Des Hauts De Hurlevent À La Migration Des Coeurs : L'émergence D'une Identité Composite

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Des Hauts De Hurlevent À La Migration Des Coeurs : L'émergence D'une Identité Composite Mémoire de Master Université de Limoges Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines Département d'études anglophones Littérature anglophone présenté et soutenu par Sultana NEZIRI le 22 septembre 2017 Des Hauts de Hurlevent à La Migration des Coeurs : l'émergence d'une identité composite Mémoire dirigé par Bertrand ROUBY Sultana NEZIRI | Mémoire de Master | Université de Limoges | 2017 2 Remerciements En premier lieu, j'aimerais remercier Bertrand Rouby, pour ses conseils en tant que directeur de recherche, mais surtout pour m'avoir permis de découvrir les œuvres de Jean Rhys et de Maryse Condé. Ces univers m'ont touchée par leur richesse et leurs spécificités, m'offrant la possibilité d'aborder des romans qui m'ont marquée, ceux des sœurs Brontë, sous un angle différent. Je remercie les amis dont le soutien m'a aidée, surtout au cours des dernières étapes: Mathilde, Anaïs, Marion et Louise. Merci à Garance d'avoir pris en charge un aspect qui est hors de ma portée : la mise en page de ce mémoire, ce qui me décharge d'un poids considérable. Enfin, avoir un frère qui soit en mesure de comprendre les petits maux et les grands tracas que peut engendrer la cécité au cours d'un processus de rédaction a été essentiel. Sultana NEZIRI | Mémoire de Master | Université de Limoges | 2017 3 Sultana NEZIRI | Mémoire de Master | Université de Limoges | 2017 4 Droits d'auteurs Cette création est mise à disposition selon le Contrat : « Attribution-Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale-Pas de modification 4.0 International » disponible en ligne : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Sultana NEZIRI | Mémoire de Master | Université de Limoges | 2017 5 Sultana NEZIRI | Mémoire de Master | Université de Limoges | 2017 6 Table des matières Introduction......................................................................................................................................9 Partie I : Unité et fragmentation......................................................................................................13 I.1. L'androgyne, de l'unité à la chute.........................................................................................14 I.1.1. Un monde prélapsaire et primitif...................................................................................14 I.1.2. La chute de l'androgyne...............................................................................................16 I.2.Une identité fragmentée........................................................................................................20 I.2.1. De la « sauvageonne » à la « fille de bonne famille »...................................................20 I.2.2. Un « double personnage »...........................................................................................22 I.3. Retrouver l'unité...................................................................................................................24 I.3.1. Air/terre : une substance intermédiaire .......................................................................24 I.3.2. Une identification destructrice......................................................................................26 Partie II : Surnaturel et (ré)incarnation: le paysage, un portail vers l'autre monde..........................29 II.1.Un paysage agité et sensoriel .............................................................................................29 II.1.1. L'influence du Romantisme : une nature « destructrice et apaisante »........................29 II.1.1.1. Un climat imprévisible .........................................................................................29 II.1.1.2. Le refuge de la lande et de la montagne..............................................................32 II.1.2. Un corps-paysage .....................................................................................................34 II.1.3. Une carte vibratile.......................................................................................................36 II.2.Des textes hantés ...............................................................................................................38 II.2.1. Inquiétante étrangeté: doubles et répétitions .............................................................39 II.2.2. Incarnations d'une revenante .....................................................................................40 II.3.Vers la transcendance ........................................................................................................42 II.3.1. Définir l'au-delà: entre culture chrétienne et païenne..................................................43 II.3.2. Les incarnations du démon.........................................................................................45 II.4.Du romantisme gothique au fantastique antillais..................................................................48 II.4.1. L'esthétique gothique..................................................................................................49 II.4.2. Le fantastique antillais ................................................................................................54 II.4.2.1. Un récit monstrueux.............................................................................................54 II.4.2.2. Religion vaudou et réalisme magique..................................................................55 Partie III : Au-delà des structures binaires......................................................................................63 III.1.Des univers antinomiques...................................................................................................64 III.1.1. La dichotomie Paradis/Enfer .....................................................................................64 III.1.2. Lutte des classes et conflit racial................................................................................67 III.2.Subversions........................................................................................................................71 III.2.1. Une polarité inversée.................................................................................................71 III.2.2. Du spirituel au sensuel .............................................................................................75 III.3.Création de nouveaux paradigmes.....................................................................................80 III.3.1. Rétablir l'harmonie cosmique.....................................................................................80 III.3.2. Syncrétisme et Créolité..............................................................................................83 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................87 Références bibliographiques..........................................................................................................89 Annexes.........................................................................................................................................93 Sultana NEZIRI | Mémoire de Master | Université de Limoges | 2017 7 Sultana NEZIRI | Mémoire de Master | Université de Limoges | 2017 8 Introduction « If Wuthering Heights is a love story, Hamlet is a sitcom. »1 Depuis sa parution en 1847, l'unique roman d'Emily Brontë n'a cessé d'engendrer analyses et interprétations. Dans son article, Martin Kettle souligne l'aspect réducteur de certaines de ces lectures. Car les ouvrages et articles traitant de Wuthering Heights se sont succédés à travers divers idéologies et courants littéraires. Cette multiplicité est d'abord présentée par Charlotte Brontë qui, dans sa préface, présente quatre interprétations différentes, celles-ci constituant, d'après Hillis Miller, le programme sur lequel seront fondées toutes les analyses ultérieures : présenté comme une œuvre dont le thème central serait la nature et le paysage du Yorkshire, le roman est ensuite associé à un texte politico-social ; une troisième analyse le compare à une allégorie biblique, avant que l'auteure de Jane Eyre n'affirme que sa sœur ne peut être tenue responsable de ce qu'elle a écrit, puisque Wuthering Heights est le fruit d'un processus d'écriture qui transcende l'auteure.2 Dès lors, Wuthering Heights a été rattaché tantôt au courant féministe, tantôt à l'idéologie marxiste; ces deux exemples ne constituant qu'une partie infime des différents courants traités. Le principal défaut d'une telle juxtaposition de lectures réside dans son incohérence. Cet argument est développé par Hillis Miller qui déplore le fait que chaque critique présente son écrit comme une réponse exclusive aux questionnements que suscitent le roman : « [e]ach critic presents himself as the Daniel who can at last decipher the writing on the wall. »3 Bien que ces essais n'étudient pas les mêmes aspects du roman, la majorité des auteurs semble prétendre qu'ils disposent de la clé du texte. Il ne s'agit pas d'établir une hiérarchie entre ces interprétations, car chacune d'entre elles contient des éléments essentiels à sa compréhension: néanmoins, l'erreur consiste à penser que Wuthering Heights possède une unique signification. Les analyses qui seraient les plus pertinentes correspondraient à celles qui parviendraient à formuler un ensemble hétérogène d'interprétations interdépendantes, même si celles-ci peuvent être incompatibles.4 La réalisation d'un tel projet est complexe, peut-être impossible ; pourtant, un texte ne peut être réduit à un seul de ses éléments
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