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Irregular Migration from and in the East and Horn of Africa

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Irregular Migration from and in the East and Horn of Africa Irregular Migration from and in the East and Horn of Africa May 2016 Katrin Marchand, Inez Roosen, Julia Reinold, Melissa Siegel Maastricht Graduate School of Governance Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................. 3 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ 3 List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 10 2. Mixed Migration Trends in the East and Horn of Africa Region ......................................................... 11 2.1. Djibouti ........................................................................................................................................ 12 2.2. Eritrea .......................................................................................................................................... 13 2.3. Ethiopia ....................................................................................................................................... 15 2.4. Kenya ........................................................................................................................................... 18 2.5. Somalia ........................................................................................................................................ 20 2.6. South Sudan ................................................................................................................................ 22 2.7. Sudan .......................................................................................................................................... 23 2.8. Common Migration Routes within the Region ........................................................................... 24 3. External Migration Routes .................................................................................................................. 28 3.1. The Northern Route .................................................................................................................... 29 3.2. The Eastern Route ....................................................................................................................... 30 3.3. The Southern Route .................................................................................................................... 30 3.4. The Western Route ..................................................................................................................... 32 4. Smuggling and Trafficking in and from the East and Horn of Africa ................................................... 33 4.1. Definitions and Importance ........................................................................................................ 33 4.2. Smuggling in and out of the Countries in the East and Horn of Africa ....................................... 33 4.3. Human Trafficking in and out of the Countries in the East and Horn of Africa .......................... 38 5. National Policy Responses Regarding Irregular Migration ................................................................. 44 5.1. Djibouti ........................................................................................................................................ 44 5.2. Eritrea .......................................................................................................................................... 45 5.3. Ethiopia ....................................................................................................................................... 48 5.4. Kenya ........................................................................................................................................... 51 5.5. Somalia ........................................................................................................................................ 53 5.6. South Sudan ................................................................................................................................ 55 5.7. Sudan .......................................................................................................................................... 58 6. Regional Programmes and Frameworks Addressing Irregular Migration ........................................... 61 7. International and Inter-regional Frameworks Regarding Irregular Migration ................................... 63 1 8. Conclusion and Recommendations..................................................................................................... 64 References .................................................................................................................................................. 66 Annex A: Country Context........................................................................................................................... 77 A1: Development Indicators ................................................................................................................... 77 A2: Migration Context ............................................................................................................................. 79 Annex B: National Policy Responses Regarding Irregular Migration .......................................................... 81 Annex C: Regional Initiatives Regarding Irregular Migration ...................................................................... 93 Annex D: International Programmes and Frameworks Regarding Irregular Migration ............................. 96 2 List of Tables Table A1: Development Indicators for Countries in the East and Horn of Africa (2013) ............................ 77 Table A2: Migration Statistics for Countries in the East and Horn of Africa ............................................... 79 Table B1: Djibouti’s Migration Policy Response Overview Regarding Irregular Migration ........................ 81 Table B2: Overview main International Organisations cooperating with the Djibouti government in targeting irregular migration ..................................................................................................... 82 Table B3: Eritrea’s Migration Policy Response Overview regarding irregular migration ........................... 82 Table B4: Ethiopia’s Migration Policy Response Overview regarding irregular migration ......................... 83 Table B5: Overview main International Organisations cooperating with the Ethiopian government in addressing irregular migration .................................................................................................. 84 Table B6: Kenya’s Migration Policy Response Overview regarding irregular migration ............................ 85 Table B7: Overview main International Organisations cooperating with the Kenyan government in addressing irregular migration .................................................................................................. 86 Table B8: Overview main Local civil society organisations cooperating with the Kenyan government in targeting human trafficking ................................................................................................... 87 Table B9: Somalia’s Migration Policy Response Overview regarding irregular migration ......................... 87 Table B10: Overview main projects of International Organisations targeting irregular migration in Sudan ......................................................................................................................................... 88 Table B11: South Sudan’s Migration Policy Response Overview regarding irregular migration ................ 89 Table B12: Overview main International Organisations cooperating with the South Sudanese government in targeting human trafficking .............................................................................. 90 Table B13: Sudan’s Migration Policy Response Overview regarding irregular migration .......................... 90 Table B14: Overview main projects of International Organisations targeting irregular migration in Sudan ......................................................................................................................................... 91 Table C1: Regional agreements and initiatives regarding irregular migration ........................................... 93 Table D1: International programmes and frameworks regarding irregular migration............................... 96 List of Figures Figure 1: East and Horn of Africa Regional Map ......................................................................................... 11 Figure 2: Common Regional Migration Routes ........................................................................................... 25 Figure 3: Common Migration Routes out of the Region ............................................................................. 29 Figure 4: The Southern
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