CNPP Slovenia 2014 Processed
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SLOVENIA (Updated 2014) 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Country overview The Republic of Slovenia is a small European country bordering on the west to Italy and the Adriatic Sea, on the north to Austria, on the east to Hungary, and on the south to Croatia. Its capital is Ljubljana. 1.1.1 Governmental System Under the Constitution, Slovenia is a democratic republic and a social state governed by law. The state’s authority is based on principle of the separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers, with a parliamentary system of government. The highest legislative authority is the National Assembly, which has right to enact laws. Elections to the National Assembly are held four years. As of 1 May 2004 Slovenia is member of European Union and became full NATO member on 29 March 2004. 1.1.2 Geography and Climate Slovenia is a mountainous land. In the north are the Julian and Karavanke Alps, and in the south, the Dinaric Alps. With 20,273 square km is one of the smallest European countries. Highest mountain is Triglav with 2,864 m. The highest elevation, mount Triglav (2.864 m) is in the Julian range. The climate is moderate, with mean temperatures of 0 °C to 2 °C in January and 18 °C to 19 °C in July. Precipitation varies between 800 mm and 1,200 mm per year, although it can exceed 2,000 mm in some locations. About 23 percent of the land is arable; about 28 percent consists of meadows and pastures and about 50 percent is forested. The principal rivers are the Sava and the Drava. Slovenia has both mountain glacial lakes – such as the popular tourist resort, Lake Bled – and Karst lakes. At the lower levels, forests consist mostly of beech and oak trees; at higher elevations, coniferous trees predominate. The Postojna Caves, in the Karst, are the third – largest caverns in the world. 1.1.3 Population By 1 October 2012, the population of Slovenia was 2,058,123 inhabitants. Population density is 99.6 inhabitants/ km 2. Life expectancy for men is 74.98 and for women 82.26 years. Approximately one third of population lives in towns with more than 10,000 inhabitants, the rest live in nearly six thousand smaller towns and villages. According to the 2002 census most of the population (58%) is Catholic. TABLE 1. POPULATION INFORMATION Average annual growth rate (%) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2012 2000 to 2012 Population (millions) 1.7 1.9 2 2 2 2 0 Population density (inhabitants/km 2) 85.7 94.4 99.2 98.1 98.8 101.3 0.27 Urban population (% of total) 37 48 50.4 50.8 51 48 Area(1000 km 2) 20.273 1 Sources: - Slovenian Statistical Office for population - World Bank Report 2012 for urban population 1.1.4 Economic Data GDP per capita was last recorded at US$12,688 (in 2000 US$) in 2011. Slovenian GDP per capita reached an all-time high at US$13,836 (in 2000 US$) in 2008. Rate of unemployment by ILO standards was 8.2%. Labor productivity growth rate was 1.6% and annual inflation rate was 1.8%. (Data for 2011: http://www.slovenia.si/business/me-indicators/gdp/) The Slovenian economy is very export oriented and the main market is the EU and the markets of former Yugoslav countries. Since independence in 1991, Slovenia’s economic development has been very successful, making it one of the most thriving countries in transition. Especially during the period 1995-2008, economic growth in Slovenia was stable, reaching an average slightly above 4%. However, the GDP growth rate during 2008-2012 was negative (-0.2%). On 1 January 2007, Slovenia became the first new EU member to adopt the euro, after the European Commission and the European Central Bank made favorable assessments of Slovenia’s readiness for the introduction of the common European currency. TABLE 2. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) Economic Information Annual Average Growth Rate (%) 19 95 2000 2005 20 10 201 2 2000 to 201 2 GDP (millions of EUR ) 10448 18577 28500 35027 34931 GDP per capita ( EUR ) 8222 10914 14245 17096 16938 1.2 Energy Information Slovenia is importing more than 50% of its primary energy demands. In 2011, the energy dependency was 50.9% according to IEA standards (nuclear fuel is treated as a domestic energy carrier). The country is entirely importing oil derivatives, hard coal, coke and natural gas. Energy intensity, concerning final energy demand, has been decreasing during the period 2000 – 2007. In 2007, it reached 170 toe/million EUR BDP, with an annual decrease of 1.6%. Compared to developed EU countries, Slovenia is still using more energy per GDP, which brings its economy in a less favorable competitive status. 1.2.1 Estimated available energy Slovenia has rather limited energy reserves (Table 3). The proven and recoverable reserves of low quality brown coal and lignite amount to 190 million tons. Oil reserves are very scarce at 850,000 tons with annual exploitation of 2,500 tons. The estimated hydro reserves of Slovenia are up to 9 TWh per year, out which 3.5 TWh are already exploited. The country is connected to three gas pipelines from Algeria, Russia and Austria respectively. 2 TABLE 3. ESTIMATED ENERGY RESERVES Estimated energy reserves in (*) (Solid and Liquid in million tons, Uranium in metric tons, Gas in billion cubic metres, Hydro in TWhr per year) Solid (1) Liquid (2) Gas (3) Uranium (4) Hydro (5) Amount 223 .. .. 1,700 9,000 (*) Sources: 20th WEC Survey of Energy Resources, 2004 and Uranium 2005: Resources, Production and Demand ("Red Book") (1) Coal including Lignite: proved recoverable reserves, the tonnage within the proved amount in place that can be recovered in the future under present and expected local economic conditions with existing available technology (2) Crude oil and natural gas liquids (Oil Shale, Natural Bitumen and Extra-Heavy Oil are not included): proved recoverable reserves, the quantity within the proved amount in place that can be recovered in the future under present and expected local economic conditions with existing available technology (3) Natural gas: proved recoverable reserves, the volume within the proved amount in place that can be recovered in the future under present and expected local economic conditions with existing available technology (4) Reasonably Assured Resources (RAR) under < USD 130/kgU (5) Hydropower: technically exploitable capability, the amount of the gross theoretical capability that can be exploited within the limits of current technology 1.2.2 Energy Statistics A significant share of Slovenian industrial production is very energy intensive, such as steel production, aluminum, chemicals, pulp and paper industry, and building material. But its share in final energy demand is decreasing; in 2011, industrial energy demand accounted for 25.7%. The largest share was in transport, at 40 %.The high energy consumption in industry and transport is also reflected in high energy use per unit of GDP, compared to most western European countries. Energy use per capita is lower than the average for EU countries. TABLE 4. BASIC ENERGY SITUATION Annual Average (Energy values are in Exajoule except where indicated) Growth Rate (%) Total Energy Requirements 1980 1990 2000 2005 2011 2000 to 2011 Total .. .. 0.268 0.302 0.301 1.07 Solids .. .. 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.71 Liquids .. .. 0.096 0.103 0.105 0.77 Gases .. .. 0.035 0.039 0.031 -1.01 Hydro .. .. 0.014 0.012 0.013 -0.67 Nuclear .. .. 0.052 0.064 0.068 2.45 Combustible Renewables and Waste .. .. 0.019 0.020 0.026 2.78 Other Renewables .. .. 0.000 0.000 0.002 Final Energy Consumption 1980 1990 2000 2005 2000 to 2011 Total .. .. 0.196 0.213 0.209 0.61 Solids .. .. 0.004 0.004 0.002 -5.35 Liquids .. .. 0.095 0.102 0.104 0.82 Gases .. .. 0.029 0.033 0.025 -1.51 Combustible Renewables and Waste .. .. 0.017 0.019 0.022 2.73 Other Renewables .. .. 0.000 0.000 0.002 Electricity .. .. 0.043 0.046 0.046 0.67 Heat .. .. 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.38 Net Import (Export -Import) 1980 1990 2000 2005 2011 2000 to 2011 Total .. .. 0.137 0.156 0.144 0.41 Solids .. .. 0.010 0.014 0.011 0.53 Liquids .. .. 0.098 0.105 0.105 0.68 3 Gases .. .. 0.034 0.039 0.031 -0.97 Combustible Renewables and Waste .. .. 0.000 0.000 0.001 Electricity -0.005 -0.001 -0.005 -0.41 Source: Slovenian Statistical Office 1.2.3 Energy Policy The Government of Slovenia laid down its energy policy objectives and main priorities for the development of the energy system in its Resolution on the National Energy Plan (NEP) in 2004. The time horizon of NEP is 2003-2023. The draft National Energy Program for the period until 2030 was prepared in 2011, but it has not been finalized yet. This draft NEP foresees the use of nuclear energy as a contributor to the transition to reliable low carbon power supply sources. The measures for achievement of the draft NEP objectives are structured in four sub- programmes: I. Sustainable Use and Local Energy Supply , with the following sub-programmes: Efficient use of energy, Use of energy in transport, Renewable energy sources, Local energy supply and cogeneration of heat and electricity; II. Electricity Supply : Electricity generation, Electricity transmission, and Electricity distribution network; III. Fuel Supply : Natural-gas supply, Liquid fuels, Coal and Nuclear Energy; IV. Horizontal Sub-Programmes : Development of electricity and natural gas market, Taxes and regulated prices, Education and training, Research and development, and Spatial planning.