WFP SOMALIA SEASONAL ANALYSIS AND RESILIENCE PROGRAMMING

LIVELIHOOD PROGRAMMING: SEASONAL CALENDARS, PROGRAMMING OPTIONS AND COMMUNITY ACTION PLANS Through seasonal programming workshops, WFP has developed a menu of appropriate, seasonally differentiated, interventions for all districts in Somalia. The calendars below are from Bosaso and Iskushuban districts in Puntland. They were developed during a WFP-led seasonal programming consultation in Bosaso in June 2013. The workshop brought together representatives of communities, NGOs, UN, Government and other stakeholders to share knowledge and help inform the programming of resilience-building interventions. The communities highlighted in the calendars below are IDP and coastal communities but similar calendars were developed during the consultation for pastoralist and agro-pastoralist communities. While referring to the seasonal calendars and broader intervention menus, community action plans are also developed by each targeted community. The commu- nity action plans provide baseline data, an analysis of needs and appropriate interventions and a three-year prioritized plan, with multiple activities proposed for each community. The plans are shared with partners in order to generate complementary activities.

SEASONAL CALENDAR: TYPICAL YEAR - IDPS AND COASTAL COMMUNITIES - BOSASO AND ISKUSHUBAN

Months April May June July August September October November December January February March Rainy seasons Gu - main rains Deyr rains Dry seasons Hagaa - dry season Jilaal - dry season IDPs/Peri-urban Most difficult/best months (W+M) Best months Most difficult - high unemployment Best months. Work available. Port activity Port open/active Port closed/less active 1 June - 15 Sept. Port open. Operations peak during Ramadan/Hajj livestock exports Business activity Businesses open Businesses close during school holiday Businesses open. Peak activity during livestock sales. Work opportunities Work available High unemployment Work available WFP road rehabilitation project in Puntland, during the project implementation and after its completion, 2013 (Copyright: WFP) Pastoralists shopping/hiring Pastoralists shopping/hiring in town Pastoralists shopping/hiring Seasonal movements Rich HH, business owners migrate south Market prices (imported food) Normal prices Low supply, prices 20% higher during port closureNormal prices IDP/PERI-URBAN COMMUNITIES COASTAL COMMUNITIES HH expenditure School fees, increased rentWater prices increase House repairs after Hagaa High medical costs as illnesses peak IDP and peri-urban settlements are found around most major urban cen- For the coastal communities along the Red Sea and Indian Ocean coast, Diseases outbreak Respiratory illnesses peak tres in Somalia. The settlements are often poorly planned and living con- fishing constitutes the main livelihood. Among the coastal communities, the Food stresses Less food as prices rise during port closure ditions are extremely precarious. Frequently, IDPs also suffer from stig- most vulnerable households are those who do not own fishing nets, en- Access to health facilities Open all year Ability to pay is less in Hagaa matisation from host communities, which limits their access to the labour gines or boats, but who work for better-off fishermen or work in hotels or Coastal communities market and to basic social services. restaurants. Most difficult/best months Most difficult Best months For the IDP/peri-urban communities in Bosaso, the main critical period of Market prices (food commodities) Prices remain stable Prices start increasing Prices decrease Prices remain stable difficulties is the Hagaa, when there is high unemployment as port activity The main critical period for these communities is the Hagaa, as the high Production (dates, limited) Cash-crop production starts is reduced and businesses are closed. Another factor that may result in sea levels during the monsoon season severely limits fishing opportunities. Water shortage Shallow wells start drying out difficult times for this group is inflation, often due to a decline in the value Market prices are also high in the Hagaa, while the presence of competing Diseases outbreak Cold period of the Somali Shilling. The livelihoods of these communities are not di- foreign fishing fleets and anti-piracy operations are other important factors. Malaria During and after the rains During and after the rains rectly affected by rainfall level to the same extent that rural livelihoods As is the case for IDPs and peri-urban communities, the performance of are. Food stresses Less food rains has relatively little impact on the well-being of the coastal communi- In terms of programming implications, this means that safety nets to fill Labour (hiring) Hiring of people to maintain boats ties. gaps in household income are essential during the Hagaa, when there is Fishing (Indian ocean) Fishing stops Starts preparing for fishing season Fishing Peak of fishing high unemployment. Outside of the Hagaa, support should focus on pre- Programme interventions during the Hagaa should be focused on protecting Fishing (Red sea) No fishing Starts preparing for fishing season paring households for the Hagaa and develop skills that will help them lives and livelihoods. For the rest of the year, programmes should focus in Seasonal movement (Red sea) Those that can afford migrate south climb up the labour value chain and out of poverty. helping households invest and prepare for the following Hagaa. Busy periods (men) Men resting Busy fishing Busy periods (women) Women less busy as schools closed Women's busy period starts

RESILIENCE PROGRAMMING OPTIONS ACROSS SECTORS - TYPICAL YEAR - BOSASO AND ISKUSHUBAN Gu - main rains Deyr rains JOINT RESILIENCE STRATEGY Supporting Programmes FOCUS DISTRICTS FOR RESILIENCE Hagaa - dry season Jilaal - dry season As part of the Joint Resilience Strategy for So- Months April May June July August September October November December January February March malia adopted in 2012, FAO, UNICEF and WFP STRATEGY Productive Sectors identified three complementary building blocks Activities that support HHs to make investments (all Activities that help to protect livelihoods & safeguard Activities that strengthen HH's capacity to prepare Activities that protect lives and livelihoods and Productive sector activities to promote resilience in Somalia. One of these groups) and recovery if follows severe Jilaal investments/development gains (all groups) for coming hardships (or support HH recovery) (all safeguard development gains (all groups) (general rationales) key components – The strengthening of the (pastoralists, agro-pastoralists) groups) productive sectors – is being addressed through Labour-based activities possible (all Labour-based activities possible for pastoralists, IDPs and WFP’s livelihoods activities. In April 2013, WFP Labour-based activities possible (all groups, although some Labour-based activities Labour based activities possible (all groups) groups, although some pastoralists agro-pastoralist, but not for coastal communities as this is started implementing livelihoods activities, in- coastal community are still busy with fishing activities). will have migrated) their busiest time. cluding water catchment rehabilitation and canal Provide farm inputs by end of July, irrigation, in targeted villages in Dolow dis- Activities related to Quieter period: opportunity for trainings, soil and water Tree-planting/agro-forestry etc where feasible ahead of planting (agro- Crop/veg production, tree-planting trict, one of the geographical focus areas tar- agriculture/agro-forestry conservation measures, gulley treatments, etc. pastoralists) geted under the Joint Resilience Strategy. The Activities related to Construction possible in coastal areas where there is Construction activities involving excavation are most Construction possible in coastal areas where there is Construction activities involving excavation can most Community consultation by WFP partner organi- activities were selected through jointly devel- construction or very little rain (and in all areas for structures that are easily done in the dry season (e.g. rehabilitation of very little rain (and in all areas for structures that are easily be done in dry season (e.g. rehabilitation of zation in Puntland, 2012 (Copyright: WFP ) oped community action plans completed in 25 rehabilitation not affected by rains) dams, berkeds, wells) not affected by rains) dams, berkeds, wells) villages in Dolow. Basic Services Throughout 2013-2015 WFP’s livelihoods activi- Term begins.High risk of non- Schools closed for holidays (all groups). Potential opportunity ties will support the implementation of the Joint Possible opportunity for skills enrolment as fee-paying capacity High risk of drop-outs for migrating pastoralists in to engage unemployed IDPs in vocational skills trainings. Possible opportunity for skills trainings Education trainings for pastoralists, agro- low at end of Hagaa (all groups). Jilaal. Possible mobile schools or Resilience Strategy as it is expanded to other Teacher in-service training. Distribution of school materials Campaigns and incentives to for pastoralists (least busy season) parts of Somalia, including Somaliland (Burao pastoralists (least busy season) ahead of new school year. campaigns/incentives for attendance. encourage enrolment. and Odweine) and Puntland (Bossaso and Peak water scarcity and highest cost (all groups). Ensure water Second peak water scarcity and highest cost (all Iskushuban). The seasonal programming Water available. Water points along migration routes for groups). Need for water points along migration workshop in Bosaso in June 2013 generated a pastoralists. routes for pastoralists. wealth of information - highlighted in the calen- Continue nutritional interventions year- Scale up nutritional interventions - peak malnutrition period Continue nutritional interventions year-round (all dars above - which will help organisations roll Nutrition (preventive + Scale up nutritional interventions for pastoralists. round (all groups) - emphasize prevention (all groups). Possible mobile services for pastoralists migrating groups) - emphasize prevention ahead of upcoming out the Resilience Strategy in Bosaso and Is- treatment) Possible mobile services for migrating HHs. ahead of Hagaa peak at this time. Jilaal peak for pastoralists kushuban. Above all, it underlined that assis- Ensure free/affordable services available. Low ability to pay in Peak of malaria, tance should aim to facilitate communities’ own Respond to peak of malaria, AWD, water- Respond to peak of Migration + low ability to pay (pastoralists). Possible Health Hagaa (all groups). Mobile services for pastoralists migrating AWD, water-borne resilience strategies, including the preparations borne diseases respiratory diseases (all) mobile services. at this time. diseases Community consultation in Dolow, October 2012 they make for difficult periods and the positive Safety Nets (Copyright: WFP / Hundubey Ahmed) coping strategies they engage in during shocks. Safety nets on standby in case Scale up safety nets for all groups (IDPs more Jun-Aug; Agro-pastoralists Scale up safety nets for pastoralists (most difficult Safety Net Interventions Safety nets on standby in case needed needed Aug/Sep, Coastal/pastoralists Jun-Sep) season)