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Home , Anthony Shriver, Bobby Shriver, Maria Shriver, Timothy Shriver

Eunice Kennedy Shriver 1970-1990

TM Mobilizing the Human Spirit The Role of Human Services and Civic Engagement in the 1900–2000

Foreword

“We need to re-mythologize our heroes. Of course, they were only human beings like the rest of us……but they had great gifts and, due to fate or chance or perhaps providence, great currents of human and social energy passed through them.” Jacob Needleman, The American Soul

Change began with them; change ordinary people who dedicated their begins with each of us! lives to found or shape significant human Throughout history, noble services organizations and, in the process, th individuals have looked out on their transformed the fabric of 20 century world and seen that more could be done American society. Blending biography to help those in need. Over the last with history, we will trace the legacy of century in America, these like-minded their actions: the growth, impact and individuals found each other, put pen promise of civil society in America. to paper and became the voice of a The public (government), private nation, manifesting that deeply human (corporate), and social (non-profit) impulse to care enough to act. Their sectors in America all impact our zeal, discipline and hard work forever quality of life and our relationships changed this nation’s collective capacity with the rest of the world. The non- to care. profit sector consists of more than 1.4 In telling the stories of their lives million organizations, employing 12 and work, the legacy and impact of million individuals. Operating within their actions, we begin to see the extent this fast-growing sector are health and to which voluntary association – the human services organizations – ranging building of healthy, diverse, inclusive from community groups to national community – lies at the heart of our associations – focused on alleviating need national character. and committed to dignity and equality for all. They include, among many others, The Human Spirit Initiative is a America’s Promise Alliance, Children’s nonprofit organization committed to Defense Fund, Communities in Schools, building greater understanding of the Mental Health America, National Urban impact of health and human services League, Special Olympics and Volunteers on American society. Presented in this of America. monograph and others in this series are stories that inspire one to action – The individuals whose lives we to recognize that we are all part of a celebrate have been memorialized community and accept responsibility for in our nation’s newest monument in the health of that community. These Washington, D.C., The Extra Mile – stories celebrate the contributions of Points of Light Volunteer Pathway.

Mobilizing the Human Spirit  Dedicated in 2005 to the spirit of service • William Edwin Hall, Boys & Girls in America, the Extra Mile comprises a Clubs of America, 1935-1950 series of bronze medallions forming a one- • Ruth Standish Baldwin & George mile walking path just blocks from the Edmund Haynes, The National White House. These honorees include Urban League, 1950-1980 founders of major service organizations • , Special and civil rights leaders, individuals who Olympics, 1970-1990 selflessly championed causes to help others realize a better America. Their legacies are • William Milliken, Communities in enduring social movements that continue Schools, Inc., 1980-2000 to engage and inspire us today. These monographs offer a snapshot of These ordinary people combined the demographics, economic conditions a sense of history and responsibility and political climate of the 20th century. with altruism and independence of Each highlights the particular events and spirit. They used their skills as writers, conditions that gave rise to the need and organizers, speakers, agitators and enabled the response, while presenting advisors to spotlight social needs, change common themes and approaches that public opinion, rally forces for positive each of us can follow in our own journey change, and advance legislation. None to make a difference. We will seek to of them knew at the beginning of their discover parallels in today’s world, the work the ultimate legacy and impact legacy of these individuals’ work and, of their actions. They did not act for through the discussion guide, how each self-serving reasons, but many did gain reader can take action to benefit the prominence and influence and lived to common good and strengthen civil see their dreams flourish. society. The stories are written for “everyman” and can easily be adapted The initial seven monographs in this for specific audiences – elementary series will collectively capture the growth and secondary school students, college of health and human services in the undergraduates and educators. United States over the past century, with a focus on social welfare, health services, As you read – and marvel – at the youth development and civil rights. generosity, courage, creativity and tenacity of our “ordinary” heroes, seek to The monographs will spotlight the discover the heroes in the communities life and work of: of your life. Applaud yourself for the • Jane Addams, Hull House, role you play in enabling civil society 1889-1920 to flourish. Ask how and when you can • Clifford Beers, Mental Health enhance that role. Start Today. America, 1908-1935 Kay Horsch • Maud and Ballington Booth, Chairman, The Human Spirit Initiative Volunteers of America, 1890-1935 ii Mobilizing the Human Spirit Mobilizing the Human Spirit iii Acknowledgements

This monograph was made possible abilities. The meaningful work being through the insight and generosity of done by Special Olympics has captured the following individuals from Special the imagination of people everywhere. Olympics International: Timothy Oral Interviews Shriver, Ph.D., Chairman and CEO; In preparation for this monograph, , Special Olympics oral interviews were conducted with Athlete and Board Member; Thomas executive leadership of organizations Songster, former Staff Special Olympics that have remained faithful to their Vice President; Steven M. Eidelman, mission over time, as well as social Professor, University of Delaware and entrepreneurs whose vision and bold Kennedy Foundation Director; Judy action have contributed to the growth Engelberg, Archivist; Peter Wheeler, of our great third sector – the non-profit Chief Strategic Properties Officer; Helen social sector. These leaders have acted to MacNabb, Vice President, Strategic ensure the vibrancy and effectiveness of Properties. the social sector as it continues to offer We also wish to acknowledge hope and helps rebuild trust throughout the support of the following Special the world. The interviews added Olympics International interns: Michael significantly to our understanding of the Larussa, graduate impulses, opportunities and obstacles student; Jeremiah Morrow, Georgetown facing volunteers and staff at the end of University graduate student; Katie the 20th Century, serving as a bridge to Rayford, Tulane University student; the future. We are most grateful to: Kelly Bies, Duke University student. • Daniel Cardinali, President, Anne Nixon authored the narrative, Communities in Schools a significant feat in turning historical • Joe Haggerty, Chief Operating into an inspirational tool for our Officer, United Way Worldwide readers. With this monograph, we move through the last third of the • Frances Hesselbein, Founder 20th century to study the conditions and Chairman, Leader to Leader and events which drove individuals Institute; Past CEO, Girl Scouts of who were concerned about social the USA change and justice to realize there • Irv Katz, President and CEO, was strength in numbers. We explore National Human Services Assembly the theme of advancing dignity and • Marguerite Kondracke, President promoting equality and opportunity for and CEO, America’s Promise all, regardless of physical or intellectual Alliance

iv Mobilizing the Human Spirit • Neil Nicoll, Chief Executive Officer, is a gift to the human spirit: YMCA of the USA • Michael Heron, President, HerCo • Les Silverman, Director Emeritus, LTD, Atlanta, GA McKinsey & Company • Frances Hesselbein, Founder • Kala Stroup, President of American and Chairman, Leader to Leader Humanics 2002-2009 Institute, New York, NY Editorial Team • Kay Horsch, Founder and Chairman, Frances Hesselbein, Mike Heron and The Human Spirit Initiative, John Johansen, members of the Human Minneapolis, MN Spirit Initiative Board of Directors, • John Johansen, Founder, Extra Mile – served as our Editorial Review Team. Points of Light Volunteer Pathway, Their valued insights and counsel helped Frederick, MD to shape both form and context for • Irv Katz, President and CEO, the entire series. They were joined by National Human Services Assembly, Nancy Lambert and Dee Fagerlie, our Washington, DC pro Research Associates. Together • Seymour H. Levitt, M.D., Professor, they created the balance between Radiation Oncology, University inspiration and education within of Minnesota Medical School, the content and assured accuracy of Minneapolis., MN content and language. Mike Heron has directed our monograph project since its • John R. Seffrin, PhD, CEO, American inception. Marcia Morante, the Human Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA Spirit Initiative Director, Research, • Iain Somerville, President and CEO, co-authored the Appendix documents Somerville & Associates., offering content management and Los Angeles, CA assuring credibility. Board of Directors – Human Spirit Initiative Finally, a very sincere expression of gratitude to the members of the Board of Directors of the Human Spirit Initiative, whose leadership and vision has shaped health and human services within the United States. Their belief in the importance of joining history and biography to help understand the importance of civil society and the role each of us can play in keeping it alive –

Mobilizing the Human Spirit  Contents

Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics 1-28 The New Olympic Athletes 1 The Fearless Warrior 2-3 The Backyard Games 4-5 Special Olympics Begins 6-7 In the 1970s 8-9 In the 1980s 10-11 Around the World 12-13 All Kinds of Games 14 Part of the Wider World 15 Some Special Olympics Athletes 16-17 Not Just Fun and Games 18-19 We’ll Help Too 20-21 Passing the Torch 22 Duties and Honors 23-24 Eunice Kennedy Shriver’s Children 25 Eunice Kennedy Shriver’s Legacy to the Women of her Family 26-27 Special Olympics Chronology 28-32 Message from , Chairman, Special Olympics 33-34 Special Olympics Program Locations around the World 35-37 America’s Great Third Sector 38-44 Showing the Way: 45-47 Getting Started: Change Begins With Me 45 Access Numbers to National Organizations 46-47 Gathering Insights and Understanding: 48-67 How It All Happened 48-49 Echoes of the Past: Parallels in Today’s World 50-52 Echoes in My Mind: A Discussion Guide 53-55 Conclusions, Major Themes, and Guiding Principles 56-57 Legacy and Impact Data 58-59 Economic Conditions 1970-1990 60-62 Political Climate 1970-1990 63-66 Development of Human Service Sector in the United States 67 vi Resources Cited: 68-69 For More Information: 70 The Human Spirit Initiative 70 The Extra Mile – Points of Light Volunteer Pathway 70 Order Form 71

vii Eunice Kennedy Shriver Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics The New Olympic Athletes “Love is Action” Mother Teresa.

Ancient Greek vases depict Olympic Three of Eunice Kennedy Shriver’s Games that were held in Athens many were elected to the U.S. Senate centuries ago. They show muscular and one of them, John F. Kennedy, was young men running and wrestling, with the much beloved 35th President of olive wreathes gracing their brows. the United States. Like her brothers, In modern times, millions watch the EKS had political skills and leadership Olympics on television and see youthful qualities, but her path did not lead to competitors parading in national elective office. She chose to exercise costumes in international amphitheatres, her strength in service to a neglected all eager to compete with other young population – those with intellectual athletes for treasured medals. disabilities. She often referred to them as Olympic Games took on a very her “special friends.” unique meaning in 1968. That was When Joseph P. Kennedy was the year that Special Olympics – an appointed United States ambassador to organization for the benefit of children England in 1938, he brought his family and adults with intellectual disabilities1 to live in the American Embassy in – was founded. Today, the impact of London, and the nine charming Kennedy Special Olympics is global, and more youngsters were thrust into the public than 3.5 million athletes of all ages train eye. The older children were presented and compete in over 170 countries. to the British royal family and were part Special Olympics began with the of an international group of wealthy and vision of one woman – Eunice Kennedy titled young people. But Shriver, or EKS, as she is known to those were more than socialites. They were in the Special Olympics organization. destined for lives of public service. Her daughter, Maria, called her a “fearless warrior for the voiceless.” Her father, Joseph P. Kennedy, thought she would have been a great politician if only she had been a boy.

1 Prior to the 21st century, terms such as “mental disability,” “mental retardation,” and “handicapped” were used to describe individuals with intellectual differences. More recently, individuals, family members, and advocates viewed these terms as derogatory, and they have been replaced with “intellectual disabilities” or “intellectual and developmental disabilities.”

Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics  The Fearless Warrior “She was, quite simply, the most formidable woman I have ever met. Her legacy is profound and inspiring” Scott Stossel (Deputy Editor, The Atlantic).

When the eldest Kennedy son, “mentally disabled.” After graduating Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., died as a bomber from Stanford University in 1943 with a pilot during World War II, his father Bachelor of Science degree in sociology, founded the Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. she worked on a State Department Foundation in his memory. It was Eunice program to help former prisoners of war Kennedy Shriver who set out to find adjust to civilian life. For two years in a focus for the foundation. She and the late 1940s, she served in the Justice her husband, , traveled Department as executive secretary of around the country interviewing the National Conference on Prevention experts, in order to discover where the and Control of Juvenile Delinquency. need was greatest. One neglected and In1950, she worked at the federal forgotten group stood out – people with penitentiary for women in Alderson, intellectual disabilities. West Virginia. In 1951, she moved to The entire was where she worked at youth sensitized to the plight of people with intellectual disabilities. Their own sister, Rosemary, was one of those people, and it was she who inspired EKS and raised her awareness that people like Rosemary were not being given the opportunity to fully participate in the lives of their families, schools, and communities. Many were hidden away, sometimes institutionalized2 and often considered an embarrassment by their families.3 Eunice Kennedy Shriver was Eunice Kennedy Shriver’s very special well prepared to take on the critical relationship with her sister, Rosemary, who had leadership role of advocating for and intellectual disability, inspired her lifelong work supporting people labeled by society as to create a more accepting and inclusive world for people with intellectual disabilities.

2 Braddock, David. “Honoring Eunice Kennedy Shriver’s Legacy in Intellectual Disability”, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Vol 48, No. 1 (February 2010). 3 In 1954, 173,954 people with intellectual disabilities, many of them children, remained separated from children and adults without intellectual disabilities, in poorly funded, state-operated residential “schools” and in state psychiatric institutions across the country. (NIMH, 1956)

 Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics shelters and with the city’s Juvenile Court system. When EKS was interviewed, she often spoke of her sister: “If I never met Rosemary, never knew anything about handicapped children, how would I ever have found out? Because nobody accepted them anyplace. So where would you find out? Unless you had one in your own family.” Eunice Kennedy Shriver was destined to change the attitude and behavior of people everywhere toward these often neglected Eunice Kennedy Shriver receives a pen from individuals. She believed that those with U.S. President John F. Kennedy, her , intellectual disabilities must have the following his signing in 1961 of a bill she opportunity to be part of their families, championed that formed the first President’s Committee on Mental Retardation. participate in schooling, live and work in the community, and engage in everyday phone and get on with the business of life experiences, such as sports, to fully the government.” It wasn’t long until develop their mental and physical the President established the National capabilities. The “fearless warrior” had Institute on Child Health and Human found her battlefield. Development as part of the National In 1957, Eunice Kennedy Shriver Institutes of Health. This Institute, became Executive Vice President of the named for Eunice Kennedy Shriver Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation and in 2008, is dedicated to research into took on the leadership for new initiatives children’s health issues – with special and programs. As the Foundation’s emphasis on intellectual disabilities. leader, she worked closely with her brothers and sisters to advance the cause of people with intellectual disabilities. In doing so, one of her first goals was to create opportunities for her “special friends” to actively participate in sports training and competition. As sister of the President, EKS was in a position to exercise considerable influence, and she did not hesitate to make her opinions and wishes known. President John F. Kennedy told his staff to “… give Eunice whatever she wants … so I can get her off the

Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics  The Backyard Games “Nothing’s going to be easy. Let’s have fun along the way” Bill Veeck (owner of major league baseball teams; Hall of Famer)

As with many major undertakings, – she discovered that none existed. So, in Special Olympics began casually – almost typical EKS fashion, she took action and by accident. The Shrivers-Eunice, started a camp in her own backyard. Sargent, and their five children-lived There was nothing half-hearted at Timberlawn, a spacious estate in about Camp Shriver, as it was called. Rockville, with 25 acres of A typical day began with the arrival lawn plus easy access to another 250 of busloads of children from local acres of hills, woods and farmland. They institutions. They played soccer and frequently hosted an amazing range of basketball, swam, rode horses, and guests including professional athletes, jumped on trampolines. The children members of Congress and the Supreme were never left without support Court, academic and literary celebrities, and supervision. Diverse groups of foreign dignitaries, religious leaders, and, volunteers, including teenagers from of course, the President of the United nearby high schools and all five of the States. Their guests enjoyed many Shriver children, worked with them activities. There were tennis courts, all day long. It was indeed chaos, but a swimming pool, and a stable full of organized chaos. horses. Timberlawn’s hospitable setting would soon offer its delights to children with intellectual disabilities, the “special friends” of Eunice Kennedy Shriver. The Kennedys were an athletic and competitive family. Touch football was a traditional free-for-all when the Kennedys were at home in Hyannis, . To EKS, who was an avid athlete herself, fun and games seemed the natural way for all children to grow and flourish. When the mother of a child with intellectual disabilities asked her help in finding a summer camp for her Eunice Kennedy Shriver giving swimming lessons child, EKS willingly took on the task. at Camp Shriver in her backyard, 1962. She But in trying to find athletic facilities started her life’s work in her own backyard by for such children – children who were hosting Camp Shriver, an inclusive summer sports often physically unfit and overweight camp for people with intellectual disabilities.

 Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics Sprinkled amidst the eager amateur volunteers were highly qualified professionals in the fields of sports, physical education, health care, mental health, and education. Sandy Eiler, a former Olympic swimmer from Canada, was hired as camp director. Questions were asked about supports and services for children with intellectual disabilities that had never been asked before. Where do you go to find a soccer instructor? The British Embassy, of course. Were the children interested in dance? How about a volunteer from the Philippine Embassy to show them forms of Asian dance? EKS believed that the camp would be a success, and she was right. Her own children, who had grown up with their Aunt Rosemary, the other young volunteers, and campers with intellectual disabilities all played together. Sargent Shriver was an active and avid cheerleader for Camp Shriver and eventually the President and CEO of Special Olympics. There were soon five more camps around the country, and by 1968, 40 camps nationwide. Eunice Kennedy Shriver was to expand her reach far beyond Camp Shriver. It was but a trailhead that would lead to Special Olympics.

Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics  Special Olympics Begins “Let me win. But if I cannot win, let me be brave in the attempt.” Special Olympics Oath

In 1968, when Sargent Shriver was Eunice Kennedy Shriver saw a way appointed United States Ambassador to expand these programs. While living to , the Shriver family moved to in France, she provided support and . Eunice Kennedy Shriver did not watched over the plans for what was abandon her devotion to persons with to become the first Special Olympics intellectual disabilities. She carried Games. Although the scheduled start her Camp Shriver-style project into date of the Games was only seven weeks the American Embassy. Not only did after the assassination of her brother, she consult with French experts on Robert F. Kennedy, EKS followed intellectual disability, but she spent her customary response to tragedy every Monday at the External Medico- and carried on. At the opening press Pedagogique, a facility for French conference, she announced a “national children with intellectual disabilities. Special Olympics training program There she recaptured the Camp Shriver for children with mental retardation experience. She taught children to everywhere.” She finished this swim, introduced them to games and announcement with the promise that sports, and helped with their education “the Kennedy Foundation will pledge and therapy. With her inspiration and funds to underwrite five regional Special determination, a forerunner of Special Olympics Games.” Olympics was established in France. The first Special Olympics, held at While the Shrivers were in France, Soldier Field in Chicago, did not attract the Kennedy Foundation continued enormous crowds. In fact, fewer than to fund programs for people with 100 people sat in the 85,000 seat stadium intellectual disabilities. As early as 1964, to watch the competitions in track and the foundation, under Eunice Kennedy field, floor hockey and aquatics. But Shriver’s leadership, and with strong when 1,000 athletes from 26 states, the Kennedy family support, had awarded District of Columbia, and Canada joined grants to the Chicago Park System and with EKS as she recited the Special several other parks across the country Olympics oath, it was the start of a world to support summer programs similar to movement. As EKS took her seat, Mayor those at Camp Shriver. Daley turned to her and said, “You

 Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics know, Eunice, the world will never be the same after this.” She predicted that one million individuals with intellectual disability would one day compete, but even with her powerful optimism, EKS would have marveled that in 2010, over 3.5 million Special Olympics athletes would be training in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and 170 countries.

On July 20, 1968, the first Special Olympics Games were held in Chicago, moving Mayor Richard Daley to predict, “The world will never be the same after this.”

Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics  In the 1970s “One can never consent to creep when one feels an impulse to soar.” Helen Keller

Novelist Tom Wolfe defined the with intellectual disability who were character of the 1970s when he spoke unable to fight for themselves and were of “The Me Decade,” a term that also victims of discrimination, ignored was meant to characterize a period of and forgotten. selfishness and egotism. Yet, the children In 1970, the Second International of “The Me Decade” often used their Special Olympics Games were again self-awareness to examine trends and held at Chicago’s Soldier Field. This encourage enlightened actions. Examples time there were 2,000 competitors, and include the many protest movements of Canada, France and Puerto Rico also the period, the strength of anti-Vietnam participated. In 1972, the University War sentiment, and the rising tide of of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) feminism. hosted the Third International Games, The decade of the 1970s also saw the and 2,500 Special Olympics athletes rise of human rights activism on behalf participated. The Fourth International of a wide range of people from ethnic, Summer Games were held at Central gender, cultural and linguistically diverse Michigan University in Mt. Pleasant, backgrounds – African-Americans, Michigan, with 3,200 athletes from Hispanics, Native Americans, gays, 10 countries in attendance. CBS-TV women and farm workers.4 Efforts by broadcasted this event nationwide on its the Federal government also reflected Sports Spectacular program. attitude changes. Title IX of the Higher In 1977, Special Olympics held Education Amendments of 1972 opened International Winter Games for the first the door for girls to participate in high time. All three major networks covered 5 school and college sports. The Equal the events in Steamboat Springs, Opportunities Acts (1972 and 1974), Colorado. The 1970s ended with the the Indian Self-Determination Act, and Summer Games held at the State the 1975 Education for All Handicapped University of New York at Brockport, Children Act demonstrated awareness of New York, with more than 3,500 the needs of people living at the margins athletes from the USA and more than of society, without power or privilege. 20 foreign countries participating. Eunice Kennedy Shriver took it upon The success of Special Olympics was herself to fight for the millions of people

4 Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of the United States: 1492-Present. (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2003) pp 614-616. 5 The New York Times on Tuesday, February 16, 2010, reported that current studies of the effect of this legislation offer proof that team sports can result in lifelong improvement in educational, work, and health prospects.

 Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics clearly a factor in the national movement and eventual federal law enacted in 1975 mandating a “free and appropriate public education for handicapped children.” This historic law required that every child with a disability receive physical education as part of their individualized education program.

Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics  In the 1980s “Special Olympics has infused my son with the spirit of courage and confidence.” Parent of athlete from the United States

By 1980, Special Olympics had 1983 games, 65,000 spectators came to become a major force in the lives of Louisiana State University to watch people with intellectual disabilities, and cheer the fifteenth anniversary of as well as their families and the Special Olympics. communities in which they lived. With Eunice Kennedy Shriver was 375,000 athlete participants worldwide instinctively drawn to special children. and 350,000 volunteers from all fifty Rosario Marin, the 41st Treasurer of the States, the District of Columbia and United States and a mother whose oldest thirty countries, the program’s success child is intellectually disabled, met EKS was well established. Less than a at the 1985 National Down Syndrome hundred observers attended the first Congress in Anaheim, California. She Special Olympics in 1968. At the reminded EKS of that meeting in a letter in which she wrote “My son Eric was just five weeks old. In a very tender way you hugged me and said: ‘Oh, dear … we have set the table for your son, now it is up to you to put food on it for him.’” Many of the persons served by Special Olympics were from families at or below the poverty level. The problems they faced were increased by a changing social system with an ever-widening gap between rich and poor.6 The decline in the number of two-parent families exacerbated the problems. In 1970, 40% of American families were composed of a mother, a father, and one or more children under the age of 18, but by Eunice Kennedy Shriver awards the gold medal 1980, the figures had dropped to 31% to the winning soccer team from Chile in and, by 1990, to 26%.7 1983 before a crowd of 60,000 fans in Tiger Stadium at the Sixth International Special Olympics Summer Games in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

6 Jennings, Peter and Todd Brewster. The Century (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1998) P. 473. 7 Woods, Randall Bennett. Quest for Identity (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).

10 Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics Eunice Kennedy Shriver coaching at Winter Games. Coaches are the lifeblood of Special Olympics, providing both the knowledge and emotional support its athletes need to succeed.

Feminization of poverty was another unhappy fact. The percentage of children living with never-married mothers increased in the 1980s from 2% to 7%. By 1989, one out of four children was born to an unmarried mother.8 Although a quarter of the nation’s children – 12 million – were living in poverty, school lunches for a million of these children were eliminated.9 Special Olympics was needed more than ever.

8 Ibid., P. 471 9 Op.cit., Zinn, P. 578.

Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics 11 Around the World “Every child comes with the message that God is not yet discouraged with mankind” Rabindranath Tagore

Increasingly, Eunice Kennedy Shriver With the end of the Cold War, Sargent included her family members in helping Shriver persuaded the Soviet Union and Special Olympics expand its influence. its satellite countries to join the Special Since all 50 states and the District of Olympics international movement. Columbia were now participating in Special Olympics has continued to the Games, and public attitudes toward reach out around the world to identify those with intellectual disabilities were athletes with intellectual disabilities. changing, EKS turned her attention These efforts have called attention overseas. It was vital that someone with to populations long ignored in many international experience and background countries. Even countries at war have be involved in this expansion. been included. In Afghanistan, organizers That someone lived in her own knocked on doors in Kabul to find home. Eunice Kennedy Shriver’s athletes, many hidden away by their husband, Sargent Shriver, had an families. The 22-member Iraqi football imposing diplomatic background – U.S. (soccer) team could not train in Baghdad ambassador to France, the first director because of bombs and gunfire, but they of the , and the first director persevered and were gold medal winners. of the Office of Economic Opportunity. As early as 1983, Special Olympics Sargent Shriver was a partner in a law executives and planners, including firm and his professional life was full Sargent Shriver, had visited China to and demanding, but the presidency of work with top Chinese officials. Their Special Olympics offered an opportunity he couldn’t resist. In 1984, the Special Olympics Board of Directors elected him to this office. Since then, Special Olympics has become the world’s largest year-round sports program for children and adults with intellectual disabilities. In 1982, Brussels, Belgium held the first Special Olympics European Games. In 1985, the European Games were held in Dublin, Ireland, and Austria, Bolivia, Monaco, New Zealand, Panama, Special Olympics China athlete gives a peace sign Portugal, South Korea, Switzerland, as she gets a hug from Eunice Kennedy Shriver Tunisia, and Yugoslavia all participated. during the 2007 World Games in Shanghai.

12 Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics work bore fruit in 2007 when Special Olympics World Summer Games were held in Shanghai, China. At the opening ceremony, a crowd of 80,000 cheered to welcome more than 7,000 athletes. Wang Naikun, who chaired Special Olympics China, reported proudly that “Special Olympics started from 50,000 [athletes] in 2000 in China to over 800 thousand (athletes) now.”

Eunice Kennedy Shriver with Young Athletes participants and Professor Zhou at 2007 Special Olympics World Games, Shanghai, China

The little country of East Timor in Southeast Asia was represented by only one team member in Shanghai – Alcino Pereira, a tiny man known to the people of his city as “the running man,” because he spent his days running through the streets. His coach said that there are many people with disabilities in East Timor, but “the facilities, the human resources, the understanding is not there.” Pereira’s participation in the 10,000 meter Special Olympics race has no doubt raised the awareness of his community and his nation.

Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics 13 All Kinds of Games “Our deepest commitment is to show the world the power of real athletes - who train with determination, compete to the best of their ability, achieve the extraordinary and exemplify courage at every turn.” Special Olympics Chairman Timothy Shriver, Ph.D

New sports were added to the Summer Special Olympics Unified Sports™ and Winter World Games whenever there program, launched in 1989, takes team was need or interest. Currently, there are interaction a step further. Special 32 Special Olympics sports ranging from Olympics athletes participate in sports Alpine skiing to volleyball. Programs with partners without intellectual such as Motor-Activity Training (MATP) disabilities. Careful planning to match and play activities introduce children to both groups by age and ability results in motor skills and eye-hand coordination. expanding sports opportunities for all. Figure skating, speed skating and bowling The Unified Sports™ agenda represent the kind of activities that a includes basketball, bowling, distance single individual can undertake. Team running, football (soccer), softball Sports – volleyball, basketball, and floor and volleyball. The benefits of this hockey – add developmental opportunities program are many – learning new sports, that go beyond motor skills. They offer making new friends, and acquiring interaction with other children who also an understanding of individuals have intellectual disabilities. with different capabilities. Special Olympics athletes, who are seeking new challenges, have additional opportunities for participation in the wider community. In the international arena, the Unified Sports™ basketball team from Uzbekistan was the gold medal winner at the 2007 Shanghai World Games. The bronze medal-winning South African Unified basketball team was Eunice Kennedy Shriver at 2006 Special not only a blend of differing intellectual Olympics US National Games, Ames, Iowa capabilities, but of different races. with Special Olympics Missouri Softball team. Every interaction between Eunice and a Special Olympics athlete was meaningful. And as one athlete commented, “Everything she has said the athletes to be, she is herself.”

14 Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics Part of the Wider World “Life begets life. Energy creates energy. It is by spending oneself that one becomes rich.” Sarah Bernhardt

Special Olympics can serve as Another integrated event took a doorway to a wider world. After place half a world away from Tiburon. experiencing Special Olympics Games, The Borneo International Marathon some athletes join in events that were included a 21K half-marathon and a 10K previously closed to their participation. race. Twelve Special Olympics runners One of these is the Tiburon Mile, an competed with a total of 1,000 athletes. annual swimming event held in the The Board Chair of Special Olympics San Francisco Bay area. Over an eight Malaysia observed that when athletes year period, this event raised more than with mental deficiencies participate $650,000 for Special Olympics Northern in mainstream events they not only California. increase their own self-confidence, but At the Tiburon Mile event in 2008, they give the public a different, positive participants included individuals from impression of people with intellectual many backgrounds and a broad range difficulties. He said, “It’s about of abilities. A total of 759 swimmers, involvement and participation, and, including Olympic athletes from 20 in the process, we learn to appreciate countries, joined in the world’s most ourselves and value each other.” competitive open water swim. The seven Special Olympics swimmers included competitors from Ireland and Trinidad in addition to those from the United States. Ancil Greene from Trinidad had this to say about the experience, “I enjoyed swimming with the athletes from the Beijing Olympics and getting to know them. It was fun to vie with them for position on the swim out and, as an athlete; I’m accustomed to this challenge.”

Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics 15 Some Special Olympics Athletes “...my experience doing the movie [The Ringer]...let people know that people with disabilities have the same needs as anyone else and they should be treated with respect and be loved.” Eddie Barbanell, actor, Special Olympics Athlete and International Board Member

Ann Veneman, executive director hard time at school. Other children of UNICEF from 2005-2010, had this teased him and called him names. When to say, “Sports play a critical role in the Special Olympics became part of his life health and development of all children, (he competed in basketball, equestrian including those with disabilities.” The events, and softball), he learned to value younger those children with disabilities and respect himself. What’s more, other can be reached, the better it is for them people began to value him. Now Reuben and their families. is 32, and he has a full and productive In early 2007, a Special Olympics life. Still an athletic competitor, he Young Athletes Program (YAP) was also serves as a member of the Special created to welcome children with Olympics Board in his native state of intellectual disabilities between the Idaho. He has had jobs since he was ages of 2 and 7 to the Special Olympics 15, and he found these jobs by himself. movement. The program made its global Currently he works at a grocery store debut in 2007 at the Special Olympics where he is appreciated by his employers World Summer Games in Shanghai, and valued by the customers who love China. To date, more than 10,000 him and his positive attitude. children worldwide benefit from the A Special Olympics athlete who Young Athletes program. Through YAP, has moved from player to game official volunteers introduce young children to is John Fajdich, a tennis player from the world of sport; their goal is to prepare . He participated in Special them for Special Olympics sports training Olympics for 17 years, winning multiple and competition when they get older. medals. His next step in his devotion The program focuses on the basics that to the game of tennis was to become an are crucial to cognitive development: athletic official. Certification for this physical activities that develop motor position requires an examination given skills and hand-eye coordination, and by the United States Tennis Association the application of these physical skills plus officiating at a set number of through sports skills programs. tournaments. He has not only received Many reports about children and his certification but is now recognized as Special Olympics illustrate the benefits an exceptionally accurate line umpire. of early participation. When Reuben Next step: he hopes to earn certification Murray was eight years old, he had a as a chair umpire.

16 Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics David Noel speaks for many other dads when he described what Special Olympics did for his daughter: “We had no idea what our daughter, Tammi, was capable of. Sometimes we held her back because she couldn’t handle the responsibility. She has developed into a more responsible adult, rather than the child we saw her as. We are so excited with the new relationship that we have with our daughter that we are anxious to share with other parents that these athletes are way more capable than we give them credit for.” Loretta Claiborne, a long- time Special Olympics athlete and International Board member was born partially blind and with mild intellectual disability and didn’t walk or talk until she was four. She made up for this by not only walking but running fast enough to become among the top 100 women in the Marathon. A counselor in Pennsylvania recognized Loretta’s athletic gifts and helped to channel them into Special Olympics sports. Loretta has won dozens of medals in many different events. She has earned a 4th degree black belt in Karate and communicates conversationally in four languages, including sign language. She has been awarded honorary degrees from Quinnipiac College and Villanova University and has received the ESPN Arthur Ashe Award for Courage. She was the inspiration for a movie about her life, “The Loretta Claiborne Story.”

Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics 17 Not Just Fun and Games “Whatever limits us we call Fate.” Ralph Waldo Emerson

Intellectual disability is more nutrition; Fit Feet for foot problems such common than deafness or blindness, as ingrown nails, corns, fungus and ill- and it can be accompanied by chronic fitting shoes; Healthy Hearing to look physical conditions. People with for blockages in the ear canal as well as intellectual disability are far more prone general hearing ability; and FUNfitness, than the general population to a wide a study of exercise and stretching. range of physical disabilities. Lack of At the 2003 Special Olympics adequate health care and extensive World Summer Games in Dublin, underlying medical problems increases Ireland, an extensive medical screening the gap between those with disabilities was held to study the most prevalent and the general population. physical problems among the athletes Special Olympics provides platform in attendance. Nearly 11,000 individual for understanding the physical health of screenings were conducted in order people with intellectual disabilities. As to spotlight the need for better health the athletes gather, medical volunteers treatment and the establishment of health assess individual health care needs care policies. This was an opportunity to and offer advice and support. At the fully understand medical problems that 1991 Special Olympics World Summer are common in the community of people Games in Minneapolis and St. Paul, with intellectual disabilities. Minnesota, the first vision screening was held with the help of the Sports Vision Section of the American Optometric Association. In 1993, Boston University initiated dental screenings at the Special Olympics Massachusetts Summer Games. Shortly after that, Special Olympics launched its Healthy Athletes program. The dental program, Special Smiles, and the optometric program, Opening Eyes, were the initial programs and supports. Since then, others have been added – Health Promotion, concerned with exercise and During the 2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games in Ireland, Eunice Kennedy Shriver enjoys her favorite sport of sailing, with a Special Olympics athlete.

18 Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics At the 2007 Special Olympics World Summer Games in Shanghai, more than 800 Healthy Athletes volunteers conducted a record 19,000 health screenings. Sixty-nine percent of all the athletes who competed were screened. A total of 20% of those who were vision-screened needed and received prescription eyewear. Mariam Zakhary, an Egyptian basketball team member, received one of the 110 hearing aids distributed. A Special Olympics volunteer described Mariam’s reaction. She said, “Every emotion you can imagine – joy, amazement, disbelief, wonder – was expressed on her face.” With the use of the hearing , Mariam was able to hear the voice of her basketball coach for the first time. With the Healthy Athletes initiative, Special Olympics took a giant step forward. The games already had confidence-building elements in place, plus healthful exercises and the camaraderie of team sports. However, direct action taken to promote better health and health care helps to level the playing fields for those who work so hard to succeed despite their disabilities.

Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics 19 We’ll Help Too “The spirit of voluntarism is deeply ingrained in us as a nation ... In other words, the American people understand that there are no substitutes for gifts of service given from the heart.”

Special Olympics exists in our world raise awareness, change attitudes and and thrives today because of Eunice impact policy. In 2007, Farrell joined Kennedy Shriver‘s determined efforts other celebrity spokespeople in Shanghai and unwavering commitment on behalf – , Zhang Ziyi, of people with intellectual disabilities. Nadia Comaneci, Vanessa Williams and She knew that it was not a one-woman Michelle Kwan. NBA stars, Yao Ming job. It was not even a one-family job or a and Sam Perkins conducted basketball one-country job. It took EKS’ optimism, clinics and coached athletes. her refusal to accept “no” for an answer, One important professional athlete and her infectious enthusiasm to recruit is part of the Shriver family. In 1986, volunteers, including world-famous Eunice and Sargent Shriver’s daughter, professional athletes, celebrities, and Maria, married bodybuilder and international corporations, to join in movie star, Arnold Schwarzenegger. making Special Olympics a success. He knew the benefits that come from The meaningful work being done strengthening the human body, and by Special Olympics has captured the his knowledge and determination imagination of people everywhere. inspired youngsters with intellectual Celebrities help shed light on the dignity disabilities. He could frequently be seen of people with intellectual disabilities demonstrating the art of pumping iron and build support for Special Olympics for some of his young admirers. work around the world. Irish actor Colin Professional athletes are a generous Farrell has helped Special Olympics and giving group, bringing their prestige to support the program, and sharing their expertise. Imagine the pride of a Special Olympics swimmer when he finds himself in the pool with Michael Phelps, winner of 14 gold medals (the most by any Olympian) and often cited as one of the greatest swimmers of all times. Phelps has supported Special Olympics by conducting swimming clinics.

For more than 40 years, Eunice Kennedy Shriver attracted the support of many athletes (such as Pele shown here), entertainers, and celebrities who act as public ambassadors for the Special Olympics movement.

20 Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics For every celebrity volunteer, there are thousands who will never see their names in the paper or their faces on the movie screen. These include coaches who continually work to prepare their teams for competition and many other volunteers who help out whenever there’s a need. As the Special Olympics family travels around the world, they not only work with athletes from different countries, they also meet, recruit, train and support volunteers from these countries. The doctors, nurses, and other medical technicians who screen the athletes for health problems, diagnose these problems, and share their medical wisdom are a vital group of volunteers. International corporations and sponsors have also made vital contributions to Special Olympics. The longest-standing corporate partners are Coca-Cola and Proctor & Gamble.

Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics 21 Passing the Torch “To work is to pray.” A Benedictine dictum

Despite fragile health in her later disabilities. Since 1996, he has devoted years, Eunice Kennedy Shriver summoned himself to expanding the movement. His enormous strength and will. Her efforts have resulted in more than two boundless energy, sense of dedication, and million new athletes from all corners of deep religious fervor pushed her to ignore the world. anything but the task at hand. But Eunice In developing an ever-widening and Sargent Shriver knew when it was international group, Timothy reached time to relinquish their responsibilities out to an impressive group of world with Special Olympics and pass the torch leaders including Nelson Mandela, to a younger generation. Bertie Ahern, Julius Nyerere, Hosni After serving for many years as a Mubarak, and Shimon Peres. They volunteer and leading the 1995 Special have all worked with him in planning Olympics World Summer Games, the Special Olympics organizations in their Special Olympics Board of Directors own countries. Former U.S. presidents elected Timothy Shriver , son of Eunice Bill Clinton and George W. Bush lent and Sargent Shriver, as the President their support and influence to increase and CEO. He now holds the position of the national and international impact Chairman and CEO. Timothy Shriver of the Special Olympics. Tim has also has brought his own special talents spearheaded efforts in such war-troubled and strengths to the leadership of the countries as Afghanistan, Bosnia Special Olympics. Both his education Herzegovina, and Iraq. and his career choices prepared him – a bachelor’s degree from Yale, a Master’s degree in Religion and Religious Education from Catholic University, a doctorate in Education from the University of , creation of the New Haven Public Schools’ Social Development Project and co-founding of the Collaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning (CASEL). Tim Shriver holds a deep belief in Eunice Kennedy Shriver with former President the Special Olympics worldwide focus of the Republic of South Africa, Nelson on respect, acceptance and inclusion for Mandela, her son, Timothy P. Shriver and a and with individuals with intellectual Special Olympics athlete.

22 Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics Duties and Honors “There was always a special light in the eyes of Eunice Shriver when she saw a child who was physically, emotionally or psychologically challenged.” His Eminence Theodore Cardinal McCarrick, Former Archbishop of Washington

Under Eunice Kennedy Shriver’s In 1984, President Ronald Reagan leadership, the Kennedy Foundation presented Eunice Kennedy Shriver was influential in establishing the with America’s highest civilian honor, President’s Panel on Mental Retardation, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National He paid tribute to Eunice by praising Institute for Child Health and Human her “decency and goodness.” He stated Development, and a network of that “Eunice Kennedy Shriver deserves university-affiliated facilities and America’s praise, gratitude and love.” intellectual disability research centers Eight years later, President Clinton at major research universities across awarded Sargent Shriver the Presidential the United States. The Foundation Medal of Freedom. The Shrivers became also sponsored the creation of major the only husband and wife in history to centers for the study of medical ethics at have individually received this highest Georgetown University and Harvard. civilian award. Because there is a higher incidence of teen pregnancy among teens with intellectual disability, the Community of Caring was created, and sixteen model centers were established in 1982. From 1990 to 2004, Community of Caring programs in more than 1200 schools focused on character education and the development of five core values – caring, respect, responsibility, trust and family. In 2005, EKS and the Kennedy Foundation moved Community of Caring to the University of Utah where research into the inclusion of students with intellectual U.S. President Ronald Reagan presenting disabilities in America’s schools could Eunice Kennedy Shriver the Presidential Medal be expanded. The university established of Freedom in 1984 – the nation’s highest the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National civilian honor. Her husband, Sargent Shriver, Center for Community of Caring and received the same honor in 1994 from President is providing many new programs and Bill Clinton, making Eunice and Sargent the only husband and wife to receive individual training in schools throughout the U.S. Presidential Medals of Freedom. and Canada.

Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics 23 EKS also received the Legion of Honor, the Prix de la Couronne Francaise, the Lasker Public Service Award, the National Recreation and Park Association award, the National Voluntary Service Award, and the Order of the Smile of Polish Children. She was also made a Dame of the Papal Order of St. Gregory and received honorary degrees from fourteen colleges and universities including Yale, Holy Cross, Princeton, Georgetown and Marymount. In 2005, she was one of the first recipients of a sidewalk medallion on the Extra Mile Point of Light Pathway in Washington, D.C.

As part of the Extra Mile National Volunteer Pathway, an initiative of the Points of Light Foundation, U.S. President George H.W. Bush recognized Eunice Kennedy Shriver for her volunteer contribution to America.

24 Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics Eunice Kennedy Shriver‘s Children “Children are likely to live up to what you believe of them.”

Eunice Kennedy Shriver leaves a Maria: As an award-winning very personal family legacy. Her five journalist, best-selling author, and news children, as well as many of her nineteen anchor, has educated grandchildren, are involved in charitable her many friends in the television and work and service to their country and entertainment worlds about the needs of the world. people with disabilities and spotlighted the achievements of Special Olympics athletes. She is also the guiding force behind the Women’s Conference, a non- profit, non-partisan organization and annual forum for women. Timothy: As Chairman of Special Olympics, Timothy Shriver serves more than 3.5 million Special Olympics athletes and their families in 170 countries. He launched the Eunice Kennedy Shriver, Sargent Shriver, program’s most ambitious growth and their children, Bobby, Maria, Anthony, agenda and has expanded Special Tim and Mark on her 85th Birthday. Born Olympics’ international impact. His into a family that has come to symbolize work continues to change lives as he public service and sacrifice, Eunice Kennedy continues his mother’s legacy. Shriver and her husband, Sargent Shriver, Mark: Mark Shriver is the Vice have instilled that commitment in their own President and Managing Director of children and grandchildren. Save the Children U.S. Programs and Bobby: co-founded the leads the programmatic and advocacy organizations DATA(Debt, AIDS, efforts of Save the Children to Trade, Africa), ONE, and promote the betterment of the lives of to help eliminate the financial and children living in impoverished rural health emergencies threatening people communities across the United States. in Africa. Bobby served as a Councilman Anthony: is the of Santa Monica, California, and has Founder and Chairman of Best Buddies produced tremendously successful International, which he created in 1989 Christmas record albums that provide to foster one-to-one friendships between grants and funding for Special Olympics people with and without intellectual programs throughout the world. In 2010 disabilities. he was elected mayor of Santa Monica.

Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics 25 Eunice Kennedy Shriver’s Legacy to the Women of her Family “When the full judgment of the Kennedy legacy is made … the changes wrought by Eunice Shriver may well be seen as the most consequential.” U.S. News and World Report, November 15, 1993

The spirit of Eunice Kennedy , co-founder of the Profiles in Shriver is still very much a part of Courage Award, president of the John Special Olympics. In her generation, F. Kennedy Library, and chairwoman the Kennedy sons were expected to aim of the American Ballet Theatre. high, as high as the presidency of the Patricia Lawford’s daughter Robin is an United States. The daughters shared the environmentalist and marine biologist. intense family dinner table conversations Robert and ’s daughters and winner-take-all touch football games also carved out distinguished careers. and devoted time and effort to the Kathleen was elected Lieutenant political campaigns of their brothers. Governor of Maryland; Kerry is a The Kennedy women also made human rights activist with the Robert meaningful contributions to important F. Kennedy Center for Justice and causes. Patricia spent most of her adult Human Rights; and Rory is an award- years in Hollywood and helped create winning documentary filmmaker and the Kennedy Child Study Center in Los producer. Kym Maria, the daughter of Angeles. served Jean Kennedy and her husband Stephen as ambassador to Ireland from 1993 to Smith, is a photographer. ’s 1998 and also created the Very Special daughter, Kara, is a television producer. Arts Program for people with intellectual Eunice’s own daughter Maria built a disabilities. Kathleen supported Red highly visible career as a television Cross efforts during WWII but died co-anchor. in a plane crash shortly after the war These active professional women ended. Rosemary, who had intellectual reflect not only the changing role disability, was an inspiration to her of women in today’s society, but the family and lived into her 80s. positive influence of Eunice Kennedy Eunice Kennedy Shriver’s tireless Shriver and her extraordinary efforts in the creation and growth of achievements. At her funeral on August Special Olympics are well known. 14, 2009, her daughter, Maria, had this to say: “Mummy was indeed a trailblazer. A look at the family tree illustrates She took adversity and turned it into the achievements of the next generation advantage. Inspired by the rejection she of Kennedy women. John and Jacqueline saw many women face, especially her Kennedy’s daughter Caroline is a

26 Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics sister Rosemary and her mother, and other mothers of special children, she turned that into her life’s focus and her life’s passion and mission ... She believed 100 percent in the power and the gifts of women to change the language, the tempo, and the character of this world.” In final praise of her mother, Maria characterized her as a “torchbearer for the women of our time.” At the time of her death, the Shriver family issued the following statement about Eunice Kennedy Shriver: “She set out to change the world and to change us, and she did that and more ... Her work transformed the lives of hundreds of millions of people across the globe, and they ... are her living legacy.”

Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Special Olympics 27 Chronology

1962 Camp Shriver, a day camp 1981 A training and certification for children with intellectual program for coaches is launched, disabilities held at the Shriver and the first Sports Skills Guide is home in Maryland published. 1968 First International Special Second International Special Olympics Summer Games, at Olympics Winter Games, held in Soldier Field, Chicago – 1,000 the villages of Smugglers’ Notch athletes competing from 26 states and Stowe, Vermont – 600 athletes and Canada 1983 Sixth International Special Special Olympics established Olympics Summer Games, in as a not-for-profit charitable Baton Rouge, Louisiana – 4,000 organization under the laws of the athletes District of Columbia 1985 Third International Special 1970 Second International Special Olympics Winter Games, in Park Olympics Summer Games, at City, Utah – athletes from 14 Soldier Field, Chicago – 2,000 countries athletes from 50 States, the District 1986 The International Year of Special of Columbia, France and Puerto Rico Olympics is launched at the 1972 Third International Special United Nations, New York, Olympics Summer Games, in NY, under the banner “Special Los Angeles, California – 2,500 Olympics – Uniting the World.” athletes 1987 Seventh International Special 1975 Fourth International Special Olympics Summer Games, in Olympics Summer Games in South Bend, Indiana – 4,700 Mt. Pleasant, Michigan – 3,200 athletes from more than 70 athletes from 10 countries countries 1977 First International Special 1988 International Olympic Committee Olympics Winter Games, in (IOC) signs an historic agreement Steamboat Springs, Colorado – officially recognizing Special 500 athletes competing Olympics. 1979 Fifth International Special Special Olympics Unified Sports Olympics Summer Games, in is launched at the annual Special Brockport, New York – 3,500 Olympics Conference in Reno, athletes from more than 20 Nevada. countries

28 Chronology 1989 Fourth International Special A Christmas concert is hosted Olympics Winter Games, in at the White House – “A Reno, Nevada and Lake Tahoe, Very Special Christmas from California – 1000 athletes from Washington, D.C.” – to celebrate 18 countries Special Olympics 30th anniversary. 1990 Third European Special Olympics 1999 Tenth Special Olympics World Summer Games, in Strathclyde, Summer Games in Raleigh, Scotland – 2400 athletes from Durham and Chapel Hill, North 30 countries Carolina – 7,000 athletes from 150 1991 Eighth Special Olympics World countries Summer Games, in Minneapolis/ 2000 “Campaign for Growth” is St. Paul, Minnesota – 6,000 launched to reach one million new athletes from 100 countries athletes worldwide by 2005 – the 1992 25th Anniversary Celebration – most ambitious growth campaign “Together We Win” – held at in Special Olympics history. United Nations, New York, NY Special Olympics China 1993 Fifth Special Olympics World Millennium March takes place Winter Games, in Salzburg and throughout China Schladming, Austria – 1,600 First-ever Global Athlete Congress athletes from 50 countries takes place in The Hague, competing Netherlands – 60 athletes from 1995 Ninth Special Olympics World every region of the world discuss Summer Games, held at Yale the future of Special Olympics University in New Haven, 2001 Seventh Special Olympics World Connecticut – 7,000 athletes from Winter Games, in Anchorage, 143 countries compete in 21 sports Alaska – 1,800 athletes 1997 Healthy Athletes becomes an U.S. Senate Committee on official Special Olympics Initiative Appropriations conducts public providing healthcare services hearing on promoting health to Special Olympics athletes for individuals with intellectual worldwide disabilities. Special Olympics Sixth Special Olympics World presents a special report identifying Winter Games, in Toronto, actions to improve the quality Canada – nearly 2000 athletes and length of life of persons with from 73 countries intellectual disabilities. 1998 Introduction of twelve 30th First-ever Global Youth Summit Anniversary Global Messengers held in conjunction with 2001 celebrates 30 years of Special Special Olympics World Winter Olympics heroes Games. Thirty-four students

Chronology 29 from around the world, with and children from the Children’s Fund without intellectual disabilities, at the Polokwane Stadium in discuss how to overcome attitudes South Africa – 35,000 spectators and stereotypes. watch 240 children participate. Special Olympics African 2003 Eleventh Special Olympics World Hope 2001 held in Cape Town, Summer Games, in Dublin, Johannesburg and Sun City, Ireland – 7,000 athletes from 150 South Africa, launching a major countries growth campaign to reach 100,000 Results of the Multinational Study new Special Olympics athletes of Attitudes toward Individuals throughout Africa by 2005. with intellectual disabilities Special Olympics Get Into It, new (most comprehensive study ever K-12 service-learning curriculum conducted) are released in Belfast, developed and available at no cost Northern Ireland, as part of 2003 to schools and teachers worldwide Scientific Symposium held in U.S. Surgeon General David association with the 2003 Special Satcher holds conference in Olympics World Summer Games. Washington, DC to address 2004 Special Olympics Sport and disparities in health care Empowerment Act signed experienced by people with into law, marking first federal intellectual disabilities – the first support for Special Olympics. conference of its kind. Act authorizes US $15 million 2002 A National Blueprint to Improve annually over 5 years for funding the Health of People with the growth of Special Olympics. Intellectual Disabilities is released 2005 Eighth Special Olympics World by the U.S. Surgeon General – the Winter Games, in Nagano, Japan – first government report to bring 1,800 athletes from 84 countries this issue to the forefront and Second Global Athlete promote remedial actions. Conference held in Panama City, The Nelson Mandela Children’s Panama – 78 Special Olympics Fund partners with Special athletes, ages 16-50 from more Olympics to celebrate the birthday than 35 countries, come together of its founder and chairperson, to discuss significant issues Nelson Mandela. In alignment Special Olympics Afghanistan with the theme, “Unified Sports holds first ever National Games in and Intellectual Disability,” Kabul – 300 athletes compete Special Olympics athletes participated in non-competitive, Unified SportsTM activities with

30 Chronology 2006 Special Olympics serves over 2.5 Twelfth Special Olympics World million athletes and stands as a Summer Games, in Shanghai, leader in the field of intellectual China – 7,182 athletes from 164 disability, making incredible countries strides in the areas of health, 2008 U.S. Congress passes House education, family support, research Resolution 1279 officially and policy change in over 165 recognizing Special Olympics 40th countries worldwide. Anniversary. Celebration takes First ever Special Olympics place at Chicago’s Soldier Field – Latin American Games held in site of the first International San Salvador, El Salvador – 600 Special Olympics Games. athletes from 18 Latin American 2009 Eighth Special Olympics World countries Winter Games, in Boise, Idaho – First-ever Special Olympics USA nearly 2,000 athletes from nearly National Games held in Ames, Iowa 100 countries; themed to empower First Special Olympics International youth to be leaders of change for Cricket Cup held in Mumbai, India, people with intellectual disabilities marking official launch of cricket as U.S. National Portrait Gallery a globally recognized sport. unveils historic portrait of Eunice “Special Olympics for Social Kennedy Shriver, first ever Harmony” forum held at United commissioned of an individual Nations in New York to create who has not served as a U.S. greater awareness of the global President or First Lady impact the Special Olympics Eunice Kennedy Shriver dies at movement and mission has on her family home in Massachusetts. social change. Letters and messages celebrating Special Olympics Middle East/ her contribution to humanity pour North Africa Regional Games in from world leaders and ordinary held in Dubai, United Arab people around the world. Emirates – 1,000 athletes represent 2010 Special Olympics Unity Cup, in 20 Special Olympics Programs Cape Town, South Africa 2007 U.S. State Department funds the U.S. Regional Games, in Eunice Kennedy Shriver (EKS) Nebraska, United States Fellowship Program to create Special Olympics East Asia a cadre of professionals to lead Regional Games Special Olympics Programs in Special Olympics Europe Eurasia developing countries and develop Regional Games, in Warsaw, Poland cross-sector initiatives.

Chronology 31 Special Olympics Middle East North Africa Regional Games, in Syria First Global Eunice Kennedy Shriver Day 2011 Thirteenth Special Olympics World Summer Games, in Athens, Greece – 7500 athletes from 180 countries 2013 Ninth Special Olympics World Winter Games, in Seoul, Korea – 3,000 athletes from more than 120 countries

32 Chronology Message from Timothy Shriver, Chairman, Special Olympics

Special Olympics is the most begins to explain real change. We know powerful movement of sport, inclusion, from public attitude surveys that we acceptance and dignity that the world have conducted over several years that has ever seen. Numbers can never attitudes toward people with intellectual convey the power of relationships, disabilities throughout the world are the experience of pride, the joy of astoundingly negative. In fact, we know winning, or the remarkable birth of hope that in some countries, up to 47 percent and tolerance. But the numbers that of people have never had contact with describe our movement are nonetheless our population. staggering. In 2009 alone, we welcomed Through our World Games, Unified more athletes to our movement than Sports and other inclusive activities, ever before – over 3.5 million worldwide. we are increasing public understanding We hosted more competitions than ever and acceptance. Through our Project before – over 33,000. UNIFY initiative, we were able to We brought the Special Olympics provide opportunities for nearly 600,000 movement to places where many students to learn about and advocate for believed the barriers were too high: their peers with intellectual disabilities. massive countries like China, Brazil, Through our Global Football Initiative and India; challenging environments and strategic partnerships with football like Pakistan, Afghanistan and Russia; federations and clubs around the world, poor nations like Kenya, Mauritania, we are capitalizing on the sport’s massive Myanmar and El Salvador; tough U.S. popularity around the world to recruit communities in big cities and among the new athletes and reach new audiences. rural poor. And around the world, we We know from our research that 52 saw the continued growth of our Healthy percent of Special Olympics athletes Athletes program as record numbers of in the U.S. are employed whereas the health care providers conducted free estimate for the general population of health screenings for more than 185,000 people with intellectual disabilities is athletes in seven disciplines – including as low as 10 percent. We know that the one-millionth athlete over the 33 percent of the athletes we screen history of this initiative. through our Opening Eyes Program have Happily, the stories of hope and never had an eye exam. We corrected passion that our athletes and volunteers that and their vision with free glasses have told for a generation are now and sports goggles. matched by data – rigorous research that

Message from Timothy Shriver, Chairman, Special Olympics 33 Looking ahead, we hope that the words of Eunice Kennedy Shriver will echo in the hearts and minds of Special Olympics athletes, families and volunteers the world over: Despite all the progress of recent years, our special friends are still under threat. Some would rather eliminate them than improve their quality of life. Others would rather cut costs than create real opportunity. Still others would just rather move on. For our part, let us make our stand on human dignity. Let us make our stand on justice. I ask you: stand up for people with intellectual disabilities for the rest of your lives! You may ask, “What good will come from this for yourselves or for your country?” This is it: there is no joy like the joy of unleashing the human spirit. There is no laughter like the laughter of those who are happy with others. There is no purpose nobler than to build communities of acceptance for all. This is our glory.

Timothy Shriver Chairman and CEO

34 Message from Timothy Shriver, Chairman, Special Olympics Special Olympics Program Locations around the World http://www.specialolympics.org/program_locator

Africa Nippon (Japan) Benin Laos Botswana Malaysia Burkina Faso Myanmar Cameroon Nepal Congo (Brazaville) New Zealand Cote d’Ivoire Pakistan Democratic Republic of Congo Philippines Gambia Samoa Kenya Singapore Lesotho Sri Lanka Malawi Thailand Mali Timor Leste Mauritius Vietnam Namibia East Asia Niger China Nigeria Chinese Taipei Reunion Hong Kong Rwanda Korea Senegal Macau Seychelles South Africa Europe/Eurasia Swaziland Albania Tanzania Andorra Togo Armenia Uganda Austria Asia Pacific Azerbaijan Belarus Afghanistan Belgium Australia Bosnia & Herzegovina Bangladesh Bulgaria Bhutan Croatia Brunei Darusalaam Cyprus Cambodia Czech Republic India Denmark Indonesia

Special Olympics Program Locations around the World 35 Estonia Turkmenistan Faroe Islands Ukraine Finland Uzbekistan France Latin America FYR Macedonia Georgia Argentina Germany Bolivia Gibraltar Brazil Great Britain Chile Greece Colombia Hungary Costa Rica Iceland Cuba Ireland Dominican Republic Isle of Man Ecuador Israel El Salvador Italy Guatemala Kazakhstan Honduras Kosovo under UNSCR 1244/99 Mexico Kyrgyz Republic Panama Latvia Paraguay Liechtenstein Peru Lithuania Puerto Rico Luxembourg Uruguay Malta Venezuela Moldova Middle East/North Africa Monaco Algeria Montenegro Bahrain Netherlands Comoro Islands Norway Djibouti Poland Egypt Portugal Iran Romania Iraq Russia Jordan San Marino Kuwait Serbia Lebanon Slovakia Libya Slovenia Mauritania Spain Morocco Sweden Oman Tajikistan Palestine Turkey

36 Special Olympics Program Locations around the World Qatar Maine Saudi Arabia Maryland Somalia Massachusetts Sudan Michigan Syria Minnesota Tunisia Mississippi United Arab Emirates Missouri Yemen Montana Nebraska North America Nevada Alaska New Hampshire Arizona New Jersey Arkansas New Mexico Aruba New York Bahamas North Carolina Barbados North Dakota Belize Ohio Bonaire Oklahoma British Virgin Islands Oregon California (North) Pennsylvania California (South) Rhode Island Canada South Carolina Cayman Islands South Dakota Colorado St. Kitts & Nevis Connecticut St. Lucia Curacao St. Maarten Delaware St. Vincent & The Grenadines District of Columbia Suriname Dominica Tennessee Florida Texas Georgia (USA) Trinidad & Tobago Guadeloupe US Virgin Islands Hawaii Utah Idaho Vermont Illinois Virginia Indiana Washington Iowa West Virginia Jamaica Wisconsin Kansas Wyoming Kentucky Louisiana

Special Olympics Program Locations around the World 37 America’s Third Great Sector

Over the last third of the 20th De Tocqueville believed that century, nonprofit organizations sought America might become the first opportunities to work together across nation in world history to achieve sectors1 in order to share knowledge and all three of mankind’s historic concerns, maximize and quantify impact ambitions at the same time – a and adopt common goals to achieve their society that was free, prosperous, and missions and build stronger communities. responsive to human needs. It would The Great Society legislation and the be free because its government was Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, limited, prosperous because it was together with greatly increased affluence, free and responsive because it could brought ”a quiet revolution” that focus its prosperity and leisure on transformed the nonprofit sector.2 That common human needs through its revolution began the growth of a viable voluntary institutions. That, I think, and equal third sector – the charitable is what we mean when we talk about sector – which, “over the past two the American dream.4 decades ... has been growing at double By 1990, Peter Drucker knew, “It is 3 the pace of its for-profit counterpart.” not business, it is not government, it is the In July, 1985, William J. Flynn, social sector that may yet save the society.”5 President of Mutual of America, speaking at an American Cancer Society Factors Contributing to the Growth of convention in New Orleans, identified the Sector the growing strength of the sector: “We believe, going back to our roots that What astonished de Tocqueville each and every individual is created uniquely was another much more distinctive with certain gifts and abilities and so whether American impulse – to join together you are the poorest of the poor or the richest voluntarily where there was a job to of the rich, we can help you discover how be done. He saw the beginnings of what to develop those abilities, whether they are was to become America’s great third physical, mental or spiritual. That has sector, her voluntary sector, independent allowed us, from a mission standpoint, to of both government and commerce. be innovative and change how we serve the community over history”6

1 The three sectors are commonly referred to by the following terms: (1) private (corporate); (2) public (government), and (3) social (nonprofit). 2 Hammack, David C. “Nonprofit Organizations in American History Research Opportunities and Sources” (Case Western Reserve University, American Behavioral Scientist, Vol 45, July 2002) 3 Aviv, Diana. The Nonprofit Quarterly, Special Section: Accountability, “Earning the Public Trust,” (Summer 2004) 53-56 4 Flynn, William J. Excerpted from “The Renaissance in The Spirit of Voluntarism” (Irish America Heritage Series 2008) 40 5 Oral Interview with Frances Hesselbein, President, Leader to Leader Institute; Past CEO, Girl Scouts of the USA, 27 February 2010 6 Oral interview with Neil Nicoll, CEO, YMCA of the USA, 9 November 2009

38 America’s Third Great Sector Cultural and social conditions set Bill Gates finding ways to make the stage more effective. • Rapid societal change escalated the • There was more discussion about demands made on society. the potential of sharing good • Returning GIs and their families had information, techniques and significant needs after World War II. organizational capacity building. • Great Society programs dealing with • There was greater availability of civil rights, poverty, health, housing data. and education highlighted unmet • The sector was gaining prominence needs. by demonstrably improving lives in 7 • Service and voluntarism flourished, our country and elsewhere. but there were many agencies “Many in the business world lack soliciting funds and trying to survive. an understanding of the challenges many • Funding sources wanted reassurance nonprofit organizations face … building that agencies were doing a good job consensus around vision, not profit, and in their communities. reinforcing aspects of performance, other than financial.”8 • Payroll deduction was conceived for charitable giving, starting in Detroit “There was also sophistication around the with the automobile companies. funding community. Private foundations like Ford and Rockefeller had already supported Growing Sophistication our work in the street academies in New York • Movements transformed into but with a very loose kind of funding strategy. organizations, and organizations By the late 1970s, there had been a level of began to ask fundamental questions. sophistication introduced into the sector.”9 • Organizations recognized the need “America’s Promise Alliance is for professionalization but had successful, because we try to do a good job growing pains. of articulating issues, raising awareness, and inspiring people to act. Another part of our • Organizations recognized the need success is the ability to be a catalyst and a for credibility; they wanted to be convener, to pull multiple sectors in many taken seriously. organizations together around a common • New trends began to take shape in goal and a common vision.”10 the nonprofit world: “In the early1990s, we were forced • A new breed of foundation by one of our board members to pull back emerged with entrepreneurs like from running around the country, sit down,

7 Oral Interview with Les Silverman, Director Emeritus, McKinsey & Company, 10 March 2010 8 Ibid. 9 Oral interview with Daniel Cardinali, President, Communities in Schools, 2 November 2009 10 Oral interview with Marguerite Kondracke, President and CEO, America’s Promise Alliance, 20 October 2009

America’s Third Great Sector 39 bring the best minds we could to this work, Working across Sectors both inside the network and outside, and … • Nonprofits began the indispensable codify everything we knew to be an effective partnership between business and practice. As the organization has grown, we the social sector. have had to recalibrate passion and temper it • Business realized it had a so that it isn’t lost but ensure that it is at least responsibility for taking care of equally measured by the deep commitment to American society. becoming a great organization..., just brutal commitment to strategic focus, disciplined • Business had a vested interest in decision-making and data-driven decision- ensuring that there was a pipeline making. Also necessary was a willingness to of educated young people to drive take calculated risks based on deep analysis the economy forward. and not just a justice-framework or a • Nonprofits partnered with business passion-framework.”11 and the political community to “In the early 1990s ... Kellogg was impact public policy. investing in a lot of nonprofits, saw the need “The strength of a civil society is when to have prepared leaders and was willing to multiple sectors work together for the invest in a program to accomplish that.”12 common good.”15 “There is still the need to take a big- “Many important social problems require picture view and to lead people to think of contributions from all sectors – private for- solutions that go beyond the boundaries of profit and nonprofit as well as public. Every brand and organization. It is as important part of our society has a role to play in solving as ever, if not more so, to be a voice for big- health care issues, improving education, picture thinking, big-picture action.”13 meeting the needs of the disadvantaged, and 16 “Respect for all people. It was a focus enhancing the arts.” that was of critical importance then, as it is “There was also the emergence of today. When we took the initiative early on corporate philanthropy. They realized that to reach out to all girls, it was interesting doing well and doing good began to have how the organizations came together. We some relationship; and that business had a shared this vision of richly diverse, inclusive responsibility for taking care of the American organizations that care about all of its society, and particularly had a vested interest people, just as we shared a vision of healthy, in ensuring there was a pipeline of educated vibrant communities in our country.14 young people to drive the economy forward.”17

11 Cardinali 12 Oral interview with Dr. Kala Stroup, Past President, American Humanics, 12 February 2010 13 Oral interview with Irv Katz, President and CEO, National Human Services Assembly, 24 February 2010 14 Op. cit., Hesselbein 15 Op cit., Kondracke 16 Op. cit., Silverman 17 Op. cit., Cardinali

40 America’s Third Great Sector “Basically the Educational and Equity intellectual capital that needed to be, in large Act of 1972 provided for students to be measure a gift, a contribution. There was eligible for some loan forgiveness programs never any question about the focus, there was if they worked in the nonprofit sector for never any debate. It was all about intellectual ten years and made regular payments capital ... We learned that when you invest on the plan, which could then become in the learning of your people, you can income-sensitive. In other words, if the pay change the world and the organization.”19 was lower, the student paid less back and “It’s all part of that piece of building then at the end of the ten years, the loan the profession and making sure that this is a was forgiven. So working across sectors, career option that is taken seriously on college particularly with public policy, was a place campuses. There was no handbook, no 18 where we obviously had an impact.” textbook, nothing about careers in the sector until we got funding from United Parcel Creation of Tools for Sector Development Service to put out the first ever Non-Profit • Drucker Foundation for Nonprofit Career Guide. It was widely met and won Management: Self-Assessment three or four national book awards.”20 Tool; books (27 published in 30 languages), Leader to Leader Journal, “We were able to pull together Peter Drucker Award for Innovation knowledge about all types of nonprofits, and the teams assembled to serve nonprofit • American Humanics: Certification clients had the benefit of all McKinsey process for Nonprofit Career experience and expertise in serving the Development; internship process sector. We began looking for patterns for Nonprofit Career Development; across the sector, issues the sector cared Non-Profit Career Guide about, and made intellectual contributions • Degree programs in nonprofit that the sector was able to use, such as the management (3 in the early 70s, Capacity Building Framework. Much of this now several hundred) material is freely available to the sector on • McKinsey & Company: statistical McKinsey’s website.”21 impact data: Capacity Building Collaboration/Collective Action/Shared Framework Knowledge • National Human Services • The rapid growth of the sector created Assembly: Peer networking groups, a climate for collaboration to improve publications, newsletters, leadership service delivery, the human condition, institutes and the state of nonprofit management. “We didn’t focus on financial capital • Peer networks helped individuals because there was this hunger, this need for and organizations find others with common interests and concerns. 18 Op. cit., Stroup 19 Op. cit., Hesselbein 20 Op. cit., Stroup 21 Op. cit., Silverman

America’s Third Great Sector 41 • The sector became large enough, “If you don’t distribute the power and the significant enough and complex influence and the decision-making, it’s really enough for the organized preparation hard to have an impact across this country.”25 of the next generation of leaders. “I think the ultimate measure of success • The National Collaboration for is when people adopt a shared goal as part of Youth was formed and became a voice their own organizational strategy.”26 for big-picture thinking and action. “Being a part of a peer community “There was a strong sense of is a part of excellence in leadership. professionalism and collegiality that drove Those CEOs and leaders of whatever people from the early days until the present enterprise, but in our case non-profits in and beyond. It appears to have always the human service, human and community been not so much driven by external development organizations, who are open circumstances but by internal motivation to learning, open to collaboration, seem to among the professionals to stay on top of be the ones who are more than achieving those external factors. They continually a mission of their organization; they are strive to learn from one another and support helping to achieve a broader mission of one another as the various agencies attempt building stronger communities.”27 22 to serve the needs of communities.” “A relatively unique contribution that “They learned very quickly that if you the Assembly makes is to find out from could come up with innovative solutions in members what their concerns are and to this field of public education and get decision guide the members to jointly seek big picture makers to pay attention and actually support, solutions. We seek out those things we can you could create, not just good service do together to improve services delivery, delivery, but systemic reform strategy.”23 human conditions, and the state of non- “America’s Promise gathered the profit management. I don’t think there are President’s staff and secured a commitment many organizations that really try to lead from all the living Presidents to be a part their members beyond current thinking in of the founding of this new alliance. This such a holistic way. I think that is a unique 28 was historic because it is the first time in contribution.” American history that all the Presidents Preparation of Future Leaders came together to lend their support to the • Organizations require core staff same domestic issue, mainly our children.”24 support. There was a need to prepare people for work in the nonprofit

22 Op. cit., Katz 23 Op. cit., Cardinali 24 Op., cit., Kondracke 25 Oral interview with Joe Haggerty, COO, United Way Worldwide, 21 October 2009 26 Op. cit., Kondracke 27 p. cit., Katz 28 Op. cit., Katz

42 America’s Third Great Sector sector and to develop a pipeline We are making progress, but need to solicit of leaders for the future. Staff agreement on and support for useful outcome leaders did not have the necessary measures and help donors rely on outcome background to lead effectively. measures to guide their philanthropy.”32 • Social consciousness attracts In October, 1990, Peter F. Drucker students and future professionals. spoke at a press conference about • Nonprofit management is a career the formal launching of the Drucker option that is taken seriously on Foundation for Nonprofit Management. campus. A member of the press asked him, “What will be the first product of the “We invested in the education of our new foundation?” Peter replied, “It will people for every level, for every person; and be a self-assessment tool.” He went on to they knew if they needed help, they could describe five questions: call, and Dr. John W. Work III, a great educator and key trainer, would come out. • What is our mission? That was our contribution to building the • Who is our customer? richly diverse organization. It was a gift • What does the customer value? from the national organization to each of the • What have been our results? local councils. It had tremendous results.”29 • What have been our client’s results?33 “We believe – and many in the sector believe – that management matters, and “Today the nonprofit sector is better that capacity building matters for nonprofits managed and more organizationally capable and for those dependent on their services of utilizing its resources effectively. We and products.”30 believe – and many in the sector believe – that management matters, and that capacity “It was the issue of the need for building matters for nonprofits and for those preparation of people who worked in the dependent on their services and products.”34 non-profit sector. Many organizations relied upon volunteer labor but also had The main focus and activity of the a professional core but there was no real, National Human Services Assembly today effective means to get them the background is to be a place where peers in the non-profit they needed to effectively lead.”31 human service, human development sector can share knowledge and concerns.35 Impact Evaluation and Measurement Globalization “As a society we have to do a better job in funding effective and efficient nonprofits ... “One of my priorities was to carry our message all over the world and by now

29 Op. cit., Hesselbein 30 Op., cit., Silverman 31 Op., cit., Stroup 32 Op. cit., Silverman 33 Op. cit., Hesselbein 34 Op. cit., Silvermanz 35 Op. cit., Katz

America’s Third Great Sector 43 I have spoken or represented the United That isn’t prevalent in a lot of other cultures. States in 68 countries.”36 They wait for the government to do it. It’s During the 1970’s different groups just a different individualism. We grant were coming to us (United Way) from permission for it. I think the other important around the world and asking us to help thing is in some ways it’s written into some of them set up United Ways in different our government leanings, in the tax code and 39 countries. We set up a department things like that.” with just one or two people. We would “The Girl Scouts are very strong get retirees to go different places and internationally.”40 work with local communities to set up United Ways around the world. Looking to the Future In the 1990’s, there was enough “The future of America’s communities growth that we spun off the and vitality has never been more destined international group and they became to fall on the shoulders of the independent United Way International, with about sector and civil society. Most suffering and twenty staff helping people begin new death is avoidable. It is important to have United Ways. We now have United an infrastructure in place to help alleviate Ways in forty five countries. They are suffering and death in the future.” raising over a billion dollars outside – Dr. John R. Seffrin, CEO, of the United States. Recently, we American Cancer Society became United Way Worldwide “Right now, I think the social sector The reason why international is called to move with greater energy and United Ways have been growing in greater commitment and somehow through a lot of places is that people see the the gift of example, help people develop the whole world as their community and sense of hope and trust. Nothing matters not just the town they live in.37 more. Both here and abroad, social-sector “Understanding the gap between how organizations have a new challenge to build Americans and other countries felt about the a greater sense of trust among people and social sector was an important consideration among organizations. I think we are in a for us. Our European colleagues felt strong position in the social sector to help solving social issues was largely the role of build that trust in the democracy, in the government. It is a basic cultural issue in community, in one another.” global firms.38 – Frances Hesselbein, President, Leader to Leader Institute “For whatever reason, we are a society where people do come together in community and they form associations and do things.

36 Op. cit., Hesselbein 37 Op. cit., Haggerty 38 Op. cit., Silverman 39 Op. cit., Haggerty 40 Op. cit., Hesselbein

44 America’s Third Great Sector Showing the Way Getting Started: Change Begins With Me

These monographs have been written journalist, author, etc. Search to as a means of informing, educating, and find others of like minds and hearts inspiring people in today’s world to build to join with you. healthy, diverse, inclusive communities Conviction – to recognize a need that touches 4. Begin: Take action to right a wrong or their spirit and determine how they, expand human endeavor in a given within their own vocation or avocation, area of need. Seek to find the most can play a role in meeting that need. satisfying manner in which youmight We hope to spark new awareness and be a part of creating positive change. purposeful action in the minds and hearts Remain open to innovation and of our readers which will remedy and/or opportunity while assessing risk and creatively address these changes and barriers to success. Be a model of problems in a multitude of ways.Change integrity and public trust. Begins With Me! Awareness Commitment 1. Conceptualize: Discover your passion 5. Pledge: Promise to dedicate your and the place where your passion individual resources to being a change intersects with the needs of the agent. Dedicate your time, talent, world. intellect, and treasure to making a difference. 2. Explore: Seek to know more about the need(s) you have identified. 6. Collaborate: Discover how working Search for more knowledge about with others can enhance the what is currently being done to meet strengths of the effort, as well as the need and what more might be adding significance to your own life. done with appropriate support and/ 7. Evaluate: Monitor both process and or talent. results for continuous improvement. Expand the influence and impact of Belief your response. 3. Understand: Seek to comprehend Prepare to enjoy the accompanying sense of causes, effects, and creative growth, fulfillment and accomplishment! solutions. Recognize the significance of the need and how your involvement might assist in meeting the need; as a career choice or an educator, legislator, volunteer,

Showing the Way 45 Access Numbers to National Organizations

Adaptive Sports Association Easter Seals Helps to enrich and transform the lives Provides services for children and adults of people with disabilities through sports with disabilities or special needs and and recreation supports their families P.O. Box 1884 233 South Wacker Dr., Suite 2400 Durango, CO 81302 Chicago, IL 60606 970 259 0374 312 726 6200 www.asadurango.com/index.html 800 221 6827 www.easterseals.com American Association of People with Disabilities Elwyn Acts as a national voice for change in Provides education and rehabilitation, implementing goals of the Americans with employment options and community Disabilities Act residential programs for those with special 1629 K St. NW, Suite 950 needs Washington, DC 20006 111 Elwyn Rd. 202 457 0046 Media, PA 19063 800 840 8844 610 891 2000 www.aapd.com www.elwyn.org

America’s Promise Alliance Free Wheelchair Mission Facilitates voluntary action for children Aims to improve the quality of life for and youth through a collaborative network people with disabilities with the gift of 1110 Vermont Ave., NW, Suite 900 mobility Washington, DC 20005 9341 Irvine Blvd. 202 657 0600 Irvine, CA 92618 www.americaspromise.org 949 273 8470 800 733 0858 Athletes with Disabilities Network www.freewheelchairmission.org Promotes a better quality of life by creating opportunities for people with Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation physical disabilities Works to improve the lives of people with 2399 East Walton intellectual and developmental disabilities Auburn Hills, MI 48326 1133 19th St. NW, 12th Floor 258 475 3623 Washington, DC 20036-3604 http://www.adnpage.org 202 393 1250 www.jpkf.org

46 Showing the Way Lifespire National Human Services Assembly Aims to improve the lives of individuals An association of leading national non- with developmental disabilities profits in the field of health, human and 350 Fifth Ave., Suite 301 community development New York, NY 10118 1319 F St NW, Suite 402 Phone: (212) 741-0100 Washington, DC 20004 www.lifespire.org 202 347 2080 http://www.nassembly.org NADD (An Association for Persons with United States Fund for UNICEF Developmental Disabilities and Mental Works to save, protect and improve Health Needs) Promotes public and children’s lives professional interest in developmental 125 Maiden Lane disability; seeks to improve access to New York, NY 10038 mental health care 800 367 5437 132 Fair St. www.unicefusa.org Kingston, NY 12401-4802 845 331 4336 Variety International –The Children’s 800 331 5362 Charity www.thenadd.org Focuses on children with special needs or serious medical conditions National Ability Center 4601 Wilshire Blvd. Suite 260 Promotes the development of lifetime Los Angeles, CA 90010 skills for persons with disabilities and their 323 934 4688 families www.varietychildrenscharity.org P.O. Box 682799 Park city UT 84068 435 649 3991 http://www.discovernac.org

The National Council on Independent Living Advances independent living and the rights of people with disabilities 1710 Rhode Island Ave. NW, 5th floor Washington DC 20036 877 525 3400 www.ncil.org

Showing the Way 47 Gathering Insights and Understanding: How It All Happened

A Discussion Guide Founder______Issue/Need______Response to Need ______Date Organized______

I. What was the primary driver for the Founder Describe the background, experience, or impulses that ultimately served to move the founder to take action.

II. How did the Founder initiate the response: Describe whether the core idea was about helping people (a Helper) or people helping themselves (a Social Entrepreneur). Describe how and why this might have changed over time.

III. How did the idea for the response originate: Describe whether the idea for the response was original or if it was an adaptation or evolution of ideas in practice. Describe the extent to which it was built on accumulated knowledge.

48 Gathering Insights and Understanding: IV. How did the Founder work with and through others: Describe how the Founder began his/her work; as a soloist, or as the lead drummer of a band of change agents. Describe how the interaction with others changed over time.

V. How did the Founder use his/her position to influence others: Describe the extent to which the individual used his/her position to bring others in positions of influence to participate in addressing the need(s). Was the approach collaborative or confrontational?

VI. How did the Founder design the model: Describe how the model served as a style for others to replicate and how. Describe whether the Founder intended the model to be replicated, or was it accidental.

VII. How would you describe the style of the Founder: Describe the style of leadership that prevailed; i.e., lone wolf, coalition builder, social entrepreneur, other…

Gathering Insights and Understanding: 49 Echoes of Past: Parallels in Today’s World

Condition: Then (1970-1990) Condition: Now (2010) Economic and Social: • Severe gas shortages caused prices to • High gas prices have a negative impact skyrocket. on a weak economy. • Stagnant growth and high • Slow economic recovery and high unemployment distressed average unemployment are global concerns. Americans. • Substantial decline in optimism about • Following the sharpest economic the future; rise in cynicism toward all correction since the Great Depression, levels of government. outlook is pessimistic. • Growing homeless population was • High unemployment and record reminiscent of 1930s Hoovervilles. numbers of home foreclosures increase homeless population. • Fueled by continued spending on • Deficit spending finances war on two Vietnam War and entitlement fronts and stimulation of the economy. programs, the federal deficit mushroomed. • Value of the dollar dropped • Value of the dollar has declined as precipitously as investors lost federal deficits continue at record confidence in the soundness of the levels. world’s leading economy. • The gap between rich and poor • The gap between rich and poor rivals increased dramatically in the 80s the records set in the late 1920s. with huge cuts in spending on social programs. • Fear was a driving emotion of the 80s. • Fear continues to be a driving emotion. Business and Industry • Computers were revolutionizing • Computers impact business operations manufacturing processes and business as well as personal and social activities. operations of all types. • Society-wide crisis of institutional • Economic woes and fallout from confidence. recession blamed on unethical practices of large financial institutions.

50 Gathering Insights and Understanding: • European and Asian economies grew • Trade deficits for the United States stronger, crowding American goods reached record levels. out of international markets, creating the first trade deficit since 1890. • Deregulation of the thrift industry led • High-risk banking practices and lack to the federal bailout of the savings of regulation led to federal bailout of and loan industry. the industry. • Federal government bailed out Chrysler • Federal government bailed out General Motors and Chrysler to prevent them from going under. • Heated debate on the role of the • Heated debate on the role of the federal government. federal government in wake of bailouts and stimulus spending. Health, Science and Technology • Communications became a major • Mobile communication devices industry. continue to expand the industry. • HIV/AIDS became a national health • HIV/AIDS is a major international issue. health issue. • Open heart surgery for cardio-vascular • Improved drugs and angioplasty are disease became widespread. widespread in the treatment of cardio- vascular disease. • Public education regarding the dangers • Continuing education regarding the of smoking became widespread. dangers of smoking has materially changed smoking behavior in the United States. Growth of the Health and Human Services Sector • National nonprofit organizations work • Membership organizations gain together for greater impact. prominence and strengthen collaboration and collective action. • National nonprofit organizations share • Industry standards for best practices best practices to increase efficiency are being developed. and effectiveness. • A few colleges and universities offer • Several hundred schools for nonprofit courses in nonprofit management. management have been established.

Gathering Insights and Understanding: 51 • Cross-sector partnerships begin to • The nonprofit sector has become develop. an equal partner with business and government • Tools for nonprofit management • Resources for nonprofit leadership were developed – books, journals, proliferate; webinars become a tool for conferences, seminars. sharing knowledge. • Donors supported charitable causes. • Donors support organizations with proven results and measured impact.

52 Gathering Insights and Understanding: Echoes in My Mind: A Discussion Guide

After reading the story and Echoes of the Past, allow your mind to ECHO THEN and NOW- Reflect, discuss and answer the following questions for yourself. Founder ______Movements/Organizations______Time Period ______

Conditions and Events I. Culture and Society A. What changes in demographics/culture of the time period most closely replicate changes today? How and where do they differ?

B. What impact did/does the culture have on social responsibility?

II. Lifestyle A. Identify lifestyles of the time that parallel lifestyles in today’s world.

B. How do lifestyle changes/choices impact social need and response?

Gathering Insights and Understanding: 53 III. Business and Industry – Government and Politics A. What parallels exist today with the economic environment of the time period referenced?

B. How did/does legislation assist in alleviating social need?

C. How did/does the political climate and ideology enhance social responsibility?

IV. Health, Science and Technology A. How did innovation in technology assist in mobilizing people to action? Draw parallels in today’s world.

Making a Difference I. Characteristics of Social Entrepreneurs A. Draw comparisons to the character traits, motivating impulses, and actions of social entrepreneurs – then and now.

54 Gathering Insights and Understanding: II. Community Needs A. Identify various social needs created by the conditions and events of the times. Which of them are universal over time? Which specific to that time? Which are still challenges today? Why?

III. Opportunities to Make a Difference A. What opportunities were there for service? What opportunities are available today? Can you perhaps create them?

Gathering Insights and Understanding: 55 Conclusions, Major Themes, and Guiding Principles

Founder: Eunice Kennedy Shriver Major Themes: Model: Special Olympics 1. For many of the poorest regions of Date Organized: 1968 the world, television remains a tool Conclusions: for understanding and acceptance of 1. Special Olympics Games are an others. opportunity to share cooperative 2. Family values prepare young people ideals as well as competitive values. for a life of public service. 2. Political skills and leadership 3. Triumph over tragedy ennobles a life qualities can be exercised in service and offers focus for a life of service. to a special population group – or in 4. Public policy drives momentum. service to one’s country. 5. Fun and games help children grow 3. Consultations with a broad array of and flourish and play a critical role experts and organizations help define in the health and development of all organizational focus. children. 4. Personal experience and interaction 6. Sports programs can serve as a bring awareness of need, particularly doorway to a wider world. for neglected population groups 7. Victims of discrimination are often throughout the world. ignored and forgotten. 5. Recruiting a diverse group of 8. Involvement and participation helps volunteers helps to turn an idea into us appreciate ourselves and value action. each other. 6. Great things often start in small 9. Corporations, domestic and unassuming ways and are nurtured international, are vital partners. by those who care. 10. A vital group of volunteers are 7. Determination is a major factor in doctors, nurses, and medical success. technicians who share their medical 8. Direct action taken to promote wisdom. healing and better health care 11. Meaningful work can capture the helps to level the playing fields for imaginations of people everywhere. those who work hard to overcome handicaps. 12. The life and work of one individual can inspire generations to come.

56 Gathering Insights and Understanding: Guiding Principles: 1. Find something to really believe in and you will achieve more than you can imagine. 2. Establish cross-sector partnerships, with corporations, government and educational institutions to enhance impact. 3. Use media to foster awareness, understanding, commitment and social change. 4. Reach out for highly qualified professionals in your field of endeavor, including those with international credentials, to guide expansion. 5. Establish research centers to develop and measure outcomes as guides for further action. 6. Work with local officials to establish programs in other countries. 7. Launch parallel programs to meet ancillary needs of clients and/or target populations. ______

Gathering Insights and Understanding: 57 Legacy and Impact Data

In the field of health and human Some are membership organizations. services the Encyclopedia of Associations Most operate with minimal staff; budgets lists organizations focused on: range from $25,000 to $800 million. While many of the organizations Athletics Human Potential provide national direction, policy, and Birth Defects Human Services voice, their local affiliates work across Cerebral Palsy Learning Disabled the public and private sections to raise Child Mental Health awareness, provide emotional and physical support, and raise the dollars Development Mentally Disabled necessary to support their mission. Their Child Health Neurological grassroots advocacy networks promote Child Welfare Disorders effective legislation to provide access to Children Physically Disabled information and care for all Americans Community Physically at the local, state, and federal levels. Organization Impaired Community presence is focused on enhancing lives and providing quality of Developmental Rehabilitation life for those whom they serve; building Education Social Change healthy, diverse, inclusive community. Disabilities Social Welfare Health and human services Disabled Spina Bifida organizations founded during the 20th Down Syndrome Sports century include, but are not limited to, the following: Epilepsy Stroke • America’s Promise Alliance Head Injury Visually Impaired Washington, DC Health Founded in 1997 These organizations work to • The Arc of the United States improve the quality of life, enhance Washington, DC self-esteem, and advance the social, Founded in 1950 economic, mental and physical welfare • American Association of People for all children and adults with special with Disabilities needs through advocacy, education, Washington, DC service, sponsorship and promotion of Founded in 1995 educational, athletic, rehabilitation • Children’s Defense Fund and vocational opportunities to enable Washington, DC them to achieve their potential. Many Founded in 1973 offer support and services to the families.

58 Gathering Insights and Understanding: • Easter Seals Special Olympics Chicago, IL Washington, DC Founded in 1919 Founded in 1968 • Goodwill Industries International, Inc. Special Olympics is an international Rockville, MD organization that provides people with Founded in 1902 intellectual disabilities the opportunity • International Center for Disability to realize their potential, develop Resources on the Internet physical fitness, demonstrate courage, Raleigh, NC and experience joy and friendship. Founded in 1998 Special Olympics competitive games are held every two years, alternating • Joseph P Kennedy, Jr. Foundation between Summer and Winter Games. Washington, DC Special Olympics also provides year- Founded in 1946 round sports training and athletic • Make-A-Wish Foundation competition. There are local, national Phoenix, AZ and regional competitions in over 170 Founded in 1980 countries involving more than 3.5 • March of Dimes millions athletes. In North America, White Plains, NY there are more than 72 programs with Founded in 1921 over 545,000 athletes participating. • National Ability Center Special Olympics educates people about Park City, UT the dignity and gifts of all people. Its Founded in 1985 sports and youth outreach programs change attitudes, teach sensitivity and • National Health Council enhance understanding of intellectual Washington, DC disability. Special Olympics oath is, “Let Founded in 1920 me win. But if I cannot win, let me be • United Way Worldwide brave in the attempt.” Alexandria, VA Contact: Founded in 1974 www.specialolympics.org • Variety the Children’s Charity 1133 19th Street NW Los Angeles, CA Washington, DC 20036-3604 Founded in 1928 800 700 8585

Gathering Insights and Understanding: 59 Economic Conditions 1970-1990

The 70s the Chrysler Corporation to keep it 5 The economy was in the doldrums for the from sliding into bankruptcy. entire decade • As 1980 began, the US economy • All the major economic indices appeared to be headed for a showed alarming decline; industrial major depression ... Markets for production, new home construction, the nation’s two most important and automobile sales fell off products, housing and automobiles, 6 precipitously. virtually collapsed. • The federal deficit mushroomed Economic insecurity for much of the to $23 billion in 1971, fueled by population continued spending on Vietnam • In May 1975 the US unemployment War, the space program and rate hit 9.2 percent, the highest entitlement programs.1 since 1941. • Value of the dollar on international • “During the 1970s, the sum of money markets dropped poor families with a man present precipitously as investors lost decreased by 25%, whereas the total confidence in the soundness of the of poor families headed by women world’s leading economy.2 increased by almost 39%.”7 • In 1973, inflation reached 12%.3 • ... one quarter of those Americans • The oil embargo of 1973 caused older than 65 years of age lived in sharp, severe gas shortages. President poverty ...”The old and the young Carter called the Energy Crisis “the have three common traits,” …”Both moral equivalent of war,” urging have no money, no power, and no 8 Americans to get used to an era identity.” of limits.4 • “Decades of “white flight” to the • In 1979, President Carter suburbs had reduced the white recommended, and Congress population (including whites of approved, a $1.5 billion bailout of Hispanic origin) from 95% in 1950

1 Woods, Randall Bennett, Quest for Identity (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 311. 2 Ibid. P. 311. 3 Jewell, Elizabeth, U.S. Presidents Factbook (New York: Random House Reference, Random House, 2005) 362. 4 Bennett, William J. America, The Last Best Hope (Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, 2007) 462. 5 Blank, Carla. Rediscovering America: The Making of Multicultural America (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2003) 358. 6 Op. cit., Woods, P. 432. 7 Op. cit., Woods, P. 376. 8 Op. cit., Woods, 370-71.

60 Gathering Insights and Understanding: to 60% in l980 ... what you saw meant high unemployment and was low income, high crime, poor punishing interest rates. Americans schools, burned-out buildings, acres grumbled as they lined up for of vacant lots used as dumping rationed gasoline.”11 grounds, abandoned cars, and the • [Also in 1981], “President Reagan … night lit by fires. The smell of smoke announced his plan for the largest hung in the air, mixed with the tax cut in American history.”12 stench of rotting trash.”9 • Through 1984, there were $140 The 80s billion of cuts in social programs The “theme park” images of the 80s: and an increase of $181 billion for defense. • the growing homeless population reminding many of the Hoovervilles • Tax cuts, coupled with a 41% real that followed on the collapse of increase in defense spending, sent prosperity of the 20s; the deficit soaring from $90 billion in 1982 to $283 billion in 1986. • the deepening chasm separating To finance the deficit, the federal America’s rich and poor; government had to borrow at home • the arrival of AIDS and the drug and abroad.13 epidemic in the inner cities; • Supply-side policies doubled the • soaring deficits increased by percentage of the nation’s wealth Ronald Reagan’s ambitious defense going to the top 1% of earners from spending; 8.1% to almost 15%.14 • the 1986 Iran-Contra scandal • “the great numbers of people recalling the embarrassment of whom the nation’s new wealth Watergate; never reached, the underclass • the insider trading scandals; roaming jobless through America’s continuing decaying cities, and • the 1987 market crash, the first since especially the homeless, … in an 1929.10 increasingly visible street population Funding of social programs decreased and that … put the lie to claims that the funding for defense rose nation was back on its feet.”15 • [In 1981], “The U.S. economy was • There was a departure of industry in serious trouble ... “Stagflation from urban centers and the rise of a

9 Putnam, Robert D. and Lewis M. Feldstein, Better Together (New York: Simon and Schuster Paperbacks, 2004) 77. 10 Jennings, Peter and Todd Brewster, The Century (New York: Doubleday, 1998) 471-473. 11 Op. cit., Bennett, P. 481. 12 Op. cit., Bennett, P. 481 13 Op. cit., Woods, P. 459. 14 Op. cit., Woods, PP. 460-61. 15 Op. cit., Jennings, P. 486.

Gathering Insights and Understanding: 61 service economy which created part • “Supply-side economics both time work and lower paying jobs for stimulated and reflected what black Americans historians have referred to as a • “Unemployment touched an “culture of greed,” a pervasive self- astounding 10%, while inflation centered acquisitiveness that seemed 20 continued at a double-digit rate and to pervade the 1980s…” the prime interest rate hovered near • “Like no other time since the 1920s, 20%.”16 America in the mid-80s embraced a 21 • Despite a rash of business failures, culture of money and glitz.” an increase in homelessness and substantial Democratic gains in Congress in 1982, Reagan refused to reject the concept of supply-side economics.17 Stock market soared and crashed • 1986 – Stock market prices reached all time highs • “The rash of corporate mergers drove stock prices ever upward and brought about an inevitable crash on Wall Street in 1987.”18 • “Junk-bond dealing and irresponsible mergers started the nose dive, but economists … declared that the massive decline was due in large part to the federal government’s deficit spending and America’s trade imbalance.”19

16 Op. cit., Woods, P.448. 17 Op. cit., Woods, P. 448. 18 Op. cit., Woods, PP. 460-61. 19 Op. cit., Woods, P. 461. 20 Op. cit., Woods, P. 460. 21 Gilbert, Martin, A History of the Twentieth Century (New York: Perennial, 2002) 484.

62 Gathering Insights and Understanding: Political Climate 1970-1990

The 70s impeachment of President Nixon. On 4 1968: Richard M. Nixon elected President August 8, 1974, Nixon resigned.” 1972: Richard M. Nixon re-elected • Americans celebrated their 1974: Vice-President Gerald Ford bicentennial, yet this most patriotic appointed President after Nixon’s of moments came at a time when resignation the nation felt decidedly unpatriotic, 1976: elected President confused about what it meant to be Americans distrusted their government and an American and not sure that it other institutions was such a great thing to be anyway. • Americans’ sense that they had been Movements formed lied to and deliberately deceived • The US invasion of Cambodia in during crucial periods in the 1970 intensified anti-Vietnam War Vietnam War created an attitude of demonstrations around the world. deep cynicism toward government at • An antiwar demonstration at Kent all levels, but particularly the federal State University led to violence as 1 government. national guardsmen fired on a crowd • Polls showed “widespread, basic of student protesters, killing four, on discontent and political alienation.”2 May 4, 1970.6 • Presidential politics was sidetracked, • Student protests against the ROTC momentarily, by the [1972] Olympic resulted in canceling of those Games in Munich, West Germany. programs in over 40 colleges and The Munich Massacre bore somber universities.7 witness to the rising specter of • Native-American demonstrators terrorism employed as an instrument conducted sit-ins at the Bureau of 3 of international policy. Indian Affairs. • As a result of the Watergate scandal, • In April 1971, the Vietnam “by the fall of 1973, eight different Veterans against the war (VVAW) resolutions had been introduced in spearheaded a massive rally in the House of Representatives for the Washington DC.8

1 Woods, Randall Bennett. Quest for Identity (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 399. 2 Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of the United States (New York: Perennial Classics, 2003) 542. 3 Bennett, William J. America, The Last Best Hope (Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, 2007) 427. 4 Op. cit, Zinn, 545. 5 Jennings, Peter and Todd Brewster, The Century (New York: Doubleday, 1998) 425. 6 Jewell, Elizabeth. U.S. Presidents Factbook (New York: Random House Reference, Random House, Inc., 2005) 371. 7 Op. cit., Zinn, 491.

Gathering Insights and Understanding: 63 • On April 22, 1970, the first Earth provided workers the right to a safe Day inaugurated the official and healthy workplace. American participation in the • In 1971, Congress passed the growing environmental movement. National Cancer Act in full Widespread public expression of expectation that millions of dollars concern for environmental damage in federal research funds would lead encouraged Congress to pass a to eradication of the dreaded disease National Environmental Policy within the decade …10 Act (NEPA) ... and to create the • 1971 – Supreme Court ruled to protect Environmental Protection Agency.9 women with small children from Significant Congressional and Court action hiring-discrimination practices.11 • In 1969, the U.S. Supreme Court • Emergency Employment Act of 1971 ordered the immediate integration provided funding for the creation of of all public and private schools jobs within the public sector. (Alexander v. Holmes County Board • 26th Constitutional amendment of Education) lowered the voting age from 21 to • Congress passed the Voting Rights 18 years. Act of 1970 which included an • The Equal Employment amendment protecting minority Opportunities Act of 1972 aimed to voters from practices that prevent remove remaining inequalities in pay, people from voting. hiring, and the workplace. The Equal • Nixon signed the Clean Air Act Credit Opportunity Act of 1974 on December 31, 1970, giving the made discrimination in credit illegal. Environmental Protection Agency • January 22, 1973, the Supreme Court the authority to create air pollution ruled in its landmark Roe v. Wade and emissions standards for new decision that the constitutional factories and hazardous industrial right to privacy includes “a woman’s pollutants. decision whether or not to terminate • Legislation banning tobacco her pregnancy.”12 advertisements from television went • The Fair Labor Standards Act into effect in 1971. amendments of 1974 and 1977 • Agricultural Act of 1970 protected expanded coverage to workers and improved farm income. not previously covered and raised • Occupational Safety and Health Act minimum wage. (OSHA) signed by Nixon in 1970 • Equal Educational Opportunity Act

8 Fraser, James W. A History of Hope (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004) 290. 9 Blank, Carla. Rediscovering America: The Making of Multicultural America (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2003) 327. 10 Op. cit., Woods, 385. 11 Op. cit., Blank, 333. 12 Jewell, Elizabeth. U.S. Presidents Factbook (New York: Random House Reference, Random House, Inc., 2005) 372.

64 Gathering Insights and Understanding: of 1974 created equality in public The 80s schools. In addition to requiring 1980: Ronald Reagan elected President schools to provide equal facilities 1984: Ronald Reagan re-elected and access to teachers in public 1988: George Bush elected President education, it also made bilingual Supply-side economics education programs available for Hispanic students.13 • Columnist George Will summed up the Reagan agenda: “Government • Employee Retirement Security is too big, it taxes too much, and Act (ERISA) enacted in 1974 the Soviets are getting away with protected the interests of employee murder.”17 benefit plan participants and their beneficiaries.14 • In his Inaugural address, Reagan stated that “government is not the • The Indian Self-Determination Act solution to the problem; government (1974) restored the legal status of is the problem.”18 Native American tribes and gave them partial control over federal • Supply-side economics dominated programs on their soil. the decade, and supply-side policies doubled the percentage of the • On November 9, 1975, the Education nation’s wealth going to the top for All Handicapped Children Act 1% of earners from 8.1% to almost was passed. It mandated free public 15%.19 education for handicapped children.15 • Reagan’s budget proposed $41.4 billion • Jimmy Carter’s victory in 1976 reduction in expenditures that came proved the power of the African [in part] from elimination of social American vote. Carter appointed services and reductions in welfare many African Americans to high payments and non-Social Security level positions in the administration and Medicare programs.20 and ambassadorial posts.16 • Reagan rejected the strategy of détente; ordered a massive military buildup in an arms race with the USSR

13 Op. cit., Blank. 347. 14 Baird, John. Promises to Keep: The Mutual of America Story (New York: Mutual of America, 1989) 178. 15 Op. cit., Jewell, P. 380. 16 Op. cit., Blank, P. 352. 17 Op. cit., Bennett, P. 485. 18 Op. cit., Blank, P. 373. 19 Op. cit., Woods, PP.460-61. 20 Op. cit., Jewell, P. 447.

Gathering Insights and Understanding: 65 • Critics labeled Reagan’s foreign • Civil Liberties Act of 1988 issued policies as aggressive, imperialistic, formal apology to the Japanese- and chided them as “warmongering”. American community by the US Conservatives argued that they were government, admitting that a necessary to protect US security “grave injustice” motivated by interests. “racial prejudice, war hysteria and Significant Congressional and Court action failure of political leadership” led to the internment of 140,000 • Refugee Act of 1980 defined the Japanese-American citizens during term refugee to conform to the World War II.23 l967 UN Protocol on Refugees and removed previous limitations • Supreme Court made a series of imposed by the standing definition decisions that weakened Roe v. of a refugee as a person fleeing from Wade, brought back the death Communist persecution. This penalty, reduced the rights of 24 allowed thousands more refugees to detainees against police powers … enter the U.S.21 • 1990 – Americans with Disabilities 25 • Immigration Reform and Control Act (ADA) was approved. Act of 1986 required employers • Reagan infuriated civil rights groups to attest to their employees’ when he asked the Supreme Court immigration status, and granted to restore tax exempt status to amnesty to certain illegal immigrants segregated private schools. who entered the United States before January 1, 1982 and resided there continuously. • Reagan named the first woman to the Supreme Court – Sandra Day O’Connor.22

21 Op. cit., Blank, P. 365. 22 Op. cit., Bennett, PP. 522-23. 23 Op. cit., Blank, P. 392. 24 Op. cit., Zinn, P. 574. 25 Op. cit., Bennett, P. 419.

66 Gathering Insights and Understanding: Development of Human Service Sector in the United States

1800 – Constitutional/Moral Order 1970 – Third Sector Development • Freedom and responsibility • Human resource development: • Individual action • Staff and volunteer partnership • Religious base • Management and leadership • Community activities development • Strategic planning 1900 – Social Enterprise: Movements for Change • National organizational development w/ affiliates, • Lift voices centralized focus, priorities, • Activist activities impact • Share knowledge 1985 – Trans-Organizational • Form communities Development • Academic programs 1910 – Informal Organizational Growth • Trade associations • Social/Health/Children and Families/Humanitarian Relief • Sector interaction • Educational • Development of Networks • Philanthropic • Economic contributions and • Volunteer – driven impact • Partnerships and 1930 – Formal Organizational Growth collaborations: leveraging • Community/regional/national strengths • Dedicated staff 1990 – Global Exportation • Program development 2000 – Cross-Sector Partnerships 1950 – Revenue enhancement • Staff domination • Legal and regulatory requirements • Interaction with private and public sectors • Formation of many new 501©(3) organizations

Gathering Insights and Understanding: 67 Resources Cited

Stossel, Scott. Sarge: The Life and Times of Sargent Shriver. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2004. Special Olympics publications: Special Olympics World Summer Games 2003; Healthy Athletes Screening Data Special Olympics Spirit: Volume 12, Number 3; Volume 13, Issue 1; Volume 13, Issue 2

Historical Events and Conditions: Aviv, Diana. “Earning the Public Trust.” The Nonprofit Quarterly, Special Section: Accountability Summer 2004: 53-56. Baird, John. Promises to Keep: The Mutual of America Story. New York: Mutual of America, 1989. Bennett, William J. America, the Last Best Hope, Volume II. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, Inc., 2007. Blank, Carla. Rediscovering America: The Making of Multicultural America, 1900-2000. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2003. Encyclopedia of Associations: An Associations Unlimited Reference. National Organizations of the United States, Volume 1 Part 2 (Sections 7 – 18), 2003. Flynn, William J. “The Renaissance in the Spirit of Voluntarism.” Irish America Heritage Series. New York, NY: 2008. Fraser, James W. A History of Hope: When Americans Have Dared to Dream of a Better Future. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Gilbert, Martin. A History of the Twentieth Century. New York: Perennial, 2002. Halberstam, David, General Editor. Defining A Nation: Our America and the Sources of Its Strength. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2003 Hammack, David C. “Nonprofit Organizations in American History, Research Opportunities and Sources.” American Behavioral Scientist 45.11 (2002): 1638-74. Jennings, Peter and Todd Brewster. The Century. New York: Doubleday, 1998. Jewell, Elizabeth. U.S. Presidents Factbook. New York: Random House Reference, Random House, Inc., 2005. Putnam, Robert D. and Lewis M. Feldstein. Better Together. New York: Simon and Schuster Paperbacks, 2004.

68 Resources Cited Woods, Randall Bennett. Quest for Identity: America since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Zinn, Howard. The Twentieth Century. New York: Perennial, 2003. ---. A People’s History of the United States: 1492 – Present. New York: Perennial Classics, 2003.

Resources Cited 69 For more Information

The Human Spirit Initiative The Extra Mile – Points of Light Ordinary People Doing Extraordinary Things Volunteer Pathway

Mission: To inspire people to build The Extra Mile – Points of Light healthy, diverse, and inclusive community Volunteer Pathway is a new national monument dedicated to the spirit of Purpose: Record the history of the service in America. Honoring heroes human service sector in this country and of our Nation’s service movement, the share it in a manner which will inspire Extra Mile comprises a series of bronze individual initiative, as well as collective medallions forming a one-mile walking endeavors in building community, with path just blocks from the White House. a focus on youth, older Americans, and emerging leaders. From the founders of major service organizations to civil rights leaders, the The Human Spirit Initiative, a 20 initial honorees selflessly championed 501©3 corporation, seeks to foster causes to help others realize a better collaborations and partnerships with America. Their legacies are enduring the public and private sectors, as well social movements that continue to as social entrepreneurs and academic engage and inspire us today. institutions to further its vision of greater The Extra Mile is an initiative of understanding of and commitment to the Points of Light Institute and was building civil society. approved by Congress and the District of Direct Inquiries to: Columbia. For further information consult the Kathleen Horsch, Chairman Extra Mile website: www.extramile.us The Human Spirit Initiative 19 S. First Street, B2506 Minneapolis, MN 55401 Phone: (612) 860-8468 Email: kathleen.horsch@human-spirit- initiative.org Website: www.human-spirit-initiative.org

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