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Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 1. Sisyridae

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Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 1. Sisyridae Norman O. Penny (*) Abstract fine network of silken strands will form an outer structure within which the cocoon is Known species of the Neuropteran family Sisyridae spun. In warm temperate zones, two to three of the Amazon Basin are described, figured, and distri­ butions are given for this region. Two new species of generatlons occur per year, but in the Amazon Slsyra and one of Climacia are described, bringing the Basin emergence is almosl continuous, with total number of specíes known from Amazonia to eight. the peak coming in July and August in the Keys are presented for Amazonian species of Sisyra and central Amazon. Adults may feed on pollen Cllmacla. graíns and nectar (Brown, 1952) and are attracted to lights, often in large numbers. I NT.RODUCTION SYSTEMATICS The Neuropteran family Sisyridae is among the smallest in the order, with only 45 species In the most recent revision of the Sisyridae, known trom tive extant genera. The family is Parfin and Gurney ( 1956) recognized one widely distributed throughout most tropical and species of Climacia and one species of Sisyra warm temperate areas of the world. Within as existing in the Amazon Basin . During the the Amazon Basin exist two genera of Sisyridae: present study, one additional known species Climacia with three species (only one ot which of Climacia and two of Sisyra were found to was previously known from Amazonia), and occur within the Basin . Finally, two formerly Sisyra with tive species, two of which are new unknown species of Sisyra and one new species and herein described. of Climacia were also collected. The family is unique among the Planipennia The following morphological descriptions in having aquatic larvae which are parasitic on use the terminology for male genitalia of Parfin fresh-water sponges of the genera Meyenia and and Gurney ( 1956) . Spongilla. Lestage ( 1921) has stated that larvae are also parasites of filamentous algae and bryozoans. KEY TO AMAZONIAN GENERA OF SISYRIDAE 1A. A series of outer grada te crossveins BIOLOGY present in fore and hind wings ...... Climacia Maclachlan Small, p::~le yellow eggs are laid in small 1B. No series of outer gradate crossveins crevic.es directly above water. They are covered present in either wing .............. by severa! strands of whitish silk. Eggs hatch . Sisyra Burmeister within 8 days to two weeks, whereupon the large-headed, tirst instar larva drops into the water and seeks out a sponge host. Sisyridae Genus Climacia Maclachlan, 1869 go through three larva I instars. The third instar, when ready to pupate, will leave the Cllrnacia Maclachlan. 1869, Ent. Monthly Mag., 6: 21- water and wander up to 16 meters from the water and finally spin a silken cocoon on Type Species: Micromus areo/aris Hagen, by almost any roughened surface. Oftentimes, a original designation of Maclachlan. (*) - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazôma, Manaus. ACTA AMAZONICA 11(1) : 157-169. 1981 - 157 2A. Forewing with basal radiomedial streak not accompanied by extensive spotting along longitudinal veins ............. C. bimaculata Bks. 2B. Forewing with basal radiomedial streaks accompanied by extensive spotting along longitudinal veins .. .. C. negrense n.sp. Climacia bimaculata Banks, 1913 Climacia bimaculata Banks, 1913, Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash., Figure 1 - Lateral view of Sisyra amazonica, n. sp. 15: 138. (reprlnted from Penny and Arias , 1981). Holotype female (in glycerin) in Museum ot Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cam­ Head : Rounded with somewhat elongated bridge, Massachusetts, U. S .A. mouthparts. Compound eyes entire, without Present description based on 3 males, 5 pilosity. Ocelli absent. Maxillary palpi three­ females, 1 ? on slides and 1 male, 1 female segmented. Last segment elongate and apically pirmed. pointed. Labial palpi three-segmented. An­ Head: Yellow with somewhat elongate mouth­ tennae filiform, of 46 to 63 segments. parts. Maxillary palps bright yeilow, three­ Thorax : Pronotum quadrate with numerous segmented, elongate. Last palpal segment long setae. Mesa- and meta- nota convex, apically acute. Labial palpi also three-seg­ pilose. Meso- and metapleura elongate, with mented, yellow, and terminal paipal segment tew setae. Legs elongate, consisting of acutely pointed. Antennae 46 to 48 segmented, globular coxa, quadrangular trochanter, e­ with basal and apical whorls of dark setae on longate femur and tibia. Two tibial spurs each segment. First eight antennal segments present. Five tarsal segments, first as long yellow, next 15 segments dark fuscous, gradu­ as proximal three. Two tarsal claws present. ally returning to a pale yellow apically . Com­ Wings: Forewings with a basic pale coloration. pound syes large, black. Ocelli absent. A series of outer gradate crossveins present. Thorax: Yellow, numerous setae stramineous. Two or three R-Rs crossveins present. Terminal Legs yellowish, except for tip of last tarsal segment of most longitudinal veins branched. segment dark fuscous. Abdomen: Ten v e r y lightly sclerotized Wings: In forewing (Fig. 2) costal field with segments. Male genitalia consisting of a _14 to 15 crossveins before pterostigmal area, series of dentitions along caudal margin ot where crossveins become very numerous. R· tenth sternum, setiferous ninth sternum, and uniting with Se beneath pterostigmal area. membranous aedeagus. Female genital ia con­ Three crossveins between R, and Rs; one in sisting of elongate, sclerotized ninth tergum radiomedial band, one at end of pterostigmal and sternum, and lightly sclerotized tent h spot, and and one midway between pterostig­ tergum. mal crossvein and wing margin. Three other outer grad;tte crossveins approximately below KEY TO AMAZONIAN SPECIES OF CLIMACIA pteorstigmal spot. A series of four crossveins midway between radiomedial stripe and pte­ 1A. A conspicuous radiomedial streak i n rostigmal spot forming an inner gradate series. forewing .. ........... : . 2 Three addi~ ion al crossveins in field of radi­ 1B. No conspicuous radiomedial streak in omedial streak forming basal gradate series. forewing ......... .. C. townesi P.&G. Forewing bright yellow, except for radiomedial 158- Penny streak, pterostigmal spot, and most crossveins Ecology: The specimen collected in January fuscous . Occasional longitudinal streaking in was taken from a small black-water stream cells beyond outer gradate series of crossveins. running through an extensiva white sand area. The Manaus specimen was taken from an a­ Hindwing pale yellow with more scleroti­ partment in the city center near the Igarapé zation in area of pterostigma, extending to wing de São Raimundo, a heavily polluted inlet of apex . Diffuse fuscous pterostigmal spot. Outer the Rio Negro. The other Amazonas specimens gradate series of three crossveins. lnner were collected from a light trap placed in the gradate series of four crossveins. Anal area top of a large tree about 1/ 2 km from the Rio w1th long, curved setae . Urubu where it crosses AM 01 O. lt would Abdomen of Ma/e: First nine abdominal appear that this species can be taken near both segments very lightly sclerotized. Tenth small streams and large rivers. sterr.um with caudal ring of long setae with dentiferous bases . This structure projects C/imacia bimaculata appears to be most ventro-caudally as a concave lobe with many closely related to the other two Amazonian strong setae (Fig. 1O) . Ninth sternum a raised species, C. negrense and C. townesi, and the ridge evenly curving to a mediai, ventral Paragu élyian species. C. carpenteri, although projection . the distinct two marks on the wings easily distmguishes C. bimàculata. Body Length: Mate, 3.0 - 3.5 mm; female, 4 .0 - 4 .2 mm . C I i macia negrense n. sp. Forewing Length: Mate, 3. 6- 4. O mm; female, 3 .6-4. 1 mm . Holotype mate, on a slide, in the Systematic Variation: One mate and one female lack the Entomology Collections of INPA, Manaus . dark longitudinal streaks near the wing apex, Description based on holotype mate. and this same mate has antennae which are uniformly dark. This may be a brood difference, Head: Yellow with fuscous markings on occiput and frons . Antennae consisting of 46 segments as this mate was the only one caught during the early part of the year. (only first 28 remaining on right antenna); first eight segments stramineous, becoming Geographica/ Distribution: Holotype female of dark fuscous on proximal 12 segments, and this species was collected at Bartica, apical segments gradually returning to stra­ Guyana . Parfin & Gurney ( 1956) record an mineous. Maxillary and labial palpi stra­ additional female from Zanderiu I, Boven Para mineous. D!strict, Surinam. Additional material in the Systematic Entomology Collections of INPA, Thorax: Notai region setiferous, stramineous Manaus include BRAZIL: Amazonas, km 244- with fuscate markings . Pleural regions fuscous. AM 010, 19-1-1977, N . D. Penny, 1 mal e; Ama­ Coxa and trochanter fuscous, remainder of leg zonéls , Manaus, 7-IX-1978, N.D. Penny, I female; stramineous . Pilosity ot legs stramineous. Amazonas. km 246 - AM 010, 12-16-VII-1979, Wings: Forewing (Fig. 3) stramineous with Jorge R. Arias, 3 males, 4 females, 1 ? . Ali extensiva tuscous markings. Radiomedial were collected with light traps. streak diagonal from Se to mediai vein. Temporal Distribution: The female type was Pterostigmal spot large, triangular, reaching to collected in December and the Surinam speci­ R2 + 3. Ali crossveins fuscous and fuscous men in April. One Amazonas specimen was spotting along longitudinal veins . CuP and anal collected in January, another in September, veins stramineous, bordered by linear fuscous and a series of eight specimens in July. lt streaks. Further fuscous streaking in cells appears that this species may be present at ali of forewi ng apex. H i ndwi ng with reduced times of the year. pigmentation and number of crossveins . Neuropt.era ... - 159 Abdomen of Ma/e: Abdominal segments very dsrk setae on each segment. First 27 segments lightly sclerotized. Tenth sternum bearing fuscous, gradually shading to pale yellow caudal ring of long setae with dentate bases.
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  • Lacewings (Neuroptera)

    Lacewings (Neuroptera)

    Lacewings (Neuroptera) Shaun L. Wintertona,* and Brian M. Wiegmannb been identiA ed, but they usually diB er greatly between aEntomology, Queensland Department of Primary Industries & subsequent authors with regard to membership of fam- Fisheries, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia ilies in each (1). Recent quantitative analyses of mor- b 4068; Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, phological characters and phylogeny by Aspöck et al. (4) Raleigh, NC 27695, USA led to consolidation of this classiA cation into only three *To whom correspondence should be addressed (wintertonshaun@ gmail.com) Suborders Nevrorthiformia (containing Nevrorthidae only), Myrmeleontiformia (containing A ve families: Nemopteridae, Psychopsidae, Nymphidae, Ascalaphidae, Abstract and Myrmeleontidae), and Hemerobiiformia (contain- ing 11 families: Ithonidae, Polystoechotidae, Chrysopi- Lacewings (~5700 species) are divided into 17 families dae, Hemerobiidae, Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae, distributed on all continents. This group of insects is well Berothidae, Coniopteryigdae, Dilaridae, Sisyridae, and defi ned by complex larval characteristics such as modifi ed Osmylidae). 7 e most signiA cant aspects of this work sucking jaws, incomplete gut, and modifi ed Malphigian were (a) placement of Ithonidae (moth lacewings) not as tubules used for spinning a silken cocoon in which the the closest relative of remaining neuropterans but rather immature pupates. Recent molecular evidence supports a in a more derived position closer to Myrmeleontiformia Permian (299–251 million years ago, Ma) origin of the order and (b) the placement of Nevrorthidae, instead, as the with Coniopterygidae as the closest relative of all other earliest-branching family. neuropterans. The only well-defi ned group of families is A monophyletic Hemerobiiformia as circumscribed Myrmeleontiformia.
  • Insecta: Neuroptera: Sisyridae) E Functional Adaptations and Phylogenetic Implications

    Insecta: Neuroptera: Sisyridae) E Functional Adaptations and Phylogenetic Implications

    Arthropod Structure & Development 42 (2013) 565e582 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Arthropod Structure & Development journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/asd Head anatomy of adult Sisyra terminalis (Insecta: Neuroptera: Sisyridae) e Functional adaptations and phylogenetic implications Susanne Randolf a,b,*, Dominique Zimmermann a,b, Ulrike Aspöck a,b a Natural History Museum Vienna, 2nd Zoological Department, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria b University of Vienna, Department of Integrative Zoology, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria article info abstract Article history: The external and internal head anatomy of Sisyra terminalis is described in detail and compared with data Received 22 August 2012 from literature. A salivary pump consisting of a peculiar reservoir and a hitherto unknown muscle, M. Received in revised form ductus salivarii, is newly described for Neuroptera. The upward folded paraglossae form a secondary 22 July 2013 prolongation of the salivary system. These structures are discussed as functional adaptations for feeding Accepted 22 July 2013 on aphids and desiccated honeydew. In a phylogenetic analysis the basal position of the Sisyridae within Neuroptera is retrieved. The following new synapomorphies are postulated: (1) for Neuropterida, the Keywords: presence of a M. submentomentalis and prepharyngeal ventral transverse muscles, and the absence of a Musculature Feeding adaptations M. submentopraementalis; (2) for Neuroptera and Sialidae, the presence of a mandibular gland; (3) for Salivary reservoir Neuroptera, the presence of four scapopedicellar muscles; (4) for Neuroptera exclusive Nevrorthidae and M. ductus salivarii (0hy15) Sisyridae, the weakening of dorsal tentorial arms, the presence of a M. tentoriomandibularis medialis M. oralis transversalis ventralis (0hy16) superior and the shifted origin of M.
  • Some Fossil Insects from Florissant, Colorado

    Some Fossil Insects from Florissant, Colorado

    SOME FOSSIL INSECTS FROM FLORISSANT, COLORADO. By T. D. A. COCKERELL, Of the University of Colorado , Boulder. When visiting the United States National Museum during the summer of 1911, I examined the collection of fossil insects, and picked out three undetermined species which were of special interest, asking permission to study them. These are reported on herewith. The specimens are from the Miocene shales at Florissant, Colorado, and form a part of the Gustav Hambach collection. I have added descriptions of two Hymenoptera collected at Florissant in 1912. Order NEUROPTERA Linnaeus. Family HEMEROBIID^ .Stephens, emend. Westwood. The Hemerobiidae, as understood by most authors, are divided by Handlirsch into several families, namely, Dilaridse, Osmylidse, Polystoechotidse, Sisyridae, Nymphesidse, and Hemerobiidse. Of these, the Hemerobiidae proper are abundantly represented in the North American fauna, while (according to Banks, as shown by his recent catalogue) we have two species of PolystcecJiotes, one each of Sisyra and Climacia (Sisyridae) , and one of Dilar. The Osmylidae are not represented. In the Miocene shales of Florissant we find instead one Polystcechotes, two Osmylidse, and no Hemerobiidae, Sisyridae, or Dilaridae. Probably not much importance should be attached to the apparent absence of several groups, but the existence of Osmylidae, an Old World group, is significant, and in harmony with other facts, such as the occurrence of a species of Nemopteridae in the shales. Osmylus, although made the type of a distinct family Osmylidae by Handlirsch, according to the more usual classification falls in Hemerobiidae, where, however, it will at least typify a subfamily Osmylinse. Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol.