Solvent Supercritical Fluid Technologies to Extract Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources: a Review
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Briefing on Carbon Dioxide Specifications for Transport 1St Report of the Thematic Working Group On: CO2 Transport, Storage
Briefing on carbon dioxide specifications for transport 1st Report of the Thematic Working Group on: CO2 transport, storage and networks Release Status: FINAL Author: Dr Peter A Brownsort Date: 29th November 2019 Filename and version: Briefing-CO2-Specs-FINAL-v1.docx EU CCUS PROJECTS NETWORK (No ENER/C2/2017-65/SI2.793333) This project is financed by the European Commission under service contract No. ENER/C2/2017-65/SI2.793333 1 About the CCUS Projects Network The CCUS Projects Network comprises and supports major industrial projects underway across Europe in the field of carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon capture and utilisation (CCU). Our Network aims to speed up delivery of these technologies, which the European Commission recognises as crucial to achieving 2050 climate targets. By sharing knowledge and learning from each other, our project members will drive forward the delivery and deployment of CCS and CCU, enabling Europe’s member states to reduce emissions from industry, electricity, transport and heat. http://www.ccusnetwork.eu/ © European Union, 2019 No third-party textual or artistic material is included in the publication without the copyright holder’s prior consent to further dissemination by other third parties. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. This project is financed by the European Commission under service contract No. ENER/C2/2017-65/SI2.793333 2 (Intentionally blank) This project is financed by the European Commission under service contract No. ENER/C2/2017-65/SI2.793333 3 Executive summary There are two types of specification generally relevant to carbon dioxide (CO2) transport, the product specification for end use and the requirement specification for transport. -
Carbon Dioxide (Refrigerated Liquid)
Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid Safety Data Sheet P-4573 This SDS conforms to U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 29 CFR 1910.1200, Hazard Communication. Date of issue: 01/01/1997 Revision date: 01/30/2021 Supersedes: 09/08/2020 Version: 2.0 SECTION: 1. Product and company identification 1.1. Product identifier Product form : Substance Substance name : Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid CAS-No. : 124-38-9 Formula : CO2 Other means of identification : Liquiflow Liquid Carbon Dioxide, Medipure Liquid Carbon Dioxide 1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Use of the substance/mixture : Medical applications. Industrial use Food applications. 1.3. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Linde Inc. 10 Riverview Drive Danbury, CT 06810-6268 - USA 1.4. Emergency telephone number Emergency number : Onsite Emergency: 1-800-645-4633 CHEMTREC, 24hr/day 7days/week — Within USA: 1-800-424-9300, Outside USA: 001-703-527-3887 (collect calls accepted, Contract 17729) SECTION 2: Hazard identification 2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture GHS US classification Simple asphyxiant Press. Gas (Ref. Liq.) H281 2.2. Label elements GHS US labeling Hazard pictograms (GHS US) : GHS04 Signal word (GHS US) : Warning Hazard statements (GHS US) : H281 - CONTAINS REFRIGERATED GAS; MAY CAUSE CRYOGENIC BURNS OR INJURY OSHA-H01 - MAY DISPLACE OXYGEN AND CAUSE RAPID SUFFOCATION. CGA-HG03 - MAY INCREASE RESPIRATION AND HEART RATE. Precautionary statements (GHS US) : P202 - Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. P271+P403 - Use and store only outdoors or in a well-ventilated place. -
Liquid Carbon Dioxide (CO2) SDS (Safety Data Sheet) P-4573-D
Product: Carbon Dioxide, Refrigerated Liquid P-4573-D Date: December 2009 Praxair Material Safety Data Sheet 1. Chemical Product and Company Identification Product Name: Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid Trade Names: Liquiflow™ Liquid Carbon (MSDS No. P-4573-D) Dioxide, Medipure® Liquid Carbon Dioxide Chemical Name: Carbon dioxide Synonyms: Carbon dioxide (cryogenic liquid), LCO2, liquefied CO2 Chemical Family: Acid anhydride Product Grades: Industrial, USP Telephone: Emergencies: 1-800-645-4633* Company Name: Praxair, Inc. CHEMTREC: 1-800-424-9300* 39 Old Ridgebury Road Routine: 1-800-PRAXAIR Danbury, CT 06810-5113 * Call emergency numbers 24 hours a day only for spills, leaks, fire, exposure, or accidents involving this product. For routine information, contact your supplier, Praxair sales representative, or call 1-800-PRAXAIR (1-800-772-9247). 2. Hazards Identification EMERGENCY OVERVIEW WARNING! Cold liquid and gas under pressure. Can cause rapid suffocation. Can increase respiration and heart rate. May cause nervous system damage. May cause frostbite. May cause dizziness and drowsiness. Self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing may be required by rescue workers. This product is a colorless, odorless liquid that transforms to white crystalline particles when discharged from its container. The gas is slightly acidic and may be felt to have a slight, pungent odor and biting taste. OSHA REGULATORY STATUS: This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communications Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS: Effects of a Single (Acute) Overexposure Inhalation. Carbon dioxide gas is an asphyxiant with effects due to lack of oxygen. It is also physiologically active, affecting circulation and breathing. -
Extraction Methods and Their Influence on Yield When Extracting Thermo-Vacuum-Modified Chestnut Wood
Article Extraction Methods and Their Influence on Yield When Extracting Thermo-Vacuum-Modified Chestnut Wood Maurizio D’Auria 1 , Marisabel Mecca 1, Maria Roberta Bruno 2 and Luigi Todaro 2,* 1 Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; [email protected] (M.D.); [email protected] (M.M.) 2 School of Agricultural Forestry, Food, and Environmental Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-3478782534 Abstract: Improvements in the yield and solubility of chestnut wood extractives, by using different extraction methods and molybdenum catalysts as support, have rarely been reported in literature. Many studies focus on the different parts of trees, except for the chemical characteristics of the remaining extractives achieved from thermally modified (THM) chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill) wood. This research seeks to better understand the effects of extraction techniques and catalysts on the yield and solubility of extractives. GC-MS analysis of the chloroform soluble and insoluble fractions was also used. Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) 110 ◦C, Soxhlet, and autoclave extraction techniques were used to obtain extractives from untreated and thermally modified (THM) chestnut ◦ wood (170 C for 3 h). Ethanol/H2O, ethanol/toluene, and water were the solvents used for each technique. A polyoxometalate compound (H3PMo12O40) and MoO3 supported on silica were used as catalysts. The THM induced a change in the wood’s surface color (DE = 21.5) and an increase in mass loss (5.9%), while the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) was reduced by 17.4% compared to the control wood. -
Ocean Storage
277 6 Ocean storage Coordinating Lead Authors Ken Caldeira (United States), Makoto Akai (Japan) Lead Authors Peter Brewer (United States), Baixin Chen (China), Peter Haugan (Norway), Toru Iwama (Japan), Paul Johnston (United Kingdom), Haroon Kheshgi (United States), Qingquan Li (China), Takashi Ohsumi (Japan), Hans Pörtner (Germany), Chris Sabine (United States), Yoshihisa Shirayama (Japan), Jolyon Thomson (United Kingdom) Contributing Authors Jim Barry (United States), Lara Hansen (United States) Review Editors Brad De Young (Canada), Fortunat Joos (Switzerland) 278 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 279 6.7 Environmental impacts, risks, and risk management 298 6.1 Introduction and background 279 6.7.1 Introduction to biological impacts and risk 298 6.1.1 Intentional storage of CO2 in the ocean 279 6.7.2 Physiological effects of CO2 301 6.1.2 Relevant background in physical and chemical 6.7.3 From physiological mechanisms to ecosystems 305 oceanography 281 6.7.4 Biological consequences for water column release scenarios 306 6.2 Approaches to release CO2 into the ocean 282 6.7.5 Biological consequences associated with CO2 6.2.1 Approaches to releasing CO2 that has been captured, lakes 307 compressed, and transported into the ocean 282 6.7.6 Contaminants in CO2 streams 307 6.2.2 CO2 storage by dissolution of carbonate minerals 290 6.7.7 Risk management 307 6.2.3 Other ocean storage approaches 291 6.7.8 Social aspects; public and stakeholder perception 307 6.3 Capacity and fractions retained -
Carbon Dioxide
Safetygram 18 Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is nonflammable, colorless, and odorless in the gaseous and liquid states. Carbon dioxide is a minor but important constituent of the atmosphere, averaging about 0.036% or 360 ppm by volume. It is also a normal end-prod- uct of human and animal metabolism. Dry carbon dioxide is a relatively inert gas. In the event moisture is present in high concentrations, carbonic acid may be formed and materials resistant to this acid should be used. High flow rates or rapid depressurization of a system can cause temperatures approaching the sublimation point (–109.3°F [–78.5°C]) to be attained within the system. Carbon dioxide will convert directly from a liquid to a solid if the liquid is depressurized below 76 psia (61 psig). The use of ma- terials which become brittle at low temperatures should be avoided in applications where temperatures less than –20°F (–29°C) are expected. Vessels and piping used in carbon dioxide service should be designed to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) or Department of Transportation (DOT) codes for the pressures and temperatures involved. Physical properties are listed in Table 1. Carbon dioxide in the gaseous state is colorless and odorless and not easily detectable. Gaseous carbon dioxide is 1.5 times denser than air and therefore is found in greater concentrations at low levels. Ventilation systems should be designed to exhaust from the lowest levels and allow make-up air to enter at a higher level. Manufacture Carbon dioxide is produced as a crude by-product of a number of manufactur- ing processes. -
Method 3520C: Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction, Part of Test
METHOD 3520C CONTINUOUS LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 This method describes a procedure for isolating organic compounds from aqueous samples. The method also describes concentration techniques suitable for preparing the extract for the appropriate determinative steps described in Sec. 4.3 of Chapter Four. 1.2 This method is applicable to the isolation and concentration of water-insoluble and slightly soluble organics in preparation for a variety of chromatographic procedures. 1.3 Method 3520 is designed for extraction solvents with greater density than the sample. Continuous extraction devices are available for extraction solvents that are less dense than the sample. The analyst must demonstrate the effectiveness of any such automatic extraction device before employing it in sample extraction. 1.4 This method is restricted to use by or under the supervision of trained analysts. Each analyst must demonstrate the ability to generate acceptable results with this method. 2.0 SUMMARY OF METHOD 2.1 A measured volume of sample, usually 1 liter, is placed into a continuous liquid-liquid extractor, adjusted, if necessary, to a specific pH (see Table 1), and extracted with organic solvent for 18 - 24 hours. 2.2 The extract is dried, concentrated (if necessary), and, as necessary, exchanged into a solvent compatible with the cleanup or determinative method being employed (see Table 1 for appropriate exchange solvents). 3.0 INTERFERENCES 3.1 Refer to Method 3500. 3.2 The decomposition of some analytes has been demonstrated under basic extraction conditions required to separate analytes. Organochlorine pesticides may dechlorinate, phthalate esters may exchange, and phenols may react to form tannates. -
A Review of Supercritical Fluid Extraction
NAT'L INST. Of, 3'«™ 1 lY, 1?f, Reference NBS PubJi- AlllDb 33TA55 cations /' \ al/l * \ *"»e A U O* * NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 1070 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards 100 LI5753 No, 1070 1933 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per- formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology. THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system ot physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; develops, -
Carbon Dioxide (Co2)
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) Carbon dioxide (CO2) is colorless. At low concentrations, the gas is odorless. At higher concentrations it has a sharp, acidic odor. It is slightly toxic and has a threshold limit value of 5,000 ppm. At standard temperature and pressure, the density of carbon dioxide is around 1.98 kg/m3, about 1.5 times that of air. At atmospheric pressure and a temperature of −78.51 °C (−109.32 °F), carbon dioxide changes directly from a solid phase to a gaseous phase through sublimation, or from gaseous to solid through deposition. Liquid carbon dioxide forms only at pressures above 5.1 atm; the triple point of carbon dioxide is about 518 kPa at −56.6 °C. The boiling point of the liquid is -70°F to +88°F, depending on pressure. When vaporized at 60°F, the expansion ratio is 535:1. CO2 exists as a gas or solid below 60 psig. In liquid form, carbon dioxide weighs 4.9 pounds per gallon. In gaseous form it is slightly heavier than air. CO2 is mainly produced as an unrecovered side product of four technologies: combustion of fossil fuels, production of hydrogen by steam reforming, ammonia synthesis, and fermentation. It can be obtained by or from air distillation, however, this method is inefficient. Acute carbon dioxide physiological effect is hypercapnia or asphyxiation. Inhalation of CO2 can be tolerated at three percent inspired concentrations for at least one month and four percent inspired concentrations for over a week. Increased concentrations increase the breathing rate – e.g., 5% CO2 in air increases breathing rate by 300%. -
Development of Process for Purification of Α and Β-Vetivone from Vetiver Essential Oil & Investigation of Effects of Heavy
UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES PhD Thesis Proposal Development of process for purification of α and β-vetivone from Vetiver essential oil & Investigation of effects of heavy metals on quality and quantity of extracted Vetiver oil Thai Danh Luu {B. Agric. Sc. (Qld University, Australia), M. Sc. (VUB, Belgium)} School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Unversity of New South Wales, Sydney 1 Supervisor: Prof Neil Foster Supervisor: Prof Neil Foster Co-supervisors: Prof Tam Tran 2 and Dr Paul Truong 3 1 School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, UNSW 2 Division of Engineering, Science and Technology, UNSW-Asia 3 Veticon Consulting and International Vetiver Network, Brisbane 1 I. INTRODUCTION In recent years, there is an increasing trend in research of essential oils extracted from various herbs and aromatic plants due to the continuous discoveries of their multifunctional properties other than their classical roles as food additives and/or fragrances. New properties of many essential oils, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities have been found and confirmed (Aruoma et al, 1996; Hammer et al, 1999; Güllüce et al, 2003). The pharmacological properties of essential oils extracted from plants have received the greatest interest of academic institutes and pharmaceutical companies (Ryman, 1992; Loza- Tavera, 1999; Courreges et al, 2000; Carnesecchi et al, 2002 and Salim et al, 2003). On the other hand, the insecticidal activities of essential oils are more favored by agricultural scientists and agri-business. Consequently, many investigation and new findings have significantly prompted and expanded novel applications of essential oils which are now been widely used as natural insecticides, cosmeceuticals, and aroma therapeutic agents. -
2.1.2 Extractive Crystallization
EUROPEAN ROADMAP OF PROCESS INTENSIFICATION - TECHNOLOGY REPORT - TECHNOLOGY: EXTRACTIVE CRYSTALLIZATION TECHNOLOGY CODE: 2.1.2 AUTHOR: Mark Roelands, TNO Science & Industry, Delft, Netherlands Table of contents 1. Technology 1.1 Description of technology / working principle 1.2 Types and “versions” 1.3 Potency for Process Intensification: possible benefits 1.4 Stage of development 2. Applications 2.1 Existing technology (currently used) 2.2 Known commercial applications 2.3 Known demonstration projects 2.4 Potential applications discussed in literature 3. What are the development and application issues? 3.1 Technology development issues 3.2 Challenges in developing processes based on the technology 4. Where can information be found? 4.1 Key publications 4.2 Relevant patents and patent holders 4.3 Institutes/companies working on the technology 5. Stakeholders 5.1 Suppliers/developers 5.2 End-users 6. Expert’s brief final judgment on the technology 1 1. Technology 1.1 Description of technology / working principle (Feel free to modify/extend the short technology description below) Extractive crystallization is a hybrid process in which crystallization and extraction are combined. There are several process configurations possible. Either the solute or the solvent can be extracted from a solution. In case the solute is extracted, the solute accumulates in the extractant until this phase becomes supersaturated and crystallization starts. In one configuration a reactive extractant is applied. Subsequently the crystals are separated from the mother liquor. In this case the crystal are the desired product. In a second configuration absorption of a compound from a gas stream into a reactive extractant takes place, followed by crystallization of one of the compounds. -
Carbon Dioxide
www.scifun.org CARBON DIOXIDE Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide, CO2, is one of the gases in our atmosphere. Both natural processes and human activities contribute to its presence at a present concentration of about 0.040% [406 parts per million (ppm) on January 7, 2017], uniformly distributed over the Earth. Commercially, CO2 finds uses as a refrigerant (dry ice is solid CO2), in beverage carbonation, and in fire extinguishers. Because the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is low, no practical process has yet been developed to obtain the gas by extracting it from air. Most commercial CO2 is recovered as a by-product of other processes, such as the production of ethanol by fermentation and the manufacture of ammonia. Some CO2 is obtained from the combustion of coke or other carbon-containing fuels. C(coke) + O2(g) → CO2(g) Carbon dioxide is released into our atmosphere when carbon-containing fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal are burned in air. As a result of the tremendous world-wide consumption of such fossil fuels, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased over the past two centuries, now rising at a rate of about 2-3 ppm per year, Figure 1. Figure 1. This is the Keeling curve, named for the scientist, Charles Keeling, who began systematic monitoring of the atmospheric CO2 concentration at a site on the top of the Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii in 1957. These are the usual measurements quoted in news reports and articles on atmospheric CO2 levels. Other stations around the world are now also monitoring atmospheric CO2, but Keeling’s are the longest continuous measurements.