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The Path to Terrorism: the Islamic State and Its Recruitment Strategies
University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Honors Scholar Theses Honors Scholar Program Spring 5-1-2018 The aP th to Terrorism: The slI amic State and Its Recruitment Strategies Laura Turner [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses Part of the International Relations Commons, Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons, and the Terrorism Studies Commons Recommended Citation Turner, Laura, "The aP th to Terrorism: The slI amic State and Its Recruitment Strategies" (2018). Honors Scholar Theses. 585. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses/585 1 The University of Connecticut The Path to Terrorism: The Islamic State and Its Recruitment Strategies Laura Turner Honors Senior Thesis Advisor: Professor Jeremy Pressman Individualized & Interdisciplinary Studies Program 19 April 2018 2 Introduction 13,488 terrorist attacks occurred around the world in 2016.i 1,468 of these, or 10.9%, were perpetrated by the Islamic State.1 The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) or the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), is an extremely violent Islamist terrorist organization that follows Salafism, a strict interpretation of Sunni Islam. The group’s ultimate goal is to establish a worldwide caliphate, or a state governed by Islamic law. ISIS is rooted in Abu Musad al-Zarqawi’s Al Qaeda in Iraq, a militant organization so extreme and violent that even Al Qaeda’s leadership criticized its methods and eventually renounced connections with the group. When Zarqawi was killed by a U.S. airstrike in 2006, Abu Ayyub al Masri became the leader of the group and renamed it the Islamic State in Iraq (ISI). -
APR 2016 Part C.Pdf
Page | 1 CBRNE-TERRORISM NEWSLETTER – April 2016 www.cbrne-terrorism-newsletter.com Page | 2 CBRNE-TERRORISM NEWSLETTER – April 2016 After Brussels, Europe's intelligence woes revealed Source:http://www.cnbc.com/2016/03/22/brussels-attack-why-europe-must-increase-terror- intelligence.html Mar 23 – Europe must improve the regional Rudd's comments are at the crux of a hot- sharing of intelligence to successfully button discourse about the encroachment on combat the rise of homegrown militants, civil liberties should governments ramp up policy experts told CNBC a day after deadly surveillance and detainment tactics in the explosions hit Brussels. global war on terror. Global terrorist organization ISIS claimed Rudd believes it's a necessary cost to bear. responsibility for Tuesday's attacks that killed "This is not a normal set of circumstances, at least 31 people, the latest episode in the we've got to give our men and women in group's campaign of large-scale violence on uniform and in the intelligence services the the international stage. powers necessary to deal with this. This is no Recent offensives in Paris and Jakarta indicate criticism of the Belgian government but a wake- ISIS is increasingly relying on local up call to all of us who wrestle with this fundamentalists, typically trained in ISIS debate." strongholds within the Middle East, to execute Others agree that European officials must suicide bombings and shootings in busy direct more investment to counter-terrorism, metropolitan areas. despite strained finances for most countries in "The key question here is closing the the region. intelligence gap," said Kevin Rudd, former The fact that the perpetrator of December's Prime Minister of Australia and president of the Paris attacks was caught in Belgium four Asia Society Policy Institute. -
Belgium: Extremism and Terrorism
Belgium: Extremism and Terrorism On February 5, 2020, it was reported that prosecutors in Belgium are currently seeking to bring eight men to the country’s highest court for their alleged role in carrying out an ISIS-inspired triple suicide bombing in Brussels in March 2016. The ringleader, Oussama Atar, who was allegedly a senior figure in ISIS’s intelligence service, purportedly died in Syria in 2017. One other suspect, Salah Abdeslam, is already in French jail due to his role in the Paris 2015 attack that killed 131 people. The other suspects have been formally charged, but their trials are not due to start until 2021. (Source: The National) On January 30, 2020, the Belgian Court of Cassation confirmed a ruling by the Brussels Court of Appeals that the Kurdish Worker’s Party (PKK) should not be classified as a terrorist organization. Although the Belgian government considers the PKK to be a terrorist organization, the Court of Cassation represents the opinion of the judiciary which is an independent body from the executive branch. The ruling claimed that EU anti- terrorism legislation cannot be applied towards the PKK as it is involved in a non-international armed conflict or civil war and is thus allowed to use legitimate military force. The PKK is an internationally designated terrorist organization that has been in conflict with the Turkish government for decades. Although it is uncertain if the ruling will create diplomatic altercations with Turkey, the Belgian government depends on stable relations with Ankara to track Belgian nationals who joined ISIS in Syria and continue to remain in the region. -
What the Terrorist Campaign in France and Belgium Tells Us About the Future of Jihadist Terrorism in Europe MTI Report 12-02 December 2012 December 12-02 MTI Report
MTI Trains, Concert Halls, Airports, and Restaurants—All Soft Targets: Funded by U.S. Department of Services Transit Census California of Water 2012 Transportation What the Terrorist Campaign in France and Belgium Tells Us About the Future of Jihadist Terrorism in Europe MTI ReportMTI 12-02 December 2012 MTI Report WP 12-10 MINETA TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE MTI FOUNDER Hon. Norman Y. Mineta The Mineta Transportation Institute (MTI) was established by Congress in 1991 as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Equity Act (ISTEA) and was reauthorized under the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st century (TEA-21). MTI then successfully MTI BOARD OF TRUSTEES competed to be named a Tier 1 Center in 2002 and 2006 in the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). Most recently, MTI successfully competed in the Surface Transportation Extension Act of 2011 to Founder, Honorable Norman Joseph Boardman (Ex-Officio) Diane Woodend Jones (TE 2016) Richard A. White (Ex-Officio) be named a Tier 1 Transit-Focused University Transportation Center. The Institute is funded by Congress through the United States Mineta (Ex-Officio) Chief Executive Officer Principal and Chair of Board Interim President and CEO Department of Transportation’s Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology (OST-R), University Transportation Secretary (ret.), US Department of Amtrak Lea+Elliot, Inc. American Public Transportation Transportation Association (APTA) Centers Program, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), and by private grants and donations. Vice Chair Anne Canby (TE 2017) Will Kempton (TE 2016) Hill & Knowlton, Inc. Director Executive Director Bud Wright (Ex-Officio) OneRail Coalition California Transportation Executive Director The Institute receives oversight from an internationally respected Board of Trustees whose members represent all major surface Honorary Chair, Honorable Bill Commission American Association of State transportation modes. -
MINETA TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE MTI FOUNDER Hon
MTI Trains, Concert Halls, Airports, and Restaurants—All Soft Targets: Funded by U.S. Department of Services Transit Census California of Water 2012 Transportation What the Terrorist Campaign in France and Belgium Tells Us About the Future of Jihadist Terrorism in Europe MTI ReportMTI 12-02 December 2012 MTI Report WP 12-10 MINETA TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE MTI FOUNDER Hon. Norman Y. Mineta The Mineta Transportation Institute (MTI) was established by Congress in 1991 as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Equity Act (ISTEA) and was reauthorized under the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st century (TEA-21). MTI then successfully MTI BOARD OF TRUSTEES competed to be named a Tier 1 Center in 2002 and 2006 in the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). Most recently, MTI successfully competed in the Surface Transportation Extension Act of 2011 to Founder, Honorable Norman Joseph Boardman (Ex-Officio) Diane Woodend Jones (TE 2016) Richard A. White (Ex-Officio) be named a Tier 1 Transit-Focused University Transportation Center. The Institute is funded by Congress through the United States Mineta (Ex-Officio) Chief Executive Officer Principal and Chair of Board Interim President and CEO Department of Transportation’s Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology (OST-R), University Transportation Secretary (ret.), US Department of Amtrak Lea+Elliot, Inc. American Public Transportation Transportation Association (APTA) Centers Program, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), and by private grants and donations. Vice Chair Anne Canby (TE 2017) Will Kempton (TE 2016) Hill & Knowlton, Inc. Director Executive Director Bud Wright (Ex-Officio) OneRail Coalition California Transportation Executive Director The Institute receives oversight from an internationally respected Board of Trustees whose members represent all major surface Honorary Chair, Honorable Bill Commission American Association of State transportation modes. -
Open Yazujian Mastersthesis Finaldraft.Pdf
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School The College of Information Sciences and Technology A COMPARATIVE SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS OF THE 2008 MUMBAI, 2015 PARIS, and 2016 BRUSSELS TERRORIST NETWORKS A Thesis in Information Sciences and Technology by Tyler J. Yazujian 2017 Tyler J. Yazujian Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science May 2017 The thesis of Tyler J. Yazujian was reviewed and approved* by the following: Peter Forster Senior Lecturer of Information Sciences and Technology Thesis Adviser Jessica Kropczynski Lecturer of Information Sciences and Technology T { Donald Shemanski Professor of Practice of Information Sciences and Technology Andrea H. Tapia Associate Professor of Information Sciences and Technology Head of the Graduate Department in the College of IST *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School ii ABSTRACT This research builds a further understanding about analyses to characterize networks with limited data available. It uses social network analysis to retrospectively compare the networks of the terrorist attacks in Mumbai 2008, Paris November 2015, and Brussels March 2016, to better recognize the roles and positions of the networks’ actors. Expanding on previous analysis of the Mumbai terrorist network, this paper identifies new methods to study dark networks by applying social network analysis to the Mumbai, Paris, and Brussels networks. Three levels of analysis are conducted: (1) an attribute-level correlation to examine correlation between age and organizational role across cells; (2) key player analysis to investigate whether key players share similar roles; and (3) application of structural block models to the networks to identify cellular combat teams. -
The History and Influence of the Belgian ISIS Contingent
O Europol Public Information State of Terror The History and Influence of the Belgian ISIS Contingent CONFERENCE PAPER AUTHOR Pieter Van Ostaeyen This paper was presented at the 3rd conference of the European Counter Terrorism Centre (ECTC) Advisory Network, 9-10 April 2019, at Europol’s headquarters in The Hague. The views expressed are the author’s own and do not necessarily represent those of Europol Pieter Van Ostaeyen Pieter Van Ostaeyen studied Medieval History with a specialisation in the history of the Cru- sades (KULeuven 1999) and Arabic and Islamic Studies, focusing on the history of Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi and the Assassins (KULeuven 2003). Van Ostaeyen has been analysing the conflict in Syria since the outset in 2011. In 2012 he be- gan reporting on foreign fighters and extremist groups such as Jabhat al-Nusra, Ahrar al-Sham, Jund al-Aqsa and so-called Islamic State (ISIS). Since 1 September 2016, he is a PhD applicant at the University of Leuven researching the ideology of ISIS as presented in its English language magazines Dabiq and Rumiyah. O Europol Public Information Contents Recruitment in Belgium 4 The Belgian Networks 7 The Belgian Foreign Fighter Contingent after the fall of the ISIS Caliphate 9 Conclusion 10 3 O Europol Public Information This paper provides an insight into how the Belgian Jihadi scene and recruitment evolved since the outbreak of the Syr- ian war in 2011. We will look into the recruitment hubs and provide a brief demographical background of recruits. After an introduction to the various networks in Belgium that led to the biggest Western European per-capita foreign fighter con- tingent, we will zoom in on the various groups in which the Belgian foreign fighters were involved and how these groups eventually were responsible for organising the biggest terror- ist attacks in North-Western Europe since World War II: the attacks in Paris in November 2015 and the March 2016 Brus- sels attacks. -
How the U.S. Should Respond to the Islamist Terrorism Threat in Europe
BACKGROUNDER No. 3142 | AUGUST 1, 2016 The Threat of Islamist Terrorism in Europe and How the U.S. Should Respond Robin Simcox Abstract As recent events in Nice and Ansbach demonstrate, Europe faces an on- Key Points going threat from Islamist terrorism. The United States also remains a key target for ISIS, al-Qaeda, and their supporters. The U.S. and Eu- n The likelihood of a terrorist attack rope have a shared enemy and must assist each other in the defense of has increased in both Europe and liberal and democratic values. For its part, the U.S. must take the fight the United States. ISIS, al-Qae- da, and their affiliates must be to ISIS and al-Qaeda in the Middle East and Africa and be willing to militarily defeated abroad to help kill or capture its enemies. The U.S. must also take a multifaceted ap- ease the threat at home. proach to trying to halt the flow of foreign fighters. In Europe, several n The threat to Europe is multifac- countries blighted by terrorism not only have devoted scant resources eted: Attacks could be planned by to tackling this problem, but also have taken an insufficiently robust al-Qaeda or ISIS, by cells or radi- line on terrorist activity. The U.S. should encourage its European al- calized loners they have inspired, lies to reverse this trend. It can also assist Europeans in breaking down or by returnees trained by terror- intelligence firewalls that exist within individual nations while trying ist groups abroad. Europeans are to improve pre-existing intelligence-sharing arrangements. -
Brussels Terror Attacks: Masterminds, Fake CCTV Footage, EU Funded Terror Drills, Prior Knowledge
Brussels Terror Attacks: Masterminds, Fake CCTV Footage, EU Funded Terror Drills, Prior Knowledge By Shawn Helton Region: Europe Global Research, March 26, 2016 Theme: Intelligence, Media Disinformation, 21st Century Wire 25 March 2016 Terrorism Though many are still reeling in the wake of the Brussels tragedy – there are key questions surrounding this latest act of terror that should be examined. Brussels went into full lockdown mode following an apparent double terror attack that occurred at the Brussels airport and Maelbeek metro station earlier this week, not far from the European Union’s headquarters in the downtown city center. As previously reported here at 21WIRE, the U.S. embassy declared a security emergency following the Brussels terror attacks, instructing all American citizens to “shelter in place,” in what is now said to be an attack carried out by ISIS – or so we’ve been told… ‘BRUSSELS BOMBERS’ – Khalid el-Bakraoui and his brother Ibrahim el-Bakraoui (Photo link thedailystar) Meet the Cast In early reports, the apparent ISIS-linked bombers, revealed to be brothers, allegedly blew themselves up in a double-suicide bomb attack in Brussels, Belgium’s capital city, at the main airport and a busy metro station downtown. However, according to Belgian officials the two brothers were originally stated to have been at the airport together but both “were actually at two different locations and that one huge bomb left by a third terrorist failed to detonate at the airport.” Brussels issued a notice for an individual seen pushing luggage through the airport, along with the two other suspects now said to be dead. -
Criminal Pasts, Terrorist Futures: European Jihadists and the New Crime-Terror Nexus the Authors of This Report Are Rajan Basra, Peter R
Criminal Pasts, Terrorist Futures: European Jihadists and the New Crime-Terror Nexus The authors of this report are Rajan Basra, Peter R. Neumann, and Claudia Brunner. CONTACT DETAILS For questions, queries and additional copies of this report, please contact: ICSR King’s College London Strand London WC2R 2LS United Kingdom T. +44 20 7848 2065 E. [email protected] Twitter: @icsr_centre Like all other ICSR publications, this report can be downloaded free of charge from the ICSR website at www.icsr.info. © ICSR 2016 Criminal Pasts, Terrorist Futures: European Jihadists and the New Crime-Terror Nexus Contents Executive Summary 3 1 Introduction 7 Argument and Structure 8 2 The Crime-Terror Nexus 11 Groups vs. Networks 12 Ideology vs. Profit 12 Rich vs. Poor 13 3 The Database 15 Method 15 Coding 16 Results 17 Table 1: Simplified Database 18 4 Radicalisation and Recruitment 23 The Redemption Narrative 24 Legitimising Crime 26 Recruitment 26 Case Study 1: Abderrozak ‘Big A’ Benarabe 25 5 Prisons 29 Vulnerability 29 Networking 32 Post-Release 32 Case Study 2: Harry Sarfo 31 6 Skills Transfers 35 Weapons 35 Staying ‘Under the Radar’ 36 Familiarity with Violence 38 Case Study 3: The Paris-Brussels Network 37 7 Financing 41 Strategy 41 Ideology 43 Continuity 45 Case Study 4: Amedy Coulibaly and the Kouachi Brothers 44 8 Recommendations 47 1 2 Executive Summary About this Study • The presence of former criminals in terrorist groups is neither new nor unprecedented. But with Islamic State and the ongoing mobilisation of European jihadists, the phenomenon has become more pronounced, more visible, and more relevant to the ways in which jihadist groups operate. -
The Roots of Radicalization in Belgium
June 26th, 2018 Jean-Charles Micieli s2100002 When Criminology Engages in Terrorism Studies: The Roots of Radicalization in Belgium Word count: 17 000 Leiden University Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs - Master in Crisis and Security Management Supervisor: Dr. B.W Schuurman - Second Reader: Dr. M.C.A Liem Table of Content Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 2 State of the Art ........................................................................................................................... 4 Methodology/Data Collection .................................................................................................. 13 Discussion/Analysis ................................................................................................................. 20 Group dynamics - Networking ............................................................................................. 21 Kinship dynamics ............................................................................................................. 21 Friendship/Comradeship/Collective Identity ................................................................... 24 Demographical and geographical dynamics ....................................................................... 26 Skills transfer from criminality to terrorism / Criminal background ................................... 34 Ideological dimension ......................................................................................................... -
JIHADIST TERRORISM 15 YEARS AFTER 9/11 a Threat Assessment
PETER BERGEN JIHADIST TERRORISM 15 YEARS AFTER 9/11 A Threat Assessment SEPTEMBER 2016 About the Author About New America Peter Bergen is a journalist, New America is committed to renewing American documentary producer, vice politics, prosperity, and purpose in the Digital Age. president at New America where he We generate big ideas, bridge the gap between directs the International Security technology and policy, and curate broad public and Fellows programs, CNN's conversation. We combine the best of a policy national security analyst, professor at Arizona research institute, technology laboratory, public State University, and the author or editor of seven forum, media platform, and a venture capital books about terrorism, three of which were New fund for ideas. We are a distinctive community of York Times bestsellers and three of which were thinkers, writers, researchers, technologists, and named among the best non-fiction books of the community activists who believe deeply in the year by the Washington Post. The books have possibility of American renewal. been translated into twenty languages. In 2012 he Find out more at newamerica.org/our-story. published Manhunt: The Ten Year Search for Bin Laden, from 9/11 to Abbottabad. It won the Overseas Press Club award for the best book on international About the International Security affairs. In 2016, he published United States of Jihad: Program Investigating America's Homegrown Terrorists. The International Security program aims to provide Bergen has hosted, produced, or executive evidence-based analysis of some of the thorniest produced multiple documentaries about terrorism questions facing American policymakers and the for HBO, CNN, National Geographic and Discovery, public.