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Controls on Middle to Late Ordovician Synorogenic Deposition in the Southeastern Corner of Laurentia

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Controls on Middle to Late Ordovician Synorogenic Deposition in the Southeastern Corner of Laurentia University of Kentucky UKnowledge University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2003 CONTROLS ON MIDDLE TO LATE ORDOVICIAN SYNOROGENIC DEPOSITION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF LAURENTIA German Bayona University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Bayona, German, "CONTROLS ON MIDDLE TO LATE ORDOVICIAN SYNOROGENIC DEPOSITION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF LAURENTIA" (2003). University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations. 364. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/364 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Germán Bayona The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2003 CONTROLS ON MIDDLE TO LATE ORDOVICIAN SYNOROGENIC DEPOSITION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF LAURENTIA _____________________________________ ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION _____________________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Germán Bayona Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. William A. Thomas, Professor of Geological Sciences Lexington, Kentucky 2003 Copyright © Germán Bayona 2003 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION CONTROLS ON MIDDLE TO LATE ORDOVICIAN SYNOROGENIC DEPOSITION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF LAURENTIA Middle and Upper Ordovician strata in the southernmost Appalachians document initial collision along the southeastern margin of Laurentia during the Blountian orogeny, an early phase of the Taconic orogeny. Coeval drowning and exposure of different parts of the former platform and variations in stratal architecture have been attributed to tectonic and depositional loading along the collisional margin. Stratigraphic correlations, using a bentonite-graptolite- conodont time framework, a palinspastic map, and a map of subsurface basement structures, suggest that basement-fault reactivation, flexural subsidence, and eustasy variously controlled uplift, subsidence, and deposition at different sites within the peripheral foreland basin. This dissertation documents how pre-existing structures in the continental margin and interior affected subsidence, deposition, diagenesis, and composition of foreland strata, and deformation in tectonic loads. Stratigraphic correlations document an early episode of basement- fault inversion in the distal foreland, and heterogeneous subsidence and provenance patterns in the middle and proximal foreland. Abrupt variations in depth of erosion of passive-margin strata and in thickness of distal foreland deposits coincide with the boundaries of the intraplate Birmingham graben. Inversion of the former graben increased the magnitude of erosion on inverted upthrown blocks; increased tectonic subsidence in adjacent blocks; supplied chert and quartz detritus to shallow-marine carbonate depocenters; and facilitated influx of meteoric water to aquifers in shallow-marine limestones. Tectonic subsidence of middle and proximal foreland deposits reflects local irregularities in the foreland subsidence and different rates of migration of the flexural wave along strike. Differential subsidence between embayments and promontories may have caused reactivation of transverse basement faults. Relief produced by reactivation of transverse basement faults and flexural normal reactivation of basement faults may provide sources for local conglomerates interbedded with deep-water shales. Differences in orogenic- belt deformation are reflected in provenance analyses that suggest exposure of dominantly feldspar-bearing basement rocks in the orogenic belt adjacent to the promontory and exposure of basement rocks and sedimentary cover in the orogenic belt adjacent to the embayment. Results of this study reveal the importance of considering the effects of pre-existing structures in the interpretation of along- and across-strike variations of foreland strata. Therefore, geodynamic modeling of the Blountian foreland basin needs to consider along-strike variations in the geometry of tectonic loads and reactivation of different basement structures. KEYWORDS: Blountian orogeny, reactivation, Ordovician, peripheral foreland, inversion Germán Bayona January 2003 CONTROLS ON MIDDLE TO LATE ORDOVICIAN SYNOROGENIC DEPOSITION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF LAURENTIA By Germán Bayona William A. Thomas Director of Dissertation Alan E. Fryar Director of Graduate Studies January 2003 RULES FOR THE USE OF DISSERTATIONS Unpublished dissertations submitted for the Doctor’s degree and deposited in the University of Kentucky Library are as rule open for inspection, but are to be used only with due regard to the right of the authors. Bibliographical references may be noted, but quotations or summaries of parts may be published only with the permission of the author, and with the usual scholarly acknowledgments. Extensive copying or publication of the dissertation in whole or in part also requires the consent of the Dean of the Graduate School of the University of Kentucky. DISSERTATION Germán Bayona The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2003 CONTROLS ON MIDDLE TO LATE ORDOVICIAN SYNOROGENIC DEPOSITION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF LAURENTIA _____________________________________ DISSERTATION _____________________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Germán Bayona Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. William A. Thomas, Professor of Geological Sciences Lexington, Kentucky 2003 Copyright © Germán Bayona 2003 To my parents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would have neither at begin nor at end without the support from my advisor, Dr. William A. Thomas. Thanks to Dr. Thomas, I was able to realize a dream and succeed in a goal; but more important, what I have learnt from him is now the motivation to built new dreams and goals in Colombia. He and his wife, Mrs. Rachel Thomas, gave me encouragement and support in several stages of my doctoral studies, and there are not words to express my appreciation for their friendship and scientific guidance in these four years. Committee members, Frank Ettensohn, Kieran O’Hara, James Drahovzal, Paul Howell, and Mark Hanson were very open for discussion of ideas and concepts, and their feedback allowed me to address the trajectory of my research. Alan Fryar, Sue Rimmer, and Dave Moecher, faculty of the Department of Geological Sciences, helped me to understand basic concepts of hydrology, clay mineralogy, petrology when I needed. Comments of Peter DeCelles (University of Arizona), improved the content of this dissertation. Mary Sue Johnson and Pam K. Stephens (staff of the Department of Geological Sciences) helped me in the paperwork of everything; thanks to Mary and Pam, I was able to concentrate in science. This research was supported by grants to W. A. Thomas from the U. S. National Science Foundation grant EAR-9706735 and Donors of the Petroleum Research Fund (33390), administered by the American Chemical Society. Financial support also comes from the Geological Society of America and a Dissertation Enhancement Award (University of Kentucky Graduate School). Funds from the Department of Geological Sciences, the Southeastern Section of the Geological Society of America, and the Graduate School of the University of Kentucky supported the travel expenses for presentation of the results obtained from this dissertation. Several professors and colleagues contributed in different ways in this dissertation. Tim Lawton, my former advisor at New Mexico State University, introduced me to Dr. Thomas and encouraged me to continue with my Ph. D. Ed Osborne (Alabama Geological Survey) gave me some unpublished information, and I enjoyed the time in the field with Ed discussing the stratigraphy and structure of the Alabama thrust belt. Dorothy Raymond and other members of the Alabama Geological Survey also shared new field data of Ordovician outcrops in the Alabama Appalachians. Tim Chowns and Randal L. Kath (State University of West Georgia), and Carl W. Stock (University of Alabama) pointed out some type localities and new outcrops. Stanley C. Finney (California State University) identified and assigned an age of graptolites iii collected in the Athens Shale. Discussions of Ordovician conodonts with John Repetski (USGS) contributed to clarify the construction of the time framework of this study. Warren Huff (University of Cincinnati) explained patiently how to identify and to deal with a K-bentonite. Rob Van der Voo (University of Michigan) gave me the opportunity to work and learn about the theory and applications of paleomagnetism. James Gleason (University of Michigan) carried out the analysis of Nd isotopes, and explained to me the relevance of this method for provenance analysis. Ricardo Astini (Universidad de Córdoba, Argentina) gracias por compartir sus conocimientos en campo, tanto en Argentina como en Alabama. Camilo Montes (University of Tennessee) and Sofia, and Mauricio Baquero (Bowling Green University) and Alba Lucy for their hospitality in my several trips to Alabama and Michigan. Bob Hatcher (University of Tennessee) and Seismic Exchange Inc. for access
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