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Download Full Article in PDF Format First fossil Mecysmaucheniidae (Arachnida, Chelicerata, Araneae), from Lower Cretaceous (uppermost Albian) amber of Charente-Maritime, France Erin E. SAUPE Paul A. SELDEN Paleontological Institute, University of Kansas, Lindley hall, 1475 Jayhawk boulevard, Lawrence, KS 66045 (USA) [email protected] [email protected] Saupe E. E. & Selden P. A. 2009. — First fossil Mecysmaucheniidae (Arachnida, Chelicerata, Araneae), from Lower Cretaceous (uppermost Albian) amber of Charente-Maritime, France. Geodiversitas 31 (1) : 49-60. ABSTRACT Th e fi rst known fossil mecysmaucheniid spider, Archaemecys arcantiensis n. gen., n. sp., is described, from Lower Cretaceous (Upper Albian) amber of Charente- Maritime, France. Th is is the fi rst fossil spider to be formally described from French Cretaceous amber and extends the geological record of Mecysmauche- niidae back into the Cretaceous, the family having previously been known only from the Recent. Th e fossil diff ers from other Mecysmaucheniidae in having four, rather than two spinnerets, so it can be considered plesiomorphic with KEY WORDS respect to modern members of the family in this character. Th e amber of the Arachnida, Archingeay-Les Nouillers area is uniquely considered to have a largely preserved Araneae, Mecysmaucheniidae, litter fauna and our specimen corroborates this hypothesis. Archaeidae, and now amber, their sister group the Mecysmaucheniidae, have been found as fossils solely in Cretaceous, the northern hemisphere, yet their Recent distributions are entirely southern France, new genus, hemisphere (Gondwanan). Th e fi nd suggests a former pancontinental distribu- new species. tion of Mecysmaucheniidae. GEODIVERSITAS • 2009 • 31 (1) © Publications Scientifi ques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.geodiversitas.com 49 Saupe E. E. & Selden P. A. RÉSUMÉ Premier Mecysmaucheniidae fossile (Arachnida, Chelicerata, Araneae), de l’ambre crétacé inférieur (Albien terminal) de Charente-Maritime, France. Le premier fossile connu d’une araignée mécysmaucheniidée, Archaemecys arcan- tiensis n. gen., n. sp., est décrit de l’ambre crétacé inférieur (Albien terminal) de Charente-Maritime, France. Il s’agit de la première araignée fossile décrite de l’ambre crétacé de France, qui étend le registre géologique des Mecysmauche- niidae jusqu’au Crétacé, la famille étant jusque-là connue seulement dans l’Ac- tuel. La présence de quatre fi lières au lieu de deux le distingue de tous les autres MOTS CLÉS Mecysmaucheniidae et peut être considérée comme plésiomorphique. L’ambre Arachnida, d’Archingeay-Les Nouillers est supposé unique pour avoir largement préservé la Araneae, Mecysmaucheniidae, faune de litière et notre spécimen corrobore cette hypothèse. Les Archaeidae, et ambre, maintenant leur groupe frère, les Mecysmaucheniidae, ont leurs fossiles repré- Crétacé, sentés uniquement dans l’hémisphère nord, alors que leur distribution moderne France, genre nouveau, est entièrement sud-hémisphérique (Gondwana). Cette découverte suggère une espèce nouvelle. ancienne distribution pancontinentale des Mecysmaucheniidae. INTRODUCTION (1984) enlarged the Palpimanoidea (originally it only included the Huttoniidae Simon, 1893, Spiders (Araneae) are an extremely diverse order Palpimanidae Th orell, 1870 and Stenochilidae of arachnids, with 40 462 extant species in 3694 Th orell, 1873) to include the Archaeidae (and genera and 109 families (Platnick 2009). Th ey therefore the Mecysmaucheniidae), removing are characterized by numerous synapomorphies, them from the araneoids. Th ey also signifi cantly including the presence of spinnerets on the abdo- enlarged the superfamily by including the Micro- men for producing silk, naked fangs and associated pholcommatidae Hickman, 1944, Mimetidae venom glands (in most species), two body regions, Simon, 1881, Pararchaeidae Forster & Platnick, eight legs, and pedipalps modifi ed in the male for 1984 and Holarchaeidae Forster & Platnick, 1984 sperm transfer. on the basis of two diagnostic characters: cheliceral Th e Mecysmaucheniidae, a relatively small fam- peg teeth and a raised cheliceral gland. Although ily within the Araneae, is composed of seven some accepted Forster & Platnick’s revision (Cod- genera and 25 known species (Platnick 2009). dington & Levi 1991; Coddington et al. 2004), Th ey are small, haplogyne, ecribellate spiders others have contested the arrangement. According found in New Zealand and southern parts of to Schütt (2000), Micropholcommatidae and Mi- South America (primarily Chile and Argentina) metidae should be placed within the Araneoidea, (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006). Th e type although the placement of the Archaeidae and genus Mecysmauchenius was fi rst described by Mecysmaucheniidae in Palpimanoidea was still Simon (1884) as a member of the Archaeidae dubious at best. Griswold et al. (2005) agreed with Koch & Berendt, 1854. Mecysmaucheniids are Schütt in that the Mimetidae should belong to distinguished from other spiders by the pres- the Araneoidea; however, they claimed that many ence of chelicerae originating from a foramen in of the palpimanoid familial placements are still the carapace and only two spinnerets (Forster & debatable. Others have suggested that peg teeth Platnick 1984). Mecysmaucheniids belong to are homoplasic (Schütt 2000; Coddington et al. the superfamily Palpimanoidea, which has had a 2004) and therefore should not serve as one of the long and controversial history. Forster & Platnick defi ning characters of the Palpimanoidea. 50 GEODIVERSITAS • 2009 • 31 (1) A new Mecysmaucheniidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Cretaceous French amber Th e archaeids were fi rst described from Baltic fl owed directly onto the ground (Néraudeau et amber fossils by Koch & Berendt (1854) and were al. 2002). Th e fossil assemblage of Archingeay is considered an extinct group for some 30 years un- mainly composed of insects, but other arthropods til extant species were found in Madagascar. Th e are also present (Néraudeau et al. 2002; Perrichot mecysmaucheniids were described soon after from et al. 2007). Nine percent of the total arthropod specimens in Chile and were placed as a genus under inclusions in Albian French amber are arachnids the Archaeidae (Simon 1884). Mecysmaucheniids (Perrichot et al. 2007). Hitherto, no spider fos- were considered a subfamily of the Archaeidae by sils have been described from the Cretaceous of Simon (1895), and some people continued to hold France, although they were referred to by Schlüter this view (see Wunderlich 1986, 2004; Eskov 1987, (1978) and Néraudeau et al. (2002), and mem- 1992). Lehtinen (1967) suggested the subfamily bers of the family Zodariidae were mentioned as be raised to family level, which would include being present by Perrichot (2004) and Perrichot Mecysmauchenius Simon, 1884, Pararchaea For- et al. (2007). ster, 1955 and Zearchaea Wilton, 1946. Although Cretaceous spiders are relatively rare but have Lehtinen’s placement of the Pararchaea and Zear- been described from Siberia (Eskov & Zonshtein chaea was contested by Forster & Platnick (1984), 1990; Eskov & Wunderlich 1994), New Jersey these authors retained the Mecysmaucheniidae as (Penney 2002, 2004a), the Isle of Wight (Selden a distinct family (see Forster & Platnick 1984 for 2002), Lebanon (Penney & Selden 2002; Penney a detailed taxonomic history of the archaeids and 2003a; Wunderlich & Milki 2004), Canada (Pen- related taxa). ney 2004c; Penney & Selden 2006), Myanmar Th ere has been no formal description of a fossil (Grimaldi et al. 2002; Penney 2003b, 2004b, mecysmaucheniid to date. Eskov (1987) tentatively 2005), Botswana (Rayner & Dippenaar-Schoe- assigned Archaea conica (see Koch & Berendt 1854: man 1995), Brazil (Mesquita 1996; Selden et al. fi g. 10) to the subfamily Mecysmaucheniinae because 2002, 2006), Australia (Jell & Duncan 1986) of its short chelicerae and only slightly elevated ce- and Spain (Selden 1989, 1990; Selden & Penney phalic region of the carapace, even though the Baltic 2003; Penney 2006; Penney & Ortuño 2006). amber type specimen had been lost. Eskov (1992) Here, we provide the fi rst description of a fossil later created a new genus, Baltarchaea, for A. conica; mecysmaucheniid, from Cretaceous (Late Albian) the species was listed under Mecysmaucheniidae in French amber. Living mecysmaucheniids are litter- Penney (2003b: table 1). A description of a fossil dwellers, like most of the fauna from Archingeay mecysmaucheniid was said to be in preparation amber, but are confi ned to South America and in Eskov & Golovatch (1986), but no such paper New Zealand. Th e fi nd of a mecysmaucheniid in resulted, and the designation was likely changed to Cretaceous Laurasia suggests a more widespread an archaeid (see Eskov 1987). distribution for this family in the Mesozoic than Lacroix (1910) was the fi rst to describe Cretaceous today. amber from France, but it was not until the 1970s that extensive study of the fossiliferous material in French ambers was undertaken (Perrichot et METHODS al. 2007). Th e most fossiliferous French amber deposit from the Cretaceous is the Archingeay- Les Th e specimen was cut, polished and encased in clear Nouillers (herein referred to simply as Archingeay) resin before the authors received it. Drawings were locality (Perrichot et al. 2007). Th e amber from done under both incident and transmitted light Archingeay is Late Albian in age and is unique in with a camera lucida attached to a Leica MZ16 that a large percentage of the inclusions represent stereomicroscope. Drawings were scanned
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