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Boundary Control: Subnational Authoritarianism in Federal Democracies Edward L

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Boundary Control: Subnational Authoritarianism in Federal Democracies Edward L Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19223-1 - Boundary Control: Subnational Authoritarianism in Federal Democracies Edward L. Gibson Index More information Index Alfonsın,´ Raul,´ 1, 81 national democracy and subnational Aranda, Rafael, 117 party-led challenges, 80–81 Argentina pro-incumbency elections (1987–2007), Constitution, 76–77, 78 82 department, defined, 20 subnational institutional revolution, as Electoral College, 164 response to party-led challenges, 81–84 Freedom House classification, 10–11 Ministry of Justice, 104–109 subnational authoritarianism, stability and Santiaguenazo˜ riot, 98–99 center-led transitions, 93–95 Secretariat for Human Rights, 102–103, federal interventions, post-1983 (table), 105–109. See also specific provinces 93 and leaders territorial regime, 75–79 Argentina, boundary control and inter-provincial power and federalism, 77 democratizing influences, 72–111 province-empowering federalism, 78–79 authoritarianism, in Santiago del Estero subnational autonomy and federalism, province, 96–109 75–77. See also boundary control, fall of Juarez´ regime, 105–109 comparisons and conclusions monopolization of local-national linkages, ‘asphalt’ party-led transitions, urban politics 103–104 (Mexico), 113–117, 132, 135–136. See nationalization of influence in national also Partido Accion´ Nacional (PAN) politics, 104–109 (Mexico) parochialization of power, and legal asymmetrical representation restriction of political competition, in Argentine federalism, 77, 109–111 93–97 D’Hondt PR system, 86, 91–92 parochialization of power, clientelism, conclusion, 164 and repression, 101–103 distribution of rights and prerogatives conclusion, 1, 109–111 among subnational units, 18–20 legal authoritarianism, 84–93 in Mexican federalism Peronist Party in La Rioja province, constitutional reforms, 123–124 90–93 in U.S. federalism, 43, 46–47, 64 Peronist Party in San Luis province, authoritarianism 84–88 as competitive authoritarianism, 15 Peronist Party in Santa Cruz province, as electoral authoritarianism, 15 89–90 as political regime type, 17 national perspective on, 80–84 as territorial regime type, 17 183 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19223-1 - Boundary Control: Subnational Authoritarianism in Federal Democracies Edward L. Gibson Index More information 184 Index Azar, Muza, 102–103 parochialization of power, 26–28 subsystemic autonomy and, 27–28, Bartlett, Manuel, 121 32–33 Bartlett’s Law (Mexico), 121 subnational authoritarianism Behrend, Jaqueline, 95 controlling scope of conflict, 24–26 Beliz,´ Gustavo, 105 examples of, 22–24 Berruecos, Susana, 123–124 institutional embeddedness, 25 Black Belt aristocracy (U.S.), 36, 40, 41 types of democratic transition from, Black Codes, 48, 49 31–33 Borelli, Charles, 86 undermining of, boundary-opening by boundary-closing agents, defined, 6 oppositions, 30–31 boundary control, comparisons and boundary-opening agents, defined, 6 conclusions, 148–172 democratization, of subnational Calderon,´ Felipe, 121, 143 authoritarian regimes, 166–171 Calvo, Ernesto, 82 center-led transitions, 166–171 Carpetbaggers, 53 party-led transitions, 166–171 Carrasco, Diodoro,´ 134–135, 142 territorial regimes and transition types Carreras, Sergio, 103 (table), 168 Catamarca province, Argentina, 95 municipal-empowering vs. Catholic Church province-empowering federalism, on human rights issues in Argentina, 160–161, 164–166 102–103, 104–109 national party politics and subnational on human rights issues in Mexico, 142–143 authoritarianism, 150–151 center-led democratic transitions, in parochialization of power subnational democratization, 31–33, non-local suppression of local opposition, 166–171. See also specific countries 151–153 center-periphery conflict studies, 25, 31 peripheralization/non-peripheralization, centralization-decentralization continuum, 159–160 18–20. See also decentralization regime juxtaposition, 149–150 citizenship principle (O’Donnell and subnational authoritarianism, construction Schmitter), 46 and maintenance of, 161–166 Civil Rights Act of 1866 (U.S.), 49–50 asymmetrical representation, 164 civil society organizations, 12, 30, 51–52, centralization criterion, 161–162 104–109 centralized federalism, informal and clientelism, in Santiago del Estero (Argentina), illegal arrangements, 163–164 101–103 decentralized federalism, legal Comparative Politics studies, 2–4 arrangements, 162–163 competitive authoritarianism concept regime maintenance, 164 (Levitsky and Way), 15 subnational hegemonic parties and Confederate States of America, 35. See also institutional provincial United States, boundary control and authoritarianism, 154–158 Solid South factionalism and vertical integration with constituent mechanisms, 28–31 national party system, 156–158 contestation horizontal linkages to state parties, 156 conclusion urban areas, reduction of electoral weight parochialization of power, 151–153 of, 152–155 Dahl on, 152 boundary control, defined, 6 nationalization of local conflict, 31–33 boundary control, theory of, 5–7, 22–33 province-empowering federalism and, national territorial system strategies, 26–30 43–44. See also specific countries and monopolization of national-subnational parties linkages, 29–30 controlling area, defined, 16 nationalization of influence, 28–29 Convergencia Party (Mexico), 137, 140 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19223-1 - Boundary Control: Subnational Authoritarianism in Federal Democracies Edward L. Gibson Index More information Index 185 Cordoba´ province, Argentina, 23 democratic transition, use of term, 31 Cruikshank; United States v. (1876)(U.S. national democratization vs., 12–13 Supreme Court), 56 party-led transitions, 31–33 Cue´ Monteagudo, Gabino, 140–141, 142, territorial politics theories, 6 144–145 urban areas and, 62, 113–117, 132.Seealso Curi, Victorio, 102 specific countries democratization by elections (Schedler), 123 Dahl, Robert, 15, 152 democratization studies decentralization focus on national politics, 2–4, 5 overview, 18 subnational level of analysis, 9–10 in Argentine federalism, 75–79, 81–84, unit of analysis issues, 10–13 109–111 D’Hondt PR system, 86, 91–92 centralization-decentralization continuum, Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto, 122 18–20 Dillon’s Rule, 44 conclusion disenfranchisement, in U.S. centralized federalism, informal and conclusion, 151–153 illegal arrangements, 164, 166–171 counter to Tocqueville, 38 decentralized federalism as legal Kousser, on legalized disenfranchisement, subauthoritarianism, 162–163 63 peripheralization of federal territorial nationalization of influence regimes, 159–160, 166–171 black disenfranchisement, 46–51, 65–66 in Mexican federalism, 118–119, 122 parochialization of power, and Home Rule in U.S. federalism, 43–44, 45–46, 70–71, institutional disenfranchisement, vote 109–111. See also specific countries and suppression, 59–61 parties poll taxes as, 60–61 democracy, as political regime type, 17 substantive democratization and, 21–22 Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 38 voting literacy tests as, 61. See also Democratic Party, during Reconstruction Democratic Party, during (U.S.) Reconstruction (U.S.); United States, Black Belt aristocracy and, 42 boundary control and Solid South as boundary closers, 46–47, 53–55 Douglass, Frederick, 57 end of Reconstruction, 57 dual citizenship, in nineteenth century U.S., Key on, as hegemonic party, 36 46, 47–48, 55 malapportionment tactics, 61–63 nationalization of influence, 63–69 Eaton, Kent, 78 New Departure movement within, 55 Eisenstadt, Todd, 120 preservation of peripheralization, 43–44 electoral authoritarianism concept (Schedler), Redeemers faction, 57–58, 60 15 rule or ruin policy, 53 Electoral College violent tactics of, 53, 57 in Argentina, 164 White Primary, 62–63, 85, 163. See also in U.S., 43, 46–47, 68–69, 164 United States, boundary control and electoral monitoring Solid South in Argentina, 124 democratic transitions. See democratization, in Mexico, 122, 123–125 subnational in U.S., 124 democratization, national electoral rights (Tocqueville), 38 subnational democratization vs., 12–13 El Liberal (newspaper), provincial boundary substantive, 21–22 control of, 22–24 territorial, 21–22 democratization, subnational Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) (Mexico), asphalt party-led transitions, 113–117, 132, 124–125, 144 135–136 Federal Electoral Tribunal (TEPJF) (Mexico), center-led transitions, 31–33 125, 140–141, 144 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19223-1 - Boundary Control: Subnational Authoritarianism in Federal Democracies Edward L. Gibson Index More information 186 Index federalism hegemonic party, subnational in Argentina, 75–79, 93–95, 109–111, 167 conclusion, institutional provincial democracy and, 148–172 authoritarianism, 154–158 intergovernmental dimension analysis, 18 nationalization of influence, 28–29 in Mexico, 115–116, 122, 167–168, 172 parochialization of power, 26–28 nationalization of influence and, 28–29 subsystemic autonomy and, 27–28 in nineteenth century U.S. use of term, 27. See also specific parties and conclusion, 167, 172 countries dual citizenship, 46, 47–48, 55 Herbst, Jeffrey, 3–4 institutional challenges of regime change, Hirshson, Stanley P., 49 43–45 Honduras, use of ley de lemas method, 86 national rights and, 45–46 Howard, John, 56 province-empowering, 43–44 Huntington, Samuel, 10 as territorial regime type, 17.Seealso specific
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