Boundary Control: Subnational Authoritarianism in Federal Democracies Edward L

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19223-1 - Boundary Control: Subnational Authoritarianism in Federal Democracies Edward L. Gibson Index More information

Index

Alfonsın,´ Raul,´ 1, 81 national democracy and subnational Aranda, Rafael, 117 party-led challenges, 80–81 Argentina pro-incumbency elections (1987–2007), Constitution, 76–77, 78 82 department, defined, 20 subnational institutional revolution, as Electoral College, 164 response to party-led challenges, 81–84 Freedom House classification, 10–11 Ministry of Justice, 104–109 subnational authoritarianism, stability and Santiaguenazo˜ riot, 98–99 center-led transitions, 93–95 Secretariat for Human Rights, 102–103, federal interventions, post-1983 (table), 105–109. See also specific provinces 93 and leaders territorial regime, 75–79 Argentina, boundary control and inter-provincial power and federalism, 77 democratizing influences, 72–111 province-empowering federalism, 78–79 authoritarianism, in Santiago del Estero subnational autonomy and federalism, province, 96–109 75–77. See also boundary control, fall of Juarez´ regime, 105–109 comparisons and conclusions monopolization of local-national linkages, ‘asphalt’ party-led transitions, urban politics 103–104 (Mexico), 113–117, 132, 135–136. See nationalization of influence in national also Partido Accion´ Nacional (PAN) politics, 104–109 (Mexico) parochialization of power, and legal asymmetrical representation restriction of political competition, in Argentine federalism, 77, 109–111 93–97 D’Hondt PR system, 86, 91–92 parochialization of power, clientelism, conclusion, 164 and repression, 101–103 distribution of rights and prerogatives conclusion, 1, 109–111 among subnational units, 18–20 legal authoritarianism, 84–93 in Mexican federalism Peronist Party in La Rioja province, constitutional reforms, 123–124 90–93 in U.S. federalism, 43, 46–47, 64 Peronist Party in San Luis province, authoritarianism 84–88 as competitive authoritarianism, 15 Peronist Party in Santa Cruz province, as electoral authoritarianism, 15 89–90 as political regime type, 17 national perspective on, 80–84 as territorial regime type, 17

183

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19223-1 - Boundary Control: Subnational Authoritarianism in Federal Democracies Edward L. Gibson Index More information

184 Index

Azar, Muza, 102–103 parochialization of power, 26–28 subsystemic autonomy and, 27–28, Bartlett, Manuel, 121 32–33 Bartlett’s Law (Mexico), 121 subnational authoritarianism Behrend, Jaqueline, 95 controlling scope of conflict, 24–26 Beliz,´ Gustavo, 105 examples of, 22–24 Berruecos, Susana, 123–124 institutional embeddedness, 25 Black Belt aristocracy (U.S.), 36, 40, 41 types of democratic transition from, Black Codes, 48, 49 31–33 Borelli, Charles, 86 undermining of, boundary-opening by boundary-closing agents, defined, 6 oppositions, 30–31 boundary control, comparisons and boundary-opening agents, defined, 6 conclusions, 148–172 democratization, of subnational Calderon,´ Felipe, 121, 143 authoritarian regimes, 166–171 Calvo, Ernesto, 82 center-led transitions, 166–171 Carpetbaggers, 53 party-led transitions, 166–171 Carrasco, Diodoro,´ 134–135, 142 territorial regimes and transition types Carreras, Sergio, 103 (table), 168 Catamarca province, Argentina, 95 municipal-empowering vs. Catholic Church province-empowering federalism, on human rights issues in Argentina, 160–161, 164–166 102–103, 104–109 national party politics and subnational on human rights issues in Mexico, 142–143 authoritarianism, 150–151 center-led democratic transitions, in parochialization of power subnational democratization, 31–33, non-local suppression of local opposition, 166–171. See also specific countries 151–153 center-periphery conflict studies, 25, 31 peripheralization/non-peripheralization, centralization-decentralization continuum, 159–160 18–20. See also decentralization regime juxtaposition, 149–150 citizenship principle (O’Donnell and subnational authoritarianism, construction Schmitter), 46 and maintenance of, 161–166 Civil Rights Act of 1866 (U.S.), 49–50 asymmetrical representation, 164 civil society organizations, 12, 30, 51–52, centralization criterion, 161–162 104–109 centralized federalism, informal and clientelism, in Santiago del Estero (Argentina), illegal arrangements, 163–164 101–103 decentralized federalism, legal Comparative Politics studies, 2–4 arrangements, 162–163 competitive authoritarianism concept regime maintenance, 164 (Levitsky and Way), 15 subnational hegemonic parties and Confederate States of America, 35. See also institutional provincial United States, boundary control and authoritarianism, 154–158 Solid South factionalism and vertical integration with constituent mechanisms, 28–31 national party system, 156–158 contestation horizontal linkages to state parties, 156 conclusion urban areas, reduction of electoral weight parochialization of power, 151–153 of, 152–155 Dahl on, 152 boundary control, defined, 6 nationalization of local conflict, 31–33 boundary control, theory of, 5–7, 22–33 province-empowering federalism and, national territorial system strategies, 26–30 43–44. See also specific countries and monopolization of national-subnational parties linkages, 29–30 controlling area, defined, 16 nationalization of influence, 28–29 Convergencia Party (Mexico), 137, 140

Index 185

Cordoba´ province, Argentina, 23 democratic transition, use of term, 31 Cruikshank; United States v. (1876)(U.S. national democratization vs., 12–13 Supreme Court), 56 party-led transitions, 31–33 Cue´ Monteagudo, Gabino, 140–141, 142, territorial politics theories, 6 144–145 urban areas and, 62, 113–117, 132.Seealso Curi, Victorio, 102 specific countries democratization by elections (Schedler), 123 Dahl, Robert, 15, 152 democratization studies decentralization focus on national politics, 2–4, 5 overview, 18 subnational level of analysis, 9–10 in Argentine federalism, 75–79, 81–84, unit of analysis issues, 10–13 109–111 D’Hondt PR system, 86, 91–92 centralization-decentralization continuum, Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto, 122 18–20 Dillon’s Rule, 44 conclusion disenfranchisement, in U.S. centralized federalism, informal and conclusion, 151–153 illegal arrangements, 164, 166–171 counter to Tocqueville, 38 decentralized federalism as legal Kousser, on legalized disenfranchisement, subauthoritarianism, 162–163 63 peripheralization of federal territorial nationalization of influence regimes, 159–160, 166–171 black disenfranchisement, 46–51, 65–66 in Mexican federalism, 118–119, 122 parochialization of power, and Home Rule in U.S. federalism, 43–44, 45–46, 70–71, institutional disenfranchisement, vote 109–111. See also specific countries and suppression, 59–61 parties poll taxes as, 60–61 democracy, as political regime type, 17 substantive democratization and, 21–22 Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 38 voting literacy tests as, 61. See also Democratic Party, during Reconstruction Democratic Party, during (U.S.) Reconstruction (U.S.); United States, Black Belt aristocracy and, 42 boundary control and Solid South as boundary closers, 46–47, 53–55 Douglass, Frederick, 57 end of Reconstruction, 57 dual citizenship, in nineteenth century U.S., Key on, as hegemonic party, 36 46, 47–48, 55 malapportionment tactics, 61–63 nationalization of influence, 63–69 Eaton, Kent, 78 New Departure movement within, 55 Eisenstadt, Todd, 120 preservation of peripheralization, 43–44 electoral authoritarianism concept (Schedler), Redeemers faction, 57–58, 60 15 rule or ruin policy, 53 Electoral College violent tactics of, 53, 57 in Argentina, 164 White Primary, 62–63, 85, 163. See also in U.S., 43, 46–47, 68–69, 164 United States, boundary control and electoral monitoring Solid South in Argentina, 124 democratic transitions. See democratization, in Mexico, 122, 123–125 subnational in U.S., 124 democratization, national electoral rights (Tocqueville), 38 subnational democratization vs., 12–13 El Liberal (newspaper), provincial boundary substantive, 21–22 control of, 22–24 territorial, 21–22 democratization, subnational Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) (Mexico), asphalt party-led transitions, 113–117, 132, 124–125, 144 135–136 Federal Electoral Tribunal (TEPJF) (Mexico), center-led transitions, 31–33 125, 140–141, 144

186 Index

federalism hegemonic party, subnational in Argentina, 75–79, 93–95, 109–111, 167 conclusion, institutional provincial democracy and, 148–172 authoritarianism, 154–158 intergovernmental dimension analysis, 18 nationalization of influence, 28–29 in Mexico, 115–116, 122, 167–168, 172 parochialization of power, 26–28 nationalization of influence and, 28–29 subsystemic autonomy and, 27–28 in nineteenth century U.S. use of term, 27. See also specific parties and conclusion, 167, 172 countries dual citizenship, 46, 47–48, 55 Herbst, Jeffrey, 3–4 institutional challenges of regime change, Hirshson, Stanley P., 49 43–45 Honduras, use of ley de lemas method, 86 national rights and, 45–46 Howard, John, 56 province-empowering, 43–44 Huntington, Samuel, 10 as territorial regime type, 17.Seealso specific countries Ick, Nestor, 102 Fenwick, Tracy Beck, 153–154 institutional embeddedness, defined, 25 Feris, Romero, 95 intergovernmental dimension of territorial fiscal federalism regimes, 18 in Argentina, 78–79, 101–103, 109–111, interprovincial dimension of territorial 165–166 regimes, 18 Gervasoni, on rentier theory, 79, 166 invalid party to whole mapping concept in Mexico, 125–126, 166 (Snyder), 10–11 in U.S., 44, 64–65, 165–166 Foner, Eric James, David, 61 on Civil Rights Act of 1866, 49 Jim Crow laws, 63 on growth of Union League, 52 Johnson, Andrew, 42, 48 on A. Johnson, 42 Juarez,´ Carlos Arturo on justice for freedmen, 43 arrest of, 97 on political mobilization of blacks, 40, 51 cult of personality and, 96 on Reconstruction Constitutionalism, 47–48 governance of, 1–2 patronage and, 102 Fox, Jonathan, 3–4 repression and violent tactics of, 2, 22–24, Fox, Vicente 96, 102–103, 104–109. See also as Governor of Guanajuato, 117–118 Argentina, boundary control and Oaxaca elections and, 140–141 democratizing influences presidency of Juarez,´ Mercedes (Nina) Aragones´ de crushes civic uprising, 143–144 arrest of, 97 Madrazo, against presidential authority, cult of personality and, 96 139 La Rama Femenina and, 102–103 PRI vertical coordination during, 121 repression of El Liberal, 22–24 strengthening of local authoritarian rule judicial review during, 135–137 in Argentina, 102–103 fragmented state concept (Paddison), 15–16 in Mexico, 140–141 Freedmen’s Bureau, 40–41, 51–52 in U.S., 44–45, 55–57. See also specific Freedom House, 10–11 courts, tribunals and cases

Gervasoni, Carlos Katznelson, Ira et al., 67, 69 rentier theory of subnational regimes, 79, Key, V.O. 166 on cities in competitive politics, 152–153 study on democracy in provinces in on one-party systems, 26, 36, 71 Argentina, 73 Sartori, critique of, 27 Giraudy, Augustina, 73 study on roll-call voting, 66–67 Grant, Ulysses, 54, 55 on two-party systems, 62

Index 187

Kirchner, Nestor,´ 89–90, 97, 105–109 Federal Electoral Institute (IFE), 124–125, Kousser, J. Morgan 144 on drop in black voter turnout, 61 Federal Electoral Tribunal (TEPJF), 125, on legalized disenfranchisement, 63 140–141, 144 on Solid South, 69 Freedom House classification, 10–11 on Unsolid South, 57–58 municipality, defined, 20 Mexico, boundary control and democratizing La Jornada influences, 112–147 on election of Madrazo, 139 conclusion, 145–147 on election of Murat, 133 dismantling subnational authoritarian La Nacion´ , on politics in Santiago del Estero, regime, state of Oaxaca (1998–2010), 102 133–147 Lanusse, Pablo, 107–109 backlash, party-led efforts to democratize La Rama Femenina (Peronist Party) Oaxacan politics, 140–141 (Argentina), 22–24, 102–103 electoral federalism and party strategies, Latin America, subnational authoritarianism, 144–145 4. See also specific countries monopolization of local-national linkages, La Voz del Interior (newspaper), 22–24 137–139 Levitsky, Steven, 15, 163–164 nationalization of influence, 139 ley de lemas (double-simultaneous voting parochialization of power, under Murat method) (Argentina) (1998–2004), 134–137 conclusion, 163 party-led challenge, under Ortız´ in La Rioja province, 92 (2004–2010), 141–144 in San Luis province, 85–86 dismantling subnational hegemonic parties, in Santa Cruz province, 89 party-led transitions (1997–2010), in Santiago del Estero province, 98–99, 108 113–127 Lijphart, Arend, 44 ‘asphalt’ party-led transitions, urban Lincoln, Abraham, 42 politics and, 113–117, 132, 135–136 linkage, defined, 29 PRI, factions within and subnational Lopez´ Obrador, Andres´ Manuel, 143 party-led transitions, 131–132 federalism, transformation of, 121–127 Madrazo, Roberto, 120–121, 139, 143 design of local electoral systems, 123–124 Madres del Dolor protests (Argentina), monitoring of subnational elections, malapportionment 124–125 conclusion, 162 municipalities and, 125–126 due to institutional revolution, in Argentina, Senate, reduction of territorial powers of, 82 126–127 in La Rioja province, Argentina, 91–92 national democratization and in San Luis province, Argentina, 84–88 center-periphery relationships, 116–121 in Santa Cruz province, Argentina, 89–90 national patterns of boundary control, in Santiago del Estero province, Argentina, center-led incursions, 119–121 93–97 national democratization and changing in U.S., 61–63 center-periphery relationships Menem, Carlos, 90–95, 98–99, 106 PRI, territorial politics of, 118–119. See Menem, Eduardo, 90–93 also boundary control, comparisons Mexico and conclusions Auditorıa´ Superior de la Federacion´ , 138 Mickey, Robert W. Constitution on authoritarian Solid South, 63 on judicial oversight of elections, 122 on malapportionment, 62 on local electoral systems, 123–125 on state constitutional suppression of on municipal political regimes, 20, 122, democracy, 60 125–126 Micozzi, Juan Pablo, 82 on territorial powers of Senate, 126–127 Military Reconstruction, 49–50, 51–53

188 Index

Ministry of Justice (Argentina), 104–109 boundary-opening strategies, 6, 24–26, Mississippi Plan (U.S.), 60 30–31 monopolization constituent mechanisms, 28–31.Seealso of local-national linkages, 103–104, specific oppositional entities 137–139 Ortega, Jesus,´ 144–145 of national-subnational linkages, 29–30 Monreal, Ricardo, 134–135 Paddison, Ronan, 15–16 municipal, use of term, 20 parochialization of power, overview municipal-empowering federalism, 20–21, conclusion, non-local suppression of local 160–161, 164–166 opposition, 151–153 municipalities as national territorial system strategy, in Argentina 26–28 subordination to provincial governors, subnational hegemonic parties and, 26–28 78–79 Partido Accion´ Nacional (PAN) (Mexico) in federal systems as asphalt party, 135–136 overview, 20–21 authoritarian rule of Murat and, 140–141 conclusion, 160–161, 164–166 defeat of PRI, 112–113, 144–145 in Mexico electoral gains, 116, 117, 118, 132, 134 constitutional provisions, 20, 122, gubernatorial election challenges to PRI, 125–126 127 enhancement of autonomy and authority, presidential election (2006), 143 125–126 PRI defectors and, 142 in U.S. urban-rural divide, 117. See also Fox, subordination to state governments, Vicente; Mexico, boundary control 43–44 and democratizing influences Murat, Jose´ Partido de la Revolucion´ Democratica´ (PRD) abuse of power, 165 (Mexico) backlash, party-led efforts to democratize authoritarian rule of Murat and, 140–141 Oaxacan politics, 140–141 defeat of PRI, 112–113, 144–145 consolidation of authoritarian rule under electoral gains, 117–118, 132, 134 (1998–2004), 134–137 gubernatorial election challenges to PRI, historical role of, 133–134 127 monopolization of national-subnational presidential election (2006), 143 linkages, 137–139. See also Mexico, urban-rural divide, 117. See also Mexico, boundary control and democratizing boundary control and democratizing influences influences Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) national, use of term, 171 (Mexico) National Commission on Disappeared Persons defeat of, 10–11, 112–113, 144–145 (CONADEP) (Argentina), 102–103 factions within and subnational party-led National Governor’s Confederation transitions, 131–132 (CONAGO) (Mexico), 139 gubernatorial election challenges to, 127 nationalization of influence, overview, 28–29 inter-party alliances, 121 nation fixation, 10–11 territorial politics of, 118–119. See also New Deal era (U.S.), 64–65, 66–67, 68–69 Mexico, boundary control and Nunca Mas´ (CONADEP report), 102–103 democratizing influences; specific leaders Oaxaca state (Mexico). See Mexico, boundary party-led democratic transitions, in control and democratizing influences subnational democratization O’Donnell, Guillermo, 31, 46 overview, 31–33 one-party systems (Key), 26, 36. See also conclusion, 156–158, 166–171.Seealso hegemonic party, subnational specific parties and countries oppositions, to subnational authoritarianism party politics, unit-jump fallacy, 12

Index 189

peripheralization of national territorial Reconstruction (U.S.) regimes, defined, 18–20 end of, 57 Peron,´ Juan, 1 Military Reconstruction, 49–50, 51–53 Peronist Party (Partido Justicialista) Presidential Reconstruction, 48, 50, (Argentina) 52–53 La Rama Femenina and, 22–24, 102–103 Reconstruction Acts, 49–51 loss of power in Santiago del Estero, Reconstruction Constitutionalism, 47–48, 104–109 49–50, 55–57. See also United States, national perspective on, 80–84 boundary control and Solid South party competition (1983), 72. See also Reconstruction Acts (U.S.), 49–51, 55–57 Argentina, boundary control and Reconstruction Constitutionalism (U.S.), democratizing influences; specific 47–48, 49–50, 55–57 leaders Redding, Kent, 61 Pleschard, Jacqueline, 121 Reese; United States v. (1876) (U.S. Supreme political action in territorial systems, overview, Court), 56 15–17 regime juxtaposition, overview, 5, 6, 24–26, political parties 148, 149–150. See also headings at Key, on one-party systems, 26–28, 36 boundary control; specific countries vertical system interaction, 12, 121, registration summer (1867)(U.S.),53–55 156–158. See also hegemonic party, rentier theory (Gervasoni), 79, 166 subnational; party-led democratic Republican Party, during Reconstruction transitions, in subnational (U.S.) democratization; specific parties black enfranchisement, 42 political regimes, defined, 17 as boundary openers, 46–47 poll taxes, as disenfranchisement, 60–61 business interest lobbying, 54 Populist Party (U.S.), 62 center-led transition (1866–1877), Powell, Lawrence, 53 39–43 Presidential Reconstruction (U.S.), 48, 50, end of Reconstruction, 57 52–53 factions within, 55 province-empowering federalism party building during registration summer, overview, 20–21 53–55 in Argentina, 78–79 Radical Republicans in U.S., 43–44 black activism and, 40–41 Puebla state (Mexico), 121, 132 as boundary openers, 40 institutional federalism and, 43 Radical Party (Union´ Cıvica´ Radical) national party commitment to, 54 (Argentina) Reconstruction Constitutionalism, 47–48, in Corrientes province, 93–95 49–50, 55–57 factions within, 81–84 Unionists and, 41 in La Rioja province, 90–93 Union Leagues, 51–52 national perspective on, 80–84 Whig Party and, 41. See also United States, party competition (1983), 72 boundary control and Solid South in San Luis province, 75–85, 87 resource capture, in Mexico in Santa Cruz province, 89–90, 93–97 ‘asphalt’ party-led transitions, urban in Santiago del Estero province, 93–97, politics, 113–132 104–109. See also Argentina, boundary factional party-led transition, 131–132 control and democratizing influences rights and prerogatives, distribution of, Radical Republicans. See Republican Party, 18–20 during Reconstruction (U.S.) Riker, William, 19–20 Ramirez, Heladio,´ 134 Rodriguez Saa,´ Adolfo, 84–88 Ramos, Margarita, 138 Rodriguez Saa,´ Alberto, 84–88 Rebellion of the PRIistas (Mexico), Rokkan, Stein, 25 119–121 Roosevelt, Franklin, 68–69

190 Index

Ruız´ Ortız,´ Ulıses´ abolition of and black enfranchisement, 42, on 2003 federal elections, 138–139 43 boundary control and opposition under state government support for, 43. See also (2004–2010), 141–144 disenfranchisement, in U.S. violent tactics of, 142–143 Snyder, Richard, 10–11 election of, 140–141 socialization of conflict (Schattschneider), 24 historical role of, 133–134 Solid South. See United States, boundary control and Solid South Saadi family, in Catamarca province, sovereignty, vertical system interaction Argentina, 95 comparison to, 12 Sack, Robert, 16 Stevens, Thaddeus, 42 Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 120 subnational authoritarianism, overview Santiago del Estero province, Argentina, 1–2, boundary control theory and 92–93. See also Argentina, boundary controlling scope of conflict, 24–26 control and democratizing influences; examples of, 22–24 Juarez,´ Carlos Arturo institutional embeddedness, 25 Santiaguenazo˜ riot (Argentina), 98–99 types of democratic transition from, Sartori, Giovanni, 12, 27, 162 31–33 Sayre Law, 58–59 undermining of, boundary-opening by Scalawags, 53 oppositions, 30–31 Schattschneider, E.E., 24 enclaves, 3–4, 6 Schedler, Andreas, 15, 123, 125 illegal and informal, 58–59, 163–164, 168 Schmitter, Philippe, 31, 46 legal and formal, 162–163, 164, 168 Secretariat for Human Rights (Argentina), maintenance of, 6 102–103, 105–109 oppositions to, 6, 24–26, 30–31. See also Selee, Andrew, 121 boundary control, comparisons and The Semi-Sovereign People (Schattschneider), conclusions; regime juxtaposition, 24 overview; specific countries Senate, national substantive democratization, defined, 21–22 of Argentina, 75–77 suffrage. See disenfranchisement, in U.S. asymmetrical representation, 77, Sumner, Charles, 48 80–81 Supreme Court (Argentina), 107 provincial senate vs., 87 Supreme Court (U.S.) conclusion defeat of Reconstruction Constitutionalism asymmetrical representation, 164 and, 55–57 peripheralization of federal territorial influence on adoption of Jim Crow laws, 63 regimes, 157–159 on national rights, 39 of Mexico on states rights, 39. See also specific cases limitations on powers of, 122, 126–127 reduction of territorial powers of, Tabasco state (Mexico), 120–121 126–127 Tarrow, Sidney, 15 of U.S. territorial democratization, defined, 21–22 asymmetrical representation, 43, 46–47, territoriality, defined (Sack), 16 64–65 territorial politics, defined, 15 black office holding, 52 territorial politics and subnational defeat of Lodge Elections Bill.Seealso democratization, 9–34 specific Senators political action in territorial systems, 15–17 Sinaloa state (Mexico), 132 site and scale of, 16–17, 29–30 single-party systems. See hegemonic party, political regimes, defined, 17 subnational subnational authoritarianism, maintenance Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) (U.S. Supreme of, 6, 15 Court), 55, 56 territorial democratization, 21–22 slavery, in U.S. examples of, 21–22

Index 191

substantive democratization vs., 21–22 southern veto block in Congress, 66–67 territorial politics, defined, 15 parochialization of power, and Home Rule, territorial regimes, 17–21 57–63 intergovernmental dimension of, 18 challenges to southern incumbents after interprovincial dimension of, 18 Reconstruction, 57–58 municipal-empowering type, 20–21 from informal arrangements to province-empowering type, 20–21 legalization of authoritarianism, province in national politics, 18–20 58–59 unit of analysis issues, 10–13 institutional disenfranchisement, vote horizontal system interactions, 12 suppression, 59–61 national vs. subnational distinctions, party competition, suppression of, 12–13 61–63 nation fixation, 10–11 Reconstruction era, center-led transition, vertical system interaction, 12. See also 39–57 boundary control, theory of actors and territorial interests, 39–43 territorial regimes, defined, 17–21 boundary openers and closers, territorial system, defined, 16 46–47 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 38 democratic transition in southern states, Toledo, Angel Jesus,´ 104 51–53 Transitions from Authoritarian Rule institutional federalism, 43–45 (O’Donnell and Schmitter), 46 judicial review and defeat of Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Reconstruction Constitutionalism, Federacion´ . See Federal Electoral 55–57 Tribunal (TEPJF) (Mexico) national rights, and local political regimes, 45–46 Union Army (U.S.), 40–41, 51–52, 54 national rights, reshaping federalism, Unionists (U.S.), 41 47–51 Union Leagues (U.S.), 51–52 strains on boundary opening coalition, United States 53–55 citizenship rights, 50 subnational authoritarianism in, 2 Comparative Politics studies, 3 territorial democratization Constitution examples of, 22 10th Amendment, 44 territorial power, history of, 4. See also 14th Amendment, 50, 55 boundary control, comparisons and 15th Amendment, 50, 56 conclusions; disenfranchisement, guarantee clause, 47–48 in U.S. national rights, 45–46 unit-jump fallacy (Sartori), 12 rigidity of, 44–45 unit of analysis issues, 10–13 county, defined, 20 horizontal system interactions, 12 New Deal era, 64–65, 66–67, 68–69 national vs. subnational distinctions, 12–13 voting rights, 50. See also Senate, national; nation fixation, 10–11 Supreme Court (U.S.); U.S. Congress vertical system interaction, 12 United States, boundary control and Solid urban politics and subnational South, 35–71 democratization, 152–155 overview, 35–39 Argentina conclusion, 70–71 urban-provincial divide in party politics, nationalization of influence by state 75, 77, 89–90, 91–92, 93–97, 101–103, hegemonic Democratic Party, 63–69 104–109 black disenfranchisement, 65–66 Mexico influence in national government and ‘asphalt’ party-led transitions, institutions, 64–65 113–117, 132, 135–136 southern influence in national Democratic urban-rural divide in party politics, Party, 67–69 113–121, 132, 135–136

192 Index

Mexico (cont.) on readmission of ex-Confederate states, 50 municipal, use of term, 20 on Reconstruction Constitutionalism, province-empowering vs. 47–48 municipal-empowering territorial on registration summer, 51 regimes, 20–21 vertical system interaction, political parties, United States, Reconstruction era 12, 121, 156–158 urban/commercial elites, 42 violent tactics urban municipalities, 43–44 of Democratic Party (U.S.), 53, 57 urban-rural divide in party politics, 62 of Juarez,´ in Argentina, 2, 96, 102–103 Uruguay, use of ley de lemas method, 86 of La Rama Femenina, in Argentina, 22–24 Urwin, Derek, 25 of Ruız´ Ortız,´ in Mexico, 142–143 U.S. Congress of Saadi-controlled Peronist Party, Enforcement Acts, 50, 56 Argentina, 95 House and Senate, black ofﬁce holding, 52 voting literacy tests, as disenfranchisement, House Lodge Elections Bill proposal (1890), 61 58 Reconstruction Acts, 49–51 Way, Lucan, 15, 163–164 seniority system and Solid South, 64 Whig Party (U.S.), 41 southern veto block in Congress, 64–65, White Primary, 62–63, 85, 163 66–67. See also Senate, national Williams v. Mississippi (1896) (U.S. Supreme U.S. State Department, 142–143 Court), 63 “Will More Countries Become Democratic?” Vallely, Richard (Huntington), 10 on black activism in south, 41 Women’s Branch (La Rama Femenina), on growth of Union League, 52 22–24, 102–103 on lack of nineteenth century national Woodward, C. Vann, 62 rights, 46 on national intervention in Republican Zedillo, Ernesto, 118, 120, 123–124, party-building, 42 134–135, 139