Ldaho Forestry Best Management Practices: Compilation of Research on Their Effectiveness
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Idaho Forestry Best Forest Service Intermountain Management Practices: Research Station General Technical Report INT-GTR-339 Compilation of Research October 1996 on Their Effectiveness Kathleen A. Seyedbagheri The Author Wise, Jay O'Laughlin, and George Belt of the University of ldaho was appreciated. Finally, I would like to thank all those Kathleen A. Seyedbagheri is a Hydrologist at the Intermoun-. who offered personal and professional support, and the many tain Research Station's Forestry Sciences Laboratory in Boise, contacts in government, industry, and academia who shared ID. She attended Boise State University, the University of Notre their time and expertise. Dame, and Utah State University, and holds bachelor's de- grees in anthropology, mathematics, and watershed science. She received an interdisciplinary master's degree in environ- Contents mental studies in 1994. She served as a forestry aide, forestry Page technician, and hydrologic technician at the Boise Laboratory Introduction ........................................................................1 between 1974 and 1980, and has been in her present position Background and Need .........................................................3 since 1980. The Best Management Practices Project .............................3 Format ..................................................................................4 Rule 3. Timber Harvesting................................................. 5 Research Summary Rule 3.c. Soil Protection .......................................................7 A search was conducted for quantitative ldaho research Research Results by Best Management results on the effectiveness of the ldaho Forest Practices Act Practice .........................................................................9 rules and regulations pertaining to timber harvest and forest Rule 3.d. Location of Landings, Skid Trails, and Fire Trails 17 road construction and maintenance. These rules and regula- ............................................................. tions are designated as the "best management practices" for Research Results by Best Management Practice 17 the prevention of nonpoint source pollution from silviculture ....................................................................... under provisions of the Federal Clean Water Act. For each Rule 3.e. Drainage Systems ..............................................18 practice, the relevant research results are summarized; more Research Results by Best Management general summaries for related groups of practices are also Practice .......................................................................18 20 provided. Rule 3.f. Treatment of Waste Materials ............................. Research Results by Best Management Practice .......................................................................21 Rule 3.9. Stream Protection ...............................................22 Research Results by Best Management I would like to thank my cooperators at the ldaho Division of Practice .......................................................................22 Environmental Quality (DEQ): Geoff Harvey, Steve Bauer, Rule 3.h. Maintenance of Productivity and Donna Rodman, and Bob Steed. Michael Mclntyre of the Related Values ...........................................................24 Division of Environmental Quality took special interest in the Research Results by Best Management project; his suggestions and time were greatly appreciated. Practice .......................................................................24 Special thanks go to my supervisors at the lntermountain Rule 4. Road Construction and Maintenance ................ 27 Research Station: Walt Megahan, Jack King, and Jim Clayton, Rule 4.b. Road Specifications and Plans ........................... 29 for sharing their extensive knowledge of "best management Research Results by Best Management practices" research and for providing their support during this Practice .......................................................................33 project. Rule 4.c. Road Construction ..............................................46 I am particularly grateful to Dannielle Treadwell of the Inter- Research Results by Best Management mountain Research Station for her cheerful assistance in many Practice .......................................................................50 of the more tedious aspects of the effort. The Forest Service's Rule 4.d. Road Maintenance .............................................65 FS INFO-Intermountain library system in Ogden, UT, and the Research Results by Best Management University of ldaho library in Moscow were of great help locating Practice .......................................................................68 copies of publications. Iwould also like to thank Jim Colla of the General Erosion Research Summary .............................77' ldaho Department of Lands for providing information on best References ...................................................................... 85 management practices interpretation.The cooperation of Carla The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service. Intermountain Research Station 324 25th Street Ogden, UT 84401 Idaho Forestry Best Management Practices: Introduction Compilation of Research on Their Effectiveness I Kathleen A. Seyedbagheri Rule 3. Timber Harvesting I Rule 4. Road Construction and Maintenance I General Erosion Research Summary I References I Introduction I Idaho Forestry Best Management Practices: Compilation of Research on heir Effectiveness Kathleen A. Seyedbagheri Background and Need Section 208 of the Federal Clean Water Act. This plan identified the rules and regulations associated with In 1972, Section 208 of the Federal Clean Water Act the Idaho Forest Practices Act, with recommended Amendments established the regulatory framework modifications, as the approved silvicultural BMP's. for nonpoint source pollution control through use of The Idaho Division of Environmental Quality is del- "best management practices" (BMPs). The responsi- egated authority to implement the Section 208 re- bility for developing BMP's was delegated to the States. quirements, with primary responsibility for evaluat- Best management practices are defined in the Idaho ing whether the BMP's adequately protect beneficial Water Quality Standards and Wastewater Treatment uses. The Idaho Department of Lands is the desig- Requirements (Idaho Administrative Procedures Act nated management agency for State and private lands. 16.01.2003,01) as "a practice or combination of prac- The Forest Service and the U.S. Department of the tices determined by the Department [of Health and Interior, Bureau of Land Management are the desig- Welfare] to be the most effective and practicable means nated management agencies for Federal lands. In of preventing or reducing the amount of pollution 1980, the Idaho Water Quality Standards were generated by nonpoint sources" (Idaho Department of amended to identify the Forest PracticesrAct rules and Health and Welfare 1989). regulations as the silviculturd BMP's for Idaho (Idaho Idaho was among the first five States to adopt a Department of Health and Welfare 1985,1989). comprehensive modern forest practices act in 1974 Although Idaho had regulated forest practices (Henly and Ellefson 1986). The act's purpose was to through the Forest PracticesAct rules and regulations provide authority for rules "...designed to assure the since 1976, and although much research had been continuous growing and harvesting of tree species and done in Idaho related to the effectiveness of various to protect and maintain the forest soil, air, and water BMP's, this research had never been assembled. The resources, and wildlife and aquatic habitat" (Idaho Division of Environmental Quality entered into Col- Forest Practices Act, Title 38, Chapter 13, Idaho lection Agreement INT-9084CA with the Forest Ser- Code). Regulated forest practices include timber har- vice's IntermountainResearch Station in Boise to locate vest, road construction and maintenance, reforesta- and assemble the available Idaho researchinformation; tion, use of chemicals, and slash management. this report is based on the results of that project. Rules and regulations (Idaho Administrative Proce- dures Act 20.15) are drafted by a Forest Practices Advisory Committee consisting of eight members rep- The Best Management Practices resenting forest land or timber owners, timber opera- Project tors, fisheries biologists, and informed citizens. Ex- officio members include representatives of the Idaho According to the agreement, only quantitative re- Division of Environmental Quality, the U.S. Depart- search data collected in Idaho were to be used, and ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, the Idaho Farm only BMP's inRules 3 and4 (TimberHarvest andRoad Bureau, nonindustrial forest landowners, environ- Construction/Maintenance) were tobe evaluated. This mental groups, and resource consultants. Executive was solely a compilation of existing research, not a authority over the rules and regulations is held by the new research study. The requirement that only Idaho Idaho Board of Land Commissioners, which includes data were to be used had advantages and drawbacks. the Governor, attorney general, secretary of state, The advantages were in limiting the project's scope state auditor, and superintendent of public