling period and the daily average of PM2.5 and PM10 for both the cities always exceeds the Bangladesh National Ambient Air Quality 3 3 Standard (BNAAQS, 65 µg/m for PM2.5 and 150 µg/m for PM10). It was observed that concentrations of PM and BC were higher with lower value of relative humidity and wind speed. During winter season brick kiln emission and long range transports increase the particulate matter in the air of Gazipur compared to that of Dhaka. Besides, there is an impact of indoor air pollution on the air quality of Gazipur city. ii CONTENTS Page No Abstract i-ii Contents iii-iv List of figures v-vi List of tables Vii List of abbreviations viii-ix CHAPTER- 1: INTRODUCTION 1-5 1.1 General Introduction 1 1.2 Objectives with specific aims and possible outcome 4 1.3 Importance of the study 4 1.4 Organization of the thesis 5 CHAPTER- 2: THEORETICAL ASPECTS AND LITERATURE REVIEW 6-24 2.1 Air pollution 6 2.2 Sources of air pollution in Bangladesh 7 2.3 Air pollutants 12 2.4 Effects of air pollution 13 2.5 Carbonaceous aerosol 15 2.6 Black carbon 16 2.7 Particulate matter 17 2.8 Review of earlier works 20 CHAPTER-3: EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 25-37 3.1 Air sampling 25 3.2 Description of the sampler 26 3.3 Sampling sites 29 3.4 Sampling 33 3.5 Determination of black carbon 36 3.6 Meteorological conditions of the sampling sites 37 iii CHAPTER-4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 38-69 4.1 Particulate mass concentrations 38 4.1.1 PM2.5 mass concentration 38 4.1.2 PM10 mass concentration 40 4.1.3 Ratio of the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 42 4.1.4 Sources of pollutants 46 4.1.5 Comparisons of PM mass concentrations between present data 48 and previous data for Farmgate, Dhaka. 4.2 Concentrations of black carbon 51 4.2.1 Fraction of black carbon in PM2.5 53 4.3 Variation of PM and BC with respect to meteorological condition 54 4.3.1 Effect of wind direction 55 4.3.2 Effect of wind speed 55 4.3.3 Effect of humidity 59 4.3.4 Effect of rainfall 63 4.3.5 Effect of temperature 63 4.4 Traffic volume at the sampling sites 65 CHAPTER –5: CONCLUSIONS 70-71 5.1 Conclusions 70 5.2 Recommendations 71 5.3Suggestions for future work 71 CHAPTER-6: REFERENCES AND APPENDICE 72-86 References 72-77 Appendix-I National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Bangladesh 78 Appendix-II Gaseous composition of dry air 79 Appendix-III Experimental data obtained from the study 80 Appendix-IV: News paper reports in support of study 84 Appendix-V Publications from the thesis. 85 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Figure Title Page No. Figure 2.1 Brick kilns are one of the major sources of air pollution. 8 Figure 2.2 Dust in urban areas. 9 Figure 2.3 Emission from construction activities 10 Figure 2.4 Various source of black carbon 17 Figure 2.5 Size of particulate matter 18 Figure 3.1 Schematic diagram of the sampling head of Air matrices PM 26 sampler Figure 3.2 PM Pre-separator and filter holder assembly 28 Figure 3.3 CAMS sites in Bangladesh 29 Figure 3.4 Map of sampling site, CAMS-2 (Farmgate, Dhaka) 30 Figure 3.5 Gazipur (Joydebpur) rail station and CAMS-4 site 31 Figure 3.6 Map of sampling site (CAMS-4, Joydebpur, Gazipur) 32 Figure 3.7 Placing the Mini Vol.