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Law, Counsel, and Commonwealth: Languages of Power in the Early English Reformation
Law, Counsel, and Commonwealth: Languages of Power in the Early English Reformation Christine M. Knaack Doctor of Philosophy University of York History April 2015 2 Abstract This thesis examines how power was re-articulated in light of the royal supremacy during the early stages of the English Reformation. It argues that key words and concepts, particularly those involving law, counsel, and commonwealth, formed the basis of political participation during this period. These concepts were invoked with the aim of influencing the king or his ministers, of drawing attention to problems the kingdom faced, or of expressing a political ideal. This thesis demonstrates that these languages of power were present in a wide variety of contexts, appearing not only in official documents such as laws and royal proclamations, but also in manuscript texts, printed books, sermons, complaints, and other texts directed at king and counsellors alike. The prose dialogue and the medium of translation were employed in order to express political concerns. This thesis shows that political languages were available to a much wider range of participants than has been previously acknowledged. Part One focuses on the period c. 1528-36, investigating the role of languages of power during the period encompassing the Reformation Parliament. The legislation passed during this Parliament re-articulated notions of the realm’s social order, creating a body politic that encompassed temporal and spiritual members of the realm alike and positioning the king as the head of that body. Writers and theorists examined legal changes by invoking the commonwealth, describing the social hierarchy as an organic body politic, and using the theme of counsel to acknowledge the king’s imperial authority. -
DISSERTATION-Submission Reformatted
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Dilemma of Obedience: Persecution, Dissimulation, and Memory in Early Modern England, 1553-1603 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5tv2w736 Author Harkins, Robert Lee Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Dilemma of Obedience: Persecution, Dissimulation, and Memory in Early Modern England, 1553-1603 By Robert Lee Harkins A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Ethan Shagan, Chair Professor Jonathan Sheehan Professor David Bates Fall 2013 © Robert Lee Harkins 2013 All Rights Reserved 1 Abstract The Dilemma of Obedience: Persecution, Dissimulation, and Memory in Early Modern England, 1553-1603 by Robert Lee Harkins Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Ethan Shagan, Chair This study examines the problem of religious and political obedience in early modern England. Drawing upon extensive manuscript research, it focuses on the reign of Mary I (1553-1558), when the official return to Roman Catholicism was accompanied by the prosecution of Protestants for heresy, and the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603), when the state religion again shifted to Protestantism. I argue that the cognitive dissonance created by these seesaw changes of official doctrine necessitated a society in which religious mutability became standard operating procedure. For most early modern men and women it was impossible to navigate between the competing and contradictory dictates of Tudor religion and politics without conforming, dissimulating, or changing important points of conscience and belief. -
DISSERTATION-Submission Reformatted
The Dilemma of Obedience: Persecution, Dissimulation, and Memory in Early Modern England, 1553-1603 By Robert Lee Harkins A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Ethan Shagan, Chair Professor Jonathan Sheehan Professor David Bates Fall 2013 © Robert Lee Harkins 2013 All Rights Reserved 1 Abstract The Dilemma of Obedience: Persecution, Dissimulation, and Memory in Early Modern England, 1553-1603 by Robert Lee Harkins Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Ethan Shagan, Chair This study examines the problem of religious and political obedience in early modern England. Drawing upon extensive manuscript research, it focuses on the reign of Mary I (1553-1558), when the official return to Roman Catholicism was accompanied by the prosecution of Protestants for heresy, and the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603), when the state religion again shifted to Protestantism. I argue that the cognitive dissonance created by these seesaw changes of official doctrine necessitated a society in which religious mutability became standard operating procedure. For most early modern men and women it was impossible to navigate between the competing and contradictory dictates of Tudor religion and politics without conforming, dissimulating, or changing important points of conscience and belief. Although early modern theologians and polemicists widely declared religious conformists to be shameless apostates, when we examine specific cases in context it becomes apparent that most individuals found ways to positively rationalize and justify their respective actions. This fraught history continued to have long-term effects on England’s religious, political, and intellectual culture. -
C.1530 Sarah Raskin
False Oaths The Silent Alliance between Church and Heretics in England, c.1400-c.1530 Sarah Raskin Submitted in partial fulFillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2016 © 2016 Sarah Raskin All rights reserved ABSTRACT False Oaths: The Silent Alliance between Church and Heretics in England, c. 1400-1530 Sarah Raskin This dissertation re-examines trials for heresy in England from 1382, which saw the First major action directed at the WyclifFite heresy in Oxford, and the early Reformation period, with an emphasis on abjurations, the oaths renouncing heretical beliefs that suspects were required to swear after their interrogations were concluded. It draws a direct link between the customs that developed around the ceremony of abjuration and the exceptionally low rate of execution for “relapsed” and “obstinate” heretics in England, compared to other major European anti-heresy campaigns of the period. Several cases are analyzed in which heretics who should have been executed, according to the letter and intention of canon law on the subject, were permitted to abjure, sometimes repeatedly. Other cases ended in execution despite intense efforts by the presiding bishop to obtain a similarly law-bending abjuration. All these cases are situated in the context of the constitutions governing heresy trials as well as a survey of the theology and cultural standing of oaths within both WyclifFism and the broader Late Medieval and Early Modern world. This dissertation traces how Lollard heretics gradually accepted the necessity of false abjuration as one of a number of measures to preserve their lives and their movement, and how early adopters using coded writing carefully persuaded their co-religionists of this necessity. -
Thought, Word and Deed in the Mid-Tudor Commonwealth : Sir Thomas Smith and Sir William Cecil in the Reign of Edward VI
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1979 Thought, word and deed in the mid-Tudor Commonwealth : Sir Thomas Smith and Sir William Cecil in the reign of Edward VI Ann B. Clark Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Economic History Commons, and the European History Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Clark, Ann B., "Thought, word and deed in the mid-Tudor Commonwealth : Sir Thomas Smith and Sir William Cecil in the reign of Edward VI" (1979). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 2776. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.2772 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. / AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Ann B. Clarke for the Master of Arts in History presented 18 May 1979. l I· Title: Thought, Word and Deed in the Mid-Tudor Commonwealth: Sir Thomas Smith:and Sir William Cecil in the Reign of Edward VI. APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COlfiMITTEE: Ann Weikel, Chairman Charles LeGuin · Michael Reardon This thesis examines the general economic and intel- lectual climate of the mid-Tudor Commonwealth as a background for a specific study of the financial reforms instituted by Edward VI's government while the Duke of Northumberland controlled the Privy Council. The philosophy behind these measures parallels the principles expressed in A Discourse of the Commonweal of this Realm of England, a treatise written in 1549 by Sir Thomas Smith, Secretary to King Edward. -
And Humanist Learning in Tudor England a Thesis
ROGER ASCHAM AND HUMANIST LEARNING IN TUDOR ENGLAND by HARRAL E. LANDRY,, A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the Graduate School of the University of Alabama UNIVERSITY, ALABAMA 1958 PREFACE Roger Ascham was probably the greatest teacher in Elizabethan England. The period is graced with the name of his most famous and most spectacular pupil - Elizabeth Tu.dor. His life was dedicated, if indeed to anything, to the Greek ideal of "a sound mind in a sound body •." In addition, he reached a zenith as probably the greatest Latin letter writer in England. This achievement is all the more remarkable since his era was one of scholarship in the language of ancient Latium and of Rome. Yet, he is without a biographer, except in short sketches prefacing the editions of his writings. The purpose of this thesis is to collect some of the thoroughly scattered material and look a little more close ly at Ascham as a student, scholar, and particularly as a teacher. Every effort has been made to work with source material. Old English spellings have been modernized to provide continuity, uniformity, and smoothness of reading. Exceptions will be found in original book titles. Making a study of ideas is like steering a tricky passage between the perils of Scylla and Charybdis. In narrow straits the channel is often both,deep and indeter minate. The navigation of such a passage, even on my unlearned and far from comprehensive level, would have been impossible were it not for the generous assistance of a number of people. -
University Microfilms. Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
7 0 -m -,1 1 9 WILLIS, Craig Dean, 1935- THE TUDORS AND THEIR TUTORS: A STUDY OF SIXTEENTH CENTURY ROYAL EDUCATION IN BRITAIN. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1969 Education, history University Microfilms. Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan © Copyright by Craig Dean W illis 1970 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE TUDORS AND THEIR- TUTORS: A STUDY OF SIXTEENTH CENTURY ROYAL EDUCATION IN BRITAIN DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University SY Craig Dean W illis, B.A., M.A. IHt- -tttt -H-H- The Ohio State U niversity 1969 Adviser t School of Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To Dr. Robert B. Sutton, my major adviser, I owe a major debt of gratitude for his guidance, encouragement, and scholarly qualifies* I also wish to thank the members of the reading committee for their contribution; and in particular, I want to express appreciation to Dr. Richard J. Frankie and the late Dr. Earl Anderson for their professional and meaningful assistance. It is appropriate to thank the administrative officers at Ohio Wesleyan University for their encouragement and willingness to let me arrange my work around my graduate studies. Persons of particular help were Dr, Allan C. Ingraham, Dr. Elden T. Smith, Dr. Emerson C. Shuck, and Dr. Robert P. Lisensky. My family has been of invaluable assistance to me, and it is to them that I dedicate the study of the education of the Tudor family. My parents, J. Russell and Glenna A. W illis, have helped in many ways, both overt and subtle. -
The Humanist Studies of Princess Elizabeth, 1538-1558
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2017 “Her mind has no womanly weakness”: The Humanist Studies of Princess Elizabeth, 1538-1558 Hamill, Kelsey Anne Hamill, K. A. (2017). “Her mind has no womanly weakness”: The Humanist Studies of Princess Elizabeth, 1538-1558 (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/26352 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/3770 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY “Her mind has no womanly weakness”: The Humanist Studies of Princess Elizabeth, 1538-1558 by Kelsey Anne Hamill A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA APRIL, 2017 © Kelsey Anne Hamill 2017 i ABSTRACT Elite women in early modern England and Europe were usually educated in the skills of embroidery, dance, music, and cooking, with some rudimentary training in writing, reading, and Latin. These were all skills that were believed necessary to attract stronger marriage prospects from, and be better partners to, elite men. This thesis examines Elizabeth I’s (1533–1603) education during the years before she assumed the crown, circa 1538–1558. -
TUTOR: Sir Thomas Smith (1513-1577)
“SHAKESPEARE’S” TUTOR: Sir Thomas Smith (1513-1577) Stephanie Hopkins Hughes ❦ Prospero: Knowing I loved my books, he furnished me, From my own library, with volumes that I prize above my dukedom. The Tempest: I.2 HAT did Shakespeare know? As so many scholars have shown–– whether or not they have accepted their own abundant proofs––the evidence reveals a writer fluent in Latin and classical Greek (Green- wood 93, 98), in contemporary French (Henry V:III.3, Shaheen 361) and Italian (Grillo 125-6); one who had read and remembered a great deal of history, both the history of his own nation (Bullough 3.xi, Shaheen 360) and that of ancient times (Cantor 10); and although he didn’t always reflect what he knew in his plays exactly the way it happened, much must be allowed for the pur- poses of drama. He was familiar with the Bible, particularly the Geneva Bible (Shaheen 39) and the Book of Common Prayer (51). He was familiar with the works of ancient philoso- phers, Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero (Baldwin 412). He was familiar with the ancient Greek dramatists as with the Romans Plautus, Juvenal, Cicero and Virgil (Churton Collins as qtd. in Greenwood 93, 98-9); with Terence and Seneca, (Muir 18, 255-7); with his Continental contemporaries, Ronsard (Lewis 170), Ariosto (Grillo 129), and Tasso (131). He was high- ly trained in techniques of rhetoric (Joseph 44-5). He was so highly trained in the law that, as a matter of course, he communicated easily in metaphors couched in abstruse legal termi- nology (Greenwood 375-6). -
INTRODUCTION 1. Bodleian Library, Rawlinson MS.C 155, Fo.327, Thomas Baker to John Lewis. 2. for the Full Titles and Publication
Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Bodleian Library, Rawlinson MS.C 155, fo.327, Thomas Baker to John Lewis. 2. For the full titles and publication details of lives of Fisher, see Con- ventions, pp. x–xv, above. 3. The exception to this pattern is Rouschausse, who devotes more space than other writers to Fisher’s career. 4. Early Life, I pp. 165, 166, Informations B. ‘Informations’ indicates that the source is one of the questionnaires sent out by the biographer. 5. Early Life, II p. 215. 6. Early Life, II p. 213. 7. ‘Observations on the Circumstances which occasioned the Death of Fisher, Bishop of Rochester’, Archaeologia, 25 (1834) 61–99. 8. Foxe, V, p. 99. For Foxe’s allegations of cruelty against Fisher, see Chapter 5, below. 9. Cf. Bradshaw, in Bradshaw and Duffy, pp. 1, 17. 10. God Have Mercy, The Life of John Fisher of Rochester, Ottawa, 1969, especially pp. 22–3. 11. Surts, Works and Days of John Fisher, Cambridge, Mass. 1967; Rex, The Theology of John Fisher, Cambridge, 1991. 12. Initially, Fisher was buried in the graveyard of All-Hallows-By-The- Tower. The Greyfriars Chronicle states that he was disinterred after More’s execution and buried with him in the Tower. Unsubstantiated tradition has it that Margaret Roper obtained custody of both corpses and reburied them in More’s tomb in Chelsea old church. 13. Life of Fisher, p. 254. 14. The oft-quoted story of Fisher’s retreating from his festive household at Christmas in order to pray comes, not from the authentic Early Life, but from Bayly’s embellished version. -
Lay Supremacy: Reform of the Canon Law of England from Henry VIII to Elizabeth I (1529–1571)
[RRR 8.3 (2006) 349–370] RRR (print) ISSN 1462-2459 doi:10.1558/rrr.v8i3.349 RRR (online) ISSN 1743-1727 Lay Supremacy: Reform of the canon law of England from Henry VIII to Elizabeth I (1529–1571) Torrance Kirby McGill University [email protected] Abstract In 1529, Parliament passed the first in a series of statutes denouncing pa- pal authority as a usurpation of the traditional jurisdiction of the English ecclesiastical courts, and reasserting the doctrine of the late-fourteenth century Statutes of Praemunire. In response, the clergy in Convocation initiated a pre-emptive attempt at a systematic overhaul of the canon law. The urgency to reform ecclesiastical law was further sharpened by Henry VIII’s assumption of headship of the Church of England. Several abortive attempts were made during his reign to establish a committee to set about the task of legal reform. It was not until 1551, however, that Edward VI finally appointed a Royal Commission of 32 under the leadership of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer charged with drawing up a formal proposal for systematic reform of canon law and ecclesiastical discipline. Intro- duced into Parliament in April 1553, the revised canons were summarily rejected, largely at the instigation of the John Dudley, Duke of North- umberland. The Commission’s draft was edited by John Foxe, published under the title Reformatio legum ecclesiasticarum, and presented to Parlia- ment a second time in 1571. Although published with Archbishop Mat- thew Parker’s approval, the Reformatio legum was fated to receive neither royal, nor parliamentary, nor synodical authorization. -
INTRODUCTION Late in the Year 1553, at the Peak of a Distinguished
INTRODUCTION Late in the year 1553, at the peak of a distinguished academic career, Peter Martyr Vermigli departed hastily from England en route to Stras- bourg and Zurich. The great Italian reformer had served for six years as Regius professor of divinity in the University of Oxford at the per- sonal invitation of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury. While at Oxford, Vermigli had participated in a critical disputation on the Eucharist, assisted Cranmer in the revision of the Book of Common Prayer (1552), and served on a royal commission for the reform of the canon law. Following the death of Edward VI, the course of the Reformation in England was suddenly reversed. During the ensuing persecution of Protestants under Queen Mary, numerous English scholars soon fol- lowed Vermigli to Strasbourg and thence to Zurich where they contin- ued to hear his lectures and to promote with him the cause of reli- gious reform throughout Europe. Several of these Marian exiles in Zurich were to become prominent players in the Elizabethan Settle- ment; among them were no less than six future bishops, a clutch of Privy Councillors, and some of the leading lights of humanist, classical scholarship in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Of twenty- three episcopal appointments made in the period 1559–1562,four- teen were returned Marian exiles.1 Among Elizabeth’s newly appointed bishops six had been Bullinger’s guests at Zurich: John Jewel of Salis- bury, Richard Cox of Ely, John Parkhurst of Norwich, Edwin Sandys of Worcester, James Pilkington of Durham, Robert Horne of Winchester.