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Xi Jinping's Inner Circle
Xi Jinping’s Inner Circle (Part 1: The Shaanxi Gang) Cheng Li Like successful politicians elsewhere, President Xi Jinping assumed China’s top leadership role with the support of an inner circle. This group has been crucial to Xi’s efforts to consolidate power during his first year in office. Xi’s inner circle of confidants has smoothed the way for him to undertake a bold anti-corruption campaign, manage the Bo Xilai trial, and begin the process of crafting ambitious economic reforms. This series examines various power bases that make up Xi’s inner circle—individuals who serve as his hands, ears, mouth, and brain. This first article focuses on native-place associations, namely the so-called Shaanxi Gang, which includes the “Iron Triangle” grouping in the Politburo Standing Committee. Such discussion can help reveal the future trajectory of politics and policy-making during the Xi administration. The analysis of the positioning and promotion of some of Xi’s longtime friends provides an invaluable assessment of both Xi’s current power and the potential for effective policy implementation. Much of the current discussion about the consolidation of Xi Jinping’s power centers on the top leadership positions that he holds concurrently.1 Xi not only took control of all the supreme institutions in the party, state, and military during the latest political succession, but he also now chairs the newly established National Security Committee and the Central Leading Group on Comprehensive Deepening of Economic Reform—two crucial decision-making bodies in Zhongnanhai. There is now widespread recognition that the party leadership enthusiastically endorsed Xi’s comprehensive market reform agenda at the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee held in November 2013.2 These big, bold, and broad policy initiatives ostensibly reflect Xi’s growing power and influence.3 Less noticed, but equally important, is Xi’s substantial reliance on an inner circle of confidants, especially his quick moves to promote longtime associates to key leadership positions. -
Avoiding Three Traps in Confronting China's Party-State
AVOIDING THREE TRAPS IN CONFRONTING CHINA’S PARTY-STATE CHENG LI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY foundation for decoupling. Some components of the initiatives have received bipartisan support. To navigate the current perilous and complicated Although American decision-makers and analysts situation in U.S.-China relations, the new have by no means reached consensus that the administration will need to move beyond disputes United States should end engagement with the over COVID-19 and partisan politics with the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the prevailing objective of establishing a long-term, well-grounded view in Washington is that a new and more resolute strategy toward China, rather than adopting short- strategy is needed. sighted and sensational tactics spawned by an unbalanced and fatalistic outlook. This paper Proponents of decoupling in Washington have argues that the three prevailing policy objectives raised legitimate concerns about — and valid of the Trump administration — 1) the rhetorical criticism of — the CCP leadership’s merciless separation of the PRC from the CCP, 2) calls for crackdown on Uighur Muslims and political overthrowing the Communist regime, and 3) dissidents, unfair practices in the economic and containment of China’s “whole-of-society threat” technological domains, and aggressive behavior in — are conceptually contradictory, empirically the Asia-Pacific region. China has taken advantage misguided, and strategically self-deceiving and of the openness of America’s economy, universities, dangerous. The new administration should avoid and research institutions, especially in terms of these traps. Instead, Washington should prudently entrepreneurial and technological innovation. reassess the capacity and constraints of both Some recent U.S. -
Curriculum Vitae CHENG LI EDUCATION 1992 Ph.D. (Political
Curriculum Vitae CHENG LI EDUCATION 1992 Ph.D. (Political Science) Princeton University 1989 M.A. (Political Science) Princeton University 1987 M.A. (Asian Studies) University of California, Berkeley 1985 B.A. (English Literature) East China Normal University, Shanghai CURRENT POSITIONS 2014-present Director, John L. Thornton China Center, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. 2009-2014 Director of Research, John L. Thornton China Center, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. 2007-present Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy Studies, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. WORK EXPERIENCE 2003-2009 William R. Kenan Professor of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton NY 2006-2007 Visiting Fellow, John L. Thornton China Center, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. 2005-2006 Nonresident Senior Fellow, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. 2004-2006 Chair, Asian Studies Program, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 2002-2003 Fellow, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC 2001-2002 Acting Chair, Department of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 1999-2003 Professor, Department of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 1997-1999 Associate Professor, Dept. of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 1992-1997 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 1993-1995 Fellow, Institute of Current World Affairs, Hanover, NH 1991-1992 Instructor, Department of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY BOARD MEMBERSHIPS 2016-present Adviser, SupChina Advisory Board (A New York-based media company dedicated to covering all the news about China) 2013-present Editorial Board Member, The China Report (India) 2012-present Director, the Board of Directors of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations 2012-present Member, the Executive Committee and the Nomination Committee of National Committee on U.S.-China Relations 2014-present Co-Chair, the Issues Committee, Committee of 100 2012-2015 Trustee, Institute of Current World Affairs, Washington D.C. -
Agenda and Speaker Bios
Informing and Strengthening Policy ENGAGING ASIA 2010: Th e Future of U.S. Leadership Friday, September 17 | Th e Phoenix Park Hotel | 8:45 a.m. - 12:30 p.m. 8:00 a.m. Registration and breakfast FEATURED PUBLICATION 8:45 a.m. Welcome and Introductions Power Constrained: Sources of Meredith Miller, Th e National Bureau of Asian Research Mutual Strategic Suspicion in U.S.-China Relations, by David 9:00 a.m. MANAGING STRATEGIC SUSPICION IN U.S.-CHINA RELATIONS M. Lampton Moderator: Michael Wills, Th e National Bureau of Asian Research Th e U.S.-China relationship is fun- Speakers: David M. Lampton, Th e Paul H. Nitze School of damentally stable and will remain Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University so for the foreseeable future. Hav- ing said this, however, the essay Cheng Li, Th e Brookings Institution highlights four sources of mutual strategic mistrust that, if insuffi - 10:00 a.m. Coff ee Break ciently attended to by Washington 10:15 a.m. THE FUTURE OF U.S. LEADERSHIP and Beijing, will metastasize. 10:15 a.m. U.S. Security Policy in Asia Th ese sources are: (1) defi ning the Speaker: Michèle Flournoy, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy challenge of U.S.-China relations in such a manner that there is no 11:15 a.m. U.S. Economic Policy in Asia “win-win” solution, (2) miscal- Speaker: Robert D. Hormats, Under Secretary of State for culating U.S. and Chinese power, Economic, Energy and Agricultural Aff airs (3) desires in China to “change the game,” and (4) challenge and 12:15 p.m. -
China's Political Trajectory: Internal Contradictions and Inner-Party
China’s Political Trajectory: Internal Contradictions and Inner-Party Democracy Cheng Li Brookings Institution and Hamilton College Draft paper prepared for the conference “The Rise of China” Mount Holyoke College March 7-8, 2008 1 Introduction This year marks the 30th anniversary of China’s policy of “reform and opening,” which was initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978. During the past 30 years, China’s meteoric economic growth, profound societal transformations, and multi-faceted integration with the outside world have been widely recognized by both policymakers and the general public in the United States. Yet, the American China studies community seems to have been struck by a prolonged and peculiar sort of political blindness. The early signs of Chinese political experiments, such as genuine local elections and regional representations at the national leadership, have largely been overlooked.1 Some important socio-political forces unleashed by the country’s transition toward a market economy, including the emergence of an entrepreneurial class and a middle class, are commonly perceived as factors that are more likely to consolidate the existing authoritarian political system than to challenge it.2 The prevailing view in the United States is that, despite the economic dynamism exhibited by present-day China, the Chinese regime is still essentially a Communist system resistant to significant political change.3 Of course, China’s political development in the reform era, though intriguing and potentially consequential, has been far less fundamental or systemic than changes in the economic realm. Yet, it is too simplistic to think that the earthshaking socio-economic changes that have transformed China over the past three decades have taken place within a political vacuum, with no corresponding changes in the Chinese political system. -
Curriculum Vitae CHENG LI Citizenship: U.S.A. EDUCATION
Curriculum Vitae CHENG LI Citizenship: U.S.A. EDUCATION 1992 Ph.D. (Political Science) Princeton University 1989 M.A. (Political Science) Princeton University 1987 M.A. (Asian Studies) University of California, Berkeley 1985 B.A. (English Literature) East China Normal University, Shanghai CURRENT POSITIONS 2014-present Director, John L. Thornton China Center, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. 2007-present Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy Studies, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. WORK EXPERIENCE 2009-2014 Director of Research, John L. Thornton China Center, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. 2003-2009 William R. Kenan Professor of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton NY 2006-2007 Visiting Fellow, John L. Thornton China Center, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. 2005-2006 Nonresident Senior Fellow, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. 2004-2006 Chair, Asian Studies Program, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 2002-2003 Fellow, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC 2001-2002 Acting Chair, Department of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 1999-2003 Professor, Department of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 1997-1999 Associate Professor, Dept. of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 1992-1997 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 1993-1995 Fellow, Institute of Current World Affairs, Hanover, NH 1991-1992 Instructor, Department of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY BOARD MEMBERSHIPS AND OTHER AFFLIATIONS 2019-present -
The Past: Part I
Back to the Past Part I China on the Eve of Capitalist Takeover? BY CHENG LI SHANGHAI, China August 1995 How time flies! I cannot believe that my two-year-long fellowship in China has passed so quickly. Now it is time for me to pack up my belongings and go back to the United States. My parents have started counting the days that I will stay with them in Shanghai. Two years here seem to me not long enough. It is only long enough to make me realize how much I do not know about this fascinating country and how deeply attached I am to the people living in this land. My "comrades-in-arms" in Shanghai Andrew Browne from Re- uters, Seth Faison from The New York Times, Joseph Kahn from The Wall Street Journal and other friends in the city are preparing a go- ing-away party for me. We did not know each other until we came to Shanghai as foreign correspondents at approximately the same time. During the past two years we have become close friends, as we have all struggled to understand this rapidly changing country and its people. We have openly exchanged our views and ideas, shared anecdotes and jokes, and debated various isSues concerning China and the world. Many times we have complained about the longevity of the paramount leader of China. My journalist friends now feel sorry for me because I am going to leave China at this crucial moment in Chinese history. "It's a pity that you will miss the International Women's Confer- ence in Beijing," Seth Faison said to me. -
Cheng Li Cheng Li Is Director of Research and a Senior Fellow at the John L
Cheng Li Cheng Li is director of research and a senior fellow at the John L. Thornton China Center in the Foreign Policy Program at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C. Dr. Li is also a director of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations. Cheng Li grew up in Shanghai during the Cultural Revolution. In 1985 he came to the United States, where he received an M.A. in Asian Studies from the University of California, Berkeley and a Ph.D. in Political Science from Princeton University. From 1993 to 1995, Dr. Li worked in China as a fellow with the U.S.-based Institute of Current World Affairs, observing grassroots changes in his native country. Based on this experience, he published a nationally acclaimed book, Rediscovering China: Dynamics and Dilemmas of Reform (1997). Dr. Li is also the author or the editor of numerous books, including China’s Leaders: The New Generation (2001), Bridging Minds Across the Pacific: The Sino-U.S. Educational Exchange 1978- 2003 (2005), China’s Changing Political Landscape: Prospects for Democracy (2008), China’s Emerging Middle Class: Beyond Economic Transformation (2010), The Road to Zhongnanhai: High- Level Leadership Groups on the Eve of the 18th Party Congress (in Chinese, 2012), and The Political Mapping of China’s Tobacco Industry and Anti-Smoking Campaign (2012). He is currently completing two book manuscripts: Chinese Politics in the Era of Collective Leadership and Middle Class Shanghai: Pioneering China’s Global Integration. He is the principal editor of the Thornton Center Chinese Thinkers Series published by the Brookings Institution Press. -
The United States and China: Mutual Public Perceptions
Kissinger Institute on China and the United States The UniTed STaTeS and China: Mutual PUbliC PerCeptionS EditEd by Douglas G. Spelman Kissinger Institute on China and the United States The UniTed STaTeS and China: Mutual PUbliC PerCeptionS ESSAyS BY Terry Lautz Zhang Chuanjie Li Cheng Jiang Changjian, Shen Min, Ju Hong James Fallows Zhou Qingan Robert Daly Jerome A. Cohen Wang Zhenmin Xu Yihua Richard Madsen Liu Jianfei Jamie P. Horsley Sun Zhe Ellen L. Frost Tao Wenzhao EditEd by Douglas G. Spelman ©2011 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. www.wilsoncenter.org This publication is a collaborative effort between the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars’ Kissinger Institute on China and the United States and Tsinghua University’s Center for U.S.-China Relations. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/kissinger-institute-china-and-the-united-states http://www.chinausa.org.cn/en/ Available from : Kissinger Institute on China and the United States Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars One Woodrow Wilson Plaza 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20004-3027 ISBN 1-933549-62-9 The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, established by Congress in 1968 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., is a living national memorial to President Wilson. The Center’s mission is to commemorate the ideals and concerns of Woodrow Wilson by provid- ing a link between the worlds of ideas and policy, while fostering research, study, discussion, and collaboration among a broad spectrum of individuals concerned with policy and scholarship in national and international affairs. Supported by public and private funds, the Center is a nonpartisan institu- tion engaged in the study of national and world affairs. -
Chenglicv Annual Review 2021
Curriculum Vitae CHENG LI Citizenship: U.S.A. EDUCATION 1992 Ph.D. (Political Science) Princeton University 1989 M.A. (Political Science) Princeton University 1987 M.A. (Asian Studies) University of California, Berkeley 1985 B.A. (English Literature) East China Normal University, Shanghai CURRENT POSITIONS 2014-present Director, John L. Thornton China Center, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. 2007-present Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy Studies, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. WORK EXPERIENCE 2009-2014 Director of Research, John L. Thornton China Center, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. 2003-2009 William R. Kenan Professor of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton NY 2006-2007 Visiting Fellow, John L. Thornton China Center, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. 2005-2006 Nonresident Senior Fellow, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. 2004-2006 Chair, Asian Studies Program, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 2002-2003 Fellow, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC 2001-2002 Acting Chair, Department of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 1999-2003 Professor, Department of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 1997-1999 Associate Professor, Dept. of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 1992-1997 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 1993-1995 Fellow, Institute of Current World Affairs, Hanover, NH 1991-1992 Instructor, Department of Government, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY BOARD MEMBERSHIPS AND OTHER AFFLIATIONS 2019-present -
POSC 370D Syllabus: the Politics of China
POSC 370D Syllabus: The Politics of China Spring 2011 Dr. Paul E. Schroeder Though many believe China is on the rise, the country is beset with numerous challenges that will require political deftness in the years ahead. Is Communist China up to it? After 30 years of economic reform, a dying ideology, a worsening environment, repeated public health crises, labor problems, a widening income gap, and an export development model that is running out of steam, the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party is being tested as never before. Without political reform, the Communist Party is buying time with its continued push for more economic growth. With continued economic growth deemed necessary for survival, China has become a one-party state increasingly challenged by its public to provide better governance across an array of issues. This raises questions asked by Frederick Engels: Has political reform become an economic necessity? Does politics yield to the dictates of economic development? These questions provide a picture of today’s China that calls into question conventional wisdom that China’s rise will generate a new superpower. This course examines China from a variety of perspectives, culture, policy, society, economics, and politics to enlighten our understanding of China today. Reading Materials Books for sale at the University Bookstore are as follows: 1. Cheng Li: China’s Changing Political Landscape, Brookings Institution Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8157-5209-7. 2. Martin King Whyte: Myth of the Social Volcano, Stanford University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8047-6942-6. 3. Elizabeth Perry & Merle Goldman: Grassroots Political Reform in Contemporary China, Harvard University Press, 2007. -
THE FUTURE of US POLICY TOWARD CHINA Recommendations for the Biden Administration
A PRODUCT OF THE NOVEMBER 2020 COLLABORATION BETWEEN BROOKINGS FOREIGN POLICY’S JOHN L. THORNTON CHINA CENTER AND YALE LAW SCHOOL’S PAUL TSAI CHINA CENTER THE FUTURE OF US POLICY TOWARD CHINA Recommendations for the Biden administration EDITED BY RYAN HASS, RYAN MCELVEEN, AND ROBERT D. WILLIAMS TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Ryan Hass and Robert D. Williams ...........................................................i Introduction “Meeting the China challenge: A strategic competitor, not an enemy,” by Jeff Bader, Senior Fellow, John L. Thornton China Center, The Brookings Institution ......................1 Section I: Bilateral diplomacy and working with allies “Avoiding three traps in confronting China’s party-state,” by Cheng Li, Director and Senior Fellow, John L. Thornton China Center, The Brookings Institution ...........8 “Designing a new diplomatic framework for dealing with China,” by Ryan Hass, Michael H. Armacost Chair and Fellow, John L. Thornton China Center, The Brookings Institution ..........15 “Working with our (European) allies,” by Paul Gewirtz, Potter Stewart Professor of Constitutional Law and Director, Paul Tsai China Center, Yale Law School ....................20 “Developing a new US approach to China and COVID-19,” by Thomas J. Christensen, Nonresident Senior Fellow, John L. Thornton China Center, The Brookings Institution; Professor and Director, China and the World Program, Columbia University. 26 “Rebooting US-China climate engagement,” by Todd Stern, Nonresident Senior Fellow, Energy Security and Climate Initiative,