INDEX
A AID (area ID), 86 multiple, 269 AAA (authentication, authorization, and IS-IS, 88-90 accounting), 315 algorithms Abramson, Norman, 11 Bellman-Ford, 15, 28 ABRs (area border routers), 149 Dijkstra, 17, 51 accessing policies, 348 DUAL, 35 acknowledgments Ford-Fulkerson, 28 LSAs, 136 metric calculation, 18 LSPs, 148 SPF, 17, 273 Acknowledgment packet, 182 delay, 291-292 acquiring RIDs, 82 equal-cost multipath, 274-286 addresses iSPF calculations, 287-288 BGP summarization, 262 partial route calculations, 290 IPv6 announcement headers, 49 formats, 394-395 ANSI (American National Standards representations, 396-397 Institute), 20 IS-IS summarization, 261 Anycast addresses, 394 NSAP, 88 Application-Specific Integrated Circuits OSPF summarization, 240-241 (ASICs), 373 stateless autoconfiguration, 398-399 applications, virtual links, 241-248 adjacencies, 41, 101 architecture, message types, 69 IS-IS, 103 archives, 355 broadcast networks, 104-107 areas, 61-62, 149 point-to-point networks, 107-109 backbones, 66 neighbors, 103 design OSPF, 101-102 BGP, 271 point-to-point over Ethernet, 117 IS-IS, 248-258 routers, 77 OSPF, 224-234 administration (RIDs), 81-86 reliability, 222-223 Advanced Research Projects Agency scalability, 220-221 (ARPA), 3-8 fragmentation, 304-308 Advertising Routers, 140 Inter-Area Prefix LSAs, 414 AFI (Authority and Format Identifier), 88 Inter-Area Router LSAs, 414 age of the LSA in seconds, 140 Intra-Area Prefix LSAs, 410 aging, 45 IS-IS, 151-153
439
Doyle_Index.indd 439 10/7/05 12:40:56 PM 440 Index
nonbackbone, 66 B OSPF, 149 Bachman, Charlie, 20 overloading, 308-312 backbones, 66 partitioned, 179 ABRs, 150 stubs, 234-236 areas not-so-stubby, 238-239 IS-IS, 248-250 totally stubby, 237 OSPF, 224-228 Area Address TLVs, 96, 169 and regional networks, 23 area border routers (ABRs), 149 Backup Designated Router neighbors, 187 area ID (AID), 86 bandwidth multiple, 269 OSPF scalability, 228-233 IS-IS, 88-90 reference, 154 ARPA (Advanced Research Projects banners, login, 349 Agency), 3-8 Baran, Paul, 5, 8 ARPA Network (ARPANET), 4-8, 14-19 batch processing, 2 AS-External LSAs, 165-168, 415 BBN (Bolt Baranek and Newman), 2 ASBRs (autonomous system boundary behavior, default IS-IS area, 256-260 routers), 66, 151 Behavioral Sciences division (DoD), 3 Summary LSAs, 164-165 Bellman, Richard, 15 ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Bellman-Ford algorithm, 28 Circuits), 373 BFD (bidirectional forwarding detection), AS (autonomous system), 37, 66 340-343 attacks BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 37 DoS, 67 address summarization, 262 routing protocols, 316-318 area design, 271 authentication, 319-322 bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD), IS-IS, 326-328 340-343 OSPF, 323-325 binding labels, 377 authentication, authorization, and Blitzer, Wolf, 13 accounting. See AAA Bolt Baranek and Newman (BBN), 2 Authority and Format Identifier (AFI), 88 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), 37 autoconfiguration, stateless addresses, address summarization, 262 398-399 area design, 271 autonomous system (AS), 37, 66 Bradley, Bill, 13 autonomous system boundary routers broadcast networks, 122 (ASBRs), 66, 151 designated routers, 110 Summary LSAs, 164-165 IS-IS adjacencies, 104-107 synchronization, 211 Bush, Vannevar, 3-4
Doyle_Index.indd 440 10/7/05 12:40:56 PM Index 441
C Command and Control Research division (DoD), 3 calculations committees, change management, 355 iSPF, 287-288 comparative terminology, message types, partial routes, 290 65-66 shortest-path routing trees, 51 compatibility of OSPFv3, 404-405 SPF, 51-60 CompleteSNPInterval, 211 Callon, Ross, 22 Complete Sequence Number PDU Canepa, Mike, 20 (CSNP), 148 Carr, Steve, 9 components (flooding), 133-134 Cerf, Vint, 11, 14, 19-20 IS-IS, 142-148 change controllers, 356 OSPF, 134-142 change management, 354-355 configuration characteristics of vector protocols, 28-29 AID, 86-90 checksums, 49, 140 management, 352-358 security, 329-331 NET, 88-90 circuits RIDs, 85 ASICs, 373 stateless address autoconfiguration, demand, 302-303 398-399 VC, 374 connections, OSPF virtual links, 241-248 Circuit Type values, 94 constrained SPF, 383-385 circular sequence number spaces, 48 control packets, BFD, 342 Cisco Systems, 23, 68 conventions, 70, 354 default IS-IS L1 area behavior, 256 convergence, vector protocols, 27-28 NSF, 336 cost of paths, 58 stub areas, 236 CoS (class of service), 68 virtual links, 245 counting to infinity, 32 Clark, Wesley, 7 CRC (cyclical redundancy check), 329 class of service (CoS), 68 Crowther, Will, 15 commands CSNP (Complete Sequence Number ip ospf flood-reduction, 304 PDU), 148 ip ospf retransmit-interval, 295 customization isis lsp-interval, 295 flooding, 292 isis retransmit-interval, 295 demand circuits, 302-303 isis retransmit-throttle-interval, 296 mesh groups, 296-301 lsp-gen-interval, 294 retransmit pacing, 295-296 lsp-interval, 295 transmit pacing, 293-294 overload, 312 neighbors, 187 overload-bit on-startup, 312 SPF, 273 overload timeout, 312 delay, 291-292 retransmit-interval, 295 equal-cost multipath, 274-286 set-overload-bit, 312 iSPF calculations, 287-288 timers pacing flood, 294 partial route calculations, 290 timers pacing lsa-group, 294 cyclical redundancy check (CRC), 329
Doyle_Index.indd 441 10/7/05 12:40:57 PM 442 Index
D reliability, 344 domain edge protection, 347 databases redundancy, 344-346 exchanges, 180 router protection, 348-352 management, 188-189 security, 344 OSPF packets used for, 180-183 domain edge protection, 347 interfaces, 124 redundancy, 344-346 IS-IS, 129-131 router protection, 348-352 OSPF, 124-129 sequence counter, 46 IS-IS LS, 74 designated intermediate system (DIS), link state synchronization, 179 115-116 IS-IS, 205-216 designated routers, 77, 109-112 OSPF, 179-189, 190-200, 202-204 IS-IS, 115-116 LSPs, 74 neighbors, 187 RIB, 25 OSPF, 112-115 synchronization, 49-50 detection (BFD), 340-343 TED, 383 development of the Internet, 11-14 Database Description packet, 182 diffusing update algorithm (DUAL), 35 Database Summary List, 187 Dijkstra, Edsger W., 17, 50 datagrams, 12, 66 Dijkstra algorithm, 51 data structures, OSPF neighbors, 186-187 direct acknowledgments, 137 Davies, Donald, 5 disclosure, 316 deception, 316 disruption, 316 Decode-Encode Language (DEL), 10 distance vector protocols, 27 default IS-IS L1 area behavior, 256-260 distribution, MPLS labels, 377-378 default metrics, 156 DIS (designated intermediate systems), defining login banners, 349 115-116 delay documentation, 355 acknowledgments, 136 domains metrics, 156 lookups (names), 100 SPF, 291-292 protecting edges, 347 DEL (Decode-Encode Language), 10 routing, 66 demand circuits, 302-303 DoS (denial-of-service) attacks, 67 demultiplexing, links, 76 DUAL (diffusing update algorithm), 35 denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, 67 duplicate RIDs, troubleshooting, 82-86 dependent functions, subnetworks, 76-78 Dynamic Hostname Exchange Mechanism, design IS-IS, 99-100 areas BGP, 271 IS-IS, 248-258 E OSPF, 224-234 E1 (Type 1 External), 155 reliability, 222-223 E2 (Type 2 External), 155 scalability, 220-221
Doyle_Index.indd 442 10/7/05 12:40:57 PM Index 443
ECMP (equal-cost multipath), 274-280 OSPF, 362-368 pseudonodes and, 282-286 route tagging, 369-371 edges, protecting domains, 347 extensions EIGRP (Enhanced IGRP), 35 IPv6, 391-392 encapsulation, message types, 67-69 address formats, 394-395 end system (ES), 65 address representations, 396-397 Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP), 35 extension headers, 402-403 equal-cost multipath (ECMP), 274-280 features and functions of, 393 pseudonodes and, 282-286 header formats, 400-401 error metrics, 156 IS-IS, 420-422 essential LSAs, 158 Neighbor Discovery Protocol, 397-398 AS-External LSAs, 165-168 stateless address autoconfiguration, ASBR Summary LSAs, 164-165 398-399 Network LSAs, 161 MT-ISIS, 430-434 Network Summary LSAs, 162-164 MT-OSPF, 426-428 Router LSAs, 158-161 OSPFv3, 419 essential TLVs, 168, 169 TE Area Address TLVs, 169 IS-IS, 388-389 Extended IS Reachability TLVs, OSPF, 385-388 173-175 external prefixes IP External Reachability TLVs, 173 IS-IS redistribution, 268-269 IP Interface Addresses TLVs, 171 OSPF scaling, 231-233 IP Internal Reachability TLVs, 172 route prefixes, 369-371 IS Neighbor TLVs, 169, 170 Protocols Supported TLVs, 171 F ES (end system), 65 Ethernet, point-to-point adjacencies feasibility conditions, 35 over, 117 features of IPv6, 393 European Commission, 21 FEC (forwarding equivalence classes), 377 evaluation fields post-change, 357 Link State ID, 139 pre-change, 356 LSA header formats, 138 exchanges (databases), 180 OSPF link state database management, 188-189 synchronization, 184-185 OSPF packets used for, 180-183 filtering packets, 351 excluding links, 430 flags expense metrics, 156 SRM, 208 Extended IP Reachability TLVs, 174-175 SSN, 208 Extended IS Reachability TLVs, 173 Fletcher checksums, 330 extensibility, 361 flooding, 44-48 IS-IS, 368-369 components, 133-134 message architecture, 69 IS-IS, 142-148 OSPF, 134-142
Doyle_Index.indd 443 10/7/05 12:40:57 PM 444 Index
optimizing, 292 HDSA (Honeywell Distributed Systems demand circuits, 302-303 Architecture), 20 mesh groups, 296-301 headers retransmit pacing, 295-296 announcements, 49 transmit pacing, 293-294 IPv6, 400-403 Ford, Lester Randolph , 15 LSAs Ford-Fulkerson algorithm, 28 formatting, 138 formatting OSPFv3, 407-417 addresses (IPv6), 394-395 MPLS, 379 headers Heart, Frank, 7 IPv6, 400-403 Hello messages, 41 MPLS, 379 Hello protocol, 90 LSA headers, 138 IS-IS, 93-99 LSPs, 143 OSPF, 91-92 forwarding, 77 history of link state protocols, 1-3 BFD, 340-343 ARPANET, 4-8 LSRs, 375 development of the Internet, 11-14 NSF, 336 IETF, 19-21 forwarding equivalence classes (FEC), 377 NWG, 9-10 fragmentation, 304-308 routing ARPANET, 14-19 packets (IPv6), 404 standards, 21-23 frames, 66 HMAC-MD5 (Hashed Message functions Authentication Code), 320 IPv6, 393 holddown timers, 34-35 messages, 76-78 Honeywell Distributed Systems future extensions of OSPFv3, 419 Architecture (HDSA), 20 hops, vector protocols, 26 G hosts, 65 gateways, 65 I general topology networks, 122 Gore, Al, 13 ICCC (International Conference on Goyette, Paul, 26 Computer Communication), 8 graceful restart, 331-332 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), IS-IS, 337-339 19-21 OSPF, 332-336 implementation groups, mesh, 296-301 AID, 86 IS-IS, 88-90 H RIDs, 82 implicit acknowledgments, 136 Hafner, Katie, 19 IMPs (Interface Message Processors), 7 handshaking, 42, 101 Inactivity Timer, 186 Hashed Message Authentication Code incompatible routers, forwarding to, 77 (HMAC-MD5), 320
Doyle_Index.indd 444 10/7/05 12:40:58 PM Index 445
incremental SPF (iSPF) calculations, IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) 287-288 extensions, 391-392 independent functions of subnetworks, address formats, 394-395 76-78 address representations, 396-397 information corruption, 49 extension headers, 402-403 Information Processing Techniques Office features and functions of, 393 (IPTO), 3 header formats, 400-401 inherent security, 318-319 Neighbor Discovery Protocol, 397-398 Inter-Area Prefix LSA, 414 stateless address autoconfiguration, Inter-Area Router LSA, 414 398-399 interactive computer processing, 2 IS-IS extensions for, 420-422 interfaces OSPFv3 compatibility, 404-405 databases, 124 IP (Internet Protocol) IS-IS, 129-131 address neighbors, 187 OSPF, 124-129 External Reachability TLVs, 173 loopback, 85 Interface Addresses TLVs, 171 passive, 230 Interface Address TLV, 97 redistributing connected, 230 Internal Reachability TLVs, 172 Interface Message Processors (IMPs), 7 ip ospf flood-reduction command, 304 Intergalactic Computer Network, 1-3 ip ospf retransmit-interval command, 295 intermediate system (IS), 65 IS-IS (intermediate systems- Intermediate System Neighbors TLV, 97 intermediate system) International Conference on Computer adjacencies, 103 Communication (ICCC), 8 broadcast networks, 104-107 International Network Working Group point-to-point networks, 107-109 (INWG), 11 AIDs, 88-90 International Organization for areas, 151-153, 248 Standardization (ISO), 20 address summarization, 261 Internet backbone/non-backbone, 248-250 backbone and regional networks, 23 default L1 behavior, 256-260 development of, 11-14 multiple AIDs, 269 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), redistributing external prefixes, 19-21 268-269 Intra-Area Prefix LSAs, 410 redundant L1/L2 routers, 260 Intradomain Routing Protocol route leaking, 263-267 Discriminator, 69 scalability, 252-255 INWG (International Network Working virtual links, 270 Group), 11 authentication, 326-328 IPTO (Information Processing Techniques Dynamic Hostname Exchange Office), 3 Mechanism, 99-100 IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4), OSPFv3 extensibility, 368-369 compatibility, 404-405 flooding, 142-148 graceful restart, 337-339 Hello Protocol, 93-99
Doyle_Index.indd 445 10/7/05 12:40:58 PM 446 Index
interfaces, 129-131 L IPv6 L1 (level 1), 66 extensions, 420-422 default IS-IS area behavior, 256-260 Interface Address TLV, 422 IS-IS route leaking, 263-267 Reachability TLV, 421 redundant routers, 260 link state database synchronization, L2 (level 2), 66 205-216 redundant routers, 260 LS databases, 74 Label-Switched Paths (LSPs), 374 media types, 122-123 Label-Switching Routers (LSRs), 374-375 messages, 67 labels, 373 metrics, 156-157 binding, 377 MT-ISIS extensions, 430-434 MPLS, 374-378 PDU synchronization, 205-207 labs, networks, 358-359 router types, 151-153 LANs (local area networks), 77 TE extensions, 388-389 Last Received Database Description Working Group, 22 Packet, 186 isis lsp-interval command, 295 leaking, routes (IS-IS), 263-267 isis retransmit-interval command, 295 level 1. See L1 isis retransmit-throttle-interval level 2 . See L2 command, 296 Licklider, J. C. R., 1-3, 19 ISO (International Organization for limitations Standardization), 20 LSAs, 142 iSPF (incremental SPF) calculations, rates, 352 287-288 links IS (intermediate system), 65 demultiplexing, 76 IS Neighbor TLVs, 169-170 exclusion, 430 TE parameters, 381-382 J-K virtual Juniper Networks, 68 OSPF, 241-248 default IS-IS L1 area behavior, 256 IS-IS, 270 stub areas, 236 Link LSAs, 409 virtual links, 245 link state advertisement. See LSA link state database synchronization, 179 Kahn, Robert, 8, 11, 14, 19 IS-IS, 205-216 Katz, Dave, 23, 70 OSPF, 179-189 key administrative support, 355 Link State ID field, 139 Khanna, Atul, 18 link state PDUs. See LSP Kleinrock, Leonard, 5, 9, 19 link state protocols Kline, Charley, 9 ARPANET, 4-8 concepts, 38-39 adjacencies, 41
Doyle_Index.indd 446 10/7/05 12:40:59 PM Index 447
announcement headers, 49 lsp-interval command, 295 areas, 61-62 LSP (link state PDU), 66, 72-74 database synchronization, 49-50 acknowledgements, 148 flooding, 44-48 formatting, 143 SPF calculations, 50-60 LSPs (Label-Switched Paths), 374 development of the Internet, 11-14 LSRs (Label-Switching Routers), 374-375 EIGRP, 37 LS Request packets, 183 history of, 1-3 Lyon, Matthew, 19 IETF, 19-21 NWG, 9-10 M routing ARPANET, 14-19 standards, 21-23 maintenance requests, 357 Link State Request Lists, 188 malicious threats, routing protocols, Link State Transmission Lists, 187 316-317 lists management LSA databases exchanges, 187 change, 354-355 retransmit, 136 configuration, 352-358 local area networks (LANs), 77 database exchange, 188-189 login banners, 349 masters/slaves lookups, domain names, 100 database exchange management, loopback interfaces, configuring, 85 188-189 loops (routing), 29 selection, 186 counting to infinity, 32 McQuillan, John, 16 holddown timers, 34-35 media types, 118 split horizons, 30 IS-IS, 122-123 LSA (link state advertisement), 66, 72-74 OSPF, 118-122 acknowledgments, 136 memex, 3 database exchanges, 187 mesh groups, 296-301 essential, 158 messages AS-External LSAs, 165-168 Hello, 41 ASBR Summary LSAs, 164-165 IS-IS, 93-99 Network LSAs, 161 OSPF, 91-92 Network Summary LSAs, 162-164 IS-IS, 67 Router LSAs, 158-161 SRM, 208 header formats, 138 types, 71-72 Link, 409 architecture, 69 MT-OSPF, 427 comparative terminology, 65-66 multiple copies of, 141 encapsulation, 67-69 Opaque, 363-366 functions, 76-78 OSPFv3, 407-417 LSAs, 72-74 RI Opaque, 366-368 LSPs, 72-74 lsp-gen-interval command, 294 Update (OSPF), 134
Doyle_Index.indd 447 10/7/05 12:40:59 PM 448 Index
Method of Procedure (MoP), 358 N metrics names, domain lookups, 100 calculation algorithms, 18 narrow metrics, 157 types, 154 National Physical Laboratory (NPL), 6 IS-IS, 156-157 NBMA (nonbroadcast multi-access), 101 OSPF, 154-156 NCP (Network Control Protocol), 10 MILNET, 14 neighbors, 41 minimumLSPTransmissionInterval, 210 adjacencies, 103 modes, BFD, 341 graceful restarts, 340 MoP (Method of Procedure), 358 OSPF, 186-194 Moy, John, 22 Neighbor Discovery Protocol, 397-398 MPLS (Multiprotocol Label neighbor state machines, 179 Switching), 373 NetWare Link Services Protocol FEC, 377 (NLSP), 23 headers, 379 networks labels, 374-376 broadcast, 122 binding, 377 designated routers, 110 distribution, 377-378 IS-IS adjacencies, 104-107 overview of, 374 synchronization, 211 TE, 380 convergence, 28 constrained SPF, 383-385 general topology, 122 IS-IS, 388-389 labs, 358-359 link parameters, 381-382 multi-are OSPF, 225 OSPF, 385-388 point-to-point TTL options, 379 IS-IS adjacencies, 107-109 MT-ISIS (Multi-Topology IS-IS) synchronization, 209-210 extensions, 430-434 VPNs, 374 MT Intermediate Systems TLV, 433 Network Control Protocol (NCP), 10 MT Reachable IPv6 Prefixes TLV, 434 Network Entity Title (NET), 88-90 MT-OSPF (Multi-Topology OSPF) Network Interchange Language (NIL), 10 extensions, 426-428 Network Layer Protocol Identifiers multi-area OSPF networks, 225 (NLPIDs), 96 Multi-Topology ISIS. See MT-IS-IS Network LSAs, 161, 413 Multi-Topology OSPF. See MT-OSPF Network Mask, 91 Multicast addresses, 394 Network Measurement Center (NMC), 9 Multiprotocol Label Switching. See MPLS network service access point (NSAP), 88 multiple AIDs, 269 Network Summary LSAs, 162-164 multiple copies of LSAs, 141 Network Working Group (NWG), 9-10 multiple IP addresses per interfaces, 76 NET (Network Entity Title), 88-90 multiprotocols, 374 NIL (Network Interchange Language), 10
Doyle_Index.indd 448 10/7/05 12:40:59 PM Index 449
NLPIDs (Network Layer Protocol options Identifiers), 96 MPLS TTL, 379 NLSP (NetWare Link Services neighbors, 187 Protocol), 23 no-summaries, 237 NMC (Network Measurement Center), 9 Options field no-summaries option, 237 LSA header formats, 138 nodes, pseudonodes, 77, 111 OSPF link state database non-backbone areas synchronization, 184-185 IS-IS, 248-250 OSPFv3, 417 OSPF, 224-228 Oran, Dave, 22 non-malicious threats, routing protocols, OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) 317-318 model, 20 Non-Stop Forwarding (NSF), 336 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) nonbackbone areas, 66 areas, 149, 224 nonbroadcast multi-access (NBMA), 101 address summarization, 240-241 not-so-stubby areas, 238-239 backbone/non-backbone, 224-228 NPL (National Physical Laboratory), 6 not-so-stubby, 238-239 NSAP (network service access point), 88 scaling, 228-233 NSAP Selector (SEL), 88 stub, 234-236 NSFNET, 14 totally stubby, 237 NSF (Non-Stop Forwarding), 336 virtual links, 241-248 nuclear attacks, ARPANET authentication, 323-325 withstanding, 8 extensibility, 362-368 numbers, 140 flooding, 134-142 NWG (Network Working Group), 9, 10 graceful restart, 332-336 link state database synchronization, O 179-189 metrics, 154-156 Opaque LSAs, 363-368 MT-OSPF extensions, 426-428 Open Shortest Path First. See OSPF neighbors, 186-194 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) router types, 149 model, 20 TE extensions, 385-388 optimization OSPFv3, 404 flooding, 292 comparing to PSPFv2, 405-407 demand circuits, 302-303 future extensions of, 419 mesh groups, 296-301 IPv4 and IPv6 compatibility, 404-405 retransmit pacing, 295-296 LSAs, 407-417 transmit pacing, 293-294 packets, 417-418 SPF, 273 OSPF Working Group, 22 delay, 291-292 overload-bit on-startup command, 312 equal-cost multipath, 274-286 overloading, 308-312 iSPF calculations, 287-288 overload command, 312 partial route calculations, 290 overload timeout command, 312
Doyle_Index.indd 449 10/7/05 12:41:00 PM 450 Index
P presumption of reachability, 303 priority, neighbors, 187 packets, 12, 66 procedures control (BFD), 342 MT-ISIS, 431 filtering, 351 MT-OSPF, 426 IPv6 fragmentation, 404 process enforcers, 356 OSPF link state database process owners, 356 synchronization, 180-183 protection. See also security OSPFv3, 417-418 domain edges, 347 swapping, 374 routers, 348-352 Padding TLV, 98 protocols parameters, TE links, 381-382 BGP partial route calculations, 290 address summarization, 262 Partial Sequence Number PDU (PSNP), 148 area design, 271 partitioned areas, 179 Hello, 90 passive interfaces, 230 IS-IS, 93-99 path costs, 58 OSPF, 91-92 path vector protocols, 38 IPv6 PDU (protocol data unit), 66 address formats, 394-395 IS-IS synchronization, 205-207 address representations, 396-397 Perlman, Radia, 22 extensions, 391-403 physical loops, 31 features and functions of, 393 planned restarts (OSPF), 333 header formats, 400-401 point-to-point adjacencies over Neighbor Discovery Protocol, 397-398 Ethernet, 117 stateless address autoconfiguration, point-to-point networks 398-399 IS-IS adjacencies, 107-109 link state synchronization, 209-210 adjacencies, 41 Point-to-Point Three-Way Adjacency announcement headers, 49 TLV, 108 areas, 61-62 policies, accessing, 348 ARPANET, 4-8 post-change evaluation, 357 comparing to EIGRP, 37 Postel, Jon, 10, 13, 19 concepts, 38-39 pre-change evaluation, 356 database synchronization, 49-50 prefixes development of the Internet, 11-14 external, 231-233 flooding, 44-48 Inter-Area Prefix LSA, 414 history of, 1-3 Intra-Area Prefix LSAs, 410 IETF, 19-21 IS-IS NWG, 9-10 address summarization, 261 routing ARPANET, 14-19 redistributing external into, 268-269 SPF calculations, 50-60 OSPF address summarization, 240-241 standards, 21-23 route tags, 369-371
Doyle_Index.indd 450 10/7/05 12:41:00 PM Index 451
routing configuration management, 352-358 malicious threats, 316-317 design, 344-352 non-malicious threats, 317-318 graceful restart, 331-339 security, 315 inherent, 318-319 vector network labs, 358-359 BGP, 37 repositories, configuring, 354 characteristics of, 28-29 representations, IPv6 addresses, 396-397 convergence, 27-28 requests, maintenance, 357 EIGRP, 35 Requests For Comments (RFCs), 10 overview of, 25 Request packet, 183 routing loops, 29-35 requirements (flooding), 133-134 Protocols Supported TLV, 96, 171, 369 IS-IS, 142-148 protocol data unit (PDU), 66 OSPF, 134-142 IS-IS synchronization, 205-207 restarting (graceful restart), 331-332 pseudonodes, 77, 111 IS-IS, 337-339 and ECMP, 282-286 OSPF, 332-336 Restart TLV, 337 Q-R retransmit-interval command, 295 retransmit RAND Corporation, 5 lists, 136 rates, limiting, 352 pacing, 295-296 reachability, presumption of, 303 timers, 136 redistributing RFC (Requests For Comments), 10 connected interfaces, 230 RIB (routing information database), 25 external prefixes into IS-IS, 268-269 Richer, Ira, 16 reduction, flood, 302-303 RID (router ID), 41, 65, 81-82 redundancy configuring, 85 L1/L2 routers, 260 neighbors, 187 reliability/security design, 344-346 troubleshooting, 82-86 reference bandwidth, 154 RI (Router Information) Opaque LSAs, refreshing, 45 366-368 retransmit pacing, 295-296 Roberts, Larry, 5-11, 19 transmit pacing, 293-294 Rosen, Eric, 16 regression testing, 358 routers, 65 relationships, LSRs and forwarding ABRs, 149 actions, 375 access policies, 348 reliability adjacencies, 77 areas, 222-223 IS-IS, 103-109 flooding, 49 OSPF, 101-102 security, 318 ASBRs, 151 authentication, 319-328 designated, 77, 109-112 BFD, 340-343 IS-IS, 115-116 checksums, 329-331 neighbors, 187 OSPF, 112-115
Doyle_Index.indd 451 10/7/05 12:41:01 PM 452 Index
flooding, 133-134 S IS-IS, 142-148 SATNET (satellite network), 12 OSPF, 134-142 scalability, 273 Inter-Area Router LSA, 414 areas, 220-221 LSRs, 374 flooding, 292 protecting, 348-352 demand circuits, 302-303 redundant L1/L2, 260 mesh groups, 296-301 types, 149 retransmit pacing, 295-296 IS-IS, 151-153 transmit pacing, 293-294 OSPF, 149 fragmentation, 304-308 router ID. See RID IS-IS, 252-255 Router Information (RI) Opaque LSAs, OSPF areas, 228-233 366-368 overloading, 308-312 Router LSAs, 158-161, 412 SPF, 273 routes delay, 291-292 IS-IS, 263-267 equal-cost multipath, 274-284, 286 partial route calculations, 290 iSPF calculations, 287-288 tagging, 369-371 partial route calculations, 290 vector protocols SDC (System Development Corporation), 4 BGP, 37 security characteristics, 28-29 reliability, 318 convergence, 27-28 authentication, 319-328 EIGRP, 35 BFD, 340-343 overview of, 25 checksums, 329-331 routing loops, 29-35 configuration management, 352-358 routing design, 344-352 ARPANET, 14-19 graceful restart, 331-339 domains, 66 inherent, 318-319 loops, 29 network labs, 358-359 counting to infinity, 32 routing protocols, 315 holddown timers, 34-35 malicious threats, 316-317 split horizons, 30 non-malicious threats, 317-318 routing protocol security, 315 SEL (NSAP Selector), 88 malicious threats, 316-317 Send Routing Message (SRM) flags, 208 non-malicious threats, 317-318 Send Sequence Number (SSN) flags, 208 routing information database (RIB), 25 sequences rules counter design, 46 Dijkstra algorithms, 52 numbers, 140 split horizon, 44 CSNPs, 148 Rulifson, Jeff, 9 DD packets, 186 PSNPs, 148 SSN, 208
Doyle_Index.indd 452 10/7/05 12:41:01 PM Index 453
sequential flooding, 45 subnetworks Serr, Frederick, 18 convergence, 28 set-overload-bit command, 312 functions, 76-78 Shand, Mike, 22 subnetwork point of attachment shortest-path-first. See SPF (SNPA), 66 shortest-path routing trees, calculating, 51 summarization (addresses) SIA (stuck in active), 37 BGP, 262 SID (system ID), 65 IS-IS, 261 slaves. See masters/slaves OSPF, 240-241 Smit, Henk, 68 Sutherland, Ivan, 4 SNPA (subnetwork point of swapping packets, 374 attachment), 66 switching MPLS labels, 374-376 SPF (shortest-path-first), 17 synchronization calculations, 51-60 broadcast networks, 211 constrained, 383-385 databases, 49-50 scalability, 273 IS-IS PDUs, 205-207 delay, 291-292 link state databases, 179 equal-cost multipath, 274-286 IS-IS, 205-216 iSPF calculations, 287-288 OSPF, 179-189 partial route calculations, 290 point-to-point networks, 209-210 split horizons, 30, 44 Systems Network Architecture, 20 spoofing, 67 System Development Corporation (SDC), 4 SRI (Stanford Research Institute), 7 system ID (SID), 65 SRM (Send Routing Message) flags, 208 SSN (Send Sequence Number) flags, 208 T standards, 354 history of, 21-23 tables, neighbors, 186-187 ISO, 20 tags, 369-373 Stanford Research Institute (SRI), 7 Taylor, Bob, 4 starting, 339. See also restarting TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 12 stateless address autoconfiguration, TED (traffic engineering database), 383 398-399 testing, 358 states TE (traffic engineering), 374, 380 machines, 189-194 constrained SPF, 383-385 neighbors, 186 IS-IS, 388-389 OSPF interfaces, 126-129 link parameters, 381-382 stub areas (OSPF), 234-236 OSPF, 385-388 not-so-stubby, 238-239 threats totally stubby, 237 malicious, 316-317 stuck in active (SIA), 37 non-malicious, 317-318 subdomains, 66 three-way handshaking, 42, 101
Doyle_Index.indd 453 10/7/05 12:41:01 PM 454 Index
timers types graceful restart (IS-IS), 338 of authentication, 319 holddown, 34-35 of LSRs, 375 Inactivity Timer, 186 of media, 118 retransmit, 136, 295-296 IS-IS, 122-123 transmit pacing, 293-294 OSPF, 118-122 timers pacing flood command, 294 of messages, 71-72 timers pacing lsa-group command, 294 architecture, 69 TLVs (type/length/values), 69 comparative terminology, 65-66 essential, 168-169 encapsulation, 67-69 Area Address TLVs, 169 functions, 76-78 Extended IP Reachability TLVs, LSAs, 72-74 174-175 LSPs, 72-74 Extended IS Reachability TLVs, 173 of metrics, 154 IP External Reachability TLVs, 173 IS-IS, 156-157 IP Interface Addresses TLVs, 171 OSPF, 154-156 IP Internal Reachability TLVs, 172 of Opaque LSAs, 363-366 IS Neighbor TLVs, 169-170 of OSPFv2 LSAs, 139 Hello Protocol (IS-IS), 95-99 of packets, 417-418 IS-IS of RI Opaque LSAs, 366-368 IPv6 Interface Address, 422 of routers, 149 IPv6 Reachability, 421 IS-IS, 151-153 MT-ISIS, 432 OSPF, 149 MT Intermediate Systems, 433 Type 1 External (E1), 155 MT Reachable IPv6 Prefixes, 434 Type 2 External (E2), 155 Protocols Supported, 171, 369 Restart, 337 U totally stubby areas, 237 traffic engineering. See TE UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 13 traffic engineering database (TED), 383 Unicast addresses, 394 training, 358 University of California at Berkley, 4 Transmission Control Protocol. See TCP University of California Santa Barbara, 7 transmit pacing, 293-294 University of Utah, 7 triggering updates, 32 unplanned restarts (OSPF), 334 troubleshooting, 358 updates holddown timers, 34 flow of, 30 IS-IS, 212-216 triggering, 32 OSPF, 194-204 Update messages (OSPF), 134 RIDs, 82-86 User Datagram Protocol. See UDP type/length/values. See TLVs usurpation, 316
Doyle_Index.indd 454 10/7/05 12:41:02 PM Index 455
V values Circuit Type, 94 TLVs. See TLVs VC (virtual circuit), 68, 374 vector protocols BGP, 37 characteristics of, 28-29 convergence, 27-28 EIGRP, 35 overview of, 25 routing loops, 29-35 virtual circuit. See VC virtual links IS-IS, 270 OSPF, 241-248 VPNs (virtual private networks), 374
W-Z Washington University (St. Louis), 7 wide metrics, 157 windowing transmission rates, 136 Zinky, John, 18
Doyle_Index.indd 455 10/7/05 12:41:02 PM