JAERI-Review 2000-031
Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute A-p»PnifYt>-fr{i, n^uf-timn^m%mm^m%mmM (T319-1195
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This report is issued irregularly. Inquiries about availability of the reports should be addressed to Research Information Division, Department of Intellectual Resources, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken T 319-1195, Japan.
CO Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, 2001 JAERI-Review 2000-031
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Outline of Spallation Neutron Source Engineering
Noboru WATANABE*
Center for Neutron Science Tokai Research Establishment Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken
(Received October 23, 2000)
Slow neutrons such as cold and thermal neutrons are unique probes which can determine structures and dynamics of condensed matter in atomic scale. The neutron scattering technique is indispensable not only for basic sciences such as condensed matter research and life science, but also for basic industrial technology in 21 century. It is believed that to survive in the science- technology competition in 21 century would be almost impossible without neutron scattering. However, the intensity of neutrons presently available is much lower than synchrotron radiation sources, etc. Thus, R&D of intense neutron sources become most important. The High-Intensity Proton Accelerator Project is now being promoted jointly by Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute and High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, but there has so far been no good text which covers all the aspects of pulsed spallation neutron sources. The present review was prepared aiming at giving a better understanding on pulsed spallation neutron sources not only to neutron source researchers but also more widely to neutron scattering researchers and accelerator scientists in this field. The contents involve, starting from what is neutron scattering and what neutrons are necessary for neutron scattering, what is the spallation reaction, how to produce neutrons required for neutron scattering more efficiently, target-moderator-reflector neutronics and its engineering, shielding, target station, material issues, etc. The author have engaged in R&D of pulsed apallation neutron sources and neutron scattering research using them over 30 years. The present review is prepared based on the author's experiences with useful information obtained through ICANS collaboration and recent data from the JSNS (Japanese Spallation Neutron Source) design team.
Keywords: Neutron Scattering, Spallation Sources, Pulsed Neutron Sources, Target, Moderators, Neutronics, Neutronic Performances, Shielding, Material Issues
Scientific consultant JAERI- Review 2000-031
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Neutron Scattering and Neutron Source 1 1 . 1 What is Neutron Scattering ? 1 1 . 2 Neutron Scattering Methods 1 1 . 3 Neutrons for Neutron Scattering Experiments g 1 . 4 Examples of Neutron Scattering 10 . Outline of Neutron Production by Spallation Reaction 20 2. 1 Why Spallation Neutron Source ? 20 2 . 2 What is Spallation Reaction ? 20 2 . 3 Range of Charged Particles and Neutron Production Efficiency 24 2 . 4 Why Proton Beam ? 26 2 . 5 Optimal Proton Energy 26 2. 6 Rough Estimate of Neutron Yield by Spallation Reaction 26 2. 7 Merits and Demerits of Spallation Neutron Source 29 2 . 8 History of Neutron Sources 29 . Outline of Neutron Production Target and Neutronics 31 3 . 1 What is Target Engineering 31 3 . 2 Total Neutron Yield 31 3 . 3 Spatial Distribution of Neutron Production in Target 33 3 . 4 Axial Distribution of Leakage Neutrons 35 3. 5 Target Radius Dependence of Leakage Neutrons 35 3. 6 Target Radius Dependence of Slow Neutron Intensity 35 3 . 7 Optimal Layout of Moderators 35 3 . 8 Leakage Neutron Spectrum from Target 3g 3 . 9 Target/Reflector Material Dependence of Effective Neutron Yield and Thermal Neutron Flux 43 . Outline of Moderator Neutronics 48 4 . 1 Function of Moderators 43 4. 2 Neutron Spectrum 50 4. 3 Cold Neutron Spectrum and Neutron Temperature 52 4. 4 Pulse Shapes of Slow Neutrons 54 4.5 4TI Equivalent Neutron Flux 5g 4 . 6 Characteristics of Liquid Hydrogen 53 4 . 7 Target-Moderator Coupling g0 4. 8 Reflector Effect and Coupled/Decoupled Moderators fin viii JAERI-Review 2000-031 4. 9 Moderator Poisoning 62 4 . 10 Coupled Moderator with Premoderator 62 4 . 11 Special Moderators 67 . Neutronic Design Studies at JAERI 78 5 . 1 Purpose of Neutronic Design Studies 78 5 . 2 Preliminary Consideration on Target Material/Shape JQ 5 . 3 Necessary Number of Moderators 80 5 . 4 Choice of Moderators 81 5. 4. 1 Required Moderator Types and Number 81 5. 4. 2 Cold Neutron Moderator 81 5. 4. 3 High-Resolution Thermal Neutron Moderator 82 5. 4. 4 Epithermal Neutron Moderator. 82 5 . 5 Proton Beam Injection Scheme and Moderator Layout 83 5 . 6 Reflector 86 5. 7 Optimization Research 86 5. 7. 1 Proton Beam Profile and Target Shape vs. Slow Neutron Beam Intensities 86 5. 7. 2 Effects of Reflector Material go 5. 7. 3 Effect of Relative Moderator Position to Target and Its Optimization.... QQ 5 . 8 Comparison of Neutron Beam Intensities gi 5 . 9 Nuclear Heating g2 5. 9. 1 Nuclear Heating in Target and Its Container g2 5. 9. 2 Nuclear Heating in Cryogenic Moderators g3 5. 10 Proposals of Advanced Concepts g4 5. 10. 1 Extended Premoderator g4 5. 10. 2 Approach from a Set of Two Coupled Hydrogen Moderators to One Moderator g8 5. 10. 3 Other Approaches Towards Higher Cold Neutron Intensity g8 5 . 11 Comparison of Neutronic Performance and Justification of Fundamental Concept gg 5 . 12 R&D of High-Resolution Thermal Neutron Moderator qq 5. 12. 1 Calculation Methods for Pulse Shape qn 5. 12. 2 Premoderator Optimization for Decoupled Hydrogen Moderator IX JAERI-Review 2000-031 Moderator. 109 5. 13.2 Effects of Reflector Cooling Water on Cold Neutron Pulse Characteristics 113 5 . 14 Optimization of Lateral Dimensions of Moderator and Viewed Surface 1 * o 5. 14. 1 Optimization of Moderator Lateral Dimensions .., 5. 14.2 Optimization of Viewed Surface 114 5 . 15 Nuclear Heating in Reflector, Decoupler and Inner Part of Bulk Shield 1 ^ g 5 . 16 Proton Energy Dependence of Slow Neutron Intensities from Moderators 1 ig . Technical Issues and Examples of Target 12Q 6. 1 Target Concept and Design Study Procedure 12Q 6 . 2 Proton Beam Profile 121 6 . 3 Nuclear Heating in Target 121 6 . 4 Response of Mercury Target Container to Pressure Wave ^ 27 6 . 5 Concepts and Examples of Target Structure in Operational Target Station 129 6. 5. 1 KENS-I' (KEK) 12g 6. 5. 2 IPNS (ANL) 135 6. 5.3 ISIS (RutherfordAppletonLab.) 138 6. 5. 4 LANSCE (Los Alamos National Lab.) 141 6 . 6 Life of Uranium Targets 143 6. 7 High Power Solid Targets 145 6. 7. 1 SNQ (Germany) 146 6. 7. 2 Rods Assembly Type Solid Target 149 6. 7. 3 Solid Target for 5 MW Source 149 6 . 8 High Power Liquid Heavy Metal Target 155 6.8. 1 Why Mercury Target ? 156 6. 8. 2 Technical Issues on Mercury Target 158 6. 8. 3 Mercury Target Concept at ESS 158 6. 8. 4 Mercury Target Concept at SNS 162 6. 8. 5 Mercury Target Concept at JSNS 164 . Cryogenic Moderator Engineering 173 7 . 1 Importance of Cryogenic Moderators 173 7 . 2 Nuclear Heating in Cryogenic Moderators 173 7 . 3 Nuclear Heating in Cryogenic Moderators at JSNS 177 7 . 4 Solid Methane Moderator at KENS 177 7 . 5 IPNS Solid Methane Moderator and Burp 179 7 . 6 Method to Avoid Burp 181 JAERI-Review 2000-031 7. 7 Cryogenic Moderators at ISIS and Their Problems 181 7 . 8 Cryogenic Moderators at SNS 193 7 . 9 Cryogenic Moderators at ESS 200 7. 10 Cryogenic Moderators at JSNS 202 8 . Target Station Shielding 207 8 . 1 Function of Target Station Shielding 207 8 . 2 Bulk Shield 209 8. 2. 1 Calculation Method Based on Moyer Model 209 8. 2. 2 Shield Calculation 210 8. 2. 3 Recent Calculation Methods 211 8. 2. 4 Attenuation Lengths for High-Energy Neutrons in Concrete and Iron 211 8. 2. 5 Shielding Calculation Used for KENS 213 8. 2. 6 Preliminary Estimate of Required Bulk Shield for 1 GeV-5 MW Spallation Source 213 8. 2. 7 Overhead Shield and Sky Shine 215 8. 3 Examples of Target Station Bulk Shield 215 8. 3. 1 Bulk Shield at KENS-1 215 8. 3. 2 Bulk Shield at ISIS 217 8. 3. 3 Bulk Shield for SNQ 217 8 . 4 Neutron Beam Hole 217 8 . 5 Neutron Beam Shutter 220 8. 5. 1 Outline of Beam Shutter. 220 8. 5. 2 KENS-ltype 223 8. 5. 3 ISIStype 223 8. 5. 4 SNQ type 224 8. 5. 5 SINQtype 226 8 . 6 Equipment in Beam Hole 226 8 . 7 Void Vessel 229 8. 8 Bulk Shield Cooling and Environment of Bulk Shield 232 8. 9 Shield for Remote Handling Cell 232 8. 10 Neutron Beam Line Shield 234 8. 10. 7 Shielding for Neutron Beam Line, To Chopper and Beam Stop 234 8. 10. 2 Calculation Method for Beam Line Shield 235 8. 11 Proton Beam Line Shield in Experimental Hall 237 9 . Target Station Concept and Radiation Safety 239 9 . 1 Target Station Concept XI JAERI-Review 2000-031 9 . 2 Target Station for IPNS Upgrade 240 9 . 3 Target Station for ESS 246 9 . 4 Target Station for SNS 250 9 . 5 Concept for Radiation Safety 256 9. 5. 1 Radiation Safety in Off-Normal Occurrence 256 9. 5. 2 Radiation Safety in Normal Operation 256 1 0 . Radiation Damage in Materials 263 10. 1 Radiation Damage by Proton Irradiation 263 10. 2 Examples of Radiation Damage Calculation by Proton Irradiation 263 10. 3 Radiation Damage Data for Typical Structural Materials 270 10. 3. 1 Neutron Irradiation Data 270 10. 3. 2 Proton and Neutron Irradiation Data 270 10. 3. 3 Corrosion andEmbrittlementin Mercury Target Container 280 10. 4 Proton Beam Irradiation Experiments 282 Acknowledgements 288 XII JAERI-Review 2000-031 (OECD G(r , t)(££IBIffifll r = 0, B#PB1 t = 0 lz»5fli?^#St"SI^. r = r Icft*ii3fIC t = t ^iftSLIiCW G(r , S(Q ,(0)€:ii«tt3B-rSK«^l9!T**. 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SPSS fcf 5 X1015n/sm2-s 0.01 0.1 1.0 ENERGY (eV) 1-2 LPSS m* SPSS ILL tvtt&m SANS Reflectometry Mediumresolution High- Inelastic Inelastic Cold diffraction resolution scattering scattering TAS power thermal cold diffraction neutron neutron LPSS 8(25 Hz) (4.5 MW) 4(50 Hz) 8 7 7 7 10 2 Aq/q-10% Aq/q~3-5 % 60-110 1.2-2.2(thermal) Arf/rf~1x10"3 10-20-19-37 d > 0.07mm SPSS 2.4-4.4 11-20 140-260 30-56 1.2-2.2 (2.7-5 MW) A^-10% Aq/q-3-5 % 2-3.7(0.2 nm), Ad/d-MO* 35-40-65-74 cold moderator with d < 0.07 nm AE/E~0.5% premoderator (14-26xlSIS) (14-26xlSIS) In brackets : comparison to ISIS in cases where ISIS provides superior performance to ILL. 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(£)&B*]/j:#2fS:i& -19- JAERI-Review 2000-031 2. 2. 1 2-1 iz 3. 2-1 Process Example Yield Energy deposition (MeV/n) 5 DT solid target 400 keV deuterons on T in titanium 40x10' n/d 10000 3 Deuteron stripping 35 MeV D on liquid Li 2.5x10" n/d 10000 2 Electron bremsstrahlung photoneutron 100MeVe on 238U 5x10 n/e 2000 Fission 235U (n,f) 1 n/fission 180 Spallation 800 MeV protons on 238U 30 n/proton 55 DTCTR Laser or ion-beam imploded pellet 1 n/fusion 3 2-2 Sn*>««&»£ I^M/^-U^hefMeV/n) (E/v) ~80 ~40 (E/XJ ~100 (E^IOGeV, Xc=100) 17 ^tt^lRM, Y = 1/E (10 n/s/MW) 0.76 1.52 0.62 T^+tt^x*;^-, E(MeV) 2 < 1 14.2 ttt^oan***, YL ~0.3 ~1 3 2 »+14^©£&&», 2. 2 20- JAERI- Review 2000-031 Atomic I ...... j_ Processes C^cade lonization Coulomb PROTON Scattering BEAM Intra-Nuclear Cascade f- High-Energy —| Evaporation y Particles (or Fission) |— n^d.t,* —| Low-Energy Particles BM 85 SPALLATION PRODUCTS FROM Bim 1100-MeV PROTON BOMBAROMENT Pbm OF LEAD Tlm [Hgm 80 Aum PHO-3 ,'''•.$—.:>' 75' 70 LEGEND: jm m •m » f RADIOACTIVE A METASTABLE D STABLE P = Product ion (nuclei / proton) B5 over total target volume 60 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 A, RESIDUAL MASS NUMBER 2-2 Md.iGeV A-Z -21 - JAERI-Review 2000-031 U &F*9;fo*<7—K (Intra-Nuclear-Cascade) ZBtfUtZo AD^WI^J^-^ 400 MeV -li 0.1-10 MeV d, t, 3He, ^^m A -Z 2-2^2-3) 3»o (1.1 GeV (238u) c (1) bt. -tOfilttfix^^^-ft^aflDii^HtMtl 180 MeV/fission «ecsau««i»sj6^e.o«i^sfi*8o=jxe?ic«fc5x*^4i-a»ii 20-30 MeV/collision (2) ^ 15 MeV Ja (n, 2n) ^ (n, f) *©Z (3) ifi^ (JUT) lcbf-££#^tttfi -22- Nuclei Production (number/proton) NO hO OD .—• ° Ln C3 en c^ en .—ca' L*n^ cs t-" i INTEGRAL LEAKAGE SPECTRUM J(>E), M [ LEA D m 33 ! URANI l CO [particles >E / incident proton] CO •a CO & • a • 1 s T c-> T « u Q itt 00 s 8 M ii HI j» Hi 1 to I t>> 1 If n H O o ^~ I o •«: 1 13 CO C3O1 CO v> 16 0 o §• a v> r o ft IB (D ro J \ Q -^ g ro r^> > JAERI-Review 2000-031 100-200 g/cm2 J; U K (Inter-Nuclear-Cascade) J 2. 3 R (E ,Z ,A ) = (A /Z2 )R (E /A ) i i i i i i p i i (A1 a) it. - (E) (R) , Pn= (1- E> 1 2-3 m=f- 2 E(MeV) R(g/cm ) R/X Pn 100 17 0.09 0.08 300 105 0.54 0.42 500 230 1.2 0.70 800 458 2.3 0.90 1100 705 3.6 0.97 30 GeV UT p, d -24- JAERI-Review 2000-031 100 200 500 1000 2000 - (MeV) 2-5 V&mii*-Vv 2-6 -25- JAERI- Review 2000-031 2. 4 (d) 0»£«Mi?iR*fi»*©ii£«fcyjl>L*#l^ GeV 1$ 2-75» 2. 5 fi 0 2-86)li, jtil 20 cm. SJ 60 cm ep o ft 1.1 GeV 6) 0 2-9 ) o (W ESS : 1.33 GeV, JAERI : 1.5 GeV, JHF : 3 GeV, a^ti"B(JSNS) : 3 GeV) aii (PSNS) .1 GeV #- e>i\ 2. 6 »f1«« l-K (NMTC/JAER, JAM-^HETC/cCd:') t 15 (20) a 2-io7)ii, n^e>^ KEK 12 GeV Vk=f-^m\.^X Mn bath J -26- JAERI-Review 2000-031 + only a++on Be -K-d + on Cu Ld I 10 100 1000 10,000 INCIDENT PARTICLE ENERGY (MeV) 2-7 0 1 2-8 US 20 cm, 60cm Yp -27- JAERI-Review 2000-031 80 70 50 V!. 40 012345678 PROTON ENERGY, GeV @2-9 -$*•> h (US 10 cm &tf 20 cm) -3* hep 1 i Empirical formula n(Ep)=2.0+29.2Ep 100 03 -t—» O Present result v(n ) o tour •&•••• V.A.Nikolaev et al. Target size : LCS 60cm length HETC/KFA2 20cm diameter SHIELD , i i i i I 1 10 Proton Energy [GeV] 12-10 cb* 10- ctic;±it. -28- JAERI-Review 2000-031 Y(E, A) = [E(GeV)-0.12] X [A+20]X0.1 (n/p) o E=1.5GeV, if&L^-Vy H (A = 200.61) 2. 7 (i) (2) 15 (20) MeV & (3) (4) yaKJDSB^^W^II^ffl^^ + tt^JR^fli^iFCJt^MIIHOft^. ^«?»Tli 0.01 photons/n-str. gftT, ffi^ittlCj;^ (y, xn) J5Jfc (5) 2. 8 : ! 0 2-11 {Z*&=? M 1X1015 n/cm2-s SNS JSitf ESS (Figure-of-merit) -29- JAERI-Review 2000-031 1020| I I I I W 104 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2-11 Xitt 1 ) J&22 S : Nuclear Spallation ^rffll^'f'tt^tf—A©5Sf6, JJ^^8f-$t.4O, No.1 (1995) 71-91 (±Uftfl*)^:^^XS^Neutron emission from an extended lead target under the action of light ions in the GeV region, Proc. 11th Meeting of Int. Collaboration on Advanced Neutron Sources (ICANS-XI) (KEK, Tsukuba, Oct. 22-26, 1990) 340. 5 ) L. D. Stevens and A. J. Miller, Radiation Studies at a Medium Energy Accelerator, UCRL- 19386 (Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, 1969). 6) A. V. Daniel, R. G. Vassil'kov and V. T. Yurevich : High-energy neutrons on the basis of JINR synchrophasotron : Presented at the Int. Workshop on the Technology of Target for Medium to High Power Spallation Neutron Sources (PSI, Switzerland, Feb. 10-14, 1992). 7) M. Arai, et al. : Neutron Production from lead target for 12 GeV protons, J. Neutron Research, 8(1999)71. -30- JAERI-Review 2000-031 3. tfttflB^-yy h • -i 3. 1 *- ten 5 MW 10 H^A-StUT**^ 1/2 (coupling) £#**£* S Slcfll?*«*ftoT< *. *- 3. 2 Frasser c ING (Intense Neutron Generator, H^-U-7y5 ©I5HT, Be, Sn, Pb S^ U (^b) lc^l\T, HfotfStxl'—>a vaic H2O »i«ttt'©«^©li»f (aw) -31 - CO NEUTRONS PER INCIDENT PROTON a> m O o o o Sub 15MeV Neutron Intensity (neulrons/proton) -t- -f o g S I I I I" I I I I I" CO n H 3 3 2 01 ••a o CD o m S3 a a I -A m -B- to a n M I -a- o CO 4J n a < a a x cr P- c H I I I i i i I • • -* S JAERI- Review 2000-031 (a) HETC Sfcli NMTC (NMTC/JAERI, JAM (b) DubnaTfflUbtlTU-5 BaraschenkovU (c) At7-f7>3-K (HETC &tf NMTC 'J StS (d) ST. NMTC/JAERI - K MORSE-DD 32cm 4.7 cm o 7KIB (Hg) > (W) (Pb) 20 cm > (U) 3. 3 *-^ 800 MeV 7.5 cm, ^S 30 cm ^ NMTC 15 MeV J (CM O5R 3- -33- Evaporation Neutron* (Arbitrary Units) O o Axial Dislribulion (neulrons/cmVsteradian/prolon) 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i ii i i i i 1 1 1 9 -. _. N ^j 10 to i • o 01 O 01 O ui O 01 r1 - / *•' - w / f CD o'' a OQ x 1 \ a t X o _ p 0 f 12. 3 c m o j •o Jl fit/ 3 i 3 I ? //' / / 0 1 3) m Q' % o' 9 M 1 r if p / I i ! I t 4 t I. to O» > f>'/°>'" J 6 Iaim'' 1 1 o 1 I . .i.i.l 1 . 1 o CO 5+ m i$ c ^ f^ Q -& -& vji N> r> c -He ». ^ H* V a 1 (T « in * ^ I i ° ^-» I J I 3 oo ' A -r w H n g < 3 JAERI-Review 2000-031 mm) &tf-*©fc©»ii©tt^ 3. 4 ii ifclcB 3-5 »© 05R c (n, xn) , H 3-4 3. 5 3. 6 -yy Mcifi 1eV i 0 3-9 ^ (10 cmX10 cmX5 cm 0 3-7) |cj± coupling . *S 5 cm JU± 3. 7 3-6#H (± -35- JAERI-Review 2000-031 From cylindrical surface Front surface Proton beam Back surface 3-5 *- Q o U(3.0GeV) o I 0.! o g 0.07S \ N. w o.oa - / u(o.acev) u 2 \. 0.028 00 '3 W(O.aCeV) 1 I 1 10 20 30 Target Depth (cm) 03-6 *- -36- JAERI-Review 2000-031 T—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—r—i—i—i—I—i—i—i—i—]—i—i—T~T—I—i—i—i—r o o t En«l5U.V u(3CeV) I 80 „ o ° '—-o W(3GeV) CJ 40 o U(0.8GeV) —o 20 W(O.flCeV) -x—* x- I , , , , I , , , , I , , 1 , I 1 , 1 1 I Z 0 4 6 8 10 12 Target Radius (cm) 3-7 *- ISO 1 150 ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' T rrj I " " • * f • U(3CeV) o 5. 125 1Z5 tol«l / 100 V 100 / (05R neutrons) ./ >--•••• 2 75 \ 7S "a x ^^° ..-••• cylindrical surftc* u Z o ..•••' total 1 50 50 crlindrical nirfaca — | o absorbed 25 front and back turfac* .n-~~^ -"front an d bact k turfacs 1 Q 9 J. - + —"f abcorbad ft d b I ' ' ' I I ' "i i . i I i I'I i I , , , , 1 , , i . I , i i i I i , • 0 •—>-J——1* r-T-T 1 it 1 I 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 4 8 10 12 0 10 12 Target Radius (cm) Target Radius (cm) [213-8 cylindrical surface : $-Vv front and back surface : 9-*f*j -37- JAERI-Review 2000-031 900 decoupler (B4C) moderator 10 100 10 i« ft* :r 320 target sheath reflector (Be) 3-9 fc*-'?? h 30 T . | I I I i | I r I . | i I i i | • U(3CeV) .£ 20 •i 13 C W(3GeV) o Ii * U(O.aCeV) " t -I w(0.8GeV) I , , , , I 1 , , , I , , , . I , , , 4 8 8 10 12 Target Radius (cm) 3-10 -38- JAERI-Review 2000-031 TtMfl) & 10 cmX2 + lll* 5 cm=25 cm) 5 cm icf * 3-2 3. 8 ^-^' Klc«fcS«x*;i.4I-'t'14:?- (>15(20) MeV) 3-134)#«B) . . H 3-13 l v (u-238) 3-145»liJSW (tt^tt-B) ^I»f7ka^-yy h (H2O H) Be Be —^y h (W, Ta) Tli Hg «tyt> w 3-13-14 lc^ -39- JAERI-Review 2000-031 12 U(0.8GeV) total A- B •-.«_ _2nd mod. 3 28 U(3.0GeV) _ijotal u ~ 20 c o - 16 3 U 1st mod. 2nd mod.--.^ 8 - mod. mo d. ~* ' 1st j 2nd A • p > target 0 1 1 i i i "8 -A 0 A 8 12 Moderator Position x( cm ) 3-11 - «t*«-ft 1 Z 3 Proton Energy (GeV) 3-12 3-2 (2 GeV -40- Flux [/cnr/s/proton/lethargy] p 1 11II I I ,|I,M, •Uutroni/Proton-M«V- Sttrodlan 5 \ 5 5 5 B b - - \ i 21 1 I 111III| 1 I I I Illl] TT I niiii|—i I 111m|—I i jinii| 11 i 11Tin]—r 1 p to m 5* - i •v - or 11 . 1 3 © - r* 1 2 3 • - =P CD W ; ft vT' M t i 1 • N i -B- o CO 1* cD © - • i 1 • IS VJ- r ^ / 3 © n to i 1 J •sir ^ • . n =P 4i < 9 8 5 ^ s u o i t i 11II 1 1 1 1 1 1 II i I i i i t II I i i i I i n 1 1 1 1 1 Ml ft X 41 °° 3 NEUTRONS/PROTON- MsV-STERADIAN Neutron flux (n/cm2/proton/MeV) O u i. o iSR 8 1 O ^. Htlttf T SO s tn X* Q o o o , i n oiwo I to F* I ^ c ° 2 3r ft Q 2 ™ * ^ < 7 S I 3< T 5 K w -H 5 H c <* At' 0IV0} til F* an* JAERI-Review 2000-031 3. 9 3-2 rcJ ICSNQ (1.1 GeV, 5 MW) RU ESS (1.334 GeV, 5 MW) 20 MeV J p', TC*. d, t etc) SNQ (590MeV. 1 MW, SINQ LT Pb-Bi Bi Pb-Bi 1/2 -43- JAERI-Review 2000-031 10° -] 1 1 T- r TARGET WHEEL . 3-17 -yy h (SNQ 10",-3 _L 180° 150° 120" 90° 60° 30° ANGLE [degrees] Proton Beam 5 MW. 1334 MeV •I " 1 Proton Beam 5 MW. 1334 MeV cm *sec DO reflector 0.8E15- reflector Pb Total Response Total Response MERCURY 0.6E15- MERCURY TUNGSTEN TUNGSTEN • TXNTAL TANTAL 0.4E15- 0.2E15- 60 40 60 Target-depth [cm] Target-depth [cm] 3-18 SNQ m*- : 7K0. -44- JAERI-Review 2000-031 3-1 target N/p N/p 1100 MeV 1334 MeV SNQ:UdeD-H2O-AI 33.1 40.2 SNQ:Pb-H2O-AI 21.5 26.0 SNQ:W-H2O-AI 23.4 28.4 SNQ:Wsolid 25.6 31.1 ESS:W* - 31.5 m3-2 5MWi%=f-e-Ai SNQ ESS target •^thermal ^thermal [n/(cm2 • proton)] [n/(cm2 • s)] 2 14 SNQ:UdeD-H20-AI 2.6 • 10 7.5 • 10 2 14 SNQ:Pb-H2O-AI 1.6 • 10 4.5 • 10 2 14 SNQ:W-H20-AI 1.8 • 10" 5.1 • 10 2 14 SNQ:Wsolid 2.0 • 10 5.6 • 10 2 ESS:W* 2.1 • 10 4.9 • 1014 -45- JAERI-Review 2000-031 13-3 (tt*tt) Component Target System Pb-Bi W-plate Ta-Plate Pb-shot Pb Zircalloy Neutron Production (i)Target Complex 8.700 8.483 8.760 7.375 8.927 5.376 (ii)Moderator Complex 1.300 1.102 1.140 1.321 1.358 1.713 (iii)Fast Neutrons 0.455 0.453 0.560 0.336 0.582 0.259 TOTAL PRODUCTION 10.455 10.038 10.46 9.032 10.867 5.528 Neutron Loss (i) Fast/Epith. Escapes 0.078 0.055 0.053 0.063 0.060 0.037 (ii)Thermal Escapes 0.213 0.131 0.110 0.175 0.273 0.100 (iii)Absorption in: (a)Target Material 0.235 4.961 6.086 0.620 1.997 1.014 (b)Target Auxiliaries 2.983 0.472 0.510 0.449 (c)Heavy Water+CC 1.092 0.766 0.609 1.330 1.584 0.769 (d)Light Water+TWs 5.800 3.645 3.105 6.358 6.872 3.593 TOTAL LOSS 10.401 10.030 10.473 8.995 10.786 5.513 13 13 13 14 14 13 Approx.Flux Maximum 9 • 10 8 • 10 5.E, • 10 1.2 • 10 2.0 • 10 8 • 10 Radius of flux Max(cm) 20 15 17.5 small small small 13 13 13 14 14 13 Max.Flux at 25 cm radius 8.5 • 10 6 • 10 4.5 • 10 1 • 10 1.3 • 10 5.9 • 10 Fluence/proton(<&) 0 0136 0.00961 0 00721 0.00160 0.00215 0.00945 0>IH2O capture 0.00234 0.00264 0 00232 0.00252 0.00312 0.00263 -46- JAERI-Review 2000-031 1 ) J. S. Frasser, et al.: Pyhs. in Canada 21 (2) (1965)17. 2) Y. Kiyanagi, N. Watanabe and M. Arai: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33 (1994)2774. &tf :&S1 ¥L: Nuclear Spallation £fflI\fc«H4*tf-A©IB5k l&^mmXAO, No.1 (1995)71. 3 )R. R. Fullwood, et al.: Neutron Production by Medium Energy Proton on Heavy Metal Target, LA-4789(1972). 4) T. W. Armstrong, P. Cloth, D. Filges and R. D. Neef: Theoretical Target Physics Studies for the SNQ Spallation Neutron Source, Jul-Spez-120(1981). 5) M. Teshigawara, N. Watanaba, H. Takada, H. Nakashima, T. Nagao, Y. Oyama and K. Kosako : Neutronic studies of bare targets for JAERI 5 MW pulsed spallation neutron source, JAERI-Research 99-010 (Feb. 1999). 6) D. Filges, R.D. Neef and H. Schaal : Nuclear studies of different target systems for the European Spallation Source (ESS), Proc. ICANS-XIII (PSI, Switzerland, Oct.11-14, 1995) P.537. 7) F. Atchison : Neutronic considerations in the design of target for SINQ, distributed paper at Int. Workshop on the technology of target and moderator for medium to high power spallation neutron sources. (PSI, Switzerland, Feb. 10-14, 1992). -47- JAERI-Review 2000-031 4. 4. i . tr Ultlc , fflJ^ftt?) »* (ii«4flja±) (SNQ H-H. 1.1 Gev pg^, 5 MW) . SNQ liUnT^^^b^^n-S 100- Pulse Spallation Source (LPSS, (0IJl/iJt*4*. C (1) (2) (n/cm7s/eV) UXt 0.5 A (-320 meV) 1.5 A (-36 meV) |c, IC 20 K Tlitt 2.7A (-11 meV) -48- JAERI-Review 2000-031 L 140 QJ ii 1 120 I H2O moderator £ 100 X O2O moderator ^ 80 -1=7.9 c o 60 aj c "5 W i\ fe 20 1 \average flux $=^Xffccm"W ! N. i Time (ms) 4-1 SNQ 70 60 - , 20K / / SOLID / . / METHANE / 50 n 77K > - SOLID / METHANE / / " 40 AMBIENT > 5 TEMPERATURE / X POLYETHYLENE/ 30 ' 7 I 20 ""'At» 7X UJ to 10 - n -• . 1 1 1 NEUTRON WAVELENGTH 14-2 -49- JAERI-Review 2000-031 IJ7k*ffi*#H2O«fciJ**<» -#fil\@lKt-HI*l*l1 meV (ft 4-1 ©ft 0.017 eV KENS. IPNS 4. 2 (E)li, Maxwell S! l/E 2 = J(—) exp(-E/ET) 1 ev A(E) = exp(a/VE-b) (E)OCI/E. epi -a^ J, ET (=kBTN, TN -50- JAERI-Review 2000-031 a 4-1 Hydrogen atom Melting Boiling Low energy Relative 3 density NH(A" ) point point exchange modes radiation (K) (K) (eV) damage* 1.H2 0.042 liquid 20.4 0.015 — 2. C9H12 0.052 220 438 0.0074 — 3. H2O 0.067 273 None 0.43 4. CH4 0.078 90 112 -0.017 22.2 5. (CH2)n 0.079 solid None 13.2 6. NH3 0.088 195 240 -0.0025 4.4 * cm3 of total gas evolved at normal temperatures and pressures per cm2 of 5cm thick moderator at a distance of 10 cm from the source of gamma radiation. &tf J/cAeV ET(eV) 3 10X10X3.8 cm CH2, 300 K, /R-f !/>& I, 0.0325 4.3 3 0.036 1.4 10X10X5.1 cm CH2, 300 K, j££ 1.3 cm IC Cd #'<)/> 3 0.0090 10X10X7.65 cm CH4>77K, #<{ */>& L 5.9 3 0.0106 10X10X7.65 cm NH3, 77 K, #•<•/>£ L 2.6 m 4-3 * hju&££>ttinit«t 7 -i t J J ET 2 (n/cm /s/sr/MW) (MeV) (n/cm2/s/str/eV/MW) 12 11 Hg/Pb P.M.f+* L-H2 (&SM) 3.3X10 3.6 4.6 X10 12 11 Hg/Be L-CH4 (#£££) 0.89 X10 12.7 2.9 X10 Hg/Be 37 11 H2O (&&&&) 1.17X10" 3.0 X10 L-H2 : —P. L-CH4 PM { MW ft) -51 - JAERI-Review 2000-031 E /o(E)=1 + 6ey(1+y+O.5y2) E eV f ft tot under moderation T*-5fc*&T*)^o CtlliBR?*PA« (•*) 4. 3 -52- NEUTRON FLUX (ARBITRARY UNITS) Neutron intensity (n/cm2/eV/sr/MW) r+l Hi z & rrr JB] o V oc 8 ""N 77 u I m n o •1 Z v -< ?r^ m sj 8 o m ? 77 23. vi in s ^ m -B- v;- D F* O 4 NEUTRON TEMPERATURE(K) a to O > (L- C 8 ^ o rH § Hi o I s 8 SHI fit rv 5 I -B- SHI m-a JAERI-Review 2000-031 20 cm0X2O cm > Yz>> h 4. 4 t icts 0(v,t) = — (Ivt)2exp(-Ivt) (t > 0) 2 mm -$ (10 cmxio cmX7.5 cm) 50 meV Fulhentry «fcij 1214-59»t^-rJP<*MsnTtey. «t*itJifittt#«c«fc< (50 meV Ikeda-Carpenter10'© v ( T-T0) dec . T0 B#PB1) (JUffili cm) \ZttUT7n y 2.53 meV fccfctf 63.3 meV) 31 t) = i dt' *(v, f )[(1 - R)fi(t -11) + Rj90(t - f)exp(-/J(t -11))] ; (t > 0) ft2 (t>0) -54- JAERI-Review 2000-031 E • 0.05096 eV ~3Tx4"x3" Solid Ammonia (LN) Temperature •Chl-Squored Distribution with 6 degrees of Freedom 4-5 _L _L 50 meV •%• n is 20 25 Relotlve Time (/isec) 2.53 meV 63.3 meV * 124 meV o 364 meV O 648 meV 5.0 10.0 15.0 V * (T-TO) (cm) 4-6 (T-T0) -55- JAERI- Review 2000-031 4. 5 x cm 2 2 = SNl (E,n)/x (n/cm /s) - E dE dA, dE _E_ E = 2 2mA. dA 2A iztotty zwu, -r*. CCIZ A -56- JAERI-Review 2000-031 OH- Moderator a F - Moderator 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 Wavelength (A) 4-7 CM Total O CM Slowing-down Term Storage Term Background CJ o 3670.0 3690.0 3710.0 3730.0 3750.0 3770.0 Time (microseconds) 4-8 63.3 meV -57- JAERI-Review 2000-031 4. 6 JRttTKd^tt fcy (¥fr) . > S=1. -^/^7K^TI*Xtr>l3:J5¥?7T^:?-Xbf>li S=0 -*I* 14.7 meV T,/t7**©tf tfx*;!'*-*^ ,JS#**ia*Tli5P«ttllT 99.8% .2 .2 ™. =()J(()J(J +1 1)) — = 7.37meV r 1,3,5 ; S=1 J = [ 0,2,4 ; S=0 - (14.7 meV) J; Wurz *6©9lfflT. /-v;i/7K^ (;J\fl/V 75%. A^ 25%) fc ©ST©y^y^"«cSLxy fiaTtt^7©^rAt*;pv«fcy**i>j±ift*^x.*. +ts.t>*> Cpara = 2.281 cal/g-K (Ahfg=107 3 3 cal/g) % »ftfc«fctXftft©Sfttt-ttl-ftip =0.071 g/cm }$ Qpara/Qortho = Qpara( * ) = 1 - Qortho( t = 0 ) / ( 1+ ktQortho ( t =0 ) ) -58- TOTAL CROSS SECTION crT0T) born/atom Jt CD 8 S rti m t Hi v I j I to o i o S3 o o j 03 a in o mQ m ^ I JAERI- Review 2000-031 4. 7 *-?*/ h (0 4-10) . (slab geometry) (h^lin-S^^^itT. fds®-#(Clt' 1000 flSJ '-A?LroJ;e)/j:it)(DT, HS5© SN U (wing geometry) 1/2 tteZtf, *7V7 (flux-trap) v*/h U LANSCE) . 7K¥A*tTli. 12) S/N ii«ki\. 0 4-n iiS^iCic:*fi-*^ev^ ^-y-> h 4. 8 10 fgiU SMbU -60- JAERI-Review 2000-031 o Light water * « Light water flux trap wing mod. -+ Liquid Hi ••---+ Liquid Hi flux trap wing mod. CO a o \ i 2.5 © •--•...I '1,. I 2. I,. "-i -i 1 1 —i— lo 12 14 16~ 10 12 14 16 Target diameter DT (cm) Target diameter DT (cm) 14-11 0 4> #& £Zt7 5 y 1 eV —tfv h 10000 Solid Methane Moderator y (19.7K) = io'2 1000 o -9- Si £ IO" 100 2 3 H2O Moderator (ambient temp.) v 10 o »_ 0.001 0.01 0.1 10 E (eV) 4-12 KENS ICfc H2O 20 K MeV -61 - JAERI-Review 2000-031 (Be) M#x--*fl!>iffl*aii/j:s»rx*jMi- E C Cd, B4C ££ (decoupler) -^ (decoupled moderator) (Ec~0.3eV) -^ (coupled moderator) H 4- 1213>IC KENS ©SffldTktxl'-^&tf 20 K @^*^^ VtT'U-^^/tJUT.*! (FWHM) : to ^ttih$m^m.X. m &&*(D?HZ Ec~90 eV . 4. 9 4-i314) #H S7H- (E ISIS "ClittWftOJft+tt^/^U^tffStOlCJSft^^V (100K) 4.10 (B. 4-1 -62 JAERI- Review 2000-031 polyethylene 45 meV 4cm thick (Room Temp) 4cm thick (L.N.Temp) o 3cm thick (L.N.Temp) (Cd sheet at I cm from view surface) 40 80 120 t {fi sec) 14-13 Refrigerator Cold Helium Line Heat Exchanger Cryostat Hydrogen Moderator Premoderator (Polyethylene) Target (Pb) Reflector (Graphite) Analyser Crystal (Mica) He Counter 14-14 -63- JAERI-Review 2000-031 2-2.5 cm CD^}S/H 2.5~3cm . H 4-15 -^ (12 cmX12 cmX5 cm) , H 4-16 (20-30MS) ST. JUT) TOF -^^ decouple f So C©«fc5«:^aizJ:y -64- JAERI-Review 2000-031 1U L_ i ] | i i 1111 I III T Tl I I I .I I, I I mi11 | coupled(pm«0cm) coupled(pm=2cm) M -4-> • t-4 c o.i X! 3 a o bare moderator £0.01 d i i i i 11 nl i i i i 11 nl i_ i i i 111ii i i i i 1111 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 Neutron Energy (eV) 4-15 1 " ' i " " i • | i i i . | . . . • | i . • . | . i i i (a) 1 r v* (b) i /*• - • - A=6.57A ^ 0.8 •** n -f- Hi COUPLED —w w \ 0.1 u X Hi DECOUPLED :t 0.8 O CH* DECOUPLED a - o X c * \ % o • • z M K I 001 i A =6.57 A *j.\ . .V*- • •! M< X Hi COUPIED «« » • • • \ + X »b DECOUP1£D ",«, M X H • •- CH4 DECOUPLED , , 1 i , . , 1 . . . . 1 . 200 400 800 800 1000 200 400 600 800 1000 Emission Time(/zs) Emission Timers) 14-16 A=6.57A(1.89meV) IC (a): 'J-77ny K -65- JAERI-Review 2000-031 ~~]—i—i—i—i—I—i—I—I—l—I—l—i—r" 300 —i—i—I—I—I—i—I—!—i—i—i—I—r~ I ' ' ' ' I Hz Coupled Coupled 300 - 250 w 200 - 200 CH4 Decoupled CH 150 - 4 Decoupled a O ' o o 100 - X 100 - p X Decoupled X Decoupled 3 H2 a. J 50 - * , , , , I , , , , I , , i , I i i i i I l I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 ' 1 l I I I I 1 t I I Z 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 Neutron Wavelength (A) Neutron Wavelength (A) 4-17 101F 3.94 A " 3.94 A o: coupled (3cm) o: coupled (3cm) x : coupled (Ocm) c D \ x : coupled (Ocm) v: poisoned premoderator °% v : poisoned premoderator - / inner 0.5cm > \ outer bottom 1.0cm) °o /inner 0.5cm % \ outer bottom 1.0cm / (A 500 1000 500 1000 Emission Time (j± s) Emission Time (u. s) 4-18 £. : V-7-JUy h, t : tS -66 JAERI-Review 2000-031 t tfiftfr -o it. (scattering kernel) **IM4 S(a, 4.11 ^«:€7l/-^ /c extended moderator, overlap moderator, backscattering moderator & ( 2) Overlap moderator22' 0 4-21 \zm (3 ) Backscattering moderator22' @ 4-22 t (4) Partial beam extraction 2324) 4-24 d^fftK, •7^^©^tMS"B"ICj;b/< 30~40% -67- JAERI-Review 2000-031 300 H2(5cm) 200 5cmCH4+1cmPE 5cmCH4decoupled 100 5cmH2decoupled 1 2 3 4 6 8 o 10 Neutron Wavelength(A) Premoderator Thickness(cm) m 4-19 06) i i i i [ i i i i | i i i i [ ' i ' ' | i i i ' | W=12cm en 2.5 - 30cm W=12cm (lOxlOcm2) "c 1.5 - z W=10cm (10xl0cm ) tjtrget O 1 o 2 0.5 9 0.5 z 53 _L i , i i i i ' ' 1_J I—L_L I I I I I I , I ' ' I ' ' I L_L 10 15 20 25 30 10 12 14 16 18 20 Moderator Height h (cm) Moderator Height h (cm) 0 4-20 0 4-21 Extended moderator t> b ?§ b tl -5 ^ 41 Overlap moderator -68- JAERI-Review 2000-031 1.2 c - X E=13.5meV -_ a X D - X o x x : x * •£0.8 _ X : °o X - X d I*- o oo x Backscattering 0 6 ~ X Ox o Normal •a - X a ! o - o a °°x ^_) ox reference ' 0.4 - 3 <„ ~ 25 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 50 100 150 aoo Moderator Position d (cm) Emission Time (usec) 4-22 Backscattering moderator y (£) (1) Single side beam extraction (2) Both side beam extraction (l)-(a) Narrow beam extraction (2)-(a) Narrow beam extraction front30mm(V) 100mm(H) front:30mm(V) 100mm(H) back:120mm(V) 120mm(H) Moderator (Liquid Hydrogen) Premoderator (Polyethylene) Reflector (Graphite) Target(Pb) (l)-(b) Wide beam extraction (2)-(b) Wide beam extraction front:120mm(V) 120mm(H) front:120mm(V)l20mm(H) back:120mm(V) 120mm(H) .XXXXXXK' Jj5Ty * * * * * ******** ***********x x x x x • ******** .xxxxxxx* 1 ****** ^ ******** .XXXXVXX* ****** 1 n n ,V/\W x x x x x • .WWW'-.'*W/, % J////////////. iXXXXXXXXX ww\'-*W\'*'•>'• * * * * * *'*' '*^* *"**^*1 * * X X X V X • X X X X X X X yyyyyy-s *****x x x x *x • .XXXXXXXX ****** ******** X X X, X X • ******** V X X X X X X • xxxxxxxx * *^^^^^^^^* * 1 xxxxxxxv* k'xyx'**x*x''x'x''x'rx XXXXXXXXX 'x'x'x'x'x"* ******** 'x'x x x x x ******** ******* 4-23 (Pertial beam extraction) 69 JAERI- Review 2000-031 •a I. I00 I -u I •a "3 0 10 20 30 40 50 Distance from moderator bottom (mm) 4-24 partial beam £ extraction grooved gas inlet = 5meV 15cm 5cm flat gas inlet 15cm J 0 5 10 15 5cm X (cm). (DISTANCE FROM BOTTOM OF CHAMBER 4-25 4-26 (T) -70- JAERI-Review 2000-031 Be £M<, Ztllt Be 5 meV) l 26) 5 MW 27) ^ (6) cm)2 x(5~7 cm) B 4-25 fc 28). -yy h 2-2.5 g 4-26 HI^IC KENS > (20 K) 29) *-Vv Be 1.5 x* 1.1-1.2 30 fc (04-27) »o (7) ; -71 - JAERI-Review 2000-031 Grooved Moderator (liquid Hydrogen) Premoderator (Liq.H2O) Grooved Moderator Hal Moderator Reflector (Graphite) Target(Pb) Flat Moderator (Liquid Hydrogen) 20 40 60 80 100 120 Diatance from Moderator Bottom(mm) 4-27 1.4 10 9.86A • Grooved Moderator I . 9.86A Grooved Modcntorl 1.2 ° Flat Modenior | - Flat Modenlor I 1 - • ::fv • c c •V. 0.8 £' ",1 - JO •e s - 0.6 "I 1* * 0.4 - ^ 0.1 A 4>* 0.2 1 i . , . i . . . • 0.01 200 400 600 800 1000 200 400 600 900 1000 Emission Time (// sec.) Emission Time {fi sec.) 04-28 -72- JAERI-Review 2000-031 (N2) Cooler/Condenser CH4 |jqu Pellet Production '4 liqu./gas Premoderator ^2 liq. /CH4 solid pellet transport system Heater 4 liqu Purification El 4-29 h • i Energy Spectra Energy Spectra 108 : 1—i i i i ni| 1—i i i 11111 i *• • | 1—i i i m 108 : 1—i i i i ni| 1—i i i 111 ~T—TTTTTTT 1 r~T"T 1 T Ti (without poison) : S" 107 107 c D JO 106 s Liq.H2 Liq. H2 P.E.+Liq. H2 P.E. particles Liq.CH4 P.E. +Liq. H2 S0I.CH4 105 , . .,,1 105 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 Energy(eV) Energy(eV) 4-30 -73- Intensity (Arb. Units) Intensity (Arb. Units) Intensity (Arb. Units) p p p o p p p to b b b o b © U\ O to b oli i i i—[—1—n—i |~i—i—r~i—p I I I I [ I I I O X ox co g p CD cn m-P' % CO 2 10 l _l_ 5 Pr T i_J I I—I—1—1 1 I I- I IS3 ill Decay Time (usec) Pulse Width in FWHM (usec) I m • . 1 1 11 1 8 - • Hi - • V m o • + Li q - • a FT 3 Li q -B- TO • - • ro - • - 1 1 1 1 ' ' 1 , , 1 , i i i i t i i 1 • ' ' ' 1 ' ' JAERI-Review 2000-031 l/y h (lift 1 mm, 64.5%) fc 32>o in 4-30 4-30 4-19 (FWHM) H2O -75 - JAERI-Review 2000-031 1 ) G. S. Bauer and J. E. Vetter : The German project for a high power spallation neutron source for fundamental research, Proc. A perspective on Adaptive Nuclear Energy Evolutions ; Towards a World of Neutron Abandance ( Luxenbrug, May 25-27, 1981 ). 2 ) D. F. R. Mildner and R. N. Sinclair: J. Nucl. Energy 6 ( 1979 ) 225. 3 ) J. M. Carpenter, et al.: Nucl. Instr. Meth. A234 (1985) 542. 4 ) T. O. Brun, et al.: LAHET Cold System / CINDER'90 Validation Calculations and Comparison with Experimental Data, Proc. ICANS-XII (Abingdon, UK, 24-28 May, 1993)T-26. 5 ) J. M. Carpenter, ( Ed ): Draft proposal for an intense pulsed neutron souce ( Oct. 1975 ), ANL 6) N. Watanabe, M. Teshigawara, H. Takada, N. Nakashima. J. Suzuki, K. Aizawa, Y. Oyama and K. Kosako : Neutronic performance of cold moderators in JAERI 5MW pulsed spallation source, proc. Int. Workshop on Cold Moderators for Pulsed Neutron Source (Argonne, Sept. 28-Oct. 2, 1997 ), 109. 7 ) M. Teshigawara, N. Watanabe, H. Takada, K. Kai, H. Nakashima, T. Nagao, Y. Oyama, Y. Ikeda and K. Kosako : Neutronic Study of the JAERI 5 MW Spallation Neutron Source, JAERI Research 99-020. 8) K. Inoue, Y. Kiyanagi and H. Iwasa : Nucl. Instr. Meth. 192 (1982) 129. 9 ) R. G. Fulharty ( Compiled ): Proposal for a pulsed - neutron facility, Los Alamos Report LA-4138-M (Aug. 1, 1969) P.61. 1 0 ) S. Ikeda and J. M. Carpenter: Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 239 ( 1985 ) 536. 1 1 ) H. Wurz: Neutron Thermalization in liquid ortho - and para - hydrogen, KFK-1697 (1973). 1 2 )D. J. Picton, T. D. Beynon and T. A. Broome : Neutronic studies for the ESS source, Proc. ICANS-XIII ( PSI, Switzerland, Oct. 11-14, 1995 ) P.522. 1 3 ) N. Watanabe : not published. 1 4) N. Watanabe et al. : Moderator optimization Studies for Accelerator Pulsed Booster, Pulsed Neutrons and Their Utilization (Joint Meeting Euratom-Japan Atomic Energy Society (Ispra, Sept. 17-18, 1971), EUR 4954e, P.255. 1 5) N. Watanabe : A consideration of cold neutron source for KEKS-II, Advanced Neutron Sources 1988, Institute of Physics Conf. Series No.97, Institute of Physics, Bristol and New York ( 1988 ) P.763. 1 6) N. Watanabe, Y. Kiyanagi, K. Inoue, M. Furusaka, S. Ikeda, M. Arai and H. Iwasa : Preliminary optimization experiments of coupled liquid hydrogen moderator for KENS-II, ibid, P.787. 1 7 ) Y. Kiyanagi, N. Watanabe and H. Iwasa : Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 312 ( 1992 ) 561. -76- JAERI-Review 2000-031 1 8 ) Y. Kiyanagi, N. Watanabe and H. Iwasa : Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 343 (1994 ) 558. 1 9) N. Watanabe, Y. Kiyanagi and M. Furusaka : Recent Progress in developing high- efficiency cryogenic moderators, Proc. ICANS-XIII ( PSI, Switzerland, Oct. 11-14, 1995 ) P.659. 2 0) Y. Kiyanagi, N. Kosugi, Y. Ogawa, H. Iwasa, F. Hiraga, M.Furusaka and N. Watanabe : High-efficiency cryogenic moderator system for short pulse cold neutron use ; Proc. ICANS-XIII ( PSI. Switzerland, Oct. 11-14, 1995 ) P.666. 2 1 ) Y. Kiyanagi, S. Sato, H. Iwasa, F. Hiraga and N. Watanabe: Physica B213 & 214 (1995 ) 857. 2 2 ) Y. Kiyanagi, N. Watanabe and M. Nakajima : Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 343 (1994 ) 550. 2 3) Y. Kiyanagi, Y. Oyama, N. Kosugi, H. Iwasa, M. Furusaka and N. Watanabe : Further optimization of coupled liquid-hydrogen moderator for intense pulsed neutrom source, Proc. ICANS-XIII ( PSI, Switzerland, Oct. 11-14, 1995 ) P.654. 2 4) Y. Ogawa, Y. Kiyanagi, N. Kosugi, H. Iwasa, M. Furusaka and N. Watanabe: Nucl. Instrum. Meth, A432 (1999) 415. 2 5) E. J. Pitcher, G. J. Russell and P. H. Ferguson : Use of a cold beryllium reflector-filter to enhance cold source brightness at long wavelengths, Proc. ICANS-XIV (Starved Rock Lodge, Utica, Illinois, June 14-19, 1998) P.524. 2 6 ) Y. Kiyanagi, et al.: not published. 2 7) M. Teshigawara, et al.: not published. 2 8 ) K. Inoue, Y. Kiyanagi, H. Iwasa, N. Watanabe, S. Ikeda, J. M. Carpenter and Y. Ishikawa : Grooved cold moderator test, Proc. ICANS-VI ( Argonne, June 28-July 2, 1982)P.391. 2 9) Y. Ishikawa, S. Ikeda, N. Watanabe, K. Kondo, K. Inoue, Y. Kiyanagi, H. Iwasa and K. Tsuchihashi : Grooved cold moderator at KENS, Proc. ICANS-VII ( Chalk River, Sept. 13-16, 1983)P.23O. 3 0) Y. Ogawa, Y. kiyanagi, M. Furusaka and N. Watanabe : J. Neutron Research, 6 (1997)197. 3 1) A. T. Lucus, G. S. Bauer and C. D. Sulfredge : A pelletized solid methane moderator for a medium-to-high power neutron sources, proc. ICANS-XIII (PSI, Switzerland, Oct. 11- 14, 1995) P.644. 3 2) Y. Ogawa, Y. Kiyanagi and N. Watanabe : J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 36 (1999) 105. -77 - JAERI-Review 2000-031 5. 5. i -zL-t>n- (i) (2) (3) (4) (1) T. £ttl fc (2) (3) ^^ft -^0 scattering kernel ©Sfll«j&t£8Ufc£n%£z>\zte?tz0 m^tfmnt, m*® 5 MW 6 GeV Pi^(D^fflib#X.e.tl^(DT'. NMTC/JAERI 3 GeV) ©&»©»*£a-K©»H#ft#ftT^fc#, «i5fliWT JAM , fflS© scattering kernel 5. 2 ^- 5 MW -li 1.5 GeV. S; 48 ^lA/cm2 5-314) -78- JAERI-Review 2000-031 Cylindrical ((() cm, L cm) (16.23,60), (12.36, Rectangular (W x H x L cm3) (14 x 9.88 x 60), (24 x 6.44 x 60) Proton beam (uniform Proton beam shape Cylindrical (<|>cm) 13.23 , 9.36 Rectangular (W x H cm2) 10 x 6.88, 20 x 3.44 5-1 0.04 l4wx9.88ti (g) o w H 2 4j 24 x6.44 cm (Hg) ).03 14wx9.88Hcm2(Pb-Bi)- 24wx6.44H cm2(Pb-Bi) • 12.36 cm(Hg) j I 0.02 X 12.36 cm(Pb-Bi): 3 KOI 0 l l i i I i i i 0 10 20 30 40 50 Distance from incident sureface (cm) 5-2 79 JAERI-Review 2000-031 5.0 Target cross _ o 5-3 3 4.0 section (cm J g 3.0 S 2.0 Cylindrical target 12.36 cm _ (<|> 12.36 cm) :> ^ ^ 0.0 K -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 Distance from center, X (cm) 5. 3 Nucl phys SANS Pe flee tome V^r x 3 Beam line > 30 Instrument > 40 5-4 WM 5 -80- JAERI-Review 2000-031 Figure of Merit { most Thermal ami eptfhermsil instrument!, wurt.:>ut neutron Caicpiry 2 I:OM ~ d,• i ()/«/<*) - ^ {/) {proportional to trie pulse peas flux and independent of ("and 0 iivci the tcilistic cangct • tugh-tesolutton inverted geometry mstrutnetu* with neu- tron gutties, sudi as l..A\i-M)ET, IRIS • higrt-resotu;jon powder (Jiffrfcctornetcrs *ith neutron s. fit iuna} to tune-averaged flu* per p\ike »nd tndep<-i»- ckm erf / ami (i ini-.r the realistic ic * n -f ft © • SANS itiitrumenn • TOR CRISP type instruments Cme^cty 4 >l (pr«:»pi::irt!i:tiiiil to iime-Hvcr»ne<1 flits imii pi»rwfc*iit ni fmu\ 5. 4 5. 4. 5-4 360° -f V V 3oo° 100° iifi? 1 40 ~ 50° 5. 4. 2 (SANS) 5-1 FOM . 50 Hz £ 25 Hz iC \t FOM 50 Hz (25 Hz -81 - JAERI-Review 2000-031 4 . ISIS *TCn*Tm*e>ftT*fc#»£S»*7kfttxl'-*lCH:'< 5-6 *fc 2-3 y) 5. 4. 3 ?-2p©**fcJi»r©--3l4, J»+14?-« . 5 MW 1000 <&ia±©a*) . a 5-1 ^e>w*»tt*p<. croiwtii FOM 14 \zttmtz>o zz-c*&&ut 50 Hz 15 HZ s«*T»«tufc^A« , 20 meV R&D |z 5. 4. 4 ^ , bf-A©fflyjgy . 0.3-100 eV ©iUsE£#;L<5 -82- JAERI-Review 2000-031 5. 5 (1.5 o 1.5 -83- JAERI-Review 2000-031 Cold mod. (high intensity & higy resolution) L-H2 mod. + Premod. Target (I Li) Proton beam 0 10 cm Thermal mod.(high resolution) Epithermal mod.(high resolution) Above target atr 1 •< J in 1 i) i o \ > - itor) Below target Therr-. V 0 20 cm m 5-5 mm 5 MW •Vv h 0 ho JAERI-Review 2000-031 ESS model 40 -40 40 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 SNS model 5-6 ESS (±) &tf SNS (T) $*»/ h JAERI-Review 2000-031 5. 6 USA (Be) cm, ^$ (*ff*) 120 cm it mmlCg^U. BfB©* IC Lfc. ^ flfclc: 5 (•7k) 5. 7 5. 7. 1 (A) it (aspect ratio) (13.35 cmwx5.16 cmH) .5 cm) -86- JAERI-Review 2000-031 6 Coupled H mod Full (Be) 5-7 C 5 I 4 Full (Pb) 3 3 g "2 o 2 I x 1 0 7 7 U Decoupled L-CH mod: 5 4 4 Pb , OI4 Be 3 inte n U Pb S 2 ro n 'n/s / Be 3 "o 1 X \s - # ( Extended 0 Premoderator) £ Decoupled HO mod.. | 4 sr/ e 3 -€> e J T. c c 2 Proton beam 1 eV T g3 o u 1 cross section Be reflector X Pb reflector 0 0.10 1.0 Aspect ratio (b/a) 5-9 ±© 87- JAERI-Review 2000-031 4.0 1 T—'—i—f-n—'—i—TTTTT^ —T Couple H mod. S 3.5 nte n 3.0 c Target size o s 2 is G 3 : 17.35x8.16 cm w o 2.5 Beam size X : 13.35x5.16 cm2 _L J i L 2 4 6 8 10 12 Distance (cm), X 5-8 *- JAERI model ESS study Flat target Cylindrical target Split target leo. Ta (20%D2O) arget Flax trap geo. Proton (1.5 GeV, Uniform) Proton (1.33 GeV, Parabolic) 3 Mod. size : 10x10x3 cm3 Mod. size : 10x10x5 cm 3.5 model Current density Unchanged —* Changed —o- 3.0 Flat target 2.5 Cylindrical target a S B c i o 2.0 X ESS study Flux trap geo. Wing geo.—;:,— 1.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Distance from target center (cm) JAERI-Review 2000-031 -Vv h *'&>»*> 6 ©Eft) E Hg *-? ESS 5. 7. 2 * Pb &&&* Be lz 5-7 |z Pb , tt 35 5-10 li/ IHttiB JS^) £ Pb ROC Be s Be (FWHM) Be FOM 1.6 1 • i . i Coupled H ?mod. 5-10 — Reflector -^ Pb / Be — .3 -^ 0.80 • i^ y 2.0 - Target :Hg 2.2 meV 0.40 Proton beam size - 0 ^ : 13.35x5. 16 cm2- 0.0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Time ((isec) -89- JAERI-Review 2000-031 5. 7. 3 *- z> 5. 5 cm 5-11 (C©HI4 Hg ^ » Pb-Bi Coupled composite 3.5 i i Forward 3.0 •g -o 2 v K* C. 2.5 Ta-D2O/Be Pb-Bi/Small Pb 2.0 0.80 a "5 0.60 § "I 0.40 "8 o I x 0.20 Decoupled S-CH Decoupled H O 0.0 -5 0 5 Distance from reference position, X (cm) 5-11 J (D2-f -90- JAERI-Review 2000-031 1/2 lc LT, 5-11 (Cli» Hg Pb 5. 8 MW » Los Alamos © LANSCE Upgrade ItH (160 kW) , Pb , Be 6.0 1014 JAERI model : coupled H2 mod. ' Target: Hg 4.0 1014 - "** Be reflector -"" Pb reflector S 6 2.0 1014 LANSCE upgrade_ / (coupled) / Target: W/D2O )£ Reflector : Be 0.0 100 *^ •"" • 11 1111J i IIIII^I 1O4 103 102 101 10° 101 Energy (eV) 5-12 LANSCE Upgrade BRWttB LANSCE Upgreade 500 1000 1500 2000 Time (u sec) 5-13 LANSCE Upgrade tf-ji©) -91 - JAERI-Review 2000-031 LANSCE Upgrade Pb Los Alamos Be :, B 5-13 LANSCE Upgrade 5. 9 5. 9. 1 *- 11*120 nA/cm2©1.5 0 ,. . . 1 1 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Distance from incident surface (cm) 5-14 5 MW Pg^t-A (1.5 GeV. S*lf-A«;7fEg££ 48 nA/cm2) ^ Hg *-fy V 1.26 -92- JAERI-Review 2000-031 BNL/AGS 5. 9. 2 KTIi 16 W/cm2 (16 MW/m3) |ct>*L/. (L-CH4) Be 1/2 25 Decoupled L-CH Decoupled. 20 with Pb reflector 7cm ) g, Decoupled L-CH4 a 15 o with Be reflector •aIS O 10 Decoupled H2 &, Tu3 ts 5.0 Coupled H2 mod. 15 • (Decoupled H2) a Coupled H2 with Pb 10 iti o 1 Coupled H2 with Be -8 5.0 4) 0.0 Co^ple.d^oFull(i3•5c^V 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14 Distance from moderator bottom (cm) 15-15 -93- JAERI-Review 2000-031 5-15 Be fiWtt<&J§£, Pb ©if , Be s 3 Stli £O C 5-2 Moderator Moderator size Reflector Premoderator Heat depositor) (crrfl) (kW) Coupled H2 12x12x5 Pb PM (2.5 cm) 2.79 Coupled H2 12x12x5 Be PM(2.5cm) 2.06 Coupled H2 12x12x5 Pb Full (3.5 cm)* 1.94 Decoupled H2 10x10x 5 Pb non 3.95 *A fully extended PM with 3.5 cm thick bottom PM 5-3 ISIS HFIR ANS SNS JAERI* Energy deposition 0.4 0.6+1.4 15+15 2 3.95 (total, kW) Moderator volume 1.06 0.5 1 0.5(1) (liter) 30 Average power 0.4 1.2 1 1 7.9 density (kW/liter) Volumetric flow rate 0.5 1 5.5 (liters/sec) •§mperature rise 1.1 3 2.3 1.5+1.5 2.9(5.8) (K) * The values for pulsed spallation source are for a decoupled H2 moderator. Our values are for the case of decoupled H2 in Table5-2. The values in parenthesis are for the case of 1 liter moderator volume.100% Para-hydrogen is assumed. 5.10 tf 5. 10. 1 Extended Premoderator15' -94- JAERI- Review 2000-031 Ttt, SWft+©J^ltl1S:?tf-AH)iyajb?L^6. @5-1715) Premoderator H2 Premoderator i id I' ]' I |dz\ Neutron beam , , _ y extraction Target side 1 Normal ( a) Tb = 1.5 cm (b) Tb = 2.5 cm (c) Tb = 3.5 cm Bottom extended (d) Tb = 2.5 cm Jv.nl: X •* fTb Full extended ( e) Tb = 2.5 cm (f) Tb = 3.5cm 15-16 ^^fl/- t x -95 Integrated neutron intensity, J (xlO12n/cm2/s/sr/MW) Energy deposition (kW) FWHM (xlOVsec) Decay time to to to to to to to to ON 00 bo VO b 1 1 ' 1 1 ' • + > ^H - I s s w 3! a. n' 3 n o s to i 3 oto o < 1 o i , i I I I I I I I I o CO m O1 (V rti 8 Hi rf 0 Hi fV Q Ctiir mcf 8 &t * 3 JAERI-Review 2000-031 Extended premoderator. tifi (AEP) . full extended premoderator, fc (•EP) fc (AEP. Full (Pb) ) -^^ Be Be •s > g 4> £ S Coupled H mod Full (2.5 cm) Standard PM 10° Reflector Pb C 4« 10' Target: Hg io-2 Proton beam size : 13.35x5.16 cm2 10,-3 1 1 1 1 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Time (usec) m 5-18 -^ (Pb Be £*H*) (2.0 - 2.2 meV) -97- JAERI-Review 2000-031 El 5-10 t111 5. 10. 2 Z 5. 10. 3 MUM ICANS Los Alamos SIC 100 K iC fe Be 2.2 18)o c Be 10" 10s j * U ID1 20" 10" 5-19 C 70 K -98- JAERI-Review 2000-031 m 5-20 nw 5 MW ,0 c Be I 3 Iff3 Iff2 Iff1 10° 101 102 Energy (eV) T\ fft 5.11 * (second cold source, tf-A5fi 5-21 -y y h 5.12 5. 12. 1 -99- JAERI-Review 2000-031 JSNS Hg/Be reference PM 5MW JSNS Hg/Pb full extended PM 5MW ILLCS-2 Energy (eV) 5-21 Pb MCNP4A . 3 ; —&*y h , -ifticii MCNP4A 20 ^© CPU TOftlUi, ~ 3 GeV, 5MW> JSU 50 HZ> -^ (12 cmxi2 cmx -100- JAERI-Review 2000-031 5 cm) . ~ Ed = 22 eV T, ^tt^X^JU^-l* 100 &tf 500 meV JPjSJS«!:LTtt«"b-ia«lCffiffl$nT^5 Weight window &( , Weight window xS-Cfe3«lt1$tt*tt 3 22) Acceleration Particles CPU Time (Millions) (Hour/P-lll 500MHz) : Weight window 10 15 No 500 2000 Proton : 3 GeV, 5 MW, 50 Hi IOOMOV Reflector :Pb Mod.: Decoupled H E =22eV d 40 60 80 100 Time (|isec) m 5-22 weight : window ti 5. 12. 2 A. 5-232123) ) ii (Energy deposition) H*»6» W 6* 1-1.5 cm -Q% 20-25% Be -101 JAERI-Review 2000-031 1.5 CO 0.5 <|)(20meV) Hg Target (|)(50meV) 1.5 GeV Proton <|>(100meV) Thermal moderator Energy Deposition Gd Poison 1 I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I I L_ 1.5 CO cr 0.5 Hg Target FWHM(20meV) 1.5 GeV Proton FWHM(50meV) Thermal moderator FWHM(100meV) Gd Poison 0 0 1 2 Thickness of premoderator (cm) 5-23 (Pb H2O (FWHM) (it) -102- JAERI-Review 2000-031 B. SI* 1 cm fLT5cm 40-50% 1.4-1.5) 1.5 CO CC • 0.5 JHg Target <|>(20meV) 1.5 GeV Proton ~~* <|>(50meV) : Thermal moderator <()(100meV) Gd Poison Energy Deposition - Thickness of Premoderator = 1 cm 0 0 5 10 Extension of Premoderator (cm) 5-24 -* (Pb H2O c. C H20 (H20) 7K (D20) -103- JAERI-Review 2000-031 2.0 H '"H Proton : 3 GeV Target: Hg Ecut: 1eV O H?O PM £ 0.5 D O PM CL Without PM 0.0 -5 ., -3 1 1 d 1 0'° 1 n0 1 0" 1 0 10 10- Energy(eV) 5-25 5. 12. 3 Iverson bli Pb Be SWft^ffl^fcW^lcit^ 1/50 (B 5-26 Iverson Cd - (Ed~0.4 eV) , Be 5-27(a)(b)(c)22i!5) 5. 12. 4 - (Ed) -104- JAERI- Review 2000-031 (Hg) ngth. Angstroms 108 109 11 in 1.1? 113 1H 115 1 Ifi 1.17 118 119 1.2 2 2 0.1 1 10 20 A1 i. 0.2 0 1 02 j u \ \ A. V. i '. 'v. \ 1 o-i 02 - s «i . u \^ \ \ \^ •'I ij i ! i |( : • 1 ^ j 1 c Hi i 1i :'l !!'! ! ii! : • i 5 : r ! 1 i 5400 5500 5600 5700 5800 5900 6000 Timoof Flight T.us 5-26 Iverson Be S 0.1-20 Be Pb -105- Proton : 3GeV Target: Hg En = 50 meV Reflector size :<}>120 x120hcm *EPM : Extended premoderator Be ref. Pb ref. Hg ref. with EPM* 16 with EPM* 16 without PM .O 10 j 2.0 10 1" "I11"!""!""!1" 2.0 10 i'' ' i Decoupling Energy \0 Decoupling Energy- : 1 eV 16 o 1eV J1.5 1016 - fii.5 10 • 22eV A 100eV Si ^ o O r 16 o 16 - °D 1.0 10 - - §1.0 10 o 5 4« - o 15 1015 5:0 10 - & AO A5 'oon Inn 0.0 i °-° o = OA , OO A O o O o: O A I I I A A I I I I I. 0 20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100 Time(n.sec) Time(|j.sec) Time(|j.sec) 5-27(a) - 50 meV £ Proton : 3GeV Target: Hg En = 100meV Reflector size :4>12O x120hcm *EPM : Extended premoderator Be ret. Pb ref. Hg ref. 1 without PM with EPM* with EPM 2.5 1016 16. 2.5 10 2.5 10 Decoupling Energy : Decoupling Energy : Decoupling energy - £ ?2.0 1016 16 o 1 eV 2.0 10 -2.0 10 : 1 eV 16 a 22 eV 16 1 11.5 10 A 100 e\A 1.5 10 -1.5 10 — 0 16 4 16 o li.O 10 o - 1.0 10 - O ^°0 1.0 10 1 15 - o -1 SO 15 -1 I "is.o 10 -5.0 10 -j o 5.0 10 S 1 0.0 0.0^ r 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Time(|isec) 17 Time(p.sec) •J7 Time(|j.sec) 10 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 17 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 [ 1 1 1 5 10 1 . 1 , I 1 1 1 I o 16 - Decoupling Energy : Decoupling Energy : Decoupling energy : I 10 16 -5 0 1 eV 1 10 o 15 0 1 eV ! 00 I I 10 D 22 eV : 15 A 10 0 10 eV 1 as ^ 100 eVj * \ 14 A 100 eV - 14 n 1 § 10 10 r ^ o«3o 0 1 ! ^p °oo c ; *»0%b 0 o 13 k /*A «° h : c O -2 ,13 r A""^ A 0 - I I 10 r *tt °o 10 0 OOn O ; CD : A D 0 O O - 0 0 0 0 0 ; 12 - A 0 0 ^0 0 0 _ -5 10" , • O 0 -3 12 ?- A A o o :r AD DD O O 0 = 10 E " O A O O 0 cl A : , , , 1 , 1 A, | I ,°, , " , , , 1 , , , 1 ,&,«, 1 , I , 1 1°, 1 • 10 20 40 60 80. 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100 Time(nsec) Time(jisec) Time(|isec) I 5-27(b) - 100 meV icfc Proton : 3GeV Target: Hg En = 500 meV Reflector size :c>120 x120hcm *EPM : Extended premoderator Be ret. Pb ref. Hg ref. without PM 16 with EPIVT 16 with EPM* 16 1 10 i i | , i i , 1 10 1 10 ' ' ' ' I ' Decoupling Energy; Decoupling Energy - Decoupling energy 1153 15 " 8 10 -- J?P 0 1 eV - 8 10'° - : 1 eV : o 1 eV o 10eV o o - o o °o 15 0 15 15 a 22 eV 13 - 5-27(c) ~ 500 meV lCfe JAERI-Review 2000-031 5. 12. 5 U it, 1.5 5.13 5. 13. i 2r cm) (En = 3 meV) * Pb &tf Be («JlHf-A«:«llti-riBPI**-5) cm . Sfc. S^SMSli Pb fiW#3R©^fr* Be -109- JAERI-Review 2000-031 EEE K o o o ooo V CO Wi- GQ o 0. a> K o o o e (0 O) CM CD EEE _o i c ooo ooo IK OlO-r JZ CD CD T N CO i 5 CO III III 1 as e cto r CD CD 1 id re f i n Inc i o a) CL ^ E o I o m IK (O in 'b *b ocT (as|nd/A8/JS/s/goio/u 91 A9lue CM (as|nd/A8/JS/s/saio/u) cb in -110- -III- Neutron intensity Neutron intensity 2 Ol (n/cm /s/sr/eV/pulse) 16 2 N> n/cm /s/sr/eV/pulse) 00 q^ en *. "0 8? o o 0 & 3 CD o f 8 o 0) rtt (D Hi 2! V T* I O ro (Q o o o CD (D 0 531 0) CO OOO 2. OOO a 3 3 3 I80-000Z JAERI-Review 2000-031 • • •—i—I—*"" ' I • • ' ' 1 • ' • • 6 i CD I *"""• .A '• ~E 3 .:.• Pb ref. non shieldj D2 0 in Pb £r + ^ •••- Pb ref. with shield] --••• H20 in Pb ref. -o- Be ref. non shield ^^D2 0 in Be ref. X • H2 0 in Be ref. --•-- Be ref. with shield! n 0 10 En = 3.0 meV si 5 S"E o 0 400 • ' En = 3.0 meV (0 200 I 0 500 500 En = 3.0 meV En = 3.0 meV at 0 0 —i—i—I—.—<—F—I—i—T—]—r—r 1000 1000 En = 3.0 meV 3 0) CD •I 500 •I 500 „—-^ *"-^F"^ ™ 8 •o -112- JAERI-Review 2000-031 r = 160 cm r cm £T# Pb *> U< li Be r = 160 cm $T#l*£fc*. r . R ©H»lC 5. 13. 2 10 H20 *fcli D20 5-29 H20 t D2O H2O H2O U±lC. D20 Be D20 5. 13. Pb Be Pb 5.14 5. 14. i cmX12 cmX5 cmtfi% cmX 10 cmX3 cm (lateral dimensions) 5-31 827) 113- JAERI-Review 2000-031 (1.5 cmJ5H2O, 5 cmfc (viewed surface) ±(D20-120 meVrox^Jl/^' T**. Viewed surfacelil0cmX10cm|C@^UTtt>-5 » lateral dimensions^: 10 cm X10 cmJ;lJi@f . 12 cmX 12 5. 14. 2 (viewed surface) cmXIO cm|C@£ * 5-2 (viewed surface) i (20-120 meVOfl Lateral dimension(cmxcm) 10X10 12X12 14X14 14X14 16X16 16X16 Viewed surfuce(cmXcm) 10X10 10X10 10X10 12X12 12X12 14X14 Pb5«f*& (ffifSSS^'U'tT-'U Average intensity* 1.0 1.22 1.26 1.09 1.09 0.95 Total intensity* 1.0 1.22 1.26 1.57 1.58 1.86 :L-) ©*IS£- Average intensity* 0.77 0 1.04 0.86 0.94 0.80 Total intensity* 0.77 0 1.64 1.26 1.35 1.57 5!:l/-* (10cmX10cmX5cm) . Viewed surface 10 cmX 10 -114- Distance from upper surface of Distance from upper surface of en Decoupled mod. (cm) Decoupled mod. (cm) v3 u£ G £•+ M. % -ft S >= Q F* M. V f+1 -+I V ^ Ml S ft H v mi » i a I si -ft £ < I %! CD TT I UT ^ q. • , —- Q C? M 531 CD Sl JAERI-Review 2000-031 5.15 S 5-32 Be-Pb ¥£ 25 cm £T© Be, •*•©¥& 50 cm tT© Pb 90° 20 Be 20 MeV J , Pb t Be t, *tj10kw/liter|CSfS 10'1 Be t Pb \ Fe shield Total ower "E - Gamma P density I io- (< 20 MeV) >> 10" 0) •a ID' 1o Q. I Neutron (< 20 MeV) 10"( 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Distance from target center, X (cm) 5-32 5.16 :. -ttll* 2 . 5 » 1-1.5 '» 1.5 GeV mm (phase 1)T3 GeV-1 MW. $—fftPt (phase 2) 5 MW li 1 GeV f^t 5 MW 'sWiSSS (upgrade path) 5 MW 1-50GeV 0 5-34 -116- JAERI-Review 2000-031 Coupled L-H mod. with extended PM Reflector: Pb 5.0 i I i 1 l i GeV 1.0GeV 1.5 4.0 - 3.0 GeV e GeV ^ 3.0 - fi -•—•— 12.0 GeV 20 2 I - ¥ -o--o B . >r 1.0 -- < s 24.0 GeV 50.OGeV 0.0 I i 1 I i i -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Distance from incident surface (cm) m 5-33 • Coupled H2 mod. with extended PM A Decoupled HMD mod. • Maximum leakeage neutron intensity 1 .£. l I i I I 1 - • rb r 0.8 * sit y 0.6 - • • c "cB • 0.4 £ c • o 0.2 — — Ne u n I I I I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Proton energy (GeV) 5-34 5-33 o &2t(Dfztb& -117- JAERI-Review 2000-031 3GeV ICLTfc+tt^SME©*^!* 1GeV (DB#|chb^ 10Xg«Tl/J&>fcl*. U^U 6GeV Tl* 30-35%©»'>£fc3. Xitt 1 ) N.Watanabe, M. Teshigawara, H. Takada, H. Nakashima, Y. Oyama, T. Nagao, T. Kai, Y. Ikeda and K. Kosako: A conceptual design study of target-moderator-reflector system for JAERI 5 MW spallation source. Proc. ICANS-XIV (Starved Rock lodge, Utica, Illinois, June 14-19, 1998)P.728. 2) N. Watanabe, M. Teshigawara, H. Takada, H. Nakashima, Y. Oyama, T. Nagao, T. Kai and K. Kosako, R. Hino, S. Ishikura and T. Aso: JAERI 5 MW Spallation Source Project, Proc. AccApp'98 (Gatlinburg, TN, USA, Sept. 20-23, '98) P.3. 3) N. Watanabe, M. Teshigawara, T. Kai, K. Iga, H. Takada, H. Nakashima, Y. Oyama, T. Nagao, Y. Ikeda and K. Kosako: Target-moderator-reflector Optimization for JAERI 5 MW Pulsed spallation source, Proc. ICONE7 (Tokyo, Japan, Apr. 19-23, 1999) 7248. 4) M. Teshigawara, N. Watanabe, H. Takada, H. Nakashima, T. Nagao, Y. Oyama and K. Kosako: Neutronic Studies of bare target for JAERI 5 MW Pulsed spallation neutron source, JAERI Reserch 99-10 (1999). 5) N. Watanabe, M. Teshigawara, K. Aizawa, J. Suzuki and Y. Oyama: A target-moderator- reflector concept of the JAERI 5 MW pulsed spallation neutron source, JAERI-Tech 98- 011. 6 ) N. Watanabe and Y. Kiyanagi: Physica B 180 & 181 (1992) 893. 7 ) M. Teshigawara, N. Watanabe, H. Kai, H. Nakashima, T. Nagao, Y. Oyama, Y. Ikeda and K. Kosako: Neutronic study on the JAERI 5 MW spallation Neutron source - Neutronic Performenc of the Reference Target-Moderetor-Reflector system and the Target Shape/Size Effects -, JAERI Research 99-020 (March 1999). 8) N. Watanabe, M. Teshigawara, T. Kai, M. Harada, H. Sakata, Y. Ikeda, M. Kaminaga, R. Hino and Y. Oyama: Progress in design study of Japaneae spallation neutron source, Proc. ICONE 8 (Baltimore, MD, USA, Apr. 2-6, 2000) 8457. 9) The NSNS Collaboration: National Spallation Neutron Source Extensive Summary (May 1997)NSNS/CDR1. 1 0) A Next Generation Neutron Source for Europe, The ESS Technical Study. 11) D. J. Picton, T. D. Beynon and T. A. Broome: Neutronic studies for the ESS source, Proc. ICANS-XIII (PSI, Villigen, Switzerland, Oct. 11-14, 1995) P.522. 1 2 ) P. D. Ferguson, G. J. Russell ande. J. Pitcher: Reference moderator calculated performance for the LANSCE Upgrade project. Proc. ICANS-XIII (PSI, Villigen, Switzerland, Oct. 11-14, 1995) 510. -118- JAERI-Review 2000-031 1 3 ) M. Teshigawara, et al.: in preparation. 1 4) G. S. Bauer, H. Spitzer, G. von Holzen, L. Ni and J. Hastings: Heat deposition in mercury by 24 GeV protons, Proc. ICANS-XIV (Starved Rock Lodge, Utica, Illinois, June 14-19, 1998) P.229. 1 5) N. Watanabe, M. Teshigawara, H. Takada, H. Nakashima, Y. Oyama, T. Nagao, T. Kai and K. Kosako: Towards a high efficiency pulsed cold neutron source, Proc. ICANS-XIV (Starved Rock Lodge, Utica, Illinois, June 14-19, 1998) P.743. ML mm *» fta ¥&-»•. a^Rm^^^^^-^^m^ B*!*^ *¥£ 1999*ffJc©*M*H53. 1 7 ) K. Kai, et al.: in preparation. 1 8) E. J. Pitcher, G. J. Russell and P. D. Ferguson : A ring moderetor concept for long-pulse source, Proc. ICANS-XIV ( Starved Rock Lodge, Utica, Illinois, June 14-19, 1998 ) P.489. 1 9) Y. Kiyanagi, Y. Ogawa, N. Kosugi, H. Iwasa, M. Furusaka and N. Watanabe: Further optimization of coupled liquid-hydrogen moderator for intense pulsed neutron source, Proc. ICANS-XIII (PSI, Villigen, Switzerland, Oct. 16-19, 1995) 654. 2 0) M. Teshigawara, et al.: in preparation. 21) mm ill. ttttftJK ME. *» mm. mm w. jfeea »=«$: fl6tt+tt:?:E7!l/-*lCfcl*a:/l/t7sU--*©*H. B *»?;&¥& 1999 #H54. 2 2) M. Harada, et al.: in preparation. 2 3) Jgiffl IFJS. ttttftfli ME, Epn tft^ &a £W> mm #> teffl 8-BP : # tt^S**t7fl/-^lCfclt'5^Ut7sl/-^©ttaWfciR. JAERI-Research 2000-014 2 4) E. Iverson : Presewted at 6th ESS General Meeting (Ancona, Italy, Sept. 20-23, 1999) and T. J. Me Manamy: Target-Instrument Interface Issues Overiew, TIAC Meeting (ORNL, Sept. 14, 1999). 2 5) M. Teshigawara, et al.: in preparation. 2 6) H. Sakata, et al.: in preparation. 2 7 ) H. Harada, et al.: in preparation. 2 8) Mffiftfli ME. mm ff, «F* fife. Sffl 3k JSB JEH, jfeffl m~fiP. /hi& ffi fifl : 5 MW ^©^^ti^iilCtSltS^^^R^^aitttttE^fflli. B*J1?^I^^ 1999 H52. . sea 5A. Jteea $ ^^ 1999 3 0) M. Teshigawara, et al.: in preparation. 3 1 ) Y. Kiyanagi, et al.: in preparation. 119- JAERI-Review 2000-031 6. *- 6. 1 *-f -^y h. ftlce-AA«Slcg#TOfcft*«3IEffi«J&<#£-f<5. ft . tf— i Slttlc«fc*itB«*^Br^ »4 **». -fv V (5 MW. ^® 1 MW MW U -120- JAERI-Review 2000-031 6. 2 2 ?-(r/r0) . 0 6-1 IJ KENS -yy h 6. 3 *- -yy KrtT©«5ejft©ltlH4» ^7^f-=K3R©»^lcii NMTC/JAERU JAM ^ HETC t Hg (12.86 cmc*>X60 cmL) CBS 9.36 cm (t-A jiff) ^ IC^UfcB 5-142'(DiP -121- JAERI-Review 2000-031 Horizontal (H-H1 section) j i Coding Water Inlet H H' ; \ ^ I -2 W-Target (Cm) 1Cm Outlet Vertical (V-V section) tf-A 7 7 (Cm) 1 ZING-P (MEAS.) 0 : AECL Report 2.0- ^ : Coleman/Alsmiller • : IPNS Upgrade Calc. (Ta) CD Depleted Uranium 1.6- 5(0 Targets CD O O S 1.2-1 c ZING-P'(W) (MEAS. I 0.8- Lead Targets 8. TRIUMF- Except As Noted (Pb-Bi) CO I Q 0.4-H KENS(W) g> CD iS o I I I 500 1000 1500 2000 Proton Energy (MeV) 6-2 9- -122- JAERI-Review 2000-031 2000 Beam radius i i | . i i | i i i Distance from incidet surface (cm) J 1500 0.25 H .1? 1000 500 0 j_ i i i i 0 2 4 6 8 10 Distance from target center (cm) 6-3 - : 1.5GeV. *-< S 12.86cm. kf- US 9.36 cm L5GeV) fc*. 24GeV t^•55)o *>-3T© SNQ 1.1 GeV (Pb) . > (U-238) ^> (nat. U) lc -5. Pb *-yy (MORSE lc<£ . *^c Pb 1/2 ©5B«ftT*-5««» s S 6-2-3 li ISIS (800 MeV. 160 KW (0 SPSS. h) ©li^lC^t^T 5)S^ IPNS Upgrade It® (1 MW SPSS) - 2.2 GeV «h 9 GeV ©i§£©J±8) 6)lc Carpenter £>&# Jerng bli, ANL © IPNS Upgrade ttBCBBai/T, 7K; (Ta) 6-4 6-5 Dtr— 1 MW -123- JAERI-Review 2000-031 6-1 SNQItiS (1.1 GeV. 5 MW) Pb U-238 Natural U 1. Total Deposition in Target (MeV) - HET (a) 542 945 945 - MORSE (b) 29 1140 2540 - Total 571 2085 3485 2. Total Deposition/1100 MeV 0. 52 1 .90 3. 17 3. Total Deposition Relative to Pb 1 .0 3.7 6. 1 4. Peak Deposition (MeV/cm -proton) - HET (a) 1 . 20 2.45 2.45 - MORSE (b) »0 0.55 0.76 - Total 1.20 3.00 3. 21 5. Peak Deposition (kW/cm ), for I = 100 mA 120 300 321 6. Peak Deposition Relative to Pb 1.0 2.5 2.7 (a) -124- JAERI-Review 2000-031 . 6-2 ISIS (0.8 GeV. 160 kW) (I+*fi) 1. TARGET a. Power: Prompt in Uranium 200 kW Nuclide decay 8.7 Zircaloy-2 cladding 6.4 Coolant 5.2 Inconel Vessel 7.0 Total (rounded) 230 few Activity: Irradiation Post Irradiation (after ti = 6 months) tj Total(PBq) P(kW) a-acty(TBq) Total(PBq) 1 day 24 1 min 4 37 24 1 month 30 1 hour 1.4 22 15 6 months 32 1 day 0.5 17 7 1 month 0.2 8 1 1 year 0.014 2 0.1 Coolant Activity: Short lived products in external circuit 18.5 TBq tritium 1.3 TBq C2 years] 'Be 2.2 TBq 2 REFLECTOR Power 7.2 kW 3. MODERATORS Power total (for four moderators) 1 fcW 4. DECOUPLERS Power total 8.9 kW 5. ESCAPE PARTICLES Low Energy Neutrons (s 15 MeV) 1.3 x 10l6/sec 1.4 kW High Energy Neutrons (l5-800MeV) 1.0 x 10l5/sec 14 kW Protons 2-8 x l°13/sec 0.6 kW Mesons 2-5 x 1012/sec 0.018 kW Total energy carried away T6~ kW -125- JAERI-Review 2000-031 6-3 IPNS Upgrade f+a (2.2 GeV, 1 MW) lCfc Component Heat Deposition (kW) Heat Deposition (kW) by 2.2 GeV protons by 9 GeV orotons Target 550.8 (total) 553.6 (total) 1 st target 306.5 251.0 2nd target 244.3 302.6 Coolant 21.0 14.5 Housing 34.2 40.0 Moderator Total 7.6 (total) 6.4 (total) 1st top moderator 0.775 0.413 1st bottom moderator 0.773 0.417 flux trap moderator - right 1.516 1.30 flux trap moderator - left 1.498 1.27 2nd top moderator 1.582 1.54 2nd bottom moderator 1.477 1.50 Boron Decoupler 26.7 20.1 Reflector 126.6 120.4 Shield 128.0 187.0 Removable Assembly 7.0 6.6 Target Station Total 901.9 948.6 101, 0.8 GeV + 0.8 GeV 3.0 GeV o 3.0 GeV 6.0 GeV A 6.0 GeV 12 GeV X 12 GeV 10'4 40 80 120 160 200 50 100 150 200 Target Depth (cm) Target Depth (cm) 6-4 -vy htfcit*5BJ»ffi«&^aiaif tt^Maoe- (H-JIfit) -126- JAERI-Review 2000-031 1 MW Proton Beam on 10cm diam x 100cm (200cm) Ta Target (HETC-NMTC) 1.2 o Q. Thermal: Power 0.6 : jn Target,! MW E 0.4 0.2 Proton Energy, GeV 10 HI 6-5 6. 4 5 -i* i feij, ^ IOO kj 10-20 cm) C Hg (PSD ANSYS, KASKA Hg *- 280 Mpa, i::ii 480 Mpa ABAQUS n -K (ABAQUS EXPLECIT) 3) AGS 10) c 2 j -127- JAERI-Review 2000-031 Hg 9-fy 100 kJ T-li/d:<, ft 15.5 kJ (24 GeV, 4X1012 protons/pulse) I/—!f--^P-^<7)-fl©5 5—fl#. Hg ^-^ fc«>. 2 j5H©«ttT(i£< 1 JS t. 3HSMi 30 cm 90 lcli ABAQUS EXPLECIT ST. 10 Mpa . a£^T/t;i/7ifcy 100 kJ t-A. 60 Mpa «fc«:y. $-fv (ORNL ^- 0.2 • • • Calcu ation 0.15 \ A Ex )eriment \ / 0.1 A 0.05 iniiuii, t Pi _o (I) > -0.05 -0.1 -0.15 4- -0.0 2 . . . t ...... -2 10"4 0 10° 2 104 4 10"4 6 10"4 8 10"4 1 10'3 Time, s 30 cm 12 (AGS , 4X10 protons/pulse) -128- JAERI-Review 2000-031 e. 5 6.5.1 KENS-I' (KEK) n) KENS-I'li KENS Ct. ISiSIWlCllivJl/^iP^'2^Scffl$+lTt3lJ (high pressure isostatic pressure bonding, HIP. ic (ft 235 t i'r* 12cm «\ fiS*lRjlC3l\TI4«T3lE©7k>ftlB« (tomtt 3 mm. Sl*^^ 1.5 mm) C 0.5 mm ±T c 0.5 mm H* H 2 mm ic 60 / /min T^aHBm-C©3(Ei*lil*l 1.7m/s cm2T. 7«©»«*«»* (ISIS —*-lCj^ 6-9 (c^-r -129- JAERI-Review 2000-031 Zircoly-2 clod depleted Inconel GOO uranium target blocks Torgel housing Beam window Thermocouole A-A' SO mm IT) =23 , , . . thermocouple depleted v Zircaly-2 30 well uranium clad L__ 78 j 6-7 -130- JAERI-Review 2000-031 Vacuum " -Moderator Chamber^ Chamber Decoupler Cooling Water Be-Reflector Channel Decouple Target Container- Target Guide SUS-316 2l SUS-316 1* Air-filled Air-filled Chamber Chamber ': v.--''.-: ^c /.15t •."•'•.'.' Be-Reflector [216-8 -y^ h -131- JAERI-Review 2000-031 (a) X-Y plane LJIM saSmtmBSSa 'i -H a fc a; * • # • * — — — —* -»- -f_ [ \ ****"*••#• ^—^ Y X » * * " / • < < i • • / n » / , . . \ / / V • X • * * " y / * s S » * / ^ * * " S / \ \ + X X # * f \ * • \ \ •*• •*• X »-• ^* y * • • \ \ 1 •*• A- •¥ - . , K \ 4- • 4- 4- + • 1 I 1 (b) Y-Z plane • * I I / / I / f t / / / • i f / / / iii corapressive 1 I III t * * tensile I i til * • * 2 I I Stress Scale 20 kg/mm i i iii \ I I l \ t \ Iff'' * * « 0 6-9 KENS-I' i i f m (500 MeV, 10 I I \ V \* -132- JAERI-Review 2000-031 @ 6-7 #8 235 1000 3.5 1995 ^ST" 10 5 1.5 3 mm 600 2mm|) I;£S 6-11 |C c^lA6nfc6, ^ic 2 / ©-## i35xe - lllll III 1 1 1 1Illl 1 1 1 1 IIIr 1 1 Illl II illl II 4 — ^ I0 = ±mtB. < 5.5 X10«> n/ at F ( > 0.625 eV) DNs- — I l/ i /- •—. - —•—. /•_ . — 1 1 in i N J -—-*- 8 10* / -KEN S-l' — /) "~/7r- HI — - 10 r "illl LLJ1 1 1 1 1Illl 1 1 Mill 1 , I 1 1 III Illl iT 3 e IO icr io IO 10° IO a !> s i> a. 6-10 KENS - r&tx IPNS =j -133- Notes on symbols bulk, shield —c*3S— Moter drived valve gaa sampling ! Solenid valve Upper P Pressure C-i AP differential pressure T temperature P3 ( F flow rate I L level (ft C conductivity % to Lower g I Target o I indicate 1 R record CO A alarm 6-11 JAERI-Review 2000-031 6.5.2 IPNS (AND IPNS 2»« (HIP ttttft^) V&Zo ftdX* KENS-l'tS . B 6-12 IPNS Tli«f»1ft?-»***fa. 1988 multiplying target (iil^-^y h) , sKl^l* Boosted target 100 kW ^© 1/2 c IPNS Sft (ft* fl) A^$nTO-5o Uti&llttt 220^. a®SSli 961CT. f-f7^lU©3lili 8 kW V 0.8 T. *Bg^lifS#»li 1/(1-keff)=5 I ketf=o.8 7> Carpenter l3) 6-15 ) . rT TOF G TOF -135- JAERI-Review 2000-031 -10.9 CM TARGET VESSEL DISK SPACER AND FLOW CHANNEL RADIATION EFFECTS TARGET SHOWN, NEUTRON SCATTERING TARGET IS IDENTICAL EXCEPT FOR TARGET ORIENTATION -26.5 CM- ( ROTATED 90° AL0NG TARGET AXIS) -20.8 CM COOLANT INLET 7, V'A \\\ \ L PROTON BEAM 2.5 CM ZR-2 ~Q CLAD V. \\ COOLANT OUTLET STAINLESS STEEL COOLANT OUTLET ANNULU3 COOLANT MLET ANNULUS COOLANT FLOW BETWEEN DISCS S-CU COMPOSITE. BACK DISC GRAPHITE MNEH REFLECTOR TARGET ASSEMBLY CROSS SECTION /' ^.MCOHEL SPRMO B-CU COMPOSITE PROTON BEAM TUBE LINER ELEVATION VIEW - STAINLESS STEEL SPRINQ HOUSMO COOLANT FLOW COOLANT BUT LHKAOE ASSEMBLY URAMUM D4SC. ZIRC-2 CLAD.— M STAINLESS STEEL CONTAINER CAP COOLANT OUTUT B-CU COMPOSITE - BORE TUBE TAROCT ASSCMM.Y CROSS SECTION PLAN VWW 6-12 IPNS (±) (T) -136- JAERI-Review 2000-031 I I I I I I I i i i i N 1 - CO -TOTAL UJ — N ^FISSION BACK OF HI TARGET a 5 =. X DISK STACK ^\ £ 4 -t \ ^ v \ 2 — o ~ SPALLATION """^ - 1 — V. X I I I I I i i | 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 PROTON_ BEAM TARGET LENGTH, cm DISKS TOTAL POWER NUMBERS GENERATION 1 IN DISK 2 248"F<^ -*— 527°F 7.00 kW 3 247«F<[ — 522'F 7.49 kW 4 237*F<^ •*— 494-F 7.71 kW 5 6 7 215*F-*' -^-435"F 7.08 kW 235*F -^ 8 226°F<^ »-— 413°F 6.64 kW 9 10 1 1 12 188°F 13 20 MA, 3cm (FWHM) -137- JAERI-Review 2000-031 Fission Mean Energy 106 .01 "Fast" 10* "Inter- Accel- mediate" erator Pulse 102 Width, "Epi- TA- Thermal" TA