Phonemes and Allophones

Home , Allophone

Readings and Other Materials

Introduction

Aspiration in English

Phonemes and Phonemes and Allophones Allophones

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution

Summary Phonemes and Course Readings Allophones

Readings and Other Materials Course Readings Handouts

Introduction

Aspiration in English The following readings have been posted to the Moodle Phonemes and course site: Allophones Minimal Pairs and I Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 3 (pp. 59-69) Complementary Distribution

I Language Files: Chapter 3.1 (pp. 101-108) Summary Phonemes and Handouts for This Lecture Allophones

Readings and Other Materials Course Readings Handouts

Introduction

Aspiration in I have also posted to the course website the following English

handout, which you might ﬁnd useful over the next couple Phonemes and classes: Allophones Minimal Pairs and I “Important Vocabulary Items for Phonology” Complementary Distribution

Summary (You’ll probably want to have it with you for next class...) This Class: There are phonological rules that affect the pronunciation of single, individual phones.

Phonemes and A Review of Where We Are Allophones

Readings and The Fundamental Question: Other Materials What are the rules and mental representations that Introduction Aspiration in underlie our ability to speak and understand a language? English

Phonemes and Allophones Last Class: Minimal Pairs and Complementary I There are rules that affect the pronunciation of words. Distribution I The study of these rules is phonology. Summary I There is a phonological rule for breaking down words into syllables (syllabiﬁcation). Phonemes and A Review of Where We Are Allophones

Readings and The Fundamental Question: Other Materials What are the rules and mental representations that Introduction Aspiration in underlie our ability to speak and understand a language? English

This Class: There are phonological rules that affect the pronunciation of single, individual phones. Phonemes and An Oversimpliﬁcation Revealed Allophones

Readings and Other Materials

Introduction

Right now, we’d transcribe these words as follows: Aspiration in English The Facts ‘top’ [tAp] ‘cop’ [kAp] ‘pop’ [pAp] The Rule ‘stool’ [stul] ‘school’ [skul] ‘spool’ [spul] Phonemes and Allophones ‘eat’ [it] ‘eke’ [ik] ‘eep’ [ip] Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution Under this transcription: Summary st I All the words in the 1 column share a sound: [t] nd I All the words in the 2 column share a sound: [k] rd I All the words in the 3 column share a sound: [p] Phonemes and An Oversimpliﬁcation Revealed Allophones

Readings and Other Materials

Right now, we’d transcribe these words as follows: Introduction

Aspiration in ‘top’ [tAp] ‘cop’ [kAp] ‘pop’ [pAp] English The Facts ‘stool’ [stul] ‘school’ [skul] ‘spool’ [spul] The Rule Phonemes and ‘eat’ [it] ‘eke’ [ik] ‘eep’ [ip] Allophones

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Problem: Distribution st The actual ‘t’-sounds in the 1 column are a bit different Summary from each other.

I Put your hand in front of your mouth and say “top”.

I There’s a strong burst of air when you say the “t”.

I This burst isn’t there when you say “stool” and “eat”. Phonemes and An Oversimpliﬁcation Revealed Allophones

Readings and Other Materials

Right now, we’d transcribe these words as follows: Introduction

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Problem: Distribution nd The actual ‘k’-sounds in the 2 column are a bit different Summary from each other.

I Put your hand in front of your mouth and say “cop”.

I There’s a strong burst of air when you say the “c”.

I This burst isn’t there with “school” and “eke”. Phonemes and An Oversimpliﬁcation Revealed Allophones

Readings and Other Materials

Right now, we’d transcribe these words as follows: Introduction

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Problem: Distribution rd The actual ‘p’-sounds in the 3 column are a bit different Summary from each other.

I Put your hand in front of your mouth and say “pop”.

I There’s a strong burst of air when you say the “p”.

I This burst isn’t there when you say “spool” and “eep”. Phonemes and Aspiration Allophones

Readings and Vocabulary: Other Materials The strong burst of air when you pronounce [t]/[k]/[p] in Introduction Aspiration in “top”/“cop”/“pop” is called aspiration. English The Facts The Rule IPA Representation: Phonemes and Allophones Aspiration on a consonant C is represented in IPA by a Minimal Pairs and superscripted “h” (Ch). Complementary Distribution

Summary Therefore the following is a more accurate transcription of the words we saw before: ‘top’ [thAp] ‘cop’ [khAp] ‘pop’ [phAp] ‘stool’ [stul] ‘school’ [skul] ‘spool’ [spul] ‘eat’ [it] ‘eke’ [ik] ‘eep’ [ip] Phonemes and Aspiration and Phonology Allophones

Readings and Key Observation: Other Materials English speakers don’t just aspirate any old consonant they Introduction want. Aspiration in English The Facts I Normal pronunciation requires aspiration to be on [t] in The Rule “top” Phonemes and Allophones I Normal pronunciation requires no aspiration on [t] in Minimal Pairs and Complementary “stool” and “eat”. Distribution

Summary Conclusion: Part of knowing English is knowing where aspiration can (and must) go.

Question: How is this information represented in our brains? Problem for Wrong Hypothesis: English speakers know where aspiration must go in words they’ve never heard before.

I Read the following words to yourselves silently.

“torble” “corble” “porble” “stib” “skib” “spib” “ort” “ork” “orp”

Phonemes and Towards the Aspiration Rule Allophones

Readings and Wrong Hypothesis: Other Materials Maybe we just memorize it on a word-by-word basis? Introduction I When we learn a word like ‘cop’, we learn: Aspiration in English I The phones that compose it: [kAp] The Facts h The Rule I Whether any phones are aspirated: [k Ap] Phonemes and Allophones

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution

Summary Phonemes and Towards the Aspiration Rule Allophones

Minimal Pairs and Problem for Wrong Hypothesis: Complementary English speakers know where aspiration must go in Distribution words they’ve never heard before. Summary

I Read the following words to yourselves silently.

“torble” “corble” “porble” “stib” “skib” “spib” “ort” “ork” “orp” Phonemes and Towards the Aspiration Rule Allophones

Minimal Pairs and Problem for Wrong Hypothesis: Complementary English speakers know where aspiration must go in Distribution words they’ve never heard before. Summary

I Now say them with your hand in front of your mouth

“torble” “corble” “porble” “stib” “skib” “spib” “ort” “ork” “orp” Phonemes and Towards the Aspiration Rule Allophones

Minimal Pairs and Problem for Wrong Hypothesis: Complementary English speakers know where aspiration must go in Distribution words they’ve never heard before. Summary

I You probably pronounced them as follows:

“torble” [thOôbl] “corble” [khOôbl] “porble” [phOôbl] " " " “stib” [stIb] “skib” [skIb] “spib” [spIb] “ort” [Oôt] “ork” [Oôk] “orp” [Oôp] Right Hypothesis Aspiration in English is governed by a general rule.

I This rule tells you which consonants aspiration has to go on.

Phonemes and Towards the Aspiration Rule Allophones

Readings and Other Materials

Introduction Conclusion: Aspiration in I Since you’d never heard those made-up words before... English The Facts I Your knowledge of where aspiration goes couldn’t have The Rule Phonemes and been memorized... Allophones

I So the ‘Wrong Hypothesis’ is wrong... Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution

Summary Phonemes and Towards the Aspiration Rule Allophones

Readings and Other Materials

I So the ‘Wrong Hypothesis’ is wrong... Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution Right Hypothesis Summary Aspiration in English is governed by a general rule.

I This rule tells you which consonants aspiration has to go on. The Pattern: [t]/[k]/[p] can (and must) be aspirated when they are the ﬁrst sound in a syllable (onset).

Phonemes and Towards the Aspiration Rule Allophones

Readings and Other Materials So, what is the rule for where aspiration goes?... Introduction

Aspiration in English The following set of English words is representative of the pattern: The Facts ‘top’ [thAp] ‘cop’ [khAp] ‘pop’ [phAp] The Rule Phonemes and ‘stool’ [stul] ‘school’ [skul] ‘spool’ [spul] Allophones

‘eat’ [it] ‘eke’ [ik] ‘eep’ [ip] Minimal Pairs and h h h Complementary ‘twitter’ [t wI.dô] ‘quitter’ [k wI.dô] ‘please’ [p liz] Distribution h " h " h ‘return’ [ôi.t 1ôn] ‘recoil’ [ôi.k Ojl] ‘repay’ [ôi.p ej] Summary ‘outlier’ [awt.lajô] ‘rick-roll’ [ôIk.ôowl] ‘lip-lock’ [lIp.lAk] ‘wits’ [wIts] ‘licks’ [lIks] ‘lips’ [lIps] Phonemes and Towards the Aspiration Rule Allophones

Readings and Other Materials So, what is the rule for where aspiration goes?... Introduction

The Pattern: [t]/[k]/[p] can (and must) be aspirated when they are the ﬁrst sound in a syllable (onset). Phonemes and The Aspiration Rule Allophones

Readings and Other Materials

Interim Summary: Introduction

Aspiration in I English has rules for the pronunciation of words English The Facts (phonology) The Rule I English ‘phonology’ has rules for the pronunciation of Phonemes and Allophones

individual phones. Minimal Pairs and Complementary I One of those rules states where [t]/[k]/[p] bear Distribution aspiration (are ‘aspirated’) Summary

The Aspiration Rule: [t]/[k]/[p] can (and must) be aspirated when they are the ﬁrst phone in an onset. Basic Assumption About Memory: When we learn a word, we store in memory a representation of how it is pronounced

A Special Notation:

I For the actual spoken phones, I’ll continue to put them in square brackets ([...]).

I [ænd] = the sound produced when we say “and”

I For the representation of the phones in memory, I’ll put them in angled brackets (/.../)

I /ænd/ = the representation in our memory of how to say “and”

Phonemes and Sounds in Memory vs. Sounds in Speech Allophones Key Fact: The Aspiration Rule forces us to distinguish between: Readings and Other Materials

I The phones that are actually produced when we talk Introduction I The way those phones are represented in our memories. Aspiration in English

Phonemes and Allophones Memory vs. Pronunciation Phoneme vs. Allophone

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution

Summary Phonemes and Sounds in Memory vs. Sounds in Speech Allophones Key Fact: The Aspiration Rule forces us to distinguish between: Readings and Other Materials

I The phones that are actually produced when we talk Introduction I The way those phones are represented in our memories. Aspiration in English

Phonemes and Basic Assumption About Memory: Allophones Memory vs. Pronunciation When we learn a word, we store in memory a representation of Phoneme vs. Allophone how it is pronounced Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution

A Special Notation: Summary

I For the actual spoken phones, I’ll continue to put them in square brackets ([...]).

I [ænd] = the sound produced when we say “and”

I For the representation of the phones in memory, I’ll put them in angled brackets (/.../)

I /ænd/ = the representation in our memory of how to say “and” Answer: The answer appears to be ‘/tOôbl/’ (without aspiration). " I Some experimental evidence (psycholinguistics unit). I It also makes the most sense, practically speaking...

Phonemes and The Representation in Memory Allophones

Readings and Other Materials Question: Introduction When we learn a new word like “torble”, do we store in Aspiration in English

memory which sounds are aspirated? Phonemes and Allophones I Does the representation put into memory look like this: Memory vs. Pronunciation h /t Oôbl/ (with aspiration) Phoneme vs. Allophone " Minimal Pairs and I Or, does it look like this: /tOôbl/ (without aspiration) Complementary " Distribution

Summary Phonemes and The Representation in Memory Allophones

Readings and Other Materials Question: Introduction When we learn a new word like “torble”, do we store in Aspiration in English

Summary Answer: The answer appears to be ‘/tOôbl/’ (without aspiration). " I Some experimental evidence (psycholinguistics unit). I It also makes the most sense, practically speaking... A Simple Example: Spelling

I When the spelling of a word follows general rules... I It’s easier to learn the word. I Because, you don’t have to memorize the ‘details’. I All that info just follows from the rules... I So you don’t have to put it into memory.

Phonemes and The Representation in Memory Allophones General Principle of Simplicity in Memory: Readings and If the information already follows from a general rule, we Other Materials don’t waste time/effort memorizing it. Introduction Aspiration in English

Phonemes and Allophones Memory vs. Pronunciation Phoneme vs. Allophone

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution

Summary Phonemes and The Representation in Memory Allophones General Principle of Simplicity in Memory: Readings and If the information already follows from a general rule, we Other Materials don’t waste time/effort memorizing it. Introduction Aspiration in English A Simple Example: Spelling Phonemes and Allophones Memory vs. Pronunciation I When the spelling of a word follows general rules... Phoneme vs. Allophone I It’s easier to learn the word. Minimal Pairs and Complementary I Because, you don’t have to memorize the ‘details’. Distribution

I All that info just follows from the rules... Summary I So you don’t have to put it into memory.

I When the spelling of a word is irregular... I It’s harder to learn the word. I Because, you do have to memorize the ‘details’ (which letters, which order) I You do have to put all that info into memory. I That takes time and effort. Phonemes and The Representation in Memory Allophones General Principle of Simplicity in Memory: Readings and If the information already follows from a general rule, we Other Materials don’t waste time/effort memorizing it. Introduction Aspiration in English The Consequences for Aspiration Phonemes and Allophones Since our Aspiration Rule already says where aspiration Memory vs. Pronunciation can/must go, we don’t also (redundantly) put that information Phoneme vs. Allophone Minimal Pairs and into memory. Complementary Distribution I Therefore, although we pronounce the words like this: Summary ‘top’ [thAp] ‘cop’ [khAp] ‘pop’ [phAp]

I We store them in memory like this: ‘top’ /tAp/ ‘cop’ /kAp/ ‘pop’ /pAp/ Phonemes and A Picture of Speech Production Allophones

Readings and Other Materials

Introduction

Aspiration in English

Phonemes and Step 1: Access memorized representation /tejbl/ Allophones Memory vs. Pronunciation Step 2: Apply syllabiﬁcation rule tej.bl Phoneme vs. Allophone h " Minimal Pairs and Step 3: Apply aspiration rule t ej.bl Complementary Step 4: Pronounce word [thej.bl" ] Distribution " Summary Phonemes and The Crucial Distinction Allophones

Readings and Other Materials Important Conclusion: Introduction Aspiration in There is an important distinction between: English I The sound as produced by the speaker. Phonemes and Allophones I The sound as represented in memory. Memory vs. Pronunciation Phoneme vs. Allophone

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Illustration: Distribution Summary I In memory, “table” is represented as ‘/tejbl/’ I No aspiration, No syllabiﬁcation h I When pronounced, “table” is produced as ‘[t ej.bl]’ " I Aspiration on [t], Syllabiﬁcation complete Vocabulary: [X] is an allophone of /Y/ if [X] is one way that speakers pronounce /Y/.

Illustration: /t/ a phoneme of English [th] an allophone of /t/ in English [t] an allophone of /t/ in English

Vocabulary: We say that [th] and [t] are allophones of the same phoneme (namely,/t/).

Phonemes and Phonemes and Allophones Allophones Vocabulary Readings and I Phoneme = Other Materials The sound as represented in memory (/.../) Introduction Aspiration in I Allophone = English

The sound as actually produced by a speaker ([...]) Phonemes and Allophones Memory vs. Pronunciation Phoneme vs. Allophone

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution

Summary Vocabulary: We say that [th] and [t] are allophones of the same phoneme (namely,/t/).

Phonemes and Phonemes and Allophones Allophones Vocabulary Readings and I Phoneme = Other Materials The sound as represented in memory (/.../) Introduction Aspiration in I Allophone = English

The sound as actually produced by a speaker ([...]) Phonemes and Allophones Memory vs. Pronunciation Vocabulary: Phoneme vs. Allophone Minimal Pairs and [X] is an allophone of /Y/ if [X] is one way that speakers Complementary pronounce /Y/. Distribution Summary Illustration: /t/ a phoneme of English [th] an allophone of /t/ in English [t] an allophone of /t/ in English Phonemes and Phonemes and Allophones Allophones Vocabulary Readings and I Phoneme = Other Materials The sound as represented in memory (/.../) Introduction Aspiration in I Allophone = English

Vocabulary: We say that [th] and [t] are allophones of the same phoneme (namely,/t/). Phonemes and Allophones Across Languages Allophones

Readings and Other Materials

Introduction

Aspiration in Key Fact: English Phonemes and Whether or not two phones are allophones of the same Allophones phoneme depends on the language in question. Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution I In one language, [X] and [Y] can be allophones of the Different Languages, Different Phonemes same phoneme. Minimal Pairs Complementary Distribution I In another language, [X] and [Y] can be allophones of different phonemes. Summary How Do We Know?

I In Thai, the following are two different words: [tam] ‘to pound’ [tham] ‘to do’

I These words look exactly the same, except one has [t] where the other has [th]. h I This shows that [t] and [t ] must be allophones of different phonemes...

I Why?... (here comes the ‘R2’)

Phonemes and Different Languages, Different Phonemes Allophones

Example: Aspiration in English and Thai Readings and Other Materials h I In English, [t] and [t ] are allophones of the same Introduction

phoneme (/t/). Aspiration in h English I In Thai, [t] and [t ] are allophones of two different h Phonemes and phonemes (/t/, /t /). Allophones

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution Different Languages, Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs Complementary Distribution

Summary I These words look exactly the same, except one has [t] where the other has [th]. h I This shows that [t] and [t ] must be allophones of different phonemes...

I Why?... (here comes the ‘R2’)

Phonemes and Different Languages, Different Phonemes Allophones

Example: Aspiration in English and Thai Readings and Other Materials h I In English, [t] and [t ] are allophones of the same Introduction

phoneme (/t/). Aspiration in h English I In Thai, [t] and [t ] are allophones of two different h Phonemes and phonemes (/t/, /t /). Allophones

I Why?... (here comes the ‘R2’)

Phonemes and Different Languages, Different Phonemes Allophones

Example: Aspiration in English and Thai Readings and Other Materials h I In English, [t] and [t ] are allophones of the same Introduction

phoneme (/t/). Aspiration in h English I In Thai, [t] and [t ] are allophones of two different h Phonemes and phonemes (/t/, /t /). Allophones

Minimal Pairs and Complementary How Do We Know? Distribution Different Languages, Different Phonemes I In Thai, the following are two different words: Minimal Pairs [tam] ‘to pound’ [tham] ‘to do’ Complementary Distribution Summary I These words look exactly the same, except one has [t] where the other has [th]. I Why?... (here comes the ‘R2’)

Phonemes and Different Languages, Different Phonemes Allophones

Example: Aspiration in English and Thai Readings and Other Materials h I In English, [t] and [t ] are allophones of the same Introduction

phoneme (/t/). Aspiration in h English I In Thai, [t] and [t ] are allophones of two different h Phonemes and phonemes (/t/, /t /). Allophones

Example: Aspiration in English and Thai Readings and Other Materials h I In English, [t] and [t ] are allophones of the same Introduction

phoneme (/t/). Aspiration in h English I In Thai, [t] and [t ] are allophones of two different h Phonemes and phonemes (/t/, /t /). Allophones

I Why?... (here comes the ‘R2’) The Key Reasoning:

h I If [t] / [t ] were allophones of the same phoneme in Thai h I There would be a rule stating where you use [t] / [t ]. h h I Since [t am] is a word, this rule would entail [t ] before [-am]. I But, since [tam] is also a word, this rule would entail [t] before [-am]. h I But, one rule couldn’t require both [t ] before [-am] and [t] before [-am].

I Therefore, there isn’t actually a rule in Thai stating where you use [t] and [th]. h I And so, [t] and [t ] are allophones of two different phonemes (/t/, /th/).

Phonemes and The Logic Allophones The Facts: In Thai, these are two different words: [tam] ‘to pound’ [tham] ‘to do’ Readings and Other Materials

Introduction

Aspiration in English

Phonemes and Allophones

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution Different Languages, Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs Complementary Distribution

Summary h I There would be a rule stating where you use [t] / [t ]. h h I Since [t am] is a word, this rule would entail [t ] before [-am]. I But, since [tam] is also a word, this rule would entail [t] before [-am]. h I But, one rule couldn’t require both [t ] before [-am] and [t] before [-am].

I Therefore, there isn’t actually a rule in Thai stating where you use [t] and [th]. h I And so, [t] and [t ] are allophones of two different phonemes (/t/, /th/).

Phonemes and The Logic Allophones The Facts: In Thai, these are two different words: [tam] ‘to pound’ [tham] ‘to do’ Readings and Other Materials

Introduction The Key Reasoning: Aspiration in English h Phonemes and I If [t] / [t ] were allophones of the same phoneme in Thai Allophones

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution Different Languages, Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs Complementary Distribution

Summary h h I Since [t am] is a word, this rule would entail [t ] before [-am]. I But, since [tam] is also a word, this rule would entail [t] before [-am]. h I But, one rule couldn’t require both [t ] before [-am] and [t] before [-am].

I Therefore, there isn’t actually a rule in Thai stating where you use [t] and [th]. h I And so, [t] and [t ] are allophones of two different phonemes (/t/, /th/).

Phonemes and The Logic Allophones The Facts: In Thai, these are two different words: [tam] ‘to pound’ [tham] ‘to do’ Readings and Other Materials

Introduction The Key Reasoning: Aspiration in English h Phonemes and I If [t] / [t ] were allophones of the same phoneme in Thai Allophones h I There would be a rule stating where you use [t] / [t ]. Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution Different Languages, Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs Complementary Distribution

Summary I But, since [tam] is also a word, this rule would entail [t] before [-am]. h I But, one rule couldn’t require both [t ] before [-am] and [t] before [-am].

I Therefore, there isn’t actually a rule in Thai stating where you use [t] and [th]. h I And so, [t] and [t ] are allophones of two different phonemes (/t/, /th/).

Phonemes and The Logic Allophones The Facts: In Thai, these are two different words: [tam] ‘to pound’ [tham] ‘to do’ Readings and Other Materials

Introduction The Key Reasoning: Aspiration in English h Phonemes and I If [t] / [t ] were allophones of the same phoneme in Thai Allophones h I There would be a rule stating where you use [t] / [t ]. Minimal Pairs and h h Complementary I Since [t am] is a word, this rule would entail [t ] Distribution Different Languages, before [-am]. Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs Complementary Distribution

Summary h I But, one rule couldn’t require both [t ] before [-am] and [t] before [-am].

I Therefore, there isn’t actually a rule in Thai stating where you use [t] and [th]. h I And so, [t] and [t ] are allophones of two different phonemes (/t/, /th/).

Phonemes and The Logic Allophones The Facts: In Thai, these are two different words: [tam] ‘to pound’ [tham] ‘to do’ Readings and Other Materials

Introduction The Key Reasoning: Aspiration in English h Phonemes and I If [t] / [t ] were allophones of the same phoneme in Thai Allophones h I There would be a rule stating where you use [t] / [t ]. Minimal Pairs and h h Complementary I Since [t am] is a word, this rule would entail [t ] Distribution Different Languages, before [-am]. Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs I But, since [tam] is also a word, this rule would entail Complementary Distribution

[t] before [-am]. Summary I Therefore, there isn’t actually a rule in Thai stating where you use [t] and [th]. h I And so, [t] and [t ] are allophones of two different phonemes (/t/, /th/).

Phonemes and The Logic Allophones The Facts: In Thai, these are two different words: [tam] ‘to pound’ [tham] ‘to do’ Readings and Other Materials

Introduction The Key Reasoning: Aspiration in English h Phonemes and I If [t] / [t ] were allophones of the same phoneme in Thai Allophones h I There would be a rule stating where you use [t] / [t ]. Minimal Pairs and h h Complementary I Since [t am] is a word, this rule would entail [t ] Distribution Different Languages, before [-am]. Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs I But, since [tam] is also a word, this rule would entail Complementary Distribution

[t] before [-am]. Summary h I But, one rule couldn’t require both [t ] before [-am] and [t] before [-am]. h I And so, [t] and [t ] are allophones of two different phonemes (/t/, /th/).

Phonemes and The Logic Allophones The Facts: In Thai, these are two different words: [tam] ‘to pound’ [tham] ‘to do’ Readings and Other Materials

Introduction The Key Reasoning: Aspiration in English h Phonemes and I If [t] / [t ] were allophones of the same phoneme in Thai Allophones h I There would be a rule stating where you use [t] / [t ]. Minimal Pairs and h h Complementary I Since [t am] is a word, this rule would entail [t ] Distribution Different Languages, before [-am]. Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs I But, since [tam] is also a word, this rule would entail Complementary Distribution

[t] before [-am]. Summary h I But, one rule couldn’t require both [t ] before [-am] and [t] before [-am].

I Therefore, there isn’t actually a rule in Thai stating where you use [t] and [th]. Phonemes and The Logic Allophones The Facts: In Thai, these are two different words: [tam] ‘to pound’ [tham] ‘to do’ Readings and Other Materials

Introduction The Key Reasoning: Aspiration in English h Phonemes and I If [t] / [t ] were allophones of the same phoneme in Thai Allophones h I There would be a rule stating where you use [t] / [t ]. Minimal Pairs and h h Complementary I Since [t am] is a word, this rule would entail [t ] Distribution Different Languages, before [-am]. Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs I But, since [tam] is also a word, this rule would entail Complementary Distribution

[t] before [-am]. Summary h I But, one rule couldn’t require both [t ] before [-am] and [t] before [-am].

I Therefore, there isn’t actually a rule in Thai stating where you use [t] and [th]. h I And so, [t] and [t ] are allophones of two different phonemes (/t/, /th/). Phonemes and Minimal Pairs Allophones

Readings and Other Materials

Introduction

Aspiration in Vocabulary English Minimal Pairs = Two words that sound exactly the same, Phonemes and except one has [X] where the other has [Y]. Allophones Minimal Pairs and I If two words are minimal pairs differing only in [X] and [Y], Complementary Distribution then they are minimal pairs for [X] and [Y]. Different Languages, Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs Contrast and Perception An Analogy The General Principle: Complementary Distribution If there are minimal pairs for [X] and [Y], then [X] and [Y] are Summary allophones of different phonemes. Example 2: The following are minimal pairs for [s] and [S] in English ‘sip’ [sIp] ‘ship’ [SIp] ‘mess’ [mEs] ‘mesh’ [mES] ‘last’ [læst] ‘lashed’ [læSt]

I These pairs show that there’s no rule that states whether you say [ô]/[l] or [s]/[S]].

I Thus, they show that these are all allophones of different phonemes.

Phonemes and Some Illustrative Examples Allophones Example 1: Readings and The following are minimal pairs for [l] and [ô] in English Other Materials Introduction

‘rap’ [ôæp] ‘lap’ [læp] Aspiration in ‘rip’ [ôIp] ‘lip’ [lIp] English h h Phonemes and ‘peer’ [p iô] ‘peel’ [p il] Allophones

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution Different Languages, Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs Contrast and Perception An Analogy Complementary Distribution

Summary I These pairs show that there’s no rule that states whether you say [ô]/[l] or [s]/[S]].

I Thus, they show that these are all allophones of different phonemes.

Phonemes and Some Illustrative Examples Allophones Example 1: Readings and The following are minimal pairs for [l] and [ô] in English Other Materials Introduction

‘rap’ [ôæp] ‘lap’ [læp] Aspiration in ‘rip’ [ôIp] ‘lip’ [lIp] English h h Phonemes and ‘peer’ [p iô] ‘peel’ [p il] Allophones

Minimal Pairs and Example 2: Complementary Distribution The following are minimal pairs for [s] and [S] in English Different Languages, Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs ‘sip’ [sIp] ‘ship’ [SIp] Contrast and Perception An Analogy ‘mess’ [mEs] ‘mesh’ [mES] Complementary Distribution ‘last’ [læst] ‘lashed’ [læSt] Summary Phonemes and Some Illustrative Examples Allophones Example 1: Readings and The following are minimal pairs for [l] and [ô] in English Other Materials Introduction

‘rap’ [ôæp] ‘lap’ [læp] Aspiration in ‘rip’ [ôIp] ‘lip’ [lIp] English h h Phonemes and ‘peer’ [p iô] ‘peel’ [p il] Allophones

I These pairs show that there’s no rule that states whether you say [ô]/[l] or [s]/[S]].

I Thus, they show that these are all allophones of different phonemes. Key Fact 1: Contrast Means Perception When two phones ([X] and [Y]) contrast in a language, this means that:

I There are minimal pairs for [X] and [Y].

I So, [X] and [Y] distinguish words of the language.

I So, speakers must perceive the difference between [X] and [Y].

I (Like [s] vs. [S] in English)

Phonemes and Contrast Allophones

More Vocabulary: Readings and Other Materials I If [X] and [Y] are allophones of different phonemes, Introduction

then they are said to contrast. Aspiration in English I If [X] and [Y] are allophones of the same phoneme, Phonemes and then they don’t contrast. Allophones Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution Different Languages, Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs Contrast and Perception An Analogy Complementary Distribution

Summary Phonemes and Contrast Allophones

More Vocabulary: Readings and Other Materials I If [X] and [Y] are allophones of different phonemes, Introduction

then they are said to contrast. Aspiration in English I If [X] and [Y] are allophones of the same phoneme, Phonemes and then they don’t contrast. Allophones Minimal Pairs and Complementary Key Fact 1: Contrast Means Perception Distribution Different Languages, When two phones ([X] and [Y]) contrast in a language, this Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs means that: Contrast and Perception An Analogy Complementary Distribution I There are minimal pairs for [X] and [Y]. Summary I So, [X] and [Y] distinguish words of the language.

I So, speakers must perceive the difference between [X] and [Y].

I (Like [s] vs. [S] in English) Phonemes and Contrast Allophones More Vocabulary: Readings and I If [X] and [Y] are allophones of different phonemes, Other Materials then they are said to contrast. Introduction Aspiration in I If [X] and [Y] are allophones of the same phoneme, English then they don’t contrast. Phonemes and Allophones

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Key Fact 2: No Contrast Means Maybe No Perception Distribution When two phones ([X] and [Y]) don’t contrast in a language, Different Languages, Different Phonemes this means that: Minimal Pairs Contrast and Perception An Analogy I There aren’t any minimal pairs for [X] and [Y]. Complementary Distribution Summary I So, [X] and [Y] don’t distinguish any words of the language.

I So, speakers don’t necessarily perceive the difference between [X] and [Y]. h I (Like [t] vs. [t ] in English) If X and Y are really ‘the same person’ (in different costumes), we’ll never get them both in the same place at the same time. If X and Y are two different people, then we can get them both in the same place at the same time. The Analogy: Looking for minimal pairs is like trying to get two people in the same place at the same time.

I “place and time” ≈ the surrounding phones

I If [X] and [Y] show up in the same ‘place / time’, they are two different ‘sounds’ (phonemes) in the language.

Phonemes and An Analogy That Might Help Allophones If [X] and [Y] are allophones of the same phoneme, the language views them as just ‘versions of the same sound’. Readings and Other Materials (They’re the same sound dressed up in different costumes) Introduction I They are represented the same way in memory (/X/) Aspiration in English

I Speakers don’t necessarily hear the difference Phonemes and Allophones

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution Different Languages, Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs Contrast and Perception An Analogy Complementary Distribution

Summary If X and Y are two different people, then we can get them both in the same place at the same time. The Analogy: Looking for minimal pairs is like trying to get two people in the same place at the same time.

I “place and time” ≈ the surrounding phones

I If [X] and [Y] show up in the same ‘place / time’, they are two different ‘sounds’ (phonemes) in the language.

I Speakers don’t necessarily hear the difference Phonemes and Allophones

Summary The Analogy: Looking for minimal pairs is like trying to get two people in the same place at the same time.

I “place and time” ≈ the surrounding phones

I If [X] and [Y] show up in the same ‘place / time’, they are two different ‘sounds’ (phonemes) in the language.

I Speakers don’t necessarily hear the difference Phonemes and Allophones

Minimal Pairs and If X and Y are really ‘the same person’ (in different costumes), Complementary we’ll never get them both in the same place at the same time. Distribution Different Languages, Different Phonemes If X and Y are two different people, then we can get them both Minimal Pairs Contrast and Perception in the same place at the same time. An Analogy Complementary Distribution

Summary Phonemes and An Analogy That Might Help Allophones If [X] and [Y] are allophones of the same phoneme, the language views them as just ‘versions of the same sound’. Readings and Other Materials (They’re the same sound dressed up in different costumes) Introduction I They are represented the same way in memory (/X/) Aspiration in English

I Speakers don’t necessarily hear the difference Phonemes and Allophones

I “place and time” ≈ the surrounding phones

I If [X] and [Y] show up in the same ‘place / time’, they are two different ‘sounds’ (phonemes) in the language. Phonemes and An Analogy That Might Help Allophones If [X] and [Y] are allophones of the same phoneme, the language views them as just ‘versions of the same sound’. Readings and Other Materials (They’re the same sound dressed up in different costumes) Introduction I They are represented the same way in memory (/X/) Aspiration in English

I Speakers don’t necessarily hear the difference Phonemes and Allophones

I “place and time” ≈ the surrounding phones

I If [X] and [Y] are never in the same ‘place / time’, they might be the same ‘sound’ (phoneme) in the language. Key Fact: If two phones are allophones of the same phoneme, then they must be in complementary distribution.

Illustration: [t] and [th] in English

h I [t] and [t ] are allophones of the same phoneme (/t/). h I So, there’s a rule that states whether you say [t] or [t ] I So, two English words can’t be exactly the same, except for [t] and [th] h I If you try to replace [t] with [t ], the result is unpronounceable in English. [thAp] *[tAp] [stAp] *[sthAp]

Phonemes and Complementary Distribution Allophones Vocabulary: Readings and If there aren’t minimal pairs for [X] and [Y], then they are Other Materials

in complementary distribution. Introduction

Aspiration in English

Phonemes and Allophones

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution Different Languages, Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs Complementary Distribution

Summary Illustration: [t] and [th] in English

Phonemes and Complementary Distribution Allophones Vocabulary: Readings and If there aren’t minimal pairs for [X] and [Y], then they are Other Materials

in complementary distribution. Introduction

Aspiration in Key Fact: English Phonemes and If two phones are allophones of the same phoneme, then Allophones

they must be in complementary distribution. Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution Different Languages, Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs Complementary Distribution

Summary Phonemes and Complementary Distribution Allophones Vocabulary: Readings and If there aren’t minimal pairs for [X] and [Y], then they are Other Materials

in complementary distribution. Introduction

Aspiration in Key Fact: English Phonemes and If two phones are allophones of the same phoneme, then Allophones

they must be in complementary distribution. Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution h Different Languages, Illustration: [t] and [t ] in English Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs h Complementary Distribution I [t] and [t ] are allophones of the same phoneme (/t/). h Summary I So, there’s a rule that states whether you say [t] or [t ] I So, two English words can’t be exactly the same, except for [t] and [th] h I If you try to replace [t] with [t ], the result is unpronounceable in English. [thAp] *[tAp] [stAp] *[sthAp] I If you can’t ﬁnd minimal pairs for [X] and [Y], then I [X] and [Y] are in complementary distribution. I [X] and [Y] might be allophones of the same phoneme I [X] and [Y] might be perceived by speakers as the ‘same sound’.

Phonemes and The Logical Picture Allophones

Readings and In summary: Other Materials Introduction

Summary Phonemes and The Logical Picture Allophones

Readings and In summary: Other Materials Introduction

Aspiration in I If you can ﬁnd minimal pairs for [X] and [Y], then English Phonemes and I [X] and [Y] are allophones of different phonemes. Allophones I [X] and [Y] contrast in the language Minimal Pairs and I [X] and [Y] are perceived by speakers as ‘different Complementary Distribution sounds’ Different Languages, Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs Complementary Distribution I If you can’t ﬁnd minimal pairs for [X] and [Y], then Summary I [X] and [Y] are in complementary distribution. I [X] and [Y] might be allophones of the same phoneme I [X] and [Y] might be perceived by speakers as the ‘same sound’. Key Logical Point: But, [X] and [Y] might be in complementary distribution and still be allophones of different phonemes.

I Analogy: Even if two people are never in the same room together, they might still be two different people. (They just have conﬂicting schedules or something)

I Illustration: [N] and [h] in English I In English, [N] is never in onsets. I In English, [h] is never in codas. I However, we still think they are different phonemes... (We’ll see why next class)

Phonemes and Allophones

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution Different Languages, Different Phonemes Minimal Pairs Complementary Distribution

Summary I Illustration: [N] and [h] in English I In English, [N] is never in onsets. I In English, [h] is never in codas. I However, we still think they are different phonemes... (We’ll see why next class)

Phonemes and One Last Point of Logic: Allophones Fact We Just Saw: Readings and If [X] and [Y] are allophones of the same phoneme, then Other Materials they are in complementary distribution. Introduction Aspiration in Key Logical Point: English Phonemes and But, [X] and [Y] might be in complementary distribution Allophones and still be allophones of different phonemes. Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution I Analogy: Different Languages, Different Phonemes Even if two people are never in the same room Minimal Pairs Complementary Distribution

together, they might still be two different people. Summary (They just have conﬂicting schedules or something) Phonemes and One Last Point of Logic: Allophones Fact We Just Saw: Readings and If [X] and [Y] are allophones of the same phoneme, then Other Materials they are in complementary distribution. Introduction Aspiration in Key Logical Point: English Phonemes and But, [X] and [Y] might be in complementary distribution Allophones and still be allophones of different phonemes. Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution I Analogy: Different Languages, Different Phonemes Even if two people are never in the same room Minimal Pairs Complementary Distribution

together, they might still be two different people. Summary (They just have conﬂicting schedules or something)

I Illustration: [N] and [h] in English I In English, [N] is never in onsets. I In English, [h] is never in codas. I However, we still think they are different phonemes... (We’ll see why next class) Phonemes and Summary Allophones Allophones and Phonemes Readings and Other Materials

Introduction

Aspiration in English I The phonology of a language includes rules that Phonemes and affect individual phones. Allophones Minimal Pairs and Complementary Example: Distribution In English, [t]/[p]/[k] are aspirated at the beginning of onsets. Summary

I Given these rules, we must distinguish between: I phoneme: the sound as represented in memory I allophone: the sound as actually produced I If we can ﬁnd minimal pairs for two phones, then we know they are allophones of different phonemes. Example (Thai): [tam] ‘to pound’ [tham] ‘to do’

I If we can’t ﬁnd minimal pairs for them, then they might be allophones of the same phoneme. Example: h I In English, there are no minimal pairs for [t] and [t ]... I ...but there also aren’t minimal pairs for [N] and [h]

Phonemes and Summary Allophones Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution Readings and I Languages differ in whether phones are allophones Other Materials

of the same (or different) phonemes. Introduction

Aspiration in Example: English h In Thai, [t] and [t ] are allophones of different phonemes Phonemes and Allophones

Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution

Summary I If we can’t ﬁnd minimal pairs for them, then they might be allophones of the same phoneme. Example: h I In English, there are no minimal pairs for [t] and [t ]... I ...but there also aren’t minimal pairs for [N] and [h]

Phonemes and Summary Allophones Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution Readings and I Languages differ in whether phones are allophones Other Materials

of the same (or different) phonemes. Introduction

Aspiration in Example: English h In Thai, [t] and [t ] are allophones of different phonemes Phonemes and Allophones

Minimal Pairs and I If we can ﬁnd minimal pairs for two phones, then we Complementary know they are allophones of different phonemes. Distribution Summary Example (Thai): [tam] ‘to pound’ [tham] ‘to do’ Phonemes and Summary Allophones Minimal Pairs and Complementary Distribution Readings and I Languages differ in whether phones are allophones Other Materials

of the same (or different) phonemes. Introduction

Aspiration in Example: English h In Thai, [t] and [t ] are allophones of different phonemes Phonemes and Allophones