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Bestandsaufnahme Und Bewertung Von Neozoen in Deutschland

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Bestandsaufnahme Und Bewertung Von Neozoen in Deutschland TEXTE UMWELTFORSCHUNGSPLAN DES BUNDESMINISTERIUMS FÜR UMWELT, NATURSCHUTZ UND REAKTORSICHERHEIT Forschungsbericht 296 89 901/01 UBA-FB 000215 Texte Bestandsaufnahme und Bewertung von Neozoen in 25 Deutschland 02 Untersuchung der Wirkung von Biologie und Genetik ausgewählter Neozoen auf Ökosysteme ISSN 0722-186X und Vergleich mit den potenziellen Effekten gentechnisch veränderter Organismen von Dipl.-Inf. (univ.) Olaf Geiter Dr. Susanne Homma Prof. Dr. Ragnar Kinzelbach Institut für Biodiversitätsforschung Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie Universität Rostock Institutsleiter Prof. Dr. Ragnar Kinzelbach Im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes UMWELTBUNDESAMT Diese TEXTE-Veröffentlichung kann bezogen werden bei Vorauszahlung von 10,00 € durch Post- bzw. Banküberweisung, Verrechnungsscheck oder Zahlkarte auf das Konto Nummer 4327 65 - 104 bei der Postbank Berlin (BLZ 10010010) Fa. Werbung und Vertrieb, Ahornstraße 1-2, 10787 Berlin Parallel zur Überweisung richten Sie bitte eine schriftliche Bestellung mit Nennung der Texte-Nummer sowie des Namens und der Anschrift des Bestellers an die Firma Werbung und Vertrieb. Der Herausgeber übernimmt keine Gewähr für die Richtigkeit, die Genauigkeit und Vollständigkeit der Angaben sowie für die Beachtung privater Rechte Dritter. Die in dem Bericht geäußerten Ansichten und Meinungen müssen nicht mit denen des Herausgebers übereinstimmen. Herausgeber: Umweltbundesamt Postfach 33 00 22 14191 Berlin Tel.: 030/8903-0 Telex: 183 756 Telefax: 030/8903 2285 Internet: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de Redaktion: Fachgebiet II 1.3 Dr. Ulrike Doyle Berlin, Juli 2002 Berichtskennblatt 1. Berichtsnummer UBA-FB 2. 3. UBA-FB 000 215 4. Titel des Berichts Bestandsaufnahme und Bewertung von Neozoen in Deutschland Untersuchung der Wirkung von Biologie und Genetik ausgewählter Neozoen auf Ökosysteme und Vergleich mit den potentiellen Effekten gentechnisch veränderter Organismen 5. Autoren, Namen, Vornamen 8. Abschlußdatum Kinzelbach, Ragnar 17.07.2001 Geiter, Olaf 9. Veröffentlichungsdatum Homma, Susanne 6. Durchführende Institution (Name, Anschrift) Institut für Biodiversitätsforschung 10. UFOPLAN-Nr. Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie 296 89 901/01 Universitätsplatz 2+5 (alt:108 02 901/01) 18055 Rostock 11. Seitenzahl 7. Fördernde Institution (Name, Anschrift) 290 Umweltbundesamt 12. Literaturangaben Bismarckplatz 1 14193 Berlin 13. Tabellen und Diagramme 15. Zusätzliche Angaben Der Bericht besteht aus den fünf Teilberichten: I. Allgemeines, 14. Abbildungen II. Modellfall Gänse (Anatidae) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kanadagans (Branta canadensis), III. Artensteckbriefe 16. Kurzfassung Das Begriffsfeld wurde revidiert, das Phänomen der vom Menschen eingeschleppten Tiere in den allgemeinen Zusammenhang der Faunengeschichte eingefügt. Eine erste kohärente Übersicht der Neozoen in Deutschland wurde erarbeitet. Eine Datenbank mit Angaben zu 1322 Neozoen wurde erstellt. Von diesen sind bereits 262 etabliert (Agriozoen). Die Bestandserhebung ist damit noch nicht abgeschlossen. Es erfolgen Angaben über Status, Herkunft und Einschleppung, Erstnachweis, weitere Ausbreitung, Literatur. An einigen Arten der Gänse (Anatidae) wurden exemplarisch Untersuchungen durchgeführt zu Verbreitung, Populationsdynamik, Populationsgenetik, Hybridisierung mit anderen Arten, Konkurrenzverhalten. Die Neozoen üben einen erheblichen Einfluss aus, allgemein durch ihre große Artenzahl und weite Verbreitung, andererseits durch die spezifische Wirkung einzelner Arten. Dies betrifft Nutzung, besonders aber wirtschaftliche und medizinische Schäden oder Schadenspotentiale. Der Einfluss auf Ökosystem und Biodiversität ist je nach Art und dem untersuchten Lebensraum sehr verschieden. Daher sind in verstärktem Maße Einzelfallstudien erforderlich. Eine Prognose über die nächsten Einschleppungen, ihren Erfolg und ihre Auswirkungen ist nicht möglich. Darin gleichen die Neozoen ggf. ins Freiland verbrachten genetisch verämderten Organismen. Daher sollte die weitere Einbringung von Neozoen soweit wie möglich verhindert, wenn nötig eindämmende Maßnahmen ergriffen werden; die gesetzlichen Bestimmungen harmonisiert werden; Öffentlichkeitsarbeit verstärkt, jedoch ohne Übertreibungen, auf die Folgen hingewiesen werden; die Datenbasis auf neuestem Stand gehalten werden; die Einführungsfolgenforschung (Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung) und das Monitoring gestärkt werden. Vorgeschlagen wird eine zentrale Koordination der vielfältigen Bereiche und Kompetenzen in Deutschland. 17. Schlagwörter: Neozoen, biologische Invasionen, gebietsfremd, nichtheimisch, Tierart, Zoogeographie, Ökologie 18. Preis 19. 20. UBA-F+E-Berichtsmerkblatt REPORT COVER SHEET 1. Report No. UBA-FB 2. 3. UBA-FB 000 215 4. Report Title Status and assessment of neozoans in Germany Investigation of the impact of biology and genetics of selected neozoans on ecosystems and comparison with potential effects of genetically modified organisms 5. Authors, Family Names, First Names 8. Report Date Kinzelbach, Ragnar 17.07.2001 Geiter, Olaf Homma, Susanne 9. Publication Date 6. Performing Organisation (Name, Address) Institut für Biodiversitätsforschung 10. UFOPLAN-Ref. No. Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie 296 89 901/01 Universitätsplatz 2+5 (former:108 02 901/01) 18055 Rostock 11. No. of Pages 7. Sponsoring Agency (Name, Address) 290 Umweltbundesamt 12. No. of References (Federal Environmental Agency) Bismarckplatz 1 14193 Berlin 13. No. of Tables, Diagrams 15. Supplementary Notes The report consists of three single chapters. 14. No. of Figures 16. Abstract The terminology was revised, the phenomenon of animals displaced by man was discussed on the background of general faunal history. A first consistent survey of neozoans (alien species) in Germany is given. A databank developed in the framework of this project contains 1322 neozoans, 262 being already established (agriozoans). The final number most likely will be higher. Information is presented on status, origin and mode of import, first record, further spreading, literature. Selected species of geese (Anatidae) were investigated concerning distribution, population dynamics, population genetics, hybrids, competitive behaviour. In general Neozoans have a considerable influence by their great number and wide distribution, and in special cases by the impact of single species. This refers to the use of neozoans on one hand but mainly refers to economic and medical risks. Depending on species and habitats taken into consideration the influence on ecosystems and biodiversity can be strikingly different. This makes it necessary to focus on single case studies. A prognosis about the next successful arrivals and their consequences is not possible. In this respect neozoans resemble accidentally escaped genetically modified organisms. Therefore further import of neozoans should be stopped or minimised, agriozoans should be contained; legal regulations must be harmonised; public awareness should be focussed on potential risks without exaggerations; the database should be constantly actualised; impact assessment for potential animal introductions and monitoring should be strengthened. A central co-ordination of the many fields and institutions involved in Germany is urgently needed. 17. Keywords neozoans, invasive species, alien, non-native, animal, ecology, zoogeography 18. Price 19. 20. UBA-F+E-Berichtsmerkblatt Bestandsaufnahme und Bewertung von Neozoen in Deutschland Untersuchung der Wirkung von Biologie und Genetik ausgewählter Neozoen auf Ökosysteme und Vergleich mit den potenziellen Effekten gentechnisch veränderter Organismen Inhalt I. Allgemeines Olaf Geiter, Ragnar Kinzelbach 1 Vorbemerkung ...................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Allgemeines .......................................................................................................................................... 2 3 Kenntnisstand ....................................................................................................................................... 4 4 Stellenwert in der Umweltpolitik............................................................................................................ 8 5 Begriffsbestimmungen und Definitionen............................................................................................... 9 5.1 Vorbemerkungen ........................................................................................................................... 9 5.2 Definition „Neozoen“................................................................................................................... .14 5.3 Definition „Invasive Arten“ ........................................................................................................... 22 5.4 Zusammenfassung ...................................................................................................................... 23 6 Neozoen in Europa: Status und Dynamik........................................................................................... 24 6.1 Allgemeine Bedeutung der Neozoen...........................................................................................24 6.2 Zur Typologie............................................................................................................................... 25 6.3 Der Ablauf der Einbringung und Etablierung............................................................................... 37 6.3.1 Übersicht .............................................................................................................................
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