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Framework for Path Finding in Multi-Layer Transport Networks UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Framework for path finding in multi-layer transport networks Dijkstra, F. Publication date 2009 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Dijkstra, F. (2009). Framework for path finding in multi-layer transport networks. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:29 Sep 2021 Frame Framework for w ork f or Path Finding in Multi-La Path Finding in Multi-Layer Transport Networks Quebec Amsterdam y er T ranspor StarLight t Netw orks CAnet StarLight MAN LAN NetherLight Fr eek Dijkstra Freek Dijkstra Framework for Path Finding in Multi-Layer Transport Networks Academisch Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Mw. prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op donderdag 18 juni 2009, te 12.00 uur door Freek Dijkstra geboren te Hilversum. Promotor: Prof. dr. P.M.A. Sloot Co-promotor: Dr. Ir. C.T.A.M. de Laat Overige Leden: Prof. dr. P.W. Adriaans Prof. dr. Th.A. DeFanti dr. P. Grosso Prof. dr. R.J. Meijer dr. P. Vicat-Blanc Primet Faculteit der Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Informatica Universiteit van Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The investigations were supported by the GigaPort project, which is led by SURFnet and funded by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs under grant number BSIK03020. Copyright © 2009 by Freek Dijkstra Some rights reserved. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Netherlands licence. Typeset by XƎLATEX. Printed and bound by your printer. This thesis is also available for download at http://www.macfreek.nl/work/. ISBN: 978–90–814160–1–6 NUR code: 986 (data communication and networks) . Motto Hackers, slackers, generation-X backpackers Tribesmen and rock-stars on silicone screens Virtual emotions, digital dreams Rushing. for tomorrow where the future used to be I see the picture; I feel strong I see the river flowing on Do you see the picture? Do you still feel strong? Do you see the river flowing on and on and on? Blue electric oceans Information streams Webs and nets in motion Connecting you and me Into the system Into the light Into tomorrow Into the light Into the future . Into the night From the lyrics of Into the Picture by Johnny Clegg on his album New World .iii. Survivor (South Africa, 2002) . .iv. Contents Contents v 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Computer Networks ........................ 1 1.2 e-Science Applications ....................... 2 1.3 Hybrid Networking ......................... 3 1.4 Research Overview ......................... 4 1.5 Thesis Overview .......................... 8 1.5.1 Papers and Topics Covered ................ 8 1.5.2 Research Question ..................... 8 1.5.3 Methodology ........................ 10 1.5.4 Chapter Outline ...................... 10 2 Optical Exchanges 13 2.1 Network Terminology ....................... 14 2.1.1 Photonic Networks ..................... 14 2.1.2 Optical Networks and Transport Networks . 14 2.1.3 Hybrid Networks ...................... 15 2.2 Exchanges .............................. 16 2.2.1 Peering, Exchanges and Members . 16 . 2.2.2 Classification ........................ 17 2.2.3 Internet Exchanges ..................... 18 2.2.4 Internet versus Optical Exchanges . 19 2.3 Incompatibilities .......................... 21 2.3.1 Progressing Technology . 21 .v. 2.3.2 Impact on Optical Exchanges . 22 . Contents 2.3.3 Services ........................... 23 2.3.4 Control Plane Services ................... 24 2.4 Ownership .............................. 25 2.4.1 Owner, Operator and Users . 25 2.4.2 Open Control ........................ 26 2.4.3 Domains ........................... 27 2.5 Transparency ............................ 27 2.6 Conclusion ............................. 28 3 Going in Loops 31 3.1 Algorithms ............................. 32 3.1.1 Breadth-first and Depth-first . 32 3.1.2 Bellman-Ford and Dijkstra Algorithms . 33 3.1.3 Constrained Shortest Path First . 33 3.1.4 Path-Constraint Algorithms . 33 3.1.5 k-Shortest Path ....................... 34 3.2 Routing Protocols ......................... 34 3.2.1 Distributed Path Finding . 34 3.2.2 The Internet ........................ 35 3.2.3 Public Switched Telephone Service . 35 3.2.4 Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching . 36 3.3 Path Finding in Multi-Layer Networks . 37 3.3.1 Practical Example ..................... 39 3.3.2 Path-Constrained Problem . 43 3.3.3 Graphs ........................... 44 3.3.4 Multi-Layer Representations . 46 3.4 Path Finding in Transport Networks . 48 3.5 Multi-Stage Path Finding ..................... 49 3.6 Conclusion ............................. 51 4 Multi-Layer Network Model 53 4.1 Introduction ............................. 53 4.2 Related work ............................ 54 . 4.2.1 Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching . 56 4.2.2 Common Information Model . 56 4.3 ITU-T G.805 Concepts ....................... 56 4.3.1 Functional Elements .................... 57 4.3.2 Connection Point and Layer . 58 .vi. 4.3.3 Connections ......................... 58 4.3.4 Adaptation and Termination . 59 . Contents 4.3.5 Multiplexing ........................ 61 4.3.6 Connection Partitioning . 61 4.4 Network Model ........................... 62 4.4.1 Mapping to Functional Elements . 63 4.4.2 Notation ........................... 65 4.4.3 Channel Labels ....................... 66 4.4.4 Capability Model ...................... 68 4.4.5 Validation of Network Connections . 69 4.4.6 Well Typed Adaptations . 72 4.5 Validation .............................. 73 4.6 Extensions of the Model ...................... 76 4.6.1 Layer Properties ...................... 77 4.6.2 Inverse Multiplexing .................... 77 4.6.3 Broadcast and Multicast . 78 4.6.4 Physical Layer Properties . 78 4.6.5 Uniqueness of Layers .................... 79 4.6.6 Tunnels ........................... 79 4.6.7 Uniqueness of Adaptations . 79 4.7 Conclusion ............................. 80 5 Network Description Language 81 5.1 Introduction ............................. 81 5.2 Introduction to the Semantic Web . 82 5.2.1 Resource Description Framework . 82 5.2.2 RDF Schemata ....................... 83 5.2.3 RDF versus XML ..................... 85 5.3 Network Description Language . 85 5.3.1 Topology Schema ...................... 85 5.3.2 Domain Schema ...................... 87 5.3.3 Distributed Repositories . 90 5.3.4 Addressing ......................... 90 5.3.5 Extensibility ........................ 91 . 5.4 Applications ............................. 91 5.4.1 Visualisation using RDF tools . 91 5.4.2 Path Finding and Google Mash-up . 92 5.4.3 Lightpath Planning in SURFnet6 . 93 5.4.4 Lightpath Monitoring in NetherLight . 94 .vii. 5.5 Conclusion ............................. 94 . Contents 6 Multi-Layer NDL 95 6.1 Goal ................................. 95 6.1.1 Scope ............................ 95 6.1.2 Technology Independence . 96 6.2 NDL Schemata ........................... 97 6.2.1 NDL Topology and Domain Schema . 99 6.2.2 NDL Layer Schema ..................... 99 6.2.3 NDL Capability Schema . 100 6.3 Technology Schemata . 103 6.3.1 Encodings . 103 6.3.2 Layers and Labels . 105 6.3.3 Wavelength Division Multiplexing . 107 6.3.4 Signal Degeneration . 108 6.3.5 Shared Risk Link Groups . 109 6.3.6 Packet Layers . 109 6.3.7 Ethernet . 109 6.4 Conclusion .............................110 7 Path Finding Algorithms 111 7.1 Introduction .............................111 7.2 Terminology .............................112 7.2.1 Definition of a Network . 112 7.2.2 Granularity . 114 7.2.3 Technology Stacks . 114 7.2.4 Definition of a Graph . 117 7.3 Multi-layer Network Model . 118 7.3.1 Example Network . 118 7.3.2 Device-Based Network Description Gp . 119 7.3.3 Layer-Based Network Description Gl . 120 7.3.4 Stack-based network description Gs . 122 7.4 Path Selection in Gl . 128 7.5 Path Selection in Gs . 132 7.6 Extension to Multiple Labels . 135 . 7.6.1 Extension to Graph Gl . 136 7.6.2 Extension to Graph Gs . 138 7.7 Discussion and Comparison . 140 7.7.1 Commonalities . 140 7.7.2 Differences . 141 .viii. 7.7.3 Time Complexity . 142 7.8 Conclusion .............................145 . Contents 8 Path Finding Implementation 147 8.1 Modelling the Network . 147 8.2 Software Framework . 150 8.3 Path Finding Software . 151 8.3.1 Path Finding in Gl . 151 8.3.2 Software Logic . 151 8.3.3 Path Walk . 152 8.3.4 Switch Matrix Properties . 153 8.3.5 Multi-Domain scalability . 155 8.3.6 Result ............................155 8.3.7 Ambiguity of Labels . 156 8.4 Optimization ............................157 8.5 Conclusion .............................161 9 Discussion and Conclusion 163 9.1 Context and Goals . 163 9.2 Contributions to the Field . 163 9.3 Strengths and Weaknesses . 164 9.3.1 Architecture . 164 9.3.2 Modelling . 165 9.3.3 Path finding . 167 9.4 Claims and Statements . 168 9.5 Conclusion .............................170 A Algorithm Time Complexity 171 A.1 Running Time of Multi-Layer Path Finding . 171 A.2 Multi-Layer Dijkstra’s Algorithm . 172 A.3 Running Time of Multi-Layer-Dijkstra . 173 A.4 Running Time of Multi-Layer-Breadth-First . 174 A.5 Running Time of Multi-Layer-k-Shortest-Path .
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