Very Best of Myanmar – 11 Days
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AROUND MANDALAY You Cansnoopaboutpottery Factories
© Lonely Planet Publications 276 Around Mandalay What puts Mandalay on most travellers’ maps looms outside its doors – former capitals with battered stupas and palace walls lost in palm-rimmed rice fields where locals scoot by in slow-moving horse carts. Most of it is easy day-trip potential. In Amarapura, for-hire rowboats drift by a three-quarter-mile teak-pole bridge used by hundreds of monks and fishers carrying their day’s catch home. At the canal-made island capital of Inwa (Ava), a flatbed ferry then a horse cart leads visitors to a handful of ancient sites surrounded by village life. In Mingun – a boat ride up the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) from Mandalay – steps lead up a battered stupa more massive than any other…and yet only a AROUND MANDALAY third finished. At one of Myanmar’s most religious destinations, Sagaing’s temple-studded hills offer room to explore, space to meditate and views of the Ayeyarwady. Further out of town, northwest of Mandalay in Sagaing District, are a couple of towns – real ones, the kind where wide-eyed locals sometimes slip into approving laughter at your mere presence – that require overnight stays. Four hours west of Mandalay, Monywa is near a carnivalesque pagoda and hundreds of cave temples carved from a buddha-shaped moun- tain; further east, Shwebo is further off the travelways, a stupa-filled town where Myanmar’s last dynasty kicked off; nearby is Kyaukmyaung, a riverside town devoted to pottery, where you can snoop about pottery factories. HIGHLIGHTS Join the monk parade crossing the world’s longest -
Beautiful Myanmar
BEAUTIFUL MYANMAR “Warmest Greetings from HEARTH Travels & Tours Company Limited.” Our Travels & Tours business was founded since 1995 December with the name of “Color Connection Travels & Tours” (REG : NO. 1746 – 1995 / 1996) at Room 43, Bldg 2, Mayangon Housing Complex, 8th mile junction (North) Yangon, Myanmar. We would like to introduce with a new name “HEARTH Travels & Tours” which upgrade our service and business with experienced staffs. Whenever you are thinking to travel around the world just remember that there is a travelling company which is the “Heart of the Earth.” “Welcome to BEAUTIFUL MYANMAR.” No.486, Theinbyu Road, Room (B2), Mingalar Taung Nyunt Township, Yangon, Myanmar. Tel/Fax :+ (951) 200958, Email : [email protected] Our Services :: Package Tours :: F.I.T Tours :: Business Tours :: Special Interest Tours :: Eco-Tours :: Hotel Reservations :: Air Ticketing ( International / Domestic ) :: Train and Express Ticketing Shwe Dagon Pagoda - Yangon :: Visa Support Yangon, is the biggest city of Myanmar. :: Guide Services International standard golf courses, :: Car Rental museums and beautiful parks are popular. The Shwedagon Pagoda, more than 2500 Nay Pyi Taw, the administrative capital of the years old towering almost 100m above sea Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Centrally level, promises a spectacular sight. located, it is 391 km from Yangon and 302 km Environs are Thanlyin, Bago, Kyaikhtiyo from Mandalay, being easily accessible from and Twante. all parts of the country. The environs of Nay Mandalay, the last royal capital of Pyi Taw comprise (8) townships. Myanmar kings, is situated at the foot of Hluttaw (Parliament House) – Nay Pyi Taw the Mandalay Hill on the east bank of the Ayeyarwaddy River. -
Myanmar | Content | 1 Putao
ICS TRAVEL GROUP is one of the first international DMCs to open own offices in our destinations and has since become a market leader throughout the Mekong region, Indonesia and India. As such, we can offer you the following advantages: Global Network. Rapid Response. With a centralised reservations centre/head All quotation and booking requests are answered office in Bangkok and 7 sales offices. promptly and accurately, with no exceptions. Local Knowledge and Network. Innovative Online Booking Engine. We have operations offices on the ground at every Our booking and feedback systems are unrivalled major destination – making us your incountry expert in the industry. for your every need. Creative MICE team. Quality Experience. Our team of experienced travel professionals in Our goal is to provide a seamless travel experience each country is accustomed to handling multi- for your clients. national incentives. Competitive Hotel Rates. International Standards / Financial Stability We have contract rates with over 1000 hotels and All our operational offices are fully licensed pride ourselves on having the most attractive pricing and financially stable. All guides and drivers are strategies in the region. thoroughly trained and licensed. Full Range of Services and Products. Wherever your clients want to go and whatever they want to do, we can do it. Our portfolio includes the complete range of prod- ucts for leisure and niche travellers alike. ICS TRAVEL ICSGROUPTRAVEL GROUP Contents Introduction 3 Tours 4 Cruises 20 Hotels 24 Yangon 24 Mandalay 30 Bagan 34 Mount Popa 37 Inle Lake 38 Nyaung Shwe 41 Ngapali 42 Pyay 45 Mrauk U 45 Ngwe Saung 46 Excursions 48 Hotel Symbol: ICS Preferred Hotel Style Hotel Boutique Hotel Myanmar | Content | 1 Putao Lahe INDIA INDIA Myitkyina CHINA CHINA Bhamo Muse MYANMAR Mogok Lashio Hsipaw BANGLADESHBANGLADESH Mandalay Monywa ICS TRA VEL GR OUP Meng La Nyaung Oo Kengtung Mt. -
Map of Myanmar
94 96 98 J 100 102 ° ° Indian ° i ° ° 28 n ° Line s Xichang Chinese h a MYANMAR Line J MYANMAR i a n Tinsukia g BHUTAN Putao Lijiang aputra Jorhat Shingbwiyang M hm e ra k Dukou B KACHIN o Guwahati Makaw n 26 26 g ° ° INDIA STATE n Shillong Lumding i w d Dali in Myitkyina h Kunming C Baoshan BANGLADE Imphal Hopin Tengchong SH INA Bhamo C H 24° 24° SAGAING Dhaka Katha Lincang Mawlaik L Namhkam a n DIVISION c Y a uan Gejiu Kalemya n (R Falam g ed I ) Barisal r ( r Lashio M a S e w k a o a Hakha l n Shwebo w d g d e ) Chittagong y e n 22° 22° CHIN Monywa Maymyo Jinghong Sagaing Mandalay VIET NAM STATE SHAN STATE Pongsali Pakokku Myingyan Ta-kaw- Kengtung MANDALAY Muang Xai Chauk Meiktila MAGWAY Taunggyi DIVISION Möng-Pan PEOPLE'S Minbu Magway Houayxay LAO 20° 20° Sittwe (Akyab) Taungdwingyi DEMOCRATIC DIVISION y d EPUBLIC RAKHINE d R Ramree I. a Naypyitaw Loikaw w a KAYAH STATE r r Cheduba I. I Prome (Pye) STATE e Bay Chiang Mai M kong of Bengal Vientiane Sandoway (Viangchan) BAGO Lampang 18 18° ° DIVISION M a e Henzada N Bago a m YANGON P i f n n o aThaton Pathein g DIVISION f b l a u t Pa-an r G a A M Khon Kaen YEYARWARDY YangonBilugyin I. KAYIN ATE 16 16 DIVISION Mawlamyine ST ° ° Pyapon Amherst AND M THAIL o ut dy MON hs o wad Nakhon f the Irra STATE Sawan Nakhon Preparis Island Ratchasima (MYANMAR) Ye Coco Islands 92 (MYANMAR) 94 Bangkok 14° 14° ° ° Dawei (Krung Thep) National capital Launglon Bok Islands Division or state capital Andaman Sea CAMBODIA Town, village TANINTHARYI Major airport DIVISION Mergui International boundary 12° Division or state boundary 12° Main road Mergui n d Secondary road Archipelago G u l f o f T h a i l a Railroad 0 100 200 300 km Chumphon The boundaries and names shown and the designations Kawthuang 10 used on this map do not imply official endorsement or ° acceptance by the United Nations. -
MYANMAR A? Flood Kachin, Shan (North) State and Sagaing, Mandalay, Magway Region Imagery Analysis: 25 July 2020 | Published 5 August 2020 | Version 1.0 FL20200730MMR
MYANMAR A? Flood Kachin, Shan (North) State and Sagaing, Mandalay, Magway Region Imagery analysis: 25 July 2020 | Published 5 August 2020 | Version 1.0 FL20200730MMR 94?40'0"E 95?20'0"E 96?0'0"E 96?40'0"E 97?20'0"E M O H N Y I N M Y I T K Y I N A H K A M T I Map location T A M U K A T H A K A C H I N B H A M O M Y A N M A R N " 0 ' 0 ? N 4 " 2 0 ' 0 ? 4 2 M AW L A I K K A W L I N M U S E M O N G M I T N " 0 ' 0 2 N ? " 3 0 ' 2 0 2 ? K A N B A L U Satellite detected water extent as 3 2 S A G A I N G of 25 July 2020 in central part of P A L A U N G S E L F - A D M I N I S T E R E D Z O N E Myanmar This map illustrates satellite-detected surface K A L E L A S H I O S H A N ( N O R T H ) waters over Kachin, Shan (North) State and MOGOK Sagaing, Mandalay, Magway Region of Myanmar as observed from a Terra(MODIS) L A S H I O N " 0 image acquired on 25 July 2020 due to the ' S H W E B O 0 4 N ? " 2 0 ' 2 current monsoon rains. -
TRENDS in SAGAING Photo Credits
Local Governance Mapping THE STATE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE: TRENDS IN SAGAING Photo Credits William Pryor Mithulina Chatterjee Myanmar Survey Research The views expressed in this publication are those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of UNDP. Local Governance Mapping THE STATE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE: TRENDS IN SAGAING UNDP MYANMAR The State of Local Governance: Trends in Sagaing - UNDP Myanmar 2015 Table of Contents Acknowledgements II Acronyms III Executive summary 1 - 3 1. Introduction 4 - 5 2. Methodology 6 - 8 3. Sagaing Region overview and regional governance institutions 9 - 24 3.1 Geography 11 3.2 Socio-economic background 11 3.3 Demographic information 12 3.4 Sagaing Region historical context 14 3.5 Representation of Sagaing Region in the Union Hluttaws 17 3.6 Sagaing Region Legislative and Executive Structures 19 3.7 Naga Self-Administered Zone 21 4. Overview of the participating townships 25 - 30 4.1 Introduction to the townships 26 4.1.1 Kanbalu Township 27 4.1.2 Kalewa Township 28 4.1.3 Monywa Township 29 4.1.4 Lahe Township (in the Naga SAZ) 30 5. Governance at the frontline – participation in planning, responsiveness for local service provision, and accountability in Sagaing Region 31- 81 5.1 Development planning and participation 32 5.1.1 Planning Mechanisms 32 5.1.2 Citizens' perspectives on development priorities 45 5.1.3 Priorities identified at the township level 49 5.2 Basic services - access and delivery 50 5.2.1 General Comments on Service Delivery 50 5.2.2 Health Sector Services 50 5.2.3 Education Sector Services 60 5.2.4 Drinking Water Supply Services 68 5.3 Transparency and accountability 72 5.3.1 Citizens' knowledge of governance structures 72 5.3.2 Citizen access to information relevant to accountability 76 5.3.3 Safe, productive venues for voicing opinions 79 6. -
Sagaing Region
Myanmar Information Management Unit District Map - Sagaing Region 93° E 94° E 95° E 96° E 97° E Puta-O Pansaung INDIA !( CHINA N N Ü Nanyun ° ° 7 7 2 2 Nanyun !( Don Hee Shin Bway Yang !( THAILAND Tanai Lahe Lahe N Hkamti N ° Htan Par Kway ° 6 6 2 !( 2 Hkamti KACHIN STATE Hpakant Hkamti District Kamaing !( Lay Shi Myitkyina Sum Ma Rar !( Mogaung .! INDIA Lay Shi Mo Paing Lut N !( N Hopin ° ° 5 Homalin !( 5 2 2 Homalin Mohnyin Sinbo !( Shwe Pyi Aye !( Dawthponeyan !( Myothit !( SAGAING REGION Myo Hla Banmauk !( Banmauk Indaw Tamu Paungbyin Bhamo Indaw Katha Shwegu Momauk Tamu Katha Mansi Paungbyin Pinlebu Katha District Tamu N N ° ° 4 Wuntho 4 2 District 2 Cikha Pinlebu !( Mawlaik District Wuntho Khampat Tigyaing !( Kawlin Tigyaing Kawlin Mawlaik Mawlaik Tonzang Takaung Mabein Kyunhla !( Tedim Rihkhawdar Kanbalu District !( Kyunhla Legend Manton Kalewa Kalewa Kale Kanbalu .! State/Region Capital Mongmit Main Town Namtu !( N Kale Kale District Taze Kanbalu Other Town N ° CHIN STATE Namhsan ° 3 Taze 3 2 Falam Mogoke 2 Mingin Thabeikkyin Township Boundary Mingin Ye-U State/Region Boundary Khin-U Monglon Mongngawt Ye-U !( !( Thantlang Khin-U International Boundary Tabayin Kyauk Hakha Tabayin Hsipaw .! Myaung Road Shwebo District !( Singu Kyaukme Kani Shwebo Shwebo Hkamti Budalin Map ID: MIMU764v04 Kani Wetlet Kale Creation Date: 23 October 2017.A4 Budalin Ayadaw Nawnghkio Projection/Datum: Geographic/WGS84 Kanbalu Monywa Ayadaw Wetlet Yinmabin District Madaya Data Sources: MIMU Gangaw District Katha Yinmabin Monywa Base Map: MIMU Monywa Mawlaik Boundaries: MIMReUz/uWaFP !( Yinmabin Sagaing District Patheingyi Pyinoolwin N N Monywa ° Place Name: Ministry of Home Affairs (GAD) Chaung-U Myinmu Sagaing ° 2 Pale 2 2 Salingyi Myinmu .! 2 translated by MIMU Pale Sagaing Sagaing Salingyi Chaung-U Mandalay City .! !( Email: [email protected] Myaung Ngazun Myitnge Shwebo Website: www.themimu.info Tada-U Myaung Tilin Sintgaing Tamu Copyright © Myanmar Information Management Unit Kilometers Intaw 2017. -
Shwebo District Volume A
BURMA GAZETTEER SHWEBO DISTRLCT VOLUME A COMPILED BY Ma. A. WILLIAMSON, I.C.S. SETTLEMENT OFFICER, RANGOON SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERMENT PRINTING AND STATIONERY, RANGOON. LIST OF AGENTS FROM WHOM GOVERNMENT OF BURMA PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE IN BURMA 1. CITY BOOK CLUB, 98, Phayre Street, Rangoon. 2. PROPRIETOR, THU-DHAMA-WADI PRESS, 55-56, Tees Kai Maung Khine Street, Rangoon. 3. PROPRIETOR, BURMA NEWS AGENCY, 135, Anawrahta Street, Rangoon. 4. MANAGER, UNION PUBLISHING HOUSE, 94, "C" Block, Bogyoke Market, Rangoon. 5. THE SECRETARY, PEOPLE'S LITERATURE COMMITTEE AND HOUSE, 546, Merchant Street, Rangoon. 6. THE BURMA TRANSLATION SOCIETY, 520, Merchant Street, Rangoon. 7. MESSRS. K. BIN HOON & SONS, Nyaunglebin, Pegu District. 8. U Lu GALE, GOVERNMENT LAW BOOK AGENT, 34th Road, Nyaungzindan Quarter, Mandalay. 9. THE NATIONAL BOOK DEPOT AND STATIONERY SUPPLY HOUSE, North Godown, Zegyo, Mandalay. 10. KNOWLEDGE BOOK HOUSE, 130, Bogyoke Street, Rangoon. 11. AVA HOUSE, 232, Sule Pagoda Road, Rangoon. 12. S.K. DEY, BOOK SUPPLIER & NEWS AGENTS (In Strand Hotel), 92, Strand Road, Rangoon. 13. AGAWALL BOOKSHOP, Lanmadaw, Myitkyina. 14- SHWE OU DAUNG STORES, BOOK SELLERS & STATIONERS, No. 267, South Bogyoke Road, Moulmein. 15. U AUNG TIN, YOUTH STATIONERY STORES, Main Road, Thaton. 16. U MAUNG GYI, AUNG BROTHER BOOK STALL, Minmu Road, Monywa. 17. SHWEHINTHA STONES, Bogyoke Road, Lashio, N.S.S. 18. L. C. BARUA, PROPRIETOR, NATIONAL STORES, No. 16-17, Zegyaung Road, Bassein. 19. DAW AYE KYI, No. 42-44 (in Bazaar) Book Stall, Maungmya. 20. DOBAMA U THEIN, PROPRIETOR, DOBAMA BOOK STALL, No. 6, Bogyoke Street, Henzada. 21. SMART AND MOOKRRDUM, NO. 221, Sule Pagoda Road, Rangoon. -
Gazetteer of Upper Burma. and the Shan States. in Five Volumes. Compiled from Official Papers by J. George Scott, Barrister-At-L
GAZETTEER OF UPPER BURMA. AND THE SHAN STATES. IN FIVE VOLUMES. COMPILED FROM OFFICIAL PAPERS BY J. GEORGE SCOTT, BARRISTER-AT-LAW, C.I.E,M.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., ASSISTED BY J. P. HARDIMAN, I.C.S. PART II.--VOL. I. RANGOON: PRINTRD BY THE SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, BURMA. 1901. [PART II, VOLS. I, II & III,--PRICE: Rs. 12-0-0=18s.] CONTENTS. VOLUME I Page. Page. Page. A-eng 1 A-lôn-gyi 8 Auk-kyin 29 Ah Hmun 2 A-Ma ib ib. A-hlè-ywa ib. Amarapura ib. Auk-myin ib. Ai-bur ib. 23 Auk-o-a-nauk 30 Ai-fang ib. Amarapura Myoma 24 Auk-o-a-she ib. Ai-ka ib. A-meik ib. Auk-sa-tha ib. Aik-gyi ib. A-mi-hkaw ib. Auk-seik ib. Ai-la ib. A-myauk-bôn-o ib. Auk-taung ib. Aing-daing ib. A-myin ib. Auk-ye-dwin ib. Aing-daung ib. Anauk-dônma 25 Auk-yo ib. Aing-gaing 3 A-nauk-gôn ib. Aung ib. Aing-gyi ib. A-nsuk-ka-byu ib. Aung-ban-chaung ib. -- ib. A-nauk-kaing ib. Aung-bin-le ib. Aing-ma ib. A-nauk-kyat-o ib. Aung-bôn ib. -- ib. A-nauk-let-tha-ma ib. Aung-ga-lein-kan ib. -- ib. A-nauk-pet ib. Aung-kè-zin ib. -- ib. A-nauk-su ib. Aung-tha 31 -- ib ib ib. Aing-she ib. A-nauk-taw ib ib. Aing-tha ib ib ib. Aing-ya ib. A-nauk-yat ib. -
Sagaing Region Census Report Volume 3 – E
THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Sagaing Region Census Report Volume 3 – E Department of Population Ministry of Immigration and Population May 2015 The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Sagaing Region Report Census Report Volume 3-E For more information contact: Department of Population Ministry of Immigration and Population Office No. 48 Nay Pyi Taw Tel: +95 67 431 062 www.dop.gov.mm May, 2015 Figure 1: Map of Myanmar by States/Regions and Districts Census Report Volume 3–E (Sagaing) i Figure 2: Map of Sagaing Region by Districts and Townships ii Census Report Volume 3–E (Sagaing) Foreword The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census (2014 MPHC) was conducted from 29th March to 10th April 2014 on a de facto basis. The successful planning and implementation of the census activities, followed by the timely release of the provisional results in August 2014 and now the main results in May 2015, is a clear testimony of the Government’s resolve to publish all information collected from respondents in accordance with the Population and Housing Census Law No. 19 of 2013. It is now my hope that the main results both Union and each of the State and Region reports will be interpreted correctly and will effectively inform the planning and decision-making processes in our quest for national and sub-national development. The census structures put in place, including the Central Census Commission, Census Committees and officers at the State/Region, District and Township levels and the International Technical Advisory Board (ITAB), a group of 15 experts from different countries and institutions involved in censuses and statistics internationally, provided the requisite administrative and technical inputs for the implementation of the census. -
Sagaing Region THAILAND CAMBODIA
NEPAL CHINA Myanmar Information Management Unit INDIA VIETNAM LAOS Pale Township - Sagaing Region THAILAND CAMBODIA 94°15'E 94°20'E 94°25'E 94°30'E 94°35'E 94°40'E 94°45'E 94°50'E 94°55'E 95°0'E 22°15'N 22°15'N T o M Ü on y wa KANI 22°10'N 22°10'N Taung Yin(174233) (Sit Yin) YINMABIN ! Khin Thar(174225) (Ma Yin) ! Se Gyi(174232) (Sit Yin) ! 22°5'N Yinmabin 22°5'N Ma Yin(174224) Yae Thar(174231) (! (Sit Yin) (Ma Yin) ! ! Kan Bar Yat(174159) Pu Htoe Thar(174154) (Kan Bar Yat) (Pu Htoe Thar) ! ! Maung Ton(174172) (Poke Par) ! Thet Kei Kyin(174222) Poke Par(174171) Bant Bway ( East)(174234) (Aing Ma) (Poke Par) (Bant Bway) ! ! ! Ku Toe Kone (Ka Toe Kan)(174164) ! (Kyay Tha Hmyar) GANGAW Se Pyin(174223) Shauk Yin Kone(174150) Chin Pyit(174149) Mon Thwin(174181) ! Kyay Tha Hmyar (East)(174162) (Aing Ma) (Chin Pyit) (Chin Pyit) (Mon Thwin) Zee Yin(174153) (Kyay Tha Hmyar) ! ! ! (Kan Gyi) ! ! Aing Ma(174221) (Aing Ma) Thit Gyi Taing(174226) ! Aing Yaung(174166) (Thit Gyi Taing) (Min Ma (East)) ! Kyu Chan(174183) ! (Mon Thwin) Min Ma (East)(174165) ! ! (Min Ma (East)) Ma Yoe Kone (East)(174174) Kan Thit(174152) ! Zeint Htaunt(174227) Kan Gyi(174151) ! (Ma Yoe Kone) (Kan Gyi) (Thit Gyi Taing) PALE ! (Kan Gyi) ! Thin Tee Kan(174187) (Kyay Nin) ! 22°0'N 22°0'N Kyay Nin(174186) Khaw Than Ti(174184) Mon Kyaing(174080) Nyaung Kaing(174210) (Kyay Nin) (Mon Kyaing) (Khaw Than Ti) ! ! (Nyaung Kaing) ! ! Chaung U(174130) (Chaung U) Let Taung Gyi(174057) ! Sin Shin(174102) (Let Taung Gyi) (Sin Shin) ! ! Gyat(174206) Kyaung Than(174088) Thit Ta Yar(174078) -
Sagaing Operational Brief
WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME MYANMAR Sagaing Operational Brief OVERVIEW Sagaing Region is the second largest constituent unit of Myanmar with 5.3 million population, located in the north western part of the country. Sagaing Region consists of 8 districts, 37 townships and 1 Self Administered Zone1 (SAZ). The Region’s capital city is Sagaing, located on the Ayeyarwaddy River, 20 km southwest of the country’s famous Mandalay city where numerous Buddhist temples and monasteries exist. The Region abounds in natural resources, with the Ayeyarwaddy benefiting the local economy. Agriculture is the mainstay of the local economy, followed by livestock, fresh water fisheries, agro-industrial activity as well as natural resource extraction. The southern part is comparatively highly urbanized while infrastructure in the remote northern areas are poorly developed. Amongst other, Naga SAZ is the poorest, most isolated and least developed of Myanmar.2 In early 2014, the Government’s Department of Rural Development (DRD) and WFP carried out a food security survey, involving a total of 1,800 households from 150 villages in Sagaing. The survey was compartmentalized into three strata (i.e. north, south and centre) and discovered higher levels of hunger scale and diet inadequacy in the northern Sagaing. In July 2015, Sagaing was severely devastated by widespread flooding, triggered by heavy monsoonal rains and exacerbated by the tropical Cyclone Komen. Approximately 455,700 people across 26 townships were PARTNERSHIPS affected in addition to agriculture, livelihoods and infrastructures. Sagaing was declared as one of the Government Counterpart natural disaster zones by the President of Myanmar and Kale was identified as the worst affected Township of Ministry of Border Affairs (NaTaLa) Sagaing by the National Natural Disaster Management Committee afterwards.