..Cantillo J.J. niomnsascae ihcvsadrcsetr.Wl nw xmlsinclude China examples Zhoudoudian, known 1997), Forti Well & rockshelters. (Hill Africa and South an Makapansgat, caves Cave, defining Limeworks with of one associated basically environments is breccia concrete. regarded may resembles in be that thus may deposit and excavating a and occupation, of in flow, human sequence water problem after archaeological of form The result to a artefacts. continue as can contain form caves They typically limestone colluvium. breccias of lithified Sedimentary talus as 2001). the Mescher on & cemented and Loucks rock within of 1999; fragments (Loucks angular matrix of a consisting in material consolidated densely a is Breccia Introduction Dom S. Benz the at developed methods new breccia: in Excavating Keywords: 3 2 1 ANTIQUITY C niut ulctosLtd. Publications Antiquity rci ie r eaieyaudn ntewrd(ahm19) curn nkarst in occurring 1999), (Latham world the in abundant relatively are sites Breccia A,Crayl e Vall del Cerdanyola UAB, aaah /,Pet el C Real, Puerto s/n, Saharauhi G rad rhsoi,Fcla eFilosof de Facultat Prehistoria, de Area C de Universidad Ciencias, de Facultad Tierra, la de Ciencias eatet eHsoi,Geograf Historia, de Departmento mzUl,sn C s/n, Ulla, omez ´ 6(02:16–18http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/086/ant0861167.htm 1167–1178 (2012): 86 ´ ınguez-Bella ot fia et,Benz´ Ceuta, Africa, North 2 ,A.Cabral dz101 11001, adiz ´ ´ e,Breoa013 Spain 08193, Barcelona ees, 1 dz150 pi Ato o orsodne mi:[email protected]) email: correspondence, for (Author Spain 11510, adiz ´ .Ramos J. , 2 ´ ayFilosof y ıa ,M.P ´ aiLers nvria Aut Universitat Lletras, i ıa okhle,Plelti,ecvto ehd breccia method, excavation Palaeolithic, rockshelter, u ´ a autdd Filosof de Facultad ıa, erez ´ 2 .Bernal D. , 1167 3 .Barrena A. & rbe,isslto;t vr eri,its terrain, every every to to variety: method. solution; infinite its of problem, exercise excavation an archaeological all that is It show shells. to and bones goes tools, stone in of harvest developed huge a gathered tools they result, a small using As palaeontology. laboratory, into finds the their breccia from in freed then the they quarry which cut blocks, used and to and days, techniques acids earlier hammers, of the explosives aside put inventive authors Our occupation. Palaeolithic of witness early only the sometimes finds are deposits Nevertheless extracting such concrete. to of akin material prospect a from are the with deposits faced breccia examining Excavators rockshelter u ´ dz apsRoSnPdo v Republica Av. Pedro, San Rio Campus adiz, ´ nm eBreoa dfiiBCmu ela de Campus B Edifici Barcelona, de onoma ` 2 ´ ayLta,Uiesddd C de Universidad Letras, y ıa .Vijande E. , 2 2 , dz v Dr. Av. adiz, ´

Method Excavating in breccia

Figure 1. View of Benzu´ rockshelter and cave. (Wu & Dong 1985) and Red Barns, Portchester, Hampshire, UK (Wenban-Smith et al. 2000). At Grotta di Porto Infreschi, Camerota (), a series of marine conglomerates con- taining Spondylus (probably of the Tyrrhenian geological stage) was succeeded by alternating levels of red clay, breccias, pyroclasts and stalagmitic crusts, sealed at the top by colluvial deposits and rock falls with a Mousterian industry (Bachechi 1989–1990). Examples from the Iberian peninsula include -Beefsteak Cave (Giles et al. 2007), breccia (White 1913; Finlayson et al. 2006), Tajo de Dona˜ Ana, Alfarnatejo (Ramos et al. 1995– 1996) and Cueva del Angel,´ Lucena, Cordoba´ (Barroso et al. 2011), in Andaluc´ıa, and Figueira Brava Cave (Portugal), a rockshelter of the Middle Palaeolithic (Upper Mousterian), dated to between 30 and 31 ka (Antunes 1990–91; Antunes & Cardoso 1992). Excavators have been obliged to work round the densely cemented breccias, or attack them with heavy machinery and even with low-power explosives. In such cases, the recovery of archaeological material has naturally been poor. In this paper, we describe a new approach to the problem, developed during research at the rockshelter of Benzu.´

The Benzu´ rockshelter The archaeological site of Benzu´ is situated on the coast of North Africa, on the south side of the Strait of Gibraltar in the autonomous Spanish city of Ceuta. It is located about 230m from the present shoreline (Figure 1). The Palaeolithic rockshelter, discovered in 2001 (Bernal C Antiquity Publications Ltd.

1168 omo oeIIMutra npe tn nuty ihcrnlge agn from ranging chronologies with the industry, took stone This (Dur occupation. knapped ka human III-Mousterian 70–250 early Mode for a evidence into (Dur contain of resolved 7 sedimentation form subsequently to the 1 and of levels 2), studies stratigraphic (Figure Geological that section 1). (Table calcareous and levels consolidated plan highly stratified in of ten deposit defined a was is This dolomite Triassic breccias. of wall rock the to Adhering elwti h rci Fgr 3). (Figure breccia the within well (Ramos exploitation rmtenrh )vria eto ftebecalvl nBI-VIDI qae,se rmtees;C rdpa fthe of plan grid C) east; (B). and the (A) from in seen shown squares, are BVII-CVII-DVII profiles in Vertical shaded). levels are breccia sections the excavated of (the section breccia rockshelter vertical B) north; the from onc uigteQaenr (Dur Quaternary (Abad the occupation during human Isotopecornice before any high erosion and through a formed 9 of was breccia, shelter Stage The limestone hardness. of and consisting compactness of mostly degree deposit archaeological an contains 2001), Benz at Excavations 2. Figure n20;Ramos 2004; an ´ tal. et :A ceai eto ftebecafot etclscino VICI-VIsurs seen squares, BVII-CVII-DVII of section vertical front, breccia the of section schematic A) u: ´ 01.Ltis nmlbn n hls(aaoan)alsurvive all (malacofauna) shells and bone animal Lithics, 2011). .Dom S. tal. et n20;Rms&Bra 06 Ramos 2006; Bernal & Ramos 2003; an ´ 08,adicueidctoso aieresource marine of indications include and 2008), ´ nuzBlae al. et ınguez-Bella 1169 tal et 07.I a aels t overhanging its lost have may It 2007). . C niut ulctosLtd. Publications Antiquity n20)show 2003) an ´ tal. et 2008).

Method Excavating in breccia

Table 1. Stratigraphic sequence, types of sediments and chronology of the Benzu´ rockshelter (after Ramos et al. 2008). Strata Type of sediment Chronology Observations

10 Upper speleothem (Th/U) IGM: −+70 ka Seals the whole sequence 9 Breccia with clasts 8Micrite 7 Breccia cemented with dolomite blocks 6Micriticmud 5 Breccia of sands and muds (OSL) Shfd020136: OSL datation of the 168−+11 ka upper part of the strata 4 Breccia of clast and muds 3b Speleothem (Th/U) IGM: 173−+10 ka Thin speleothem 3Micriticmud 2 Breccia of clast and muds (OSL) Shfd 020135: OSL datation of the 254−+17 ka upper part of the strata 1 Breccia 0 Rock (dolomite)

Figure 3. Aspect of the lithic industry and faunal remains in the breccia (B = bone; R = radiolarite; F = flint; S = sandstone; RF = rock fragments; M = malacofauna).

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1170 oloe rdsov h acu abnt (CaCO carbonate calcium the dissolve or loosen to h okhle esrd15.52 measured rockshelter The Methodology 2003. June in blocks extracted of area the showing deposit, breccia the of front The 4. Figure cuida rao 61.2m of area an occupied Dom rcue h iieu ieasadrcs uha it ailrtsadsnsoe that sandstones and radiolarites flint, as such (Chamorro rocks, artefacts the and also tools constituted minerals these However, siliceous hammers. and the chisels fractured using excavation, vertical attempted first we esn ewe 02ad20.I 02 h pe ee ftedpst(tau )was 7) (Stratum deposit the of level upper the 2002, In (Ramos 2008. defined and 2002 between seasons hmi h aoaoy(tg ) ebgnte20 apin(iue4 qipdwith equipped 4) (Figure campaign disaggregate 2003 then the and began 1) We (Stage 2). blocks (Stage small stone. laboratory in from deposit the fossils the in of extract extraction them the to and was quarries strategy in new stone The of extraction the for used methods humans. or animals of ihc,ipiigsbeun hmclo eraayi.Teai loatce ean of the remains of CaCO attacked surface of also composed the acid (mainly affected malacofauna The also as analysis. such but wear origin, excavators), organic or the chemical of subsequent health impairing the lithics, for dangerous (and slow olwn hsfutaigeprec,w eeoe ifrn ehdlg nprdby inspired methodology different a developed we experience, frustrating this Following ´ ınguez-Bella tal. et tal et 03,ada2c rdli u nisuprsrae rmti surface this From surface. upper its on out laid grid 25cm a and 2003), 06.W hnapidhdohoi raei cdi nattempt an in acid acetic or hydrochloric applied then We 2006). . 2 npa Fgr C.Ormtoooywsdvlpdoe six over developed was methodology Our 2C). (Figure plan in .Dom S. × tal et .0,adtetpsraeo h rci deposit breccia the of surface top the and 6.20m, ´ nuzBlae al. et ınguez-Bella 03 hmro20;Dom 2004; Chamorro 2003; . 1171 3 ftebeca hswsntol very only not was This breccia. the of ) 3 n h kltlremains skeletal the and ) C niut ulctosLtd. Publications Antiquity ´ nuzBla2004; ınguez-Bella

Method Excavating in breccia

Figure 5. Stage 1: extraction of the blocks. Rows of holes are drilled on four sides and beneath, and the block extracted using double-wedges hammered into the holes.

newly-purchased power drills for stone with bits of 20mm diameter, a portable circular power saw with diamond blades of 20cm, steel wedges, and the traditional hammers and chisels.

Stage 1 Blocks 25 × 25 × 15cm were marked out and an initial cut made along all four sides and beneath (from the side) using a diamond tipped circular saw, capable of penetrating about 7cm into the breccia, with a blade thickness of 4mm. Rows of holes were then drilled with a tungsten carbide 15mm diameter bit along the same axes, to the full depth required (Figures 5 & 6). Wedges and double-wedges were inserted in these holes, and hammered until the C Antiquity Publications Ltd.

1172 h rgnlcvt nti rao h okhle.Tu h uldpho h stratigraphic the of depth 4). full Figure were the also 1 see Thus 8, rockshelter. and (Figure of the blocks 2 bedrock of in the 3, retrieved area represents was Strata this believe sequence Luque. we in which A. cavity rock, original speleologist, dolomite the group of floor the the Garc with reaching A. excavated, collaborator discussed a our ideas applying by modified, created on slightly double-wedges based was and wedges method of the system (2004) new campaign excavation brushes). and third trowels (small the procedures standard From with excavated be could with and laboratory. others, labelled the the than were to blocks shipment the for free, packaged and cut orientation Once and 7). co-ordinates (Figure grid lines their cut the along fractured block holes. the Drilling 6. Figure sebae okdisd hm h orefamnso rci eermvdusing Pneumatic removed Chicago the with were breccia recover of breccia cleaned to shell then of bone, were disintegrated containing These fragments material artefacts. releasing and and 9), coarse (Figure unpacked chisels The small carefully conventional and them. hammers was inside block locked each assemblages laboratory the In 2 Stage ol Fgr 0,a sdi aaotlg.W sddfeettpso ecsintp and tips percussion of types different (Dremel used microdrills We as palaeontology. such in tools used as 10), (Figure tools h aemto a hnapidt tau .Srt n rvdmr workable more proved 4 and 5 Strata 6. stratum to applied then was method same The ® .Dom S. ,awy okn ne anfiggasvsr.Faunal visors. glass magnifying under working always ), ´ nuzBlae al. et ınguez-Bella 1173 C niut ulctosLtd. Publications Antiquity ® opesdair compressed ´ aCa ıa nizares, ˜

Method Excavating in breccia

Figure 7. The double-wedges (left) inserted into the drilled holes (right).

Figure 8. Vertical surface of the breccia deposit, after the removal of several layers of blocks.

remains were consolidated with Primal, diluted to 50 per cent. Overall, the procedure resulted in a suite of assemblages related to a stratified sequence determined by the original position of the block. C Antiquity Publications Ltd.

1174 otesria fbecadpst hmevs hc aeotndsperddet erosion to due disappeared often have which due themselves, particularly deposits organisation problems, breccia some the present of on does survival light This the more activities. to their throw and would groups which human the space, of of use horizontal the addressing block, been recovered not often the has of material cent of per type 4.41 this to that excavatedatall. given up performed especially be cuts acceptable, the to considered of calculated is and was which wedges the This the saw. to accommodate corresponded circular to largely the breccia method with the this in by made destroyed holes or of lost volume rock excavated of volume the The from finds visible the separate and Critique block the up break to used are chisels Small laboratory. the in breccia. 2: Stage 9. Figure oee,temto a o ucee nrcrigtepeec fsrcue or structures of presence the recording in succeeded not has method the However, .Dom S. ´ nuzBlae al. et ınguez-Bella 1175 C niut ulctosLtd. Publications Antiquity

Method Excavating in breccia

Figure 10. Using micro-percussion tools (Chicago Pneumatic®) for small-scale disintegration and recovery of lithic and faunal remains. in recent millennia. The recovery of botanical remains is also a challenge. A comparison can be drawn with the better-defined Neolithic occupation excavated in a cave immediately adjacent to the rockshelter (Vijande et al. 2008). Here the sandy sediment permitted more familiar stratigraphic excavation and three-dimensional finds plotting (Vijande 2011).

Conclusion In spite of the intractable nature of the breccia deposit, more than 50 000 finds were recovered in sequence, informing the economy and society of hunter-gatherer groups through the Middle and Upper Pleistocene. Studies are currently being carried out on a wide range of archaeological materials (microvertebrates, malacofauna, large vertebrates, pollen, birds and rodents), including dating using TSL and U-Th techniques (Ramos et al. 2008, 2011). This rich assemblage shows that the methods applied are effective and may have applications at other archaeological sites in different parts of the world.

Acknowledgements We acknowledge the collaboration of the Government of Ceuta and the University of Cadiz,´ as well as colleagues from the Instituto de Estudios Ceut´ıes and the Tetouan University. Authorisation for the excavations was given

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1176 C B A A B B A References Martin Prof and Marquez Emilio comments. different Dr enriching in Durante, and Ana done we assistance Ms editorial was 2005 and their work and suggestions, for laboratory 2004 and Carver 2006, comments in From their and for C Ceuta. Ceuta reviewers of of of two Walls University City Royal the Autonomous the the of of by units Museum available the the made of by Ceut works school, Estudios hosted excavation de public were Instituto the a the of of by support offered facilities financial support the the the appreciate acknowledge and also Ceuta We of Culture. Government of Ministry Spanish the by ERNAL ARROSO ACHECHI NTUNES NTUNES BAD HAMORRO utr el iddAut Ciudad la de Cultura Consejer at held Original Ceuta). Uiesddd C de (Universidad ersr e t del terrestre iS ai ot nrsh Mrn iCamerota, di (Marina Infreschi Salerno). Porto a Maria S. di B M M uv eBenz de Cueva M .B S. a Ci das alimentac iuiaBaa(a 00 P.Cnet ecol Contexto BP). 30000 (ca. 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BDESSADOK 2 289–303. 42: ogica ´ IDAL Ci ,L.V ANQUET .Dom S. ,A.T ABRAL 31: C L ,N. ˆ nisda encias E ANTAL REGOIRE gcsy ogicos ´ ON ,D. ´ ,F. ogico, ERD ´ ESTU ,G. ny on ´ ,C. , ´ nuzBlae al. et ınguez-Bella , U ´ , , 1177 04 sui elssdmno carbon sedimentos los de Estudio 2004. – D D D C HAMORRO UR OM OM nvria eGranada. de Universidad aiinod Benz de yacimiento uaiae.Ecvcoe arqueol Excavaciones Humanidades. c cavidades a asociados C Gibraltar 263–66. de Estrecho del norteafricano el ambito en comunitarias tribales y cazadoras-recolectoras lJtbd suisd Cooperaci de Estudios de al-Jatib Prehistoria rmsmnrls captaci minerales, primas (Ceuta) arqueol Excavaciones Investigaci l recursos de consumo Benz bioyl uv eBenz de Cueva la y Abrigo Casta is dataci Ceuta Benz poiinmet ercro abi recursos de aprovisionamiento Benz geolog C Estrecho Gibraltar del de norteafricano ambito el en comunitarias tribales y cazadoras-recolectoras sociedades Ceuta de prehistoria V. Bernal, D. 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S. , Investigaci lArg aCead Benz de Cueva la y Abrigo El rcs eussabi recursos oricas, OM ´ na sui elssociedades las de estudio al on ´ (Ceuta) u ´ : nd rbj sobre trabajo de on ´ gcse lycmet eBenz de yacimiento el en ogicas ´ ´ INGUEZ C aproximaci ´ ´ tcse lycmet de yacimiento el en ıticos aaslt an y absoluta ıa niut ulctosLtd. Publications Antiquity rtcs M arsticas. ´ HAMORRO n distribuci on, nl rhsoi de prehistoria la en u ´ dz nvria de Universidad adiz: ´ ´ nitricpia en interdisciplinar on ´ ´ nzFern ınez -B gc e biode Abrigo del ogico 2–1 Ceuta: 125–31. : ´ ELLA ´ e.I 03w used we 2003 In ıes. ´ tc a materias las y ıtica na sui elas de estudio al on ´ tcse la en oticos ´ nCultural. on ´ tdsde etodos ´ adiz. ´ tcsyterritorio: y oticos ´ ,J.R gcse el en ogicas ´ &F.P ne,A. andez, ´ lssde alisis ´ aticos ´ ´ a materias ıa, ny on nIbn on ´ ´ ea(ed.) neda ˜ .An u. ´ AMOS EREILA ea(ed.) neda ˜ uenla ´ : alisis ´ & . u El ´

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FINLAYSON,C.,F.GILES,J.RODR´IGUEZ-VIDAL, D.A. RAMOS,J.,D.BERNAL &V.CASTANEDA˜ (ed.). 2003. El FA.J.M.GUTIERREZ´ ,A.SANTIAGO,G.FINLAYSON, Abrigo y la Cueva de Benzu´ en la prehistoria de E. ALLUE´,J.BAENA,I.CACERES´ ,J.SCARRION´ ,Y. Ceuta.Cadiz:´ Universidad de Cadiz.´ FERNANDEZ´ JALVO,C.P.GLEED-OWEN,F.J. RAMOS,J.,D.BERNAL,S.DOM´INGUEZ-BELLA,D. JIMENEZ´ -ESPEJO,P.LOPEZ´ , J.A. LOPEZ´ SAEZ´ , J.A. CALADO,B.RUIZ,M.J.GIL,I.CLEMENTE,J.J. RIQUELME,A.SANCHEZ´ MARCO,F.GILES GUZMAN´ , DURAN´ ,E.VIJANDE &S.CHAMORRO. 2008. The K. BROWN,N.FUENTES, C.A. VALARINO,A. Benzu´ rockshelter: a Middle Palaeolithic site on the VILLALPANDO, C.B. STRINGER,F.MART´INEZ-RUIZ North African coast. Quaternary Science Reviews 27: &T.SAKAMOTO. 2006. Late survival of 2210–18. Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of RAMOS,J.,S.DOM´INGUEZ-BELLA,J.J.CANTILLO, Europe. Nature 443(7113): 850–53. M. SORIGUER,M.PEREZ´ ,J.HERNANDO, GILES,F.,C.FINLAYSON,G.FINLAYSON,D.FA,J. E. VIJANDE,C.ZABALA,I.CLEMENTE & RODR´IGUEZ-VIDAL,L.M.CACERES´ ,A. D. BERNAL. 2011. Marine resources exploitation by MART´INEZ-AGUIRRE,A.SANTIAGO &J.M. Palaeolithic hunter-fisher-gatherers and Neolithic GUTIERREZ´ LOPEZ´ . 2007. Industria del Paleol´ıtico tribal societies in the historical region of the Strait Medio en Beefsteak Cave (Gibraltar): implicaciones of Gibraltar. Quaternary International 239: 104–13. paleoambientales. Geogaceta, 43: 131–34. VIJANDE, E. 2011. La Cueva de Benzu.´ Aportaciones al HILL, C.A. & P.FORTI. 1997. Cave minerals of the world. estudio de sociedades tribales en el Holoceno, in J. Huntsville (AL): National Speleological Society. Ramos, D. Bernal, A. Cabral, E. Vijande & J.J. LATHAM, A.G. 1999. Cave breccias and archaeological Cantillo (ed.) Benzuylosor´ ´ıgenes de Ceuta: 113–24. sites. Capra 1. Available at: http://capra.group. Ceuta: Ciudad Autonoma´ de Ceuta, Museo de la shef.ac.uk/1/breccia.html (2 April 2012). Bas´ılica Tardorromana de Ceuta y Universidad de LOUCKS, R.G. 1999. Paleocave carbonate reservoirs: Cadiz.´ origins, burial-depth modifications, spatial VIJANDE,E.,J.RAMOS,D.BERNAL,M.PEREZ´ , complexity, and reservoir implications. American I. CLEMENTE &D.ZURRO. 2008. Cueva de Benzu´ Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 83: (Ceuta). Nuevas aportaciones al estudio de las 1795–1834. sociedades tribales en el area´ norteafricana del LOUCKS,R.G.&P.K.MESCHER. 2001. Paleocave facies estrecho de Gibraltar, in M.S. Hernandez´ Perez,´ classification and associated pore types. Paper J.A. Soler D´ıaz & J.A. Lopez´ Padilla (ed.) IV presented at the AAPG Southwest Section Annual Congreso del Neol´ıtico Peninsular, 27–30 de Meeting, 11–13 March 2001, Dallas, Texas. noviembre de 2006, Alicante: 379–84. Alicante: MARQ, Diputacion´ Provincial de Alicante. RAMOS,J.&D.BERNAL (ed.). 2006. El proyecto Benzu.´ 250.000 anos˜ de historia en la orilla africana del WENBAN-SMITH, F.F., C.S. GAMBLE & A.M. APSIMON. c´ırculo del Estrecho: 30 preguntas y 10 opiniones. 2000. The Lower/Middle Palaeolithic site at Red Cadiz:´ Universidad de Cadiz.´ Barns, Portchester, Hampshire: bifacial technology, raw material quality and the organisation of archaic RAMOS, J., J.J. DURAN´ ,S.DOM´INGUEZ-BELLA,V. behaviour. Procceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66: CASTANEDA˜ ,N.HERRERO,P.CANTALEJO,A. 209–55. RECIO,I.CACERES,D.MORATA,M.MESPEJO & E. MART´IN. 1995–1996. El abrigo del Tajo de WHITE, J. 1913. The introduction to Fauna Calpensis (a Dona˜ Ana I (Alfarnatejo, Malaga).´ Un asent- natural history of Gibraltar and southern Spain). amiento de cazadores del Pleistoceno Superior. Edited by W.H. Mullens. London: The Selborne Avance geomorfologico,´ petrologico,´ tecnologico´ y Society. faun´ıstico. Mainake 17–18: 5–26. WU, R.K. & X.R. DONG. 1985. Homo erectus in China, in R. Wu & J.W. Olsen (ed.) Palaeoanthropology and Palaeolithic archaeology in the People’s Republic of China: 79–89. Orlando (FL): Academic Press.

Received: 22 December 2011; Accepted: 13 March 2012; Revised: 2 April 2012

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