DOCSLIB.ORG

Probing Galaxy Evolution with AKARI

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Probing Galaxy Evolution with AKARI Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Probing Galaxy Evolution with AKARI Thesis How to cite: Davidge, Helen Rosemary (2017). Probing Galaxy Evolution with AKARI. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2016 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000c192 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Probing Galaxy Evolution With AKARI A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Astronomy Discipline, Department of Physical Sciences Helen Rosemary Davidge, BSc The Open University 30th June 2016 Abstract This thesis presents the first detailed analysis of three extragalactic fields observed by the infrared satellite, AKARI. AKARI is the only telescope able to observe deeply in the Spitzer/IRAC - Spitzer/MIPS band gap of 8 − 24 mm. The first analysis of these extragalactic fields, was to perform galaxy number counts, the most basic statistical property of galaxy populations. Presented are the counts at 3, 4, 7, 11, 15 and 18 mm. These number counts were compared with published results and galaxy evolution mod- els. These models are dependent on both the Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) tem- plates and evolution of the galaxy types. The phenomenological backwards evolution model of Pearson (2005) appeared to be consistent with the number counts. To probe this, number counts were extracted from below the survey limit by performing Prob- ability of Deflection (P(D)) fluctuation analysis. The Pearson model was found to be consistent with the 11 mm P(D) analysis but not with the 15 mm. The results from the 15 mm P(D) analysis indicates that the Pearson model under predicts the evolution of star forming galaxies. Multi-wavelength band-merged catalogues for the two deep extragalactic fields were created using AKARI data from the work of this thesis and ancillary data. The separation of galaxy type using AKARI/IRC filter colours was ex- plored. For z < 2 a separation criteria was found for Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), but to accurately classify galaxy type, SED fitting is required. Submm-selected galax- ies detected by AKARI were found to resemble scaled-up normal local spiral galaxies, rather than starbursts, consistent with them lying on the high-redshift ‘main sequence’ unlike local ultraluminous infrared galaxies. The thesis concludes by measuring the the percentage of the far-infrared Cosmic Infrared Background (CIB) resolved by AKARI mid-infrared galaxies. By performing stacking analysis on a Herschel/SPIRE 250 mm image of AKARI galaxy positions, it was found that AKARI mid-infrared galaxies resolve ∼ 10% of the 250 mm CIB. Acknowledgements Firstly thank you to my supervisors Stephen Serjeant, for taking me on as a PhD stu- dent, and to Chris Pearson for adopting me as a student. Domo arigato gozaimasu (thank you very much) to the Infrared Astronomy group at JAXA in Japan, especially Kazumi Murata for all those Skype meetings, Hideo Mat- suhara for hosting me as a JSPS Summer Fellowship student and Takehiko Wada for his help with the AKARI instrumentation. Closer to home, at the Open University, a special thanks goes to Laia Barrufet, Ben Dryer, Chris Sedgwick and Jo Jarvis and my colleagues in the PhD student office. Lucia Marchetti and Mattia Vaccari have been most useful with providing the Spitzer Data Fusion catalogue and help with use of LePhare. A thank you to Jessica Krick for the use of the IRAC Dark Field multi-wavelength catalogue. Also thank you to Francis Ring of the William Herschel Society, for information about Herschel’s discovery of infrared radiation. None of the work of this thesis could have been done without the help of my other half, Graham Woodhouse. I would especially like to thank Aleksi Suutarinen, Andrew Clements, Vicky Bending, Jean-David Bodénan, Anna Parrika, Tobias Hastings, Alex Barrett, Zoë Ellery, Re- becca Brodeur, Ashley James, Do Young Kim and Roger Axtell for all their support and for putting up with me! Thanks to Martin Davidge for all those science and maths chats dating back further than I can remember, to Sally-Jane Davidge for always being on the other end of a telephone, and to Sarah and Simon Davidge for all those Facebook chats. Also thanks for the support from the STFC Dyslexia Working Group, especially Judi Stewart. And finally thanks to Eigenvalue, Mistborn, UFRP and Dancebox for keeping me sane! Was it all worth it, yes, it was a worthwhile experience! - Freddie Mercury Contents 1 Introduction to Space Infrared Astronomy 1 1.1 Introduction . .1 1.2 Infrared Radiation . .1 1.3 Infrared Satellites . .4 1.3.1 The Infrared Astronomical Satellite . .4 1.3.2 Cosmic Background Explorer . .5 1.3.3 Infrared Space Observatory . .6 1.3.4 The Infrared Telescope in Space . .7 1.3.5 Spitzer . .7 1.3.6 AKARI . .8 1.3.7 Herschel Space Telescope . .9 1.3.8 Planck . 15 1.3.9 Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer . 16 1.4 Galaxy Evolution . 17 1.5 Overview of the Thesis . 22 2 Description of a Data Pipeline for Processing AKARI Extragalactic Deep Field Images 24 2.1 Introduction . 24 2.2 AKARI: Overview . 25 2.2.1 Launch and Orbit . 25 2.2.2 Instruments On board AKARI . 25 2.2.3 The IRC . 27 2.2.4 Observations and Mission Phases . 31 ix x Contents 2.3 The Standard IRC Pipeline . 32 2.3.1 Redbox: the Pre-Pipeline . 33 2.3.2 Greenbox: the Pipeline . 34 2.3.3 Bluebox: the Post-Pipeline . 38 2.3.4 Outstanding Issues with the Standard Pipeline . 39 2.4 A New Pipeline Optimised for Deep Fields . 40 2.4.1 Overview . 40 2.4.2 Pre-Pipeline . 40 2.4.3 Pipeline . 40 2.4.4 Post-Pipeline . 65 2.5 Conclusions on the New Data Pipeline for Processing AKARI Data . 66 3 Galaxy Number Counts and Catalogues from the IRAC Dark Field, ELAIS North 1 and AKARI Deep Field South 68 3.1 Introduction . 68 3.2 Number Counts Theory . 70 3.2.1 Calculation of Number Counts . 70 3.2.2 Reliability . 72 3.2.3 Completeness . 73 3.3 IRAC Dark Field . 75 3.3.1 The IRAC Dark Field Survey Area and Ancillary Data . 75 3.3.2 Data Reduction pf the AKARI IRAC Dark Field . 76 3.4 ELAIS North 1 . 79 3.4.1 The ELAIS North 1 Survey Area and Ancillary Data . 79 3.4.2 Data Reduction of the AKARI ELAIS North 1 Field . 85 3.5 AKARI Deep Field South . 86 3.5.1 The AKARI Deep Field South Survey Area and Ancillary Data 86 3.5.2 Data Reduction of the AKARI Dark Field South . 93 3.6 Galaxy Catalogues . 94 3.6.1 Source Extraction and Photometry . 94 3.6.2 Positional Uncertainty . 102 3.6.3 IRAC Dark Field and ELAIS-N1 Confusion Limit . 103 Contents xi 3.7 Number Counts . 106 3.7.1 Raw Number Counts . 106 3.7.2 Stellar Subtraction . 107 3.7.3 Reliability . 112 3.7.4 Completeness . 117 3.7.5 Galaxy Number Count Errors . 118 3.7.6 Final Galaxy Number Counts . 122 3.8 Non-Evolving Galaxy Model . 130 3.8.1 Explanation of Non-Evolving Galaxy Model . 130 3.8.2 Comparison of Number Counts with Non-Evolving Galaxy Number Count Model . 131 3.9 Models and Published Number Counts . 134 3.9.1 Models . 134 3.9.2 Published Number Counts . 138 3.9.3 Comparison of Number Counts with Models and Published Results . 140 3.10 Conclusions of Number Count Work . 150 4 P(D) Analysis of the AKARI IRAC Dark Field Number Counts 152 4.1 Introduction . 152 4.2 P(D) Analysis . 153 4.3 Performing P(D) Analysis . 155 4.3.1 Method . 157 4.3.2 Results from the P(D) Analysis . 161 4.4 Conclusions of P(D) Analysis . 162 5 Spectral Energy Distributions of Infrared-Selected Galaxies in the ELAIS- N1 and IRAC Dark Field 166 5.1 Introduction . 166 5.2 Ancillary Multi-Wavelength Data Sets . 167 5.2.1 ELAIS North 1 . 167 5.2.2 IRAC Dark Field . 170 xii Contents 5.3 Creating the ELAIS North 1 and IRAC Dark Field Band-Merged Cat- alogues . 176 5.3.1 Cross-Matching of the AKARI Galaxy Catalogues . 176 5.3.2 Cross-Matching of the ELAIS North 1 Galaxy Catalogues . 177 5.3.3 Cross-Matching of the IRAC Dark Field Galaxy Catalogues . 180 5.4 Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting . 182 5.4.1 LePhare . 182 5.4.2 Spectral Energy Distribution Templates . 182 5.4.3 IRAC Dark Field and ELAIS-N1 SEDs . 188 5.5 Colour-Colour Diagrams . 189 5.5.1 Mid-Infrared Galaxy Emission . 189 5.5.2 AKARI Colour-Colour Diagrams . 195 5.5.3 Calculation of Flux Uncertainty of Sources in Colour-Colour Plots . 199 5.5.4 Studying the Colour-Colour Diagrams for the Silicate Absorp- tion Feature . 201 5.5.5 Studying the Colour-Colour Diagrams for PAH Features . 201 5.5.6 AKARI, Herschel/SPIRE and Spitzer/MIPS colours . 203 5.5.7 Galaxy Separation using AKARI Colours . 203 5.6 Conclusions of AKARI Galaxies Multi-Wavelength Data .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • California State University, Northridge Low Earth Orbit
    CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE LOW EARTH ORBIT BUSINESS CENTER A Project submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering by Dallas Gene Bienhoff May 1985 The Proj'ectof Dallas Gene Bienhoff is approved: Dr. B. J. Bluth Professor T1mothy Wm. Fox - Chair California State University, Northridge ii iii ACKNOWLEDGEHENTS I wish to express my gratitude to those who have helped me over the years to complete this thesis by providing encouragement, prodding and understanding: my advisor, Tim Fox, Chair of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering; Dr. B. J. Bluth for her excellent comments on human factors; Dr. B. J. Campbell for improving the clarity; Richard Swaim, design engineer at Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell International for providing excellent engineering drawings of LEOBC; Mike Morrow, of the Advanced Engineering Department at Rockwell International who provided the Low Earth Orbit Business Center panel figures; Bob Bovill, a commercial artist, who did all the artistic drawings because of his interest in space commercialization; Linda Martin for her word processing skills; my wife, Yolanda, for egging me on without nagging; and finally Erik and Danielle for putting up with the excuse, "I have to v10rk on my paper," for too many years. iv 0 ' PREFACE The Low Earth Orbit Business Center (LEOBC) was initially conceived as a modular structure to be launched aboard the Space Shuttle, it evolved to its present configuration as a result of research, discussions and the desire to increase the efficiency of space utilization. Although the idea of placing space stations into Earth orbit is not new, as is discussed in the first chapter, and the configuration offers nothing new, LEOBC is unique in its application.
    [Show full text]
  • South-North and Radial Traverses Through the Interplanetary Dust Cloud
    ICARUS 129, 270±288 (1997) ARTICLE NO. IS975789 South±North and Radial Traverses through the Interplanetary Dust Cloud E. GruÈ n Max-Planck-Institut fuÈr Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany E-mail: [email protected] P. Staubach ESA±ESOC, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany M. Baguhl Max-Planck-Institut fuÈr Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany D. P. Hamilton University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 H. A. Zook NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058 S. Dermott and B. A. Gustafson University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 H. Fechtig, J. Kissel, D. Linkert, G. Linkert, and R. Srama Max-Planck-Institut fuÈr Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany M. S. Hanner and C. Polanskey Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91103 M. Horanyi Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado B. A. Lindblad Lund Observatory, 221 Lund, Sweden I. Mann Max-Planck-Institut fuÈr Aeronomie, 37191 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany J. A. M. McDonnell University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, United Kingdom G. E. Mor®ll Max-Planck-Institut fuÈr Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany and G. Schwehm ESA±ESTEC, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands Received February 7, 1996; revised June 9, 1997 270 0019-1035/97 $25.00 Copyright 1997 by Academic Press All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. TRAVERSES THROUGH THE INTERPLANETARY DUST CLOUD 271 Identical in situ dust detectors are ¯own on board the Galileo and Ulysses spacecraft. They record impacts of micrometeor- oids in the ecliptic plane at heliocentric distances from 0.7 to 5.4 AU and in a plane almost perpendicular to the ecliptic from 2798 to 1798 ecliptic latitude.
    [Show full text]
  • <> CRONOLOGIA DE LOS SATÉLITES ARTIFICIALES DE LA
    1 SATELITES ARTIFICIALES. Capítulo 5º Subcap. 10 <> CRONOLOGIA DE LOS SATÉLITES ARTIFICIALES DE LA TIERRA. Esta es una relación cronológica de todos los lanzamientos de satélites artificiales de nuestro planeta, con independencia de su éxito o fracaso, tanto en el disparo como en órbita. Significa pues que muchos de ellos no han alcanzado el espacio y fueron destruidos. Se señala en primer lugar (a la izquierda) su nombre, seguido de la fecha del lanzamiento, el país al que pertenece el satélite (que puede ser otro distinto al que lo lanza) y el tipo de satélite; este último aspecto podría no corresponderse en exactitud dado que algunos son de finalidad múltiple. En los lanzamientos múltiples, cada satélite figura separado (salvo en los casos de fracaso, en que no llegan a separarse) pero naturalmente en la misma fecha y juntos. NO ESTÁN incluidos los llevados en vuelos tripulados, si bien se citan en el programa de satélites correspondiente y en el capítulo de “Cronología general de lanzamientos”. .SATÉLITE Fecha País Tipo SPUTNIK F1 15.05.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK F2 21.08.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK 01 04.10.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK 02 03.11.1957 URSS Científico VANGUARD-1A 06.12.1957 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 01 31.01.1958 USA Científico VANGUARD-1B 05.02.1958 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 02 05.03.1958 USA Científico VANGUARD-1 17.03.1958 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 03 26.03.1958 USA Científico SPUTNIK D1 27.04.1958 URSS Geodésico VANGUARD-2A
    [Show full text]
  • Statistical Analysis of Meteoroid Penetration Data Including Effects of Cutoff
    -1 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF METEOROID PENETRATIONDATA INCLUDING EFFECTS OF CUTOFF by J. M. Alvarez Langley Research Center Lance7 Station, Hampton, Va. u.’ L I NATIONALAERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRAT ION WASH INGTON, D. C. FEBRUARY 1970 i! TECH LiBRARY KAFB, NM 1. ReportNo. 2. GovernmentAccession No. 3. Recipient'sCatalog No. NASA TN D-5668 I 4. Title andSubtitle 5. ReportDote STATISTICALANALYSIS OF METEOROIDPENETRATION DATA INCLUDING February 1970 EFFECTSOF CUTOFF 6. PerformingOrganization Code 7. Author(.) 1 8. PerformingOrganization Report No. J. M. Alvarez I L-5944 ~ 110. Work Unit~ .. .No. .. 124-09-24-00-23 9. PerformingOrganization Name andAddress 1 11 1. Contract or Grant No. NASA LangleyResearch Center Hampton, Va. 23365 CoveredofPeriod 13. Type and Report 2. Sponsoring AgencyName ondAddress Technical Note NationalAeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546 14. SponsoringAgency Code 1I 5. SupplementaryNotes 6. Abstract The meteoroid data fromExplorers U, 16, and 23 aretreated from two standpoints:statistical analysis or the penetration data per se and an interpretation of the meteoroid environment from the penetration data. Expressions describing the data as a function of time are obtainedand used to calculate penetration rates throughvarious kinds ofdetectors. No showeractivity was noted in the data. Anerror analysis indicated that a constantpenetration rate can be adequatelydefined from the first eight or 10 penetrations. Theexistence of alower limit (a cutoff) on the size ofmeteoroids is investigated to see how such a limitaffects penetration data. Ameteoroid flux varying as a-a, where a isthe meteoroidradius and a is aconstant, was fit to the Explorer and Pegasus data to test the strength of cutoff effects.
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 Mad River Canoe Is a Registered Trademark of Confluence Watersports
    he story of Mad River Canoe begins in a patch of ferns, oh so long ago, with friend Rabbit. TNative American legend has it that Rabbit was a great hunter and a bit of a trickster, but most of all Rabbit was confident in his abilities. So confident in fact, that even as Lynx circles the fern, planning his attack, Rabbit is free to enjoy his pipe, secure in his abilities to avoid this mortal enemy. Within every legend, there is truth. And the truth in the legend of Rabbit is that confidence is a powerful asset when backed up by ability. The confidence you share with your Mad River Canoe will be backed up by our ability to produce the finest craft of its kind. We like to think that every Mad River Canoe is crafted from both truth and legend. For legends inspire us toward greatness, yet only through truth can we achieve it. I n n ova t e t h e n. O ur story continues on a picturesque hillside in Vermont, circa: 1971. In his backyard shed, Jim henry, the company founder, began his mission to build a better canoe through innovative thought, design and materials. With confidence in his abilities, he designed and built the first Malacite. he then raced in – and won – the downriver national Championship and the rest, you know. Word spread and demand grew. A tradition of innovation was born. From the beginning, Mad river Canoe explored new designs and experimented with new materials. We were the first to introduce Kevlar™ to the canoe industry and among the pioneers truth & legend to first mold our own royalex canoes.
    [Show full text]
  • Master's Thesis
    2010:037 MASTER'S THESIS Cumulative Effects of Micrometeoroid Impacts on Spacecraft Lei Zhao Luleå University of Technology Master Thesis, Continuation Courses Space Science and Technology Department of Space Science, Kiruna 2010:037 - ISSN: 1653-0187 - ISRN: LTU-PB-EX--10/037--SE CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY LEI ZHAO CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF MICROMETEOROID IMPACTS ON SPACECRAFT SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING MSC in Astronautics and Space Engineering (SpaceMaster) MSc Thesis CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING MSc in Astronautics and Space Engineering (SpaceMaster) MSc Thesis Academic Year 2009-2010 LEI ZHAO CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF MICROMETEOROID IMPACTS ON SPACECRAFT Supervisor: Dr. S. E. Hobbs June 2010 This thesis is submitted in partial (45%) fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science ○c Cranfield University 2010. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the copyright owner. Abstract Abstract The geostationary orbit (GEO), which is an ideal orbit for communication and earth observation satellites, is accumulating an increasing number of spacecraft. Lack of atmospheric drag keeps the retired satellites near GEO orbit extremely long. Therefore it is interesting and meaningful to know the long-term effects of micrometeoroid impacts on spacecraft. This thesis aims to study the cumulative effects of micrometeoroid impacts on spacecraft in GEO and quantify the timescale for them to damage the typical spacecraft surface materials that are currently widely used in space missions. The mechanism of hypervelocity impact by a single particle is thoroughly reviewed and a set of damage scaling equations are chosen to evaluate the damage of single micrometeoroid impact.
    [Show full text]
  • Our First Quarter Century of Achievement ... Just the Beginning I
    NASA Press Kit National Aeronautics and 251hAnniversary October 1983 Space Administration 1958-1983 >\ Our First Quarter Century of Achievement ... Just the Beginning i RELEASE ND: 83-132 September 1983 NOTE TO EDITORS : NASA is observing its 25th anniversary. The space agency opened for business on Oct. 1, 1958. The information attached sumnarizes what has been achieved in these 25 years. It was prepared as an aid to broadcasters, writers and editors who need historical, statistical and chronological material. Those needing further information may call or write: NASA Headquarters, Code LFD-10, News and Information Branch, Washington, D. C. 20546; 202/755-8370. Photographs to illustrate any of this material may be obtained by calling or writing: NASA Headquarters, Code LFD-10, Photo and Motion Pictures, Washington, D. C. 20546; 202/755-8366. bQy#qt&*&Mary G. itzpatrick Acting Chief, News and Information Branch Public Affairs Division Cover Art Top row, left to right: ffComnandDestruct Center," 1967, Artist Paul Calle, left; ?'View from Mimas," 1981, features on a Saturnian satellite, by Artist Ron Miller, center; ftP1umes,*tSTS- 4 launch, Artist Chet Jezierski,right; aeronautical research mural, Artist Bob McCall, 1977, on display at the Visitors Center at Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, Calif. iii OUR FIRST QUARTER CENTER OF ACHIEVEMENT A-1 -3 SPACE FLIGHT B-1 - 19 SPACE SCIENCE c-1 - 20 SPACE APPLICATIQNS D-1 - 12 AERONAUTICS E-1 - 10 TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION F-1 - 5 INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS G-1 - 5 TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION H-1 - 5 NASA INSTALLATIONS 1-1 - 9 NASA LAUNCH RECORD J-1 - 49 ASTRONAUTS K-1 - 13 FINE ARTS PRQGRAM L-1 - 7 S IGN I F ICANT QUOTAT IONS frl-1 - 4 NASA ADvIINISTRATORS N-1 - 7 SELECTED NASA PHOTOGRAPHS 0-1 - 12 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • NASA Is Not Archiving All Potentially Valuable Data
    ‘“L, United States General Acchunting Office \ Report to the Chairman, Committee on Science, Space and Technology, House of Representatives November 1990 SPACE OPERATIONS NASA Is Not Archiving All Potentially Valuable Data GAO/IMTEC-91-3 Information Management and Technology Division B-240427 November 2,199O The Honorable Robert A. Roe Chairman, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology House of Representatives Dear Mr. Chairman: On March 2, 1990, we reported on how well the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) managed, stored, and archived space science data from past missions. This present report, as agreed with your office, discusses other data management issues, including (1) whether NASA is archiving its most valuable data, and (2) the extent to which a mechanism exists for obtaining input from the scientific community on what types of space science data should be archived. As arranged with your office, unless you publicly announce the contents of this report earlier, we plan no further distribution until 30 days from the date of this letter. We will then give copies to appropriate congressional committees, the Administrator of NASA, and other interested parties upon request. This work was performed under the direction of Samuel W. Howlin, Director for Defense and Security Information Systems, who can be reached at (202) 275-4649. Other major contributors are listed in appendix IX. Sincerely yours, Ralph V. Carlone Assistant Comptroller General Executive Summary The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is respon- Purpose sible for space exploration and for managing, archiving, and dissemi- nating space science data. Since 1958, NASA has spent billions on its space science programs and successfully launched over 260 scientific missions.
    [Show full text]
  • * a Pocket Statistics
    -w mn- * A Pocket Statistics 1996 Edit ion POCKET STATISTICS is published by the NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA). Included in each edition is Administrative and Organizational information, summaries of Space Flight Activity including the NASA Major Launch Record, and NASA Procurement, Financial and Workforce data Foreword The NASA Major Launch Record includes all launches of Scout class and larger vehicles. Vehicle and spacecraft development flights are also included in the Major Launch Record. Shuttle missions are counted as one launch and one payload, where free flying payloads are not involved. Satellites deployed from the cargo bay of the Shuttle and placed in a separate orbit or trajectory are counted as an additional payload. For yearly breakdown of charts shown by decade, refer to the issues of POCKET STATISTICS published prior to 1995. Changes or deletions to this book may be made by phone to Ron Hoffman, (202) 358-1596. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION HEADQUARTERS FACILITIESAND LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT Washington, DC 20546 Contents I Sectlon A - Admlnlstratlon and Organlzatlon Sectlon C - Procurement, Funding and Workforce NASA Organization Contract Awards by State NASA Administrators Distributionof NASA Prime Contract Awards National Aeronautics and Space Act Procurement Activity NASA Installations Contract Awards by Type of Effort The Year in Review Distribution of NASA Procurements Principal Contractors Educational and Nonprofit Institutions Sectlon B Space Flight Actlvlty NASA's Budget Authority in 1994 Dollars - Financial Summary Launch History Mission Support Funding Cunent Worldwide Launch Vehicles R&D Funding by Program Summary of Announced Launches Sci, Aero. &Tech Funding NASA Launches by Vehicle R&D Funding by Location Summary of Announced Payloads Human Space Flight Funding Summary of USA Payloads SpFlt.
    [Show full text]
  • 8656 DIAS Annual Report 2018.Indd
    Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies Annual Report 2018 Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath Tuairisc Bhliantúil 2018 Clár 2 Forléargas ar DIAS 6 Ráiteas an Chathaoirligh 12 Ráiteas an Chláraitheora & POF 16 Dialann Imeachtaí 22 Scoil an Léinn Cheiltigh 42 Scoil na Fisice Cosmaí 88 Scoil na Fisice Teoiriciúla 96 An Fhoireann 131 Ráitis Airgeadais Contents 2 DIAS at a Glance 7 Chairman's Statement 13 Statement of Registrar & CEO 16 Journal of Engagements 23 School of Celtic Studies 43 School of Cosmic Physics 89 School of Theoretical Physics 96 DIAS Staff 101 Financial Statements Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies | Annual Report 2018 1 Our Team Overview Profi le 15% Administration1 85% Research2 1. Administration + General Technical Support 2. Research + Specialist Technical Support Origin of Researchers 18% Non–EU 82% EU Note Total number of countries are 22 Scholars DIAS AT A REST OF WORLD IRELAND GLANCE 77% 23% 2018 Fellows/Project Staff REST OF WORLD IRELAND 74% 26% Gender MALE FEMALE 69% 31% 2 Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath | Tuairisc Bhliantúil 2018 Our Financial Resources Funding Sources Funding Expenditure €6.731m €5.2m Oireachtas Grant Other Sources (Department of Education and Skills) Our Partners Island of Ireland Collaborations Individual Research Associates NUIG DIT TCD WIT 45 12 UCD AIT National International UCC Irish Astronomical Society DCU The Discovery Programme International Research Visitors NUIM Armagh Planetarium RIA National Library of Ireland QUB IT Tallaght 179 22 UL IT Tralee Research Visitors
    [Show full text]
  • The Electromagnetic Radiation Field
    The electromagnetic radiation field A In this appendix, we will briefly review the most important The flux is measured in units of erg cm2 s1 Hz1.Ifthe properties of a radiation field. We thereby assume that the radiation field is isotropic, F vanishes. In this case, the same reader has encountered these quantities already in a different amount of radiation passes through the surface element in context. both directions. The mean specific intensity J is defined as the average of I over all angles, A.1 Parameters of the radiation field Z 1 J D d!I ; (A.3) The electromagnetic radiation field is described by the spe- 4 cific intensity I, which is defined as follows. Consider a D surface element of area dA. The radiation energy which so that, for an isotropic radiation field, I J.Thespecific passes through this area per time interval dt from within a energy density u is related to J according to solid angle element d! around a direction described by the n 4 unit vector , with frequency in the range between and u D J ; (A.4) C d,is c where u is the energy of the radiation field per D dE I dA cos dt d! d; (A.1) volume element and frequency interval, thus measured in erg cm3 Hz1. The total energy density of the radiation is where describes the angle between the direction n of the obtained by integrating u over frequency. In the same way, light and the normal vector of the surface element. Then, the intensity of the radiation is obtained by integrating the dA cos is the area projected in the direction of the infalling specific intensity I over .
    [Show full text]
  • Astrophysics Implementation Plan: 2016 Update
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration Astrophysics Implementation Plan: 2016 Update This Update provides a summary since the publication of the Astrophysics Implementation Plan: 2014 Update in December 2014, of events and developments that affect NASA’s strategy for implementing the 2010 Astrophysics Decadal Survey, New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics. This Update is a supplement to the Astrophysics Implementation Plan: 2014 Update, which will not be revised. Astrophysics Division Science Mission Directorate NASA Headquarters December 15, 2016 Astrophysics Implementation Plan Contents 1.0 Introduction and Purpose .................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Summary of Changes since December 2014 ...................................................................... 2 Table 1. Recommended Space Activities of the 2010 Decadal Survey ..............................................3 3.0 The Midterm Assessment .................................................................................................... 4 Table 2. Recommendations of the 2016 Midterm Assessment ...........................................................4 4.0 Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope ................................................................................. 6 Figure 1. Preliminary Timeline for the WFIRST Mission .....................................................................6 5.0 Astrophysics Explorers ...................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]