DOCSLIB.ORG

Quantifying Water Content and Equilibration Timescale of Wind Tunnel Materials Xinting Yu1, Sarah M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Quantifying Water Content and Equilibration Timescale of Wind Tunnel Materials Xinting Yu1, Sarah M #2683 Quantifying Water Content and Equilibration Timescale of Wind Tunnel Materials Xinting Yu1, Sarah M. Hörst1, Chao He1, Nathan T. Bridges2, and Devon Burr3 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University ([email protected]) 2Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, 3Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee Conclusion Materials summarization and the methods of measuing Water content measurement results for various wind water content . tunnel materials. To improve our understanding of the eect of 1. Low-density materials tend to have higher water interparticle forces, we measured water In addition to low-density materials, materials with higher content (>5%) compared to high-density materials content and equilibration timescales for density (basalt, quartz sand and beach sand) are used for (0.05-0.1%). various wind tunnel materials. comparison. 2. Low-density materials take >6 hrs to equilibrate, while high density materials only need <30 mins. Material Density (kg/m3) Size Range (µm) The low-density materials used in the wind 3. The water content of materials grows linearly with Basalt 3000 150-1000 2 tunnel have: increasing relative humidity (RH=15-60%), with R >0.8. Quartz Sand 2650 105-125 1. high water content, ~6%; Beach Sand 2650 500-1000 2. long equilibration timescales, >6 hrs. Walnut Shells 1100 125-1000 The high water content of these materials may Activated Charcoal 250-550 400-841 [1] increase the interparticle forces and thus GC 350 37-175 signicantly increase the threshold wind Iced Tea 100-200 N/A speed. Iced Coffee 100-200 N/A Low density materials are widely used in planetary wind The water content of the materials is determined through gravimetric measurement. tunnels but are not well characterized. 1. The materials are dried for 24 hrs in a 120˚C and weighed Aeolian processes are found on many worlds including: on an analytical balance (mdry). Earth, Venus, Mars, Titan, Triton, Pluto and comet 67p[2]. 2. After drying, they were removed from the oven and weighed again (m ). While wind tunnels are very eective at simulating aeolian wet The water content is then given by: processes with dierent planetary parameters, the robust- u(%)=(m -m )/m *100% ness of the results depends on both the experimental con- wet dry dry The equilibration timescales are acquired by measuring the ditions and understanding of experimental materials. weight as a function of time. Low-density materials are widely used in planetary wind tunnels, e.g., Titan and Mars Wind Tunnel (TWT and the MARSWIT), to simulate the lower gravity on Titan and Mars. Previous studies[3,4] have shown eect of water content on threshold wind speed for high-density sand (~2650 kg/m3): water content change threshold change 0.1%—>0.2% 10% 0–>0.3~0.6% 100% Similar data for low-density materials are missing, thus water content and equilibration timescale is the focus of the study. References [1] C.L. McKenna-Neuman. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 108(1):61-89, 2003. [2] D.M. Burr, et al. Aeolian Research, 18:205-214, 2015. [3] P-Y Belly. Technical report, USACE, 1964. [4] J.N. Svasek & J. H. J. Terwindt. Sedimentology, 21(2), 311-322. [5] D.M. Burr, et al. Nature, 517:60-63, 2015. Titan Wind Tunnel (TWT) with important components labelled [5]. Xinting Yu, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, MD, Baltimore, USA.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Infiltration from the Pedon to Global Grid Scales: an Overview and Outlook for Land Surface Modeling
    Published June 24, 2019 Reviews and Analyses Core Ideas Infiltration from the Pedon to Global • Land surface models (LSMs) show Grid Scales: An Overview and Outlook a large variety in describing and upscaling infiltration. for Land Surface Modeling • Soil structural effects on infiltration in LSMs are mostly neglected. Harry Vereecken, Lutz Weihermüller, Shmuel Assouline, • New soil databases may help to Jirka Šimůnek, Anne Verhoef, Michael Herbst, Nicole Archer, parameterize infiltration processes Binayak Mohanty, Carsten Montzka, Jan Vanderborght, in LSMs. Gianpaolo Balsamo, Michel Bechtold, Aaron Boone, Sarah Chadburn, Matthias Cuntz, Bertrand Decharme, Received 22 Oct. 2018. Agnès Ducharne, Michael Ek, Sebastien Garrigues, Accepted 16 Feb. 2019. Klaus Goergen, Joachim Ingwersen, Stefan Kollet, David M. Lawrence, Qian Li, Dani Or, Sean Swenson, Citation: Vereecken, H., L. Weihermüller, S. Philipp de Vrese, Robert Walko, Yihua Wu, Assouline, J. Šimůnek, A. Verhoef, M. Herbst, N. Archer, B. Mohanty, C. Montzka, J. Vander- and Yongkang Xue borght, G. Balsamo, M. Bechtold, A. Boone, S. Chadburn, M. Cuntz, B. Decharme, A. Infiltration in soils is a key process that partitions precipitation at the land sur- Ducharne, M. Ek, S. Garrigues, K. Goergen, J. face into surface runoff and water that enters the soil profile. We reviewed the Ingwersen, S. Kollet, D.M. Lawrence, Q. Li, D. basic principles of water infiltration in soils and we analyzed approaches com- Or, S. Swenson, P. de Vrese, R. Walko, Y. Wu, and Y. Xue. 2019. Infiltration from the pedon monly used in land surface models (LSMs) to quantify infiltration as well as its to global grid scales: An overview and out- numerical implementation and sensitivity to model parameters.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Water-Level Variations on Slope Stability
    ISSN: 1402-1757 ISBN 978-91-7439-XXX-X Se i listan och fyll i siffror där kryssen är LICENTIATE T H E SIS Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering1 Division of Mining and Geotechnical Engineering Jens Johansson Impact of Johansson Jens ISSN 1402-1757 Impact of Water-Level Variations ISBN 978-91-7439-958-5 (print) ISBN 978-91-7439-959-2 (pdf) on Slope Stability Luleå University of Technology 2014 Water-Level Variations on Slope Stability Variations Water-Level Jens Johansson LICENTIATE THESIS Impact of Water-Level Variations on Slope Stability Jens M. A. Johansson Luleå University of Technology Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Division of Mining and Geotechnical Engineering Printed by Luleå University of Technology, Graphic Production 2014 ISSN 1402-1757 ISBN 978-91-7439-958-5 (print) ISBN 978-91-7439-959-2 (pdf) Luleå 2014 www.ltu.se Preface PREFACE This work has been carried out at the Division of Mining and Geotechnical Engineering at the Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources, at Luleå University of Technology. The research has been supported by the Swedish Hydropower Centre, SVC; established by the Swedish Energy Agency, Elforsk and Svenska Kraftnät together with Luleå University of Technology, The Royal Institute of Technology, Chalmers University of Technology and Uppsala University. I would like to thank Professor Sven Knutsson and Dr. Tommy Edeskär for their support and supervision. I also want to thank all my colleagues and friends at the university for contributing to pleasant working days. Jens Johansson, June 2014 i Impact of water-level variations on slope stability ii Abstract ABSTRACT Waterfront-soil slopes are exposed to water-level fluctuations originating from either natural sources, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Low Tunnels Reduce Irrigation Water Needs and Increase Growth, Yield
    HORTSCIENCE 54(3):470–475. 2019. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13568-18 mental conditions and plant stage (size). Increased ET results in increased crop water needs. Factors influencing ET are SR, crop Low Tunnels Reduce Irrigation Water growth stage, daylength, air temperature, rel- ative humidity (RH), and wind speed (Allen Needs and Increase Growth, Yield, and et al., 1998; Jensen and Allen, 2016; Zotarelli et al., 2010). Therefore, fully grown plants Water-use Efficiency in Brussels demand larger amounts of water, especially in warm, sunny, and windy days (Abdrabbo et al., 2010). Under LT, however, rowcover Sprouts Production reduces direct sunlight and blocks wind, which Tej P. Acharya1, Gregory E. Welbaum, and Ramon A. Arancibia2 reduces ET even at higher temperatures School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, 330 Smyth Hall, Virginia Tech, (Arancibia, 2009, 2012). Therefore, reducing ET in crops grown under LTs may reduce Blacksburg, VA 24061 irrigation requirements and improve WUE. Additional index words. rowcover, temperature, solar radiation, evapotranspiration The use of LT can be beneficial to extend the harvest season of brussels sprouts (Bras- Abstract. Farmers use low tunnels (LTs) covered with spunbonded fabric to protect sica oleracea L. Group Gemmifera). Brussels warm-season vegetable crops against cold temperatures and extend the growing season. sprout is a cool season, frost-tolerant vegeta- Cool season vegetable crops may also benefit from LTs by enhancing vegetative growth ble crop from the family Brassicaceae. It is an and development. This study investigated the effect of the microenvironmental condi- important source of dietary fiber, vitamins tions under LTs on brussels sprouts growth and production as well as water re- (A, C, and K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), quirements and use efficiency in comparison with those in open fields.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.New Technologies in Groundwater Exploration. Surface
    Geologica Acta: an international earth science journal ISSN: 1695-6133 [email protected] Universitat de Barcelona España Yaramanci, U. New technologies in groundwater exploration. Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Geologica Acta: an international earth science journal, vol. 2, núm. 2, 2004, pp. 109-120 Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=50520203 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Geologica Acta, Vol.2, Nº2, 2004, 109-120 Available online at www.geologica-acta.com New technologies in groundwater exploration. Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance U. YARAMANCI Technical University of Berlin, Department of Applied Geophysics Ackerstr.71-76, 13355 Berlin, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT As groundwater becomes increasingly important for living and environment, techniques are asked for an improved exploration. The demand is not only to detect new groundwater resources but also to protect them. Geophysical techniques are the key to find groundwater. Combination of geophysical measurements with bore- holes and borehole measurements help to describe groundwater systems and their dynamics. There are a num- ber of geophysical techniques based on the principles of geoelectrics, electromagnetics, seismics, gravity and magnetics, which are used in exploration of geological structures in particular for the purpose of discovering georesources. The special geological setting of groundwater systems, i.e. structure and material, makes it neces- sary to adopt and modify existing geophysical techniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Statistical Control of Processes Aplied for Peanut Mechanical Digging In
    Journal of the Brazilian Association of Agricultural Engineering ISSN: 1809-4430 (on-line) STATISTICAL CONTROL OF PROCESSES APLIED FOR PEANUT MECHANICAL DIGGING IN SOIL TEXTURAL CLASSES Doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v37n2p315-322/2017 CRISTIANO ZERBATO1*, CARLOS E. A. FURLANI2, ROUVERSON P. DA SILVA2, MURILO A. VOLTARELLI3, ADÃO F. DOS SANTOS2 1*Corresponding author. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias/ Jaboticabal - SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT:Thedigging of peanut, which has the pod production in the subsurface, is directly affected by soil conditions, physical or environmental characteristics, at the time of operation and may be the cause of unwanted losses. Therefore, the quality of the operation is very important for minimizing these losses. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of mechanizeddiggingoperation of peanut according to three soil textural classes(Sandy, Medium and Loamy) and their water content conditions at operation through statistical process control. The experiment was conducted at three locations in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, under sampling scheme arranged in tracks and 40 sampling points for each textural class of soil, using the mechanical digging variables as indicators of quality. We found that the mechanized digging operation in Sandy soil was the most critical, just meeting the specifications of quality indicators, reflecting higher losses and lower quality of the operation. Medium soil showed at the digginggood and homogeneous conditions in relation to water content in soil and pods, and because it has favorable characteristics it obtained the lower total losses and higher quality of operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Methods to Monitor Soil Moisture
    A3600-02 UNDERSTANDING CROP IRRIGATION Methods to Monitor Soil Moisture John Panuska, Scott Sanford and Astrid Newenhouse Advance ments in soil moisture monitoring technology major challenge facing Wisconsin growers is the need to conserve and protect natural make it a cost- resources amid increasing food demand, rising production costs and climate extremes. effective risk Growers need to use every opportunity possible to optimize production efficiency to management address these and other challenges and maintain yields. Water stress is one of several Afactors that can reduce crop yield and quality. Keeping the proper amount of water available in tool. the root zone is essential to any successful crop production operation. Irrigation has become an increasingly important risk management tool for growers. An understanding of soil moisture management is key for growers to make irrigation management decisions. The recommended approach for optimal root zone soil water management includes irrigation water management (scheduling) and soil moisture monitoring. Recent advancements in soil moisture monitoring technology make it a cost effective risk management tool. Types of equipment There are several aspects of soil moisture monitoring equipment: configuration, measurement science, and data management. The advantages and limitations along with specific equipment examples of each aspect are presented and discussed in this publication. Sensor configuration Figure 1 Figure 2 Portable soil moisture sensor Stationary moisture sensors Soil moisture sensors measure the amount of water in the soil. They are either stationary at fixed locations and depths or portable as handheld Francisco Arriaga Francisco probes. With a portable sensor (Figure 1) you can take measurements at several locations, but you may need to dig a hole to get readings deeper Courtesy of Spectrum Technologies, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Rainfall Infiltration Modeling: a Review
    water Review Rainfall Infiltration Modeling: A Review Renato Morbidelli 1,* , Corrado Corradini 1, Carla Saltalippi 1, Alessia Flammini 1, Jacopo Dari 1 and Rao S. Govindaraju 2 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy; [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (C.S.); alessia.fl[email protected] (A.F.); jacopo.dari@unifi.it (J.D.) 2 Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-075-5853620 Received: 7 December 2018; Accepted: 13 December 2018; Published: 18 December 2018 Abstract: Infiltration of water into soil is a key process in various fields, including hydrology, hydraulic works, agriculture, and transport of pollutants. Depending upon rainfall and soil characteristics as well as from initial and very complex boundary conditions, an exhaustive understanding of infiltration and its mathematical representation can be challenging. During the last decades, significant research effort has been expended to enhance the seminal contributions of Green, Ampt, Horton, Philip, Brutsaert, Parlange and many other scientists. This review paper retraces some important milestones that led to the definition of basic mathematical models, both at the local and field scales. Some open problems, especially those involving the vertical and horizontal inhomogeneity of the soils, are explored. Finally, rainfall infiltration modeling over surfaces with significant slopes is also discussed. Keywords: hydrology; infiltration process; local infiltration models; areal-average infiltration models; layered soils 1. Introduction Brutsaert [1] offers a concise definition of infiltration as “the entry of water into the soil surface and its subsequent vertical motion through the soil profile”.
    [Show full text]
  • Soil Water Status: Content and Potential by Jim Bilskie, Ph.D
    Soil water status: content and potential By Jim Bilskie, Ph.D. The fundamental forces acting on soil Campbell Scientific, Inc. mwet 94 g water are gravitational, matric, and osmot- ic. Water molecules have energy by mdry 78 g he state of water in soil is described virtue of position in the gravitational force T in terms of the amount of water and sample volume 60 cm3 field just as all matter has potential ener- the energy associated with the forces gy. This energy component is described which hold the water in the soil. The by the gravitational potential component amount of water is defined by water con- of the total water potential. The influence mwater 94gg− 78 tent and the energy state of the water is θ == = −1 of gravitational potential is easily seen g 0. 205 gg the water potential. Plant growth, soil msoil 78g when attractive forces between water and temperature, chemical transport, and soil are less than the gravitational forces ground water recharge are all dependent acting on the water molecule and water m on the state of water in the soil. While dry 78 g − moves downward. ρ ===13. gcm 3 there is a unique relationship between bulk volume 60 cm3 The matrix arrangement of soil solid water content and water potential for a particles results in capillary and electro- particular soil, these physical properties static forces and determines the soil water describe the state of the water in soil in θρ∗ matric potential. The magnitude of the g soil − distinctly different manners. It is impor- θ = = 0.
    [Show full text]
  • Forecasting of Landslides Using Rainfall Severity and Soil Wetness: a Probabilistic Approach for Darjeeling Himalayas
    water Article Forecasting of Landslides Using Rainfall Severity and Soil Wetness: A Probabilistic Approach for Darjeeling Himalayas Minu Treesa Abraham 1 , Neelima Satyam 1 , Biswajeet Pradhan 1,2,3,* and Abdullah M. Alamri 4 1 Discipline of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452020, India; [email protected] (M.T.A.); [email protected] (N.S.) 2 Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney P.O. Box 123, Australia 3 Department of Energy and Mineral Resources Engineering, Sejong University, Choongmu-gwan, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea 4 Department of Geology & Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 February 2020; Accepted: 9 March 2020; Published: 13 March 2020 Abstract: Rainfall induced landslides are creating havoc in hilly areas and have become an important concern for the stakeholders and public. Many approaches have been proposed to derive rainfall thresholds to identify the critical conditions that can initiate landslides. Most of the empirical methods are defined in such a way that it does not depend upon any of the in situ conditions. Soil moisture plays a key role in the initiation of landslides as the pore pressure increase and loss in shear strength of soil result in sliding of soil mass, which in turn are termed as landslides. Hence this study focuses on a Bayesian analysis, to calculate the probability of occurrence of landslides, based on different combinations of severity of rainfall and antecedent soil moisture content.
    [Show full text]
  • Soil Characteristics That Influence Nitrogen and Water Management
    Section C: Soil characteristics that influence nitrogen and water management Section C Soil characteristics that influence nitrogen and water management Soil characteristics vary across the landscape Soils vary from one field to another, and often within the same field. Soil differences certainly affect yield potential Organic Matter is that from one part of a field to another, and also impact how fraction of the soil composed water and fertilizer must be managed to maintain good of anything that once lived, production levels. Some important characteristics that including microbes, and change across a landscape include soil texture, organic plant and animal remains. matter content of the top 6 to 8 inches, pH, and the thickness Parent Material is the and density of the clay accumulation horizon. geologic material from which Soils are formed by climate acting on “parent material” over soil horizons form. As an long periods of time. The parent material can be rock that example: wind-blown loess has weathered in place, or material that has been deposited over glacial till. by the wind, laid down by water, or brought in by glaciers. An area of soil that has the same parent material and has similar characteristics throughout is called a soil series. Different soils develop in a region as slope, drainage, vegetation, and parent materials change (Figure C-1). Figure C-1. Different soil series form based on their position on field topography. Note that the soil series changes from the top of the hill to the bottom land areas. © The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Permeability Indices
    Guide to Permeability Indices Information Products Programme Open Report CR/06/160N BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY INFORMATION PRODUCTS PROGRAMME OPEN REPORT CR/06/160N Guide to Permeability Indices M A Lewis, C S Cheney and B É ÓDochartaigh The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Ordnance Survey licence number Licence No:100017897/2007. Keywords Permeability, permeability index, intergranular flow, mixed flow, fracture flow. Bibliographical reference LEWIS M A, CHENEY C S AND ÓDOCHARTAIGH B É. 2006. Guide to Permeability Indices . British Geological Survey Open Report, CR/06/160 N. 29pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected] You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. © NERC 2006. All rights reserved Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2006 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of Survey publications is available from the BGS British Geological Survey offices Sales Desks at Nottingham, Edinburgh and London; see contact details below or shop online at www.geologyshop.com Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG The London Information Office also maintains a reference 0115-936 3241 Fax 0115-936 3488 collection of BGS publications including maps for consultation. e-mail: [email protected] The Survey publishes an annual catalogue of its maps and other www.bgs.ac.uk publications; this catalogue is available from any of the BGS Sales Shop online at: www.geologyshop.com Desks.
    [Show full text]
  • Permeability and Groundwater Enrichment Characteristics of the Loess-Paleosol Sequence in the Southern Chinese Loess Plateau
    water Article Permeability and Groundwater Enrichment Characteristics of the Loess-Paleosol Sequence in the Southern Chinese Loess Plateau Tianjie Shao 1,2 , Ruojin Wang 1, Zhiping Xu 1, Peiru Wei 1, Jingbo Zhao 1,3,*, Junjie Niu 4,* and Dianxing Song 5 1 College of Geography Science and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’ an 710062, China; [email protected] (T.S.); [email protected] (R.W.); [email protected] (Z.X.); [email protected] (P.W.) 2 SNNU-JSU Joint Research Center for Nanoenvironment Science and Health, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China 3 State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Earth Environment Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi’an, 710075, China 4 Research Center for Scientific Development in Fenhe River Basin, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030001, China 5 Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Modeling, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.Z.); [email protected] (J.N.); Tel.:+86-13809197701 (J.Z.); +86-13720496758 (J.N) Received: 28 January 2020; Accepted: 16 March 2020; Published: 20 March 2020 Abstract: To determine the permeability characteristics and the groundwater enrichment conditions of loess and paleosol layers, this article systematically investigated the permeability, magnetic susceptibility, porosity, and carbonate mass percentage of representative loess-paleosol layers (L1 to S5) on the Bailu tableland in the Chinese Loess Plateau south. The result of in situ permeability measurements showed that the average time to reach quasi-steady infiltration of loess layers is shorter than that of paleosol layers.
    [Show full text]