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University College London INCISED MARKS on POTTERY AND University College London INCISED MARKS ON POTTERY AND OTHER OBJECTS FROM KAHUN: SYSTEMS OF COMMUNICATION IN EGYPT DURING THE LATE MIDDLE KINGDOM by Carla Gallorini Ph D. thesis in Egyptology Institute of Archaeology Unwersity College London June 1998 - 1 .JLBL LONDON UNW. Abstract During excavations at the Middle Kingdom settlement site of Kahun Petne assembled a corpus of over 600 objects (mainly sherds but also a few wooden implements) in- cised with marks. These are now housed in British Museum, The Petrie Museum and the Manchester Museum, and constitute the largest corpus of Middle Kingdom marks from one site still accessible. The material was only partially published by Petrie and the marks have never been analysed in relation to the objects on which they are in-- cised. The first step has been to compile a catalogue of all incised objects. This is presented as accompanying data. Chapter 1 offers a reconstruction of the excavation at Kahun based on Petrie's pub- lished and unpublished records, to gain a better understanding of the excavation, the site, and also how the material now in England was assembled. In the second chapter the pottery types with marks are described and compared with the contemporary pottery corpus of the Eastern Delta and MemphislFayum region. The intent is to propose a chronological sequence for the pottery and the marks, and also to check whether the marks are characteristic of a limited range of pottery types, or are widespread. Chapters 3 and 4 discuss respectively the typology of the marks incised before and after firing. In Chapter 5 the sites where Middle Kingdom pottery incised with marks has been ex- cavated are assembled and listed from North to South. Chapters 6 and 7 discuss the other two classes of objects with marks recovered at Ka- hun: foreign pottery and wooden tools. The last chapter offers a general overview, induding a comparison of the marks in-- cised on pottery with other marking systems and also with the emerging 'alphabetic' scripts of the Late Middle Bronze Age. 2 Table of Contents ABSFR.ACT .......-.............. 2 TABLEOF CONTENTS.................................. ............................................. 3 LISTOF FIGURES .....................6 1.1S1' OF rA.BLES...................................................................... 8 4cIc.I4o'I.4EDGE1%IFNrS ................................................... 9 ................................._............................................................................ 10 A RE-CONSTRUCTION OF PETRIE'S EXCAVATION AT THE MIDDLE KINGDOM SE1".rLE1IENT OF KA.IIIJN......................................................................15 FIRSTSEASON..................................................................................................................................16 SECoNDSEASON..............................................................................................................................27 THIRDSEASON.................................................................................................................................31 GI.REMARKs..........................................................................................................................33 CLASSES OF LATE MIDDLE KINGDOM POTIERY WiTH MARKS FROM KAHIJN........... 37 CLASSIFICATION OF LATh MIDDLE KINGDOM POTTERY FROM KAHUN ........................................... 37 I. MAIU.. CLAY FABRIcS................................................................................................................ • .. 42 1.1. Marl Ci vessels................................................................................................................. • ..43 I. i.a large storage jars........................................................................................................ 43 Lib. ovoidjars.................................................................................................................... ..50 Li.w. jugs............................................................................................................................. 53 I.i.c. bottles......................................................................................................................... • ..53 Li.d. cups............................................................................................................................ 55 I.i.e. bowls.............................................................................................................................. ..56 I. if large basins................................................................................................................ 56 I.i.g. lids............................................................................................................................. 57 I.i.h. pot-stands ................................................................................................................... 57 1.2. MARLC2......................................................................................................................... 58 I.2.h. fish dishes'....................................................................................................................59 1.3. MARLC COMPACT ..............................................................................................................60 1.4. MIt.p&J ............................................................................................................................61 11. NILE CLAY FABRICS.................................................................................................................61 1.1. NILEC ................................................................................................................................61 II.i.i. small jar with pointed base..............................................................................................62 II. if. large jars with short, folded rim andflat base..................................................................62 II. i.k base of a closedform ......................................................................................................63 ALi.m. large plates......................................................................................................................63 fLip, offering stands................................................................................................................64 II. i.r. bread-moulds..................................................................................................................64 1.2. NILE B!............................................................................................................................... 65 II. 2.s. carinated cups................................................................................................................66 1.3. NILEB2............................................................................................................................... 66 IJ.3.t. 'salad mixer' bottles.......................................................................................................67 113.s. henuspherical cups.........................................................................................................67 1134 bowls..............................................................................................................................67 IL3. u. dishes.............................................................................................................................68 11.4. NILEE......................................................................................................................................68 114 v. cooking bowls.................................................................................................................68 GENERAL RE.iMus .........................................................................................................................70 TYPOLOGY OF THE MARKS INCISED BEFORE FIRING............ ................ 73 1. SIMPLE VERTICAL sTRoKEs........................................................................................................... 75 3 2. SIMPLE HORIZONTAL STROKES .78 3. COMBINATIONS OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL STROKES .78 4. COMBINATIONS OF VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL AND DIAGONAL STROKES............................................92 5. COMBINATIONS OF VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL, DIAGONAL STROKES AND CURVING LINES...................98 6. HIERATIC SIGNS..........................................................................................................................102 7. UNIDENTIFIED FRAGMENTARY MARKS.........................................................................................103 GENERALREMARKS.......................................................................................................................105 MARKSINCISED ON TOP OF RIM.......................................................................................................109 TYPOLOGYOF THE MARKS INCISED AFFER FIRING......................................................... 114 Al. SIMPLE VERTICAL STROKES................................................................................................115 al.!.........................................................................................................................................115 a.1.2..........................................................................................................................................115 a.l.3.........................................................................................................................................115
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