INDEX A AID (area ID), 86 multiple, 269 AAA (authentication, authorization, and IS-IS, 88-90 accounting), 315 algorithms Abramson, Norman, 11 Bellman-Ford, 15, 28 ABRs (area border routers), 149 Dijkstra, 17, 51 accessing policies, 348 DUAL, 35 acknowledgments Ford-Fulkerson, 28 LSAs, 136 metric calculation, 18 LSPs, 148 SPF, 17, 273 Acknowledgment packet, 182 delay, 291-292 acquiring RIDs, 82 equal-cost multipath, 274-286 addresses iSPF calculations, 287-288 BGP summarization, 262 partial route calculations, 290 IPv6 announcement headers, 49 formats, 394-395 ANSI (American National Standards representations, 396-397 Institute), 20 IS-IS summarization, 261 Anycast addresses, 394 NSAP, 88 Application-Specific Integrated Circuits OSPF summarization, 240-241 (ASICs), 373 stateless autoconfiguration, 398-399 applications, virtual links, 241-248 adjacencies, 41, 101 architecture, message types, 69 IS-IS, 103 archives, 355 broadcast networks, 104-107 areas, 61-62, 149 point-to-point networks, 107-109 backbones, 66 neighbors, 103 design OSPF, 101-102 BGP, 271 point-to-point over Ethernet, 117 IS-IS, 248-258 routers, 77 OSPF, 224-234 administration (RIDs), 81-86 reliability, 222-223 Advanced Research Projects Agency scalability, 220-221 (ARPA), 3-8 fragmentation, 304-308 Advertising Routers, 140 Inter-Area Prefix LSAs, 414 AFI (Authority and Format Identifier), 88 Inter-Area Router LSAs, 414 age of the LSA in seconds, 140 Intra-Area Prefix LSAs, 410 aging, 45 IS-IS, 151-153 439 Doyle_Index.indd 439 10/7/05 12:40:56 PM 440 Index nonbackbone, 66 B OSPF, 149 Bachman, Charlie, 20 overloading, 308-312 backbones, 66 partitioned, 179 ABRs, 150 stubs, 234-236 areas not-so-stubby, 238-239 IS-IS, 248-250 totally stubby, 237 OSPF, 224-228 Area Address TLVs, 96, 169 and regional networks, 23 area border routers (ABRs), 149 Backup Designated Router neighbors, 187 area ID (AID), 86 bandwidth multiple, 269 OSPF scalability, 228-233 IS-IS, 88-90 reference, 154 ARPA (Advanced Research Projects banners, login, 349 Agency), 3-8 Baran, Paul, 5, 8 ARPA Network (ARPANET), 4-8, 14-19 batch processing, 2 AS-External LSAs, 165-168, 415 BBN (Bolt Baranek and Newman), 2 ASBRs (autonomous system boundary behavior, default IS-IS area, 256-260 routers), 66, 151 Behavioral Sciences division (DoD), 3 Summary LSAs, 164-165 Bellman, Richard, 15 ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Bellman-Ford algorithm, 28 Circuits), 373 BFD (bidirectional forwarding detection), AS (autonomous system), 37, 66 340-343 attacks BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 37 DoS, 67 address summarization, 262 routing protocols, 316-318 area design, 271 authentication, 319-322 bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD), IS-IS, 326-328 340-343 OSPF, 323-325 binding labels, 377 authentication, authorization, and Blitzer, Wolf, 13 accounting. See AAA Bolt Baranek and Newman (BBN), 2 Authority and Format Identifier (AFI), 88 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), 37 autoconfiguration, stateless addresses, address summarization, 262 398-399 area design, 271 autonomous system (AS), 37, 66 Bradley, Bill, 13 autonomous system boundary routers broadcast networks, 122 (ASBRs), 66, 151 designated routers, 110 Summary LSAs, 164-165 IS-IS adjacencies, 104-107 synchronization, 211 Bush, Vannevar, 3-4 Doyle_Index.indd 440 10/7/05 12:40:56 PM Index 441 C Command and Control Research division (DoD), 3 calculations committees, change management, 355 iSPF, 287-288 comparative terminology, message types, partial routes, 290 65-66 shortest-path routing trees, 51 compatibility of OSPFv3, 404-405 SPF, 51-60 CompleteSNPInterval, 211 Callon, Ross, 22 Complete Sequence Number PDU Canepa, Mike, 20 (CSNP), 148 Carr, Steve, 9 components (flooding), 133-134 Cerf, Vint, 11, 14, 19-20 IS-IS, 142-148 change controllers, 356 OSPF, 134-142 change management, 354-355 configuration characteristics of vector protocols, 28-29 AID, 86-90 checksums, 49, 140 management, 352-358 security, 329-331 NET, 88-90 circuits RIDs, 85 ASICs, 373 stateless address autoconfiguration, demand, 302-303 398-399 VC, 374 connections, OSPF virtual links, 241-248 Circuit Type values, 94 constrained SPF, 383-385 circular sequence number spaces, 48 control packets, BFD, 342 Cisco Systems, 23, 68 conventions, 70, 354 default IS-IS L1 area behavior, 256 convergence, vector protocols, 27-28 NSF, 336 cost of paths, 58 stub areas, 236 CoS (class of service), 68 virtual links, 245 counting to infinity, 32 Clark, Wesley, 7 CRC (cyclical redundancy check), 329 class of service (CoS), 68 Crowther, Will, 15 commands CSNP (Complete Sequence Number ip ospf flood-reduction, 304 PDU), 148 ip ospf retransmit-interval, 295 customization isis lsp-interval, 295 flooding, 292 isis retransmit-interval, 295 demand circuits, 302-303 isis retransmit-throttle-interval, 296 mesh groups, 296-301 lsp-gen-interval, 294 retransmit pacing, 295-296 lsp-interval, 295 transmit pacing, 293-294 overload, 312 neighbors, 187 overload-bit on-startup, 312 SPF, 273 overload timeout, 312 delay, 291-292 retransmit-interval, 295 equal-cost multipath, 274-286 set-overload-bit, 312 iSPF calculations, 287-288 timers pacing flood, 294 partial route calculations, 290 timers pacing lsa-group, 294 cyclical redundancy check (CRC), 329 Doyle_Index.indd 441 10/7/05 12:40:57 PM 442 Index D reliability, 344 domain edge protection, 347 databases redundancy, 344-346 exchanges, 180 router protection, 348-352 management, 188-189 security, 344 OSPF packets used for, 180-183 domain edge protection, 347 interfaces, 124 redundancy, 344-346 IS-IS, 129-131 router protection, 348-352 OSPF, 124-129 sequence counter, 46 IS-IS LS, 74 designated intermediate system (DIS), link state synchronization, 179 115-116 IS-IS, 205-216 designated routers, 77, 109-112 OSPF, 179-189, 190-200, 202-204 IS-IS, 115-116 LSPs, 74 neighbors, 187 RIB, 25 OSPF, 112-115 synchronization, 49-50 detection (BFD), 340-343 TED, 383 development of the Internet, 11-14 Database Description packet, 182 diffusing update algorithm (DUAL), 35 Database Summary List, 187 Dijkstra, Edsger W., 17, 50 datagrams, 12, 66 Dijkstra algorithm, 51 data structures, OSPF neighbors, 186-187 direct acknowledgments, 137 Davies, Donald, 5 disclosure, 316 deception, 316 disruption, 316 Decode-Encode Language (DEL), 10 distance vector protocols, 27 default IS-IS L1 area behavior, 256-260 distribution, MPLS labels, 377-378 default metrics, 156 DIS (designated intermediate systems), defining login banners, 349 115-116 delay documentation, 355 acknowledgments, 136 domains metrics, 156 lookups (names), 100 SPF, 291-292 protecting edges, 347 DEL (Decode-Encode Language), 10 routing, 66 demand circuits, 302-303 DoS (denial-of-service) attacks, 67 demultiplexing, links, 76 DUAL (diffusing update algorithm), 35 denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, 67 duplicate RIDs, troubleshooting, 82-86 dependent functions, subnetworks, 76-78 Dynamic Hostname Exchange Mechanism, design IS-IS, 99-100 areas BGP, 271 IS-IS, 248-258 E OSPF, 224-234 E1 (Type 1 External), 155 reliability, 222-223 E2 (Type 2 External), 155 scalability, 220-221 Doyle_Index.indd 442 10/7/05 12:40:57 PM Index 443 ECMP (equal-cost multipath), 274-280 OSPF, 362-368 pseudonodes and, 282-286 route tagging, 369-371 edges, protecting domains, 347 extensions EIGRP (Enhanced IGRP), 35 IPv6, 391-392 encapsulation, message types, 67-69 address formats, 394-395 end system (ES), 65 address representations, 396-397 Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP), 35 extension headers, 402-403 equal-cost multipath (ECMP), 274-280 features and functions of, 393 pseudonodes and, 282-286 header formats, 400-401 error metrics, 156 IS-IS, 420-422 essential LSAs, 158 Neighbor Discovery Protocol, 397-398 AS-External LSAs, 165-168 stateless address autoconfiguration, ASBR Summary LSAs, 164-165 398-399 Network LSAs, 161 MT-ISIS, 430-434 Network Summary LSAs, 162-164 MT-OSPF, 426-428 Router LSAs, 158-161 OSPFv3, 419 essential TLVs, 168, 169 TE Area Address TLVs, 169 IS-IS, 388-389 Extended IS Reachability TLVs, OSPF, 385-388 173-175 external prefixes IP External Reachability TLVs, 173 IS-IS redistribution, 268-269 IP Interface Addresses TLVs, 171 OSPF scaling, 231-233 IP Internal Reachability TLVs, 172 route prefixes, 369-371 IS Neighbor TLVs, 169, 170 Protocols Supported TLVs, 171 F ES (end system), 65 Ethernet, point-to-point adjacencies feasibility conditions, 35 over, 117 features of IPv6, 393 European Commission, 21 FEC (forwarding equivalence classes), 377 evaluation fields post-change, 357 Link State ID, 139 pre-change, 356 LSA header formats, 138 exchanges (databases), 180 OSPF link state database management, 188-189 synchronization, 184-185 OSPF packets used for, 180-183 filtering packets, 351 excluding links, 430 flags expense metrics, 156 SRM, 208 Extended IP Reachability TLVs, 174-175 SSN, 208 Extended IS Reachability TLVs, 173 Fletcher checksums, 330 extensibility, 361 flooding, 44-48 IS-IS, 368-369 components, 133-134 message architecture, 69 IS-IS, 142-148 OSPF, 134-142 Doyle_Index.indd 443 10/7/05 12:40:57 PM 444 Index optimizing, 292 HDSA (Honeywell Distributed Systems demand circuits, 302-303 Architecture), 20 mesh groups, 296-301 headers retransmit pacing, 295-296 announcements, 49 transmit pacing, 293-294 IPv6, 400-403 Ford, Lester Randolph , 15 LSAs Ford-Fulkerson algorithm, 28 formatting, 138 formatting OSPFv3, 407-417 addresses (IPv6), 394-395 MPLS, 379 headers Heart, Frank, 7 IPv6, 400-403 Hello messages, 41 MPLS, 379 Hello protocol, 90 LSA headers, 138 IS-IS, 93-99 LSPs, 143 OSPF, 91-92 forwarding, 77 history of link state protocols, 1-3 BFD, 340-343 ARPANET, 4-8 LSRs, 375 development