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Centro De Investigación Científica Y De Educación CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA Y DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR DE ENSENADA, BAJA CALIFORNIA PROGRAMA DE POSGRADO EN CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA CON ORIENTACIÓN EN GEOLOGÍA Taxonomía y paleoecología de los corales de la Formación Alisitos (Cretácico Inferior), Baja California, México. Tesis para cubrir parcialmente los requisitos necesarios para obtener el grado de Maestro en Ciencias Presenta: Oscar Augusto Bonilla González Ensenada, Baja California, México 2015 Tesis defendida por Oscar Augusto Bonilla González y aprobada por el siguiente Comité Dr. Javier Helenes Escamilla Dr. Hannes Löser Kaiser Co-director del Comité Co-director del Comité M.C. Francisco Suárez Vidal Dr. Luis Eduardo Calderón Aguilera Miembro del Comité Miembro del Comité Dr. Miguel Agustín Téllez Duarte Miembro del Comité Dr. Juan García Abdeslem Dr. Jesús Favela Vara Coordinador del Posgrado en Director de Estudios de Posgrado Ciencias de la Tierra Febrero, 2015 ii Resumen de la tesis de Oscar Augusto Bonilla González presentada como requisito parcial para la obtención del grado de Maestro en Ciencias de la Tierra con orientación en Geología. Taxonomía y paleoecología de los corales de la Formación Alisitos (Cretácico Inferior), Baja California, México. Resumen elaborado por: ______________________ Oscar Augusto Bonilla González La Formación Alisitos aflora en el noroeste de Baja California y está conformada por depósitos volcano-sedimentarios que en su miembro superior contienen calizas. Estas rocas contienen una fauna bentónica del Albiano Temprano, correlacionable con el Terreno Guerrero en el oeste y suroeste de México. Reconstrucciones paleogeográficas de Norte América durante el Cretácico Temprano, muestran al Arco Alisitos separado de la Cuenca de Bisbee por una masa continental. El conocimiento de las faunas coralinas del Cretácico Temprano en todos estos sitios, incluyendo Baja California, es muy escaso. Por lo tanto, la fauna coralina de Baja California representa una buena oportunidad de estudiar la biogeografía de corales escleractinios en el paleo-Pacífico oriental y su relación con las faunas del Tethys y del resto de Norte América. Este trabajo primero describe los atributos paleoecológicos de las faunas mediante el análisis de microfacies. Después trata los aspectos paleobiogeográficos, al comparar la composición taxonómica de las faunas coralinas estudiadas con otras faunas del Cretácico Inferior. Se colectaron muestras de corales fósiles y de rocas en dos secciones estratigráficas localizadas aproximadamente a 150 Km al sur de Ensenada, Baja California. Se prepararon y analizaron láminas delgadas, los valores morfométricos obtenidos se comparan con los del material tipo y otras muestras contenidas en una base de datos global. La fauna coralina de Alisitos está compuesta por 22 géneros y 52 especies. En comparación con otras faunas, muestra mayor afinidad con las de la Cuenca de Bisbee, en el noreste de Sonora y sureste de Arizona, con las que comparte un reducido número de géneros y la ausencia de familias clave presentes en el centro de México. Esta relación estrecha entre las faunas del Arco Alisitos y la Cuenca de Bisbee sugiere una comunicación marina entre Baja California y Sonora, por lo menos durante el Albiano Temprano. Palabras clave: corales escleractinios, Albiano Temprano, Arco Alisitos, taxonomía. iii Abstract of the thesis presented by Oscar Augusto Bonilla González as a partial requirement to obtain the Master of Science degree in Earth Science with orientation in Geology. Taxonomy and paleoecology of corals from the Alisitos Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Baja California, Mexico. Abstract by: ______________________ Oscar Augusto Bonilla González The Alisitos Formation crops out in northwestern Baja California and is composed by volcano-sedimentary deposits with interbedded limestones in the upper member. These rocks contain an Early Albian benthonic fauna, correlatable with the Guerrero terrane in west and southwest Mexico. Paleogeographic reconstructions of North America during this time, show the Alisitos Arc separated from the Bisbee Basin by a continental mass. The knowledge of Early Cretaceous coralline faunas in these areas, including Baja California is scarce. Therefore, study of the coralline faunas from the Alisitos Fm represents a good opportunity to study the biogeography of scleractinian corals in the eastern paleo-Pacific and their relationship with Tethyan and Northamerican faunas. This study describes first the paleoecological attributes, through microfacies analysis. Later, it deals with the paleobiogeographic aspects, comparing the taxonomic composition of the studied coralline faunas with other Lower Cretaceous faunas. Coral and rock samples were taken from two stratigraphic sections located at approximately 150 Km South of Ensenada, Baja California. Thin sections were prepared and analyzed, and the findings are compared against an existing global database. The Alisitos coralline fauna is composed by 22 genera and 52 species. In comparison with other faunas, shows the strongest affinities with the ones in Bisbee Basin from northeast Sonora and southeast Arizona, sharing a reduced number of genera and the absence of certain key families that are present in central Mexico. This relationship between the Bisbee Basin and Alisitos Arc coral faunas suggests a marine communication between Baja California and Sonora, during Lower Albian age. Key words: scleractinian corals, Early Albian, Alisitos Arc, taxonomy. iv Dedicatoria A mis padres Oscar Amado y Rosa Emma, por ser fuente inagotable amor y mi motivación más grande. A mi hermana Eugenia, por creer en mí. A la vida, que tanto me ha dado. v Agradecimientos A mi familia por su apoyo incondicional. A Hannes Löser por compartirme su conocimiento y transmitirme su entusiasmo durante la realización de este trabajo. A Javier Helenes por su orientación, paciencia, confianza y un sin número de enseñanzas. A los miembros de este comité: Francisco Suárez, Miguel Téllez y Luis Calderón por sus oportunas observaciones y comentarios aportados. Al CONACyT por la beca otorgada y al CICESE por el apoyo institucional a través de todas aquellas personas que permitieron mi estancia o contribuyeron a mi formación (directivos, secretarias, profesores, técnicos, intendentes, guardias), todos ellos me hicieron pasar un tiempo de gran calidad gracias a su excelente trato. En particular a los técnicos Gabriel Rendón y Víctor Pérez por su invaluable apoyo y conocimiento en el laboratorio. Al proyecto “Evolución de los corales cretácicos. El cambio en el límite Cretácico Temprano/Tardío y las raíces de los corales modernos” financiado por la UNAM/DGAPA (PAPIIT IN101111) por el apoyo económico para viáticos de campo y la elaboración de las láminas delgadas. A Robert Scott, por el valioso apoyo en la determinación de los rudistas colectados en Punta San Isidro. A Don Víctor Villavicencio y su familia, propietario del Rancho “El Embarcadero” en el área de Punta San José, y a la empresa “Abulones Cultivados” S. de R.L. de C.V. en Eréndira, por permitirnos el acceso a los afloramientos y por las comodidades ofrecidas. A todas aquellas personas que facilitaron mi estancia en la ERNO/UNAM en Hermosillo, Sonora, colegas y amigos que conocí (Alejandro, Uxue, Pilar, Daniel, Rafael y Adrián), en particular a Aimé y Octavio Corrales por su apoyo en la elaboración de láminas delgadas y a la señora Angelita por brindarme un espacio en su hogar. A todos mis amigos de Ensenada que me apoyaron en las salidas al campo: Geraldo, Jaime, Manuel, Fernando, Alex, Alin, Radha, Felipe, Lita, Gretel, Elias (“rojo”), Homar, Saúl (“cuijo”) e Iván (“borre”). Y en especial a las hábiles manos de mis amigos Felipe Duque, Fernando Martínez (“chepo”) y Fernando Pérez por su apoyo en el laboratorio. A mis amigos Fátima Castro y Javier Rodríguez por su apoyo y motivación. vi Contenido Página Resumen en español................................................................................................. ii Resumen en inglés……………………………………………………………………….. iii Dedicatoria…………………………………………………………………………............ iv Agradecimientos………………………………………………………………................. v Lista de figuras…………………………………………………………………………..... viii Lista de tablas……………………………………………………………………………... xiii 1. Introducción 1.1. Marco geológico……………………………………………………….....……….. 2 1.1.1. Estratigrafía y sedimentología……………………………………………... 5 1.1.2. Tectónica……………………………………………………………………... 7 1.1.3. Paleontología……………………………………………............................. 11 1.2. Paleontología de corales 1.2.1. Biología y evolución de los corales escleractinios……………………….. 13 1.2.2. Paleoecología…………...……………………………………………………. 17 1.2.3. Paleobiogeografía……………………………………………………………. 20 1.3. Justificación…………………………………………………………………………. 21 1.4. Hipótesis……………………………………………………………………............. 21 1.5. Objetivos…………………………………………………………………………….. 21 2. Métodos 2.1. Área de estudio…………………………………………………………................. 23 2.1.1. Secciones estratigráficas……………………………………………………. 23 2.1.2. Colecta de muestras…………………………………………………………. 23 2.2. Paleontología de corales escleractinios…………………………………………. 25 2.2.1. Preparación……………………………………………………………………. 25 2.2.2. Tratamiento de las imágenes………………………………………………... 26 2.2.3. Morfometría……………………………………………………………………. 27 vii Contenido (continuación) 2.2.4. Base de datos…………………………………………………….................. 28 2.2.5. Clasificación del material……………………………………………………. 28 2.2.6. Determinación de la especie……………………………………………….. 29 2.2.7. Evaluación de los datos…………………………………………................
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