Villes (Les) Moyennes Face À La Tertiarisation De L'économie

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Villes (Les) Moyennes Face À La Tertiarisation De L'économie UNIVERSITE PAUL CEZANNE AIX MARSEILLE III FACULTE ECONOMIE APPLIQUEE CERGAM-GREFI (EA-4225) LES VILLES MOYENNES FACE À LA TERTIARISATION DE L’ECONOMIE Recherche menée pour le PUCA Programme Lieux, flux, réseaux dans la ville des services Ministère de l’Ecologie, de l’Energie, du Développement Durable et de l’Aménagement du Territoire Direction Générale de l’Aménagement, du Logement et de la Nature MAPA F 06.29 (06 00 435) du 20 octobre 2006 Pierre-Yves LEO & Jean PHILIPPE, Responsables scientifiques, CERGAM-GREFI, université Paul Cézanne Aix Marseille III Metka STARE, Centre for International Relations, Faculty of Social Sciences, Ljubljana. Marie-Christine MONNOYER, IAE, université Toulouse 1. José A. CAMACHO BALLESTA, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresa, Universidad de Granada. José Luis NAVARRO ESPIGARES, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresa, Universidad de Granada. Octobre 2008 1 SOMMAIRE page 1 - PROBLEMATIQUE DU DEVELOPPEMENT DES VILLES MOYENNES 3 1.1 – Le concept de ville moyenne 4 1.2 – La tertiairisation de l’économie et les services aux entreprises 7 2.3 – Le concept de motricité des activités économiques 12 2 – LES VILLES MOYENNES DANS LE SYSTÈME URBAIN FRANÇAIS 18 2.1 – Poids économique des villes moyennes 18 2.2 – Services aux entreprises et hautes qualifications, un problème spécifique 20 2.3 – Typologie selon les activités économiques 22 2.4 – Bénéficier d’une décentralisation tertiaire ? 25 2.5 – Les moteurs économiques des villes moyennes 28 Conclusion 34 3 – LES CAS D’AVIGNON, GRENADE, LJUBLJANA ET TARBES 35 3.1 – Avignon, une quasi métropole en mal de fonctions directionnelles 37 3.2 – Grenade, une petite métropole tertiaire et universitaire 47 3.3 – Ljubljana, une petite capitale en voie de métropolisation 72 3.4 – Tarbes, les avantages et les inconvénients d’une position excentrée 89 3.5 – Mise en perspective et conclusions 102 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES 106 2 I – Problématique du développement économique des villes moyennes Le grand mouvement de l’économie vers l’immatériel et vers les activités tertiaires est aujourd’hui largement reconnu et se voit même encouragé par la politique économique européenne. Dans son rapport sur la stratégie de Lisbonne, le Conseil économique et social (Bouchet, 2005) admet que : « la perspective de la « société de la connaissance » stipule que si tous n’ont pas les mêmes chances d’accès, personne n’est totalement démuni de capacités lui permettant de s’y faire une place ». La tendance à la tertiarisation des emplois et des activités économiques se vérifie de toutes parts. Quelle que soit la dénomination qu’on lui donne (Bell, 1973 ; Daniels & Bryson, 2002 ; Camagni, 2005), société de la connaissance, du savoir, de l’intelligence, de l’immatériel ou post-industrielle, les caractéristiques qui émergent sont comparables : place stratégique de l’innovation et des nouvelles technologies, ouverture rapide vers l’étranger, tant pour rechercher les meilleures conditions de production que pour se positionner sur des marchés étendus et dynamiques, préférence générale pour les relations de marché plutôt que pour les relations hiérarchiques, focalisation des entreprises sur les activités stratégiques, recours systématique à la sous-traitance, poids croissant des activités traitant ou produisant des biens et services dématérialisés, fonctionnement des entreprises en réseaux plus ou moins souples ou structurés. Cette mutation en cours est tout particulièrement observable au niveau macro- économique et au niveau des grandes métropoles, ce qui conduit la plupart des analystes à consacrer les métropoles urbaines comme le type d’organisation le mieux à même de faire face et de permettre les mutations économiques actuelles et à venir. Ces analyses laissent peu de place aux villes de tailles plus modestes dont l’avenir paraît ainsi largement dépendant et subordonné. Cela vient poser un problème spécifique aux gestionnaires et planificateurs de ces villes de rang secondaire qui s’interrogent sur l’horizon de leur développement : sont-elles destinées à devenir elles-aussi des métropoles ? En prennent-elles le chemin ? Quel avenir pour celles, a priori nombreuses, qui n’y parviendraient pas ? Y a-t-il une carte à jouer avec des stratégies de spécialisation ? La proximité d’une grande métropole est-elle un atout ou un handicap ? Les villes moyennes peuvent-elles trouver dans leurs fonctions traditionnelles des leviers suffisants pour se développer et être en prise avec les grands enjeux économiques contemporains, ou bien, sont- elles destinées à devenir de simples centres de consommation et de résidence vivant de revenus de transfert et se plaçant de facto en dehors des grandes mutations en cours ? La nouvelle économie qui se met en place se montre friande des effets d’échelle et de milieu qu’offrent les grandes concentrations métropolitaines. De tels avantages sont beaucoup plus difficiles à constituer au sein de plus petites conurbations. Les services aux entreprises, en particulier, paraissent particulièrement sensibles à la taille de leur milieu d’implantation, celle-ci définissant pour eux à la fois un marché potentiel, l’accès aux compétences rares, aux informations stratégiques et technologiques, aux principales connexions de transport et de communication, mais aussi l’accès à des lieux chargés de symboles et de représentation qui sont un appoint nécessaire pour certaines prestations très immatérielles. Pour ces activités, les villes moyennes sont donc, a priori, moins attractives car leurs entreprises peuvent aussi bien faire appel aux services de la métropole la plus proche dès qu’il ne s’agit plus de prestations quotidiennes ou régulièrement répétées. 3 Ce constat est d’autant plus préoccupant que ce secteur des services marchands aux entreprises paraît jouer un rôle stratégique pour le développement local dans le contexte actuel (Léo & Philippe, 1998, 2005 & 2007). Il peut être à la source de mécanismes moteurs multiples et de différentes natures : d’une part, il est capable de s’exporter (certaines de ses activités, comme le conseil, plus facilement que d’autres) et peut donc constituer un apport de revenus au sein d’un territoire (Gallouj, 1996). D’un autre point de vue, il permet des gains de productivité pour les entreprises clientes qui, en sous-traitant certaines de leurs tâches à des partenaires spécialisés, peuvent bénéficier de coûts de réalisation inférieurs, gagner en flexibilité mais aussi en efficacité car cela leur permet de mieux concentrer leurs moyens propres sur les activités stratégiques de leur cœur de métier (Hansen, 1994; Jouvaud, 1997). Un autre appoint essentiel des activités de ce secteur est de faciliter à leurs clients l’adaptation aux changements technologiques, soit directement lorsque le transfert de compétences fait partie de leurs prestations, soit même indirectement, tout simplement parce que, spécialisées sur un domaine précis, elles sont à même d’en maîtriser la technologie, de bien suivre son évolution et d’en faire ainsi profiter leurs clients. D’un autre côté, les grandes métropoles urbaines affrontent des coûts de fonctionnement de plus en plus élevés, que ce soit dans le domaine du prix du foncier, de l’encombrement et de la pollution liés aux déplacements urbains, de l’insécurité ou de la ghettoisation de certains quartiers. Si elles se conjuguent, ces « dés-économies » sont tout à fait capables de bloquer à terme le développement économique des métropoles. Les villes moyennes, ou certaines d’entre-elles, peuvent offrir des localisations alternatives aux firmes de service et cadrer un peu mieux avec l’idée que l’on peut se faire d’une ville « durable » où tous les problèmes liés à la sur-concentration restent maîtrisables. Cependant, malgré cette perspective, ce type de ville paraît rester aujourd’hui très en retrait du point de vue du développement des activités tertiaires destinées aux entreprises (Zuliani,2002). Nous proposons ci-après de commencer par réfléchir sur ce que recouvre le concept de « ville moyenne », puis de prendre la mesure du trend de tertiairisation que connaît l’économie française tout en mettant l’accent sur les services aux entreprises. Ensuite nous reviendrons sur l’idée de motricité qui est sous-jacente à bien des discours sur le développement des territoires ; notre intention est alors de préciser le contenu que nous lui donnons ici et d’expliciter la place qu’occupent selon nous les services aux entreprises parmi les moteurs économiques des territoires. 1.1 – Le concept de ville moyenne Une des premières questions que pose l’analyse des villes moyennes est celle de leur définition. Ce concept n’a rien de théorique et laisse place à des interprétations très diverses. Les analyses d’économie urbaine, comme celles des géographes, classent plutôt les villes selon leurs fonctions économiques ou sociales. Le critère de la taille de la ville en termes de population n’intervient que pour distinguer les grandes conurbations métropolitaines des autres systèmes urbains de moindre importance et mieux délimités dans l’espace : il est retenu en complémentarité avec d’autres critères comme la densité urbaine, ou la superficie (Véron, 2006). Ce concept de ville moyenne provient directement des praticiens, élus et gestionnaires urbains, aménageurs et promoteurs de politiques de développement (DIACT, 2007) qui ont identifié là une catégorie à part, avec des problèmes spécifiques qu’ignorent les plus petites ou les plus grandes des cités. Le seul critère de la taille démographique paraît pourtant bien discutable a priori
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