Torts

LongBaxter_Torts_5pp.indb 1 1/30/20 10:51 AM LongBaxter_Torts_5pp.indb 2 1/30/20 10:51 AM Torts

A Modern Approach

Alex B. Long Williford Gragg Distinguished Professor of Law University of Tennessee College of Law

Teri Dobbins Baxter Williford Gragg Distinguished Professor of Law University of Tennessee College of Law

Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina

LongBaxter_Torts_5pp.indb 3 1/30/20 10:51 AM Copyright © 2020 Alex B. Long and Teri Dobbins Baxter All Rights Reserved

ISBN 978-1-5310-1723-1 e-ISBN 978-1-5310-1724-8 LCCN 2019953043

Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America

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Table of Cases xxi Authors’ Note xxv Chapter 1 • Introduction 3 A. History 4 B. Fault as the Standard Basis for Liability 5 Van Camp v. McAfoos 5 Notes 6 C. Policies Under­lying Tort Law 7 Rhodes v. MacHugh 8 Notes 9

Part 1 • Intentional Torts 11

Chapter 2 • Intentional Harms to Persons 13 A. Battery 15 1. Act with Intent 15 Garratt v. Dailey 15 Polmatier v. Russ 17 Notes 20 2. Intent to Cause Harmful or Offensive Contact 21 White v. Muniz 21 Notes 23 3. Such Contact Results 23 a. Causation 23 b. Contact 23 Reynolds v. MacFarlane 23 Notes 26 c. Harmful or Offensive Contact 26 Balas v. Huntington Ingalls Industries, Inc. 26 Fuerschbach v. Southwest Airlines Co. 27 Notes 28

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B. Assault 29 1. Act with Intent to Cause an Imminent Apprehension of a Harmful or Offensive Contact 30 Cullison v. Medley 30 Brower v. Ackerly 32 Note 34 Note 34 2. Such Apprehension Results 35 C. False Imprisonment 36 Dupler v. Seubert 36 Notes 39 D. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress 40 Agis v. Howard Johnson Co. 41 Notes 43 Costello v. Mitchell Public School Dist. 79 44 McDaniel v. Gile 47 Notes 48 Kazatsky v. King David Memorial Park 49 Notes 50 E. Defenses and Privileges 52 1. Consent 52 a. Actual Consent 53 b. Apparent Consent 53 O’Brien v. Cunard S.S. Co. 53 Note 54 c. The Special Case of Medical Battery 54 d. Capacity 56 e. Mistake, Misrepresen­ ta­ tion,­ or Duress 56 Neal v. Neal 56 Notes 57 2. Self- Defense­ 57 Hagopian v. Fuchs 58 Notes 62 3. Defense of Others­ 63 4. Shop keep­ er’s­ Privilege 63 Barkley v. McKeever Enterprises, Inc. 63 Review Question 71 Chapter 3 • Intentional Harms to Property 73 A. Conversion and Trespass to Chattels 74 1. Conversion 74 Pearson v. Dodd 74 Notes 76

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2. Trespass to Chattels 77 B. Trespass to Land 78 Schwartzman, Inc. v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co. 78 Notes 80 C. Defenses and Privileges 81 1. Defense of Property 81 Katko v. Briney 81 Notes 84 2. Necessity 85 a. Public Necessity 85 b. Private Necessity 86 Ploof v. Putnam 86 Vincent v. Lake Erie Transp. Co. 87 Notes 88 Review Question 89

Part 2 • Negligence 91

Chapter 4 • Duty and Breach 93 A. Duty (The Standard of Care) 94 Stewart v. Motts 94 Grotheer v. Escape Adventures, Inc. 96 Notes 97 B. Breach of Duty 98 United States v. Carroll Towing Co. 99 Indiana Consolidated Insurance Co. v. Mathew 100 Notes 102 Levi v. Southwest Louisiana Elec. Membership Co-op. (Slemco) 103 Styles v. Eblen 107 Notes 108 Frasca v. Prudential-­Grace Lines, Inc. 108 Notes 111 C. Special Issues Involving Breach of Duty 111 1. Sudden Emergencies 112 Jackson v. Brown 112 Note 114 2. Negligence Per Se 114 Winger v. C.M. Holdings, L.L.C. 114 Notes 119 3. Industry Custom 120 Cruz v. New York City Transit Authority 120

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The T.J. Hooper 121 Notes 122 Wal-­Mart Stores, Inc. v. Wright 123 4. Minors 125 Schomp v. Wilkens by Leen 125 Notes 128 5. Other Special Characteristics of the Actor 128 a. Characteristics That Are Taken into Account 128 b. Characteristics That Are Not Taken into Account 129 6. Establishing Breach: Circumstantial Evidence and Res Ipsa Loquitur 130 a. Circumstantial Evidence 131 Byrne v. Wal-­Mart Stores, Inc. 131 Evans v. Aydha 132 Note 133 b. Res Ipsa Loquitur: The Theoretical Basis for the Theory 134 Byrne v. Boadle 134 Notes 136 Deciutiis v. Six Flags Amer­i­ca, LP 136 Notes 138 c. Res Ipsa: The Accident Is One That Does Not Ordinarily Occur Absent Negligence 139 Eversole v. Woods Acquisition, Inc. 139 Deciutiis v. Six Flags Amer­i­ca, LP 141 Cox v. May Department Store Co. 143 Note 144 d. Res Ipsa: Control of the Instrumentality 144 Deciutiis v. Six Flags Amer­i­ca, LP 144 Niman v. Plaza House, Inc. 145 Notes 147 7. Professional Negligence 148 a. Establishing the Standard of Care and Breach 148 1. Local or National Standards 148 Gambill v. Stroud 148 Sheeley v. Memorial Hospital 149 Notes 154 2. The Role of Custom in Establishing the Standard of Care and Breach 156 Chiero v. Chicago Osteopathic Hospital 156 Hood v. Phillips 156 Notes 158 Note 158

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3. Res Ipsa Loquitur in Medical Malpractice Cases 159 Ybarra v. Spangard 159 Notes 163 b. Informed Consent 163 Matthies v. Mastromonaco 163 Notes 167 Review Question 168 Chapter 5 • The Duty Ele­ment Revisited 169 A. Special Relationships 170 1. Landowner and Occupier 170 Stitt v. Holland Abundant Life Fellowship 170 Note 176 Alexander v. Medical Assoc. Clinic 176 Note 180 Bennett v. Stanley 181 Note 185 Dos Santos v. Coleta 185 2. Innkeeper and Guest 194 Gress v. Lakahani Hospitality, Inc. 194 3. Business Own­er’s Duty to Ill or Injured Patron 201 Drew v. Lejay’s Sportsmen’s Café, Inc. 201 4. Social Hosts 204 Faulk v. Suzuki Motor, Co. Ltd. 204 Note 207 Martin v. Marciano 207 5. Duty of Colleges and Universities to Students 211 Regents of University of California v. Superior Court 211 6. Duty to Warn 227 Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California 227 Note 234 B. Duty When Actor Has Created Risk of Physical Harm 235 1. Duty to Act When Prior Conduct Is Dangerous 235 Robertson v. LeMaster 235 2. Negligent Entrustment 241 Hays v. Royer 241 C. Voluntarily Assumed Duties 245 O’Malley v. Hospitality Staffing Solutions 245 Jagneaux v. Louisiana Farm Bureau Cas. Ins. Co. 249 Review Question 253 Chapter 6 • Harm and Cause in Fact 255 A. Harm 256

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Owens-­Illinois v. Armstrong 256 Notes 258 B. Cause in Fact 259 1. The Standard Test: The But-­for Test 259 Jordan v. Jordan 259 Salinetro v. Nystrom 260 Notes 261 Dillon v. Twin State Gas & Electric Co. 261 2. Joint and Several Liability 262 a. Introduction to Joint and Several Liability 262 Landers v. East Texas Salt ­Water Disposal Co. 263 Note 265 b. The Move Away from Joint and Several Liability 266 South Carolina Code of Laws § 15-38-15 266 Arkansas Code § 16-55-201 266 Arkansas Code § 16-55-203 267 3. Alternate Tests 268 a. Increased Risk 268 Zuchowicz v. United States 268 b. Multiple Sufficient ­Causes 270 Anderson v. Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ry. 270 Ford Motor Co. v. Boomer 271 Notes 274 c. Alternative Liability 275 Summers v. Tice 275 Note 277 d. Market Share 277 Martin v. Abbott Laboratories 277 Note 286 e. Loss of Opportunity (Loss of Chance) 286 Lord v. Lovett 286 Notes 289 Review Question 290 Chapter 7 • Proximate Cause 291 A. The Scope of the Risk Test 292 1. The Test in General 292 Thompson v. Kaczinski 292 Notes 296 2. Scope of the Risk: Kinds of Harms Foreseeably Risked 297 Hughes (A.P.) v. Lord Advocate 297 Williams v. Stewart 299 Notes 300

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3. Scope of the Risk: Class of Persons Put at Foreseeable Risk 301 Palsgraf v. Long Island R. Co. 301 Notes 305 B. Superseding ­Causes 306 Watson v. Kentucky & Indiana Bridge & R. Co. 306 Britton v. Wooten 308 Fast Eddie’s v. Hall 309 Notes 312 C. Special Policy-­Based Proximate Cause Rules 313 1. Legislative Rules 313 Worley v. Weigels, Inc. 313 Note 315 2. Suicide 316 3. The “Eggshell Plaintiff” Rule 316 Benn v. Thomas, K-­G, Ltd. 316 Note 319 4. Rescuers, Emergency Responders, and Medical Providers 319 McCarter v. Davis 319 Notes 321 5. Fires 323 Review Question 324 Chapter 8 • Defenses 325 A. Contributory Negligence 326 Butterfield v. Forrester 326 Notes 327 B. Comparative Fault 328 1. In General 328 McIntyre v. Balentine 328 Notes 330 2. Dif­fer­ent Forms of Comparative Fault 331 a. Pure (or Complete) Comparative Fault 331 Alaska Statutes § 09.17.060. 331 b. Modified (or Incomplete) Comparative Fault 331 Hawaii Revised Statutes Annotated § 666-31 331 Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-21-111 332 Note 332 3. Other Issues Involved in the Comparative Fault Evaluation 332 Uniform Comparative Fault Act 333 Note 335 C. Assumption of Risk 335 1. Express Assumption of Risk 336 Thompson v. Hi Tech Motorsports, Inc. 337

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Notes 341 2. Implied Primary Assumption of Risk (No Duty/No Breach of Duty) 343 Murphy v. Steeplechase Co., Inc. 343 Coomer v. Kansas City Royals Baseball Corp. 344 Notes 350 3. Implied Secondary Assumption of Risk (Comparative Fault) 351 Morgan State University v. Walker 351 Coomer v. Kansas City Royals Baseball Corp. 355 Note 355 Review Question 356 Chapter 9 • Immunities and Tort Actions Involving Government Actors 357 A. Charitable and Intrafamily Immunity 358 1. Charitable Immunity 358 2. Intrafamily Immunity 358 Zelmer v. Zelmer 358 Notes 362 B. Governmental Immunity 363 1. Sovereign Immunity 363 2. Governmental Immunity Statutes 363 South Carolina Code § 15-78-20 363 South Carolina Code § 15-78-40 364 South Carolina Code § 15-78-60 364 3. Discretionary Function Immunity 365 Anderson v. State 365 Notes 368 C. The Public Duty Doctrine 369 Riss v. City of New York 369 Cuffy v. City of New York 371 Notes 375 D. Other Tort Claims Involving Government Actors 377 1. Federal Tort Claims Act 377 a. In general 377 Fang v. United States 377 b. The Feres Doctrine 378 United States v. Shearer 379 Notes 381 2. Constitutional Tort Actions 381 Review Question 382 Chapter 10 • Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress and Loss of Consortium 383 A. Historical Treatment of NIED Claims 385 Mitchell v. Rochester Ry. Co. 385

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Dowty v. Riggs 386 Note 387 B. NIED: Direct Victim Cases 388 1. The Impact Rule 388 Gilliam v. Stewart 388 Notes 389 2. The Physical Manifestation Rule 390 Daley v. LaCroix 390 Notes 392 3. The Zone of Danger of Rule 392 Note 393 4. Rules Based on Guaranties of Genuineness and Foreseeability 393 a. Activities, Undertakings, or Relationships in which Negligent Conduct Is Especially Likely to Cause Serious Emotional Harm 393 Hedgepeth v. Whitman Walker Clinic 393 Notes 397 b. General Negligence Princi­ples 399 Camper v. Minor 399 Notes 401 C. NIED: Harm to Third Persons Cases 401 ­Thing v. La Chusa 402 Notes 405 D. Loss of Consortium 407 Connecticut General Statutes § 52-555b 407 Campos v. Coleman 407 Notes 409 Review Question 410

Part 3 • Strict Liability 411

Chapter 11 • Vicarious Liability 413 A. Vicarious Liability in General 414 B. Employee Status 414 Mangual v. Berezinsky 414 Notes 417 C. Scope of Employment 418 1. Vicarious Liability Stemming from Negligent Conduct 418 a. The Traditional Rule 418 Christensen v. Swensen 418 Car­ter v. Reynolds 422 Notes 427

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b. The Enterprise Liability Theory 428 Harris v. Trojan Fireworks Co. 428 Notes 431 2. Vicarious Liability Stemming from Intentional Misconduct 431 G.T. Management v. Gonzalez 431 LeBrane v. Lewis 433 Lisa M. v. Henry Mayo Newhall Memorial Hospital 434 Note 436 D. Nondelegable Duties 436 Pusey v. Bator 436 Note 440 Review Question 441 Chapter 12 • Strict Liability for Harm Caused by Abnormally Dangerous Activities 443 A. Strict Liability for Harm Caused by Abnormally Dangerous Activities 444 1. Early Evolution of the Doctrine: Rylands v. Fletcher 444 Rylands v. Fletcher 444 Rylands v. Fletcher 447 Note 448 ­Sullivan v. Dunham 449 Notes 450 2. Abnormally Dangerous Activities 450 Indiana Harbor ­Belt Railroad Co. v. American Cyanamid Co. 450 Notes 456 B. Strict Liability for Harm Caused by Animals 457 Rhodes v. MacHugh 457 Notes 461 C. Causation 462 Foster v. Preston Mill Co. 462 Yukon Equipment, Inc. v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. 464 Note 466 D. Defenses 466 Review Question 467 Chapter 13 • Nuisance 469 South Camden Citizens in Action v. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection 470 Notes 475 Note 476 Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Co. 477 Notes 483 Review Question 483

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Chapter 14 • Products Liability 485 Tenn. Code § 29-28-102. Definitions 486 A. Historical Development 487 1. The Privity Requirement 487 Winterbottom v. Wright 487 2. The Fall of Privity 488 MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co. 488 Note 491 3. The Role of Warranties 491 Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc. 492 4. ­Toward Modern Products Liability Law 495 Escola v. Coca Cola Bottling Co. of Fresno 495 Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc. 498 5. Modern Products Liability Law 500 a. The § 402A Test 501 b. The Restatement (Third) of Torts Approach 501 c. Special Products Liability Rules 501 B. Manufacturing Defects 502 Estate of Pinkham v. Cargill, Inc. 503 Notes 507 Piltch v. Ford Motor Co. 508 C. Design Defects 510 1. The Risk-­Utility Test in General 510 Soule v. General Motors Corp. 510 Notes 517 Pruitt v. General Motors Corp. 518 Notes 519 2. Application of the Risk-­Utility Test 519 General Motors Corp. v. Sanchez 520 Camacho v. Honda Motor Co. 522 Notes 526 D. Information (Warning) Defects 527 1. In General 527 Hood v. Ryobi Amer­i­ca Corp. 527 Liriano v. Hobart Corp. 530 Notes 532 2. Special Issues Involving Causation 533 Liriano v. Hobart Corp. 533 Note 534 3. Special Issues Involving Duty 534 Watts v. Medicis Pharma­ ceu­ ti­ cal­ Corp. 534 Notes 538 E. Defenses 540

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1. Comparative Fault 540 General Motors Corp. v. Sanchez 540 Notes 542 2. Substantial Modification of the Product 543 Michigan Compiled Law 543 Jones v. Ryobi, Ltd. 543 Notes 545 3. Compliance with Regulations 546 Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 13-21-403. Presumptions 546 4. Preemption 547 F. Final Thoughts on Products Liability 547 Review Question 549

Part 4 • Dignitary Torts 551

Chapter 15 • Defamation 553 A. Defamation: The Prima Facie Case 555 1. Publication 556 2. Defamatory Statements 557 Marcone v. Pent­house International Magazine for Men 557 May v. Greater Kansas City Dental Society 559 Notes 561 3. Of and Concerning the Plaintiff 562 Elias v. Rolling Stone LLC 562 Notes 565 4. Damages 566 Marcone v. Pent­house International Magazine for Men 567 5. The Role of Truth 568 Collins v. Detroit Free­ Press, Inc. 569 Note 571 6. Actionable and Non-­Actionable Statements 571 Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. 572 Cashion v. Smith 575 Notes 577 Review Question 577 B. Defamation: Constitutional Constraints 578 1. Public Officials and Public Figures 578 New York Times Co. v. ­Sullivan 578 Notes 587 2. Private Figures and Matters­ of Public Concern or Controversy 588 Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. 588 Notes 593

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3. Private Figures and Matters­ of Private Concern 594 Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. 594 Notes 597 4. The Actual­ Malice Standard 597 Palin v. New York Times Co. 597 Notes 603 5. Classifying Plaintiffs as Public Figures or Private Figures 603 Wolston v. Reader’s Digest Ass’n, Inc. 604 Note 608 Atlanta Journal-­Constitution v. Jewell 608 Notes 613 C. Defamation: Privileges and Defenses 614 1. Absolute Privileges 614 Messina v. Krakower 615 Green Acres Trust v. London 615 Notes 616 2. Qualified Privileges 617 a. Common Interest Privilege 617 Kelley v. Tanoos 617 Note 619 b. The Public Interest Privilege 620 Kelley v. Tanoos 620 c. The Privilege to Protect One’s Own Interest or that of Another 621 d. Fair Comment Privilege 622 3. Media Privileges 623 a. Fair Reporting Privilege 623 Vernon’s Texas Statutes and Codes Annotated 623 Notes 623 b. The Neutral Reporting Privilege 624 Edwards v. National Audubon Society, Inc. 624 Note 625 Review Question 626 Chapter 16 • Invasion of Privacy 627 A. Intrusion Upon the Seclusion of Another 628 1. Intentional Intrusion upon the Solitude or Seclusion of Another 628 In re Marriage of Tigges 628 Notes 632 2. Highly Offensive to a Reasonable Person 633 McLain v. Boise Cascade Corp. 633 Note 636

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3. Interplay between the Ele­ments 637 Ruzicka Elec. and Sons, Inc. v. International Broth. of Elec. Workers, Local 1, AFL-­CIO 637 Fletcher v. Price Chopper Foods of Trumann, Inc. 638 Note 641 B. Publicity Given to Private Life 641 Ozer v. Borquez 642 Notes 644 C. False Light 645 Crump v. Beckley Newspapers, Inc. 645 Notes 647 D. Misappropriation of the Right of Publicity 648 Roberson v. Rochester Folding Box Co. 648 Note 650 Lohan v. Perez 651 Notes 653 Review Question 654

Part 5 • Economic Torts 655

Chapter 17 • Misrepresen­ ta­ tion­ 657 A. Fraudulent Misrepresen­ ta­ tion­ 658 1. The Prima Facie Case 658 Dier v. Peters 658 Notes 663 2. Nondisclosure, Omission, and Concealment as Misrepresenta­tion of Fact 664 Matthews v. Kincaid 664 Notes 667 B. Negligent Misrepresen­ ta­ tion­ 668 1. The Privity Test 668 Ultramares Corp. v. Touche 668 Note 672 2. The Section 552 Test 672 Blue Bell, Inc. v. Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. 672 Notes 677 Review Question 679 Chapter 18 • Interference with Contractual Relations 681 A. The Prima Facie Tort Approach 682 1. The Prima Facie Case 682 Imperial Ice Co. v. Rossier 682 Torbett v. Wheeling Dollar Sav. & Trust Co. 684

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Tiernan v. Charleston Area Med. Ctr., Inc. 686 Notes 687 2. Privileges and Justifications 688 B. The Improper Purpose or Improper Means Test 691 Top Ser­vice Body Shop, Inc. v. Allstate Ins. Co. 692 Notes 694 C. Decoupling the Interference Torts 695 1. Interference with Contract versus Interference with Prospective Contractual Relations 695 Della Penna v. ­Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. 695 Quelimane Co. v. Stewart Title Guaranty Co. 700 Notes 701 2. Interference with Contract versus Interference with Contract Terminable at ­Will 703 Duggin v. Adams 703 Notes 706 Review Question 706

Part 6 • Damages 709

Chapter 19 • Damages 711 A. Compensatory Damages 712 1. Pecuniary Damages 712 Calva-­Cerqueira v. United States 712 Notes 716 2. Nonpecuniary Damages 717 a. Pain and Suffering 717 Calva-­Cerqueira v. United States 717 Notes 718 b. Loss of Enjoyment of Life 719 McDougald v. Garber 719 Note 723 B. Punitive Damages 723 1. In General 724 Bolsta v. Johnson 724 Taylor v. Superior Court 726 Notes 728 2. Constitutional Limitations 729 State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Campbell 729 Notes 738 C. Damage Caps and Tort Reform 739 1. Damage Caps and Tort Reform in General 739

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2. The Pro-­Tort Reform Arguments 740 3. The Anti-­Tort Reform Arguments 741 D. Wrongful Death Statutes 742 E. Other Approaches to Recovery 743 1. Workers’ Compensation 743 2. Victim Compensation Funds 744 Review Question 745

Index 747

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Agis v. Howard Johnson Co., 41 Coomer v. Kansas City Royals Baseball Alexander v. Medical Assoc. Clinic, 176 Corp., 344 Anderson v. Minneapolis, St. Paul & Costello v. Mitchell Public School Dist. Sault Ry., 270 79, 44 Anderson v. State, 365 Cox v. May Department Store Co., 143 Atlanta Journal-Constitutional v. Jewell, Crump v. Beckley Newspapers, Inc., 608 645 Balas v. Huntington Ingalls Industries, Cruz v. New York City Transit Inc., 26 Authority, 120 Barkley v. McKeever Enterprises, Inc., Cuffy v. City of New York, 371 63 Cullison v. Medley, 30 Benn v. Thomas, K-G, Ltd., 316 Daley v. LaCroix, 390 Bennett v. Stanley, 181 Deciutiis v. Six Flags America, LP, 144 Blue Bell, Inc. v. Peat, Marwick, Della Penna v. Toyota Motor Sales Mitchell & Co., 672 U.S.A., Inc., 695 Bolsta v. Johnson, 724 Dillon v. Twin State Gas & Electric Co., Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Co., 477 261 Britton v. Wooten, 308 Dos Santos v. Coleta, 185 Brower v. Ackerly, 32 Dowty v. Riggs, 386 Butterfield v. Forrester, 326 Drew v. Lejay’s Sportsmen’s Cafe, Inc., Byrne v. Boadle, 134 201 Byrne v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 131 Drier v. Peters, 658 Calva-Cerqueira v. United States, 712 Duggin v. Adams, 703 Camacho v. Honda Motor Co., 522 Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Camper v. Minor, 399 Builders, Inc., 594 Campos v. Coleman, 407 Dupler v. Seubert, 36 Carter v. Reynolds, 422 Edwards v. National Audubon Society, Cashion v. Smith, 575 Inc., 624 Chiero v. Chicago Osteopathic Elias v. Rolling Stone LLC, 562 Hospital, 156 Escola v. Coca Cola Bottling Co. of Christensen v. Swensen, 418 Fresno, 495 Collins v. Detroit Free Press, Inc., 569 Estate of Pinkham v. Cargill Inc., 503

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Evans v. Aydha, 132 Jones v. Ryobi, Ltd., 543 Eversole v. Woods Acquisition, Inc., Jordan v. Jordan, 259 139 Katko v. Briney, 81 Fang v. United States, 377 Kazatsky v, King David Memorial Park, Fast Eddie’s v. Hall, 309 49 Faulk v. Suzuki Motor, Co., Ltd., 204 Kelley v. Tanoos, 617 Fletcher v. Price Chopper Foods of Landers v. East Texas Salt Water Trumann, Inc., 638 Disposal Co., 263 Ford Motor Co. v. Boomer, 271 LeBrane v. Lewis, 433 Foster v. Preston Mill Co., 462 Lev v. Southwest Louisiana Elec. Frasca v. Prudential-Grace Lines, Inc., Membership Co-op. (Slemco), 103 108 Liriano v. Hobart Corp., 530 Fuerschbach v. Southwest Airlines Co., Lisa M. v. Henry Mayo Newhall 27 Memorial Hospital, 434 G.T. Management v. Gonzalez, 431 Lohan v. Perez, 651 Gambill v. Stroud, 148 Lord v. Lovett, 286 Garratt v. Dailey,15 MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 488 General Motors Corp. v. Sanchez, 520 Mangual v. Berezinsky, 414 Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 588 Marcone v. Penthouse International Gilliam v. Stewart, 388 Magazine for Men, 557 Green Acres Trust v. London, 615 Martin v. Abbott Laboratories, 277 Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Martin v. Marciano, 207 Inc., 498 Matthews v. Kincaid, 664 Gress v. Lakahani Hospitality, Inc., 194 Matthies v. Mastromonaco, 163 Grotheer v. Escape Adventures, Inc., 96 May v. Greater Kansas City Dental Hagopian v. Fuchs, 58 Society, 559 Harris v. Trojan Fireworks Co., 428 McCarter v. Davis, 319 Hays v. Royer, 241 McDaniel v. Gile, 47 Hedgepeth v. Whitman Walker Clinic, McDougald v. Garber, 719 393 McIntyre v. Balentine, 328 Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc., McLain v. Boise Cascade Corp., 633 492 Messina v. Krakower, 615 Hood v. Phillips, 156 Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 572 Hood v. Ryobi America Corp., 527 Mitchell v. Rochester Ry. Co., 385 Hughes (A.P.) v. Lord Advocate, 297 Morgan State University v. Walker, 351 Imperial Ice Co. v. Rossier, 682 Murphy v. Steeplechase Co., Inc., 343 In re Marriage of Tigges, 628 Neal v. Neal, 56 Indiana Consolidated Insurance Co. v. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 578 Mathew, 100 Niman v. Plaza House, Inc., 145 Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Co .v. O’Brien v. Cunard S.S. Co., 53 American Cyanamid Co., 450 O’Malley v. Hospitality Staffing Jackson v. Brown, 112 Solutions, 245 Jagneaux v. Louisiana Farm Bureau Owens-Illinois v. Armstrong, 256 Cas. Ins. Co., 249 Ozer v. Borquez, 642

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Palin v. New York Times Co., 597 Sullivan v. Dunham, 450 Palsgraf v. Long Island R. Co., 301 Summers v. Tice, 275 Pearson v. Dodd, 74 Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of Piltch v. Ford Motor Co., 508 California, 227 Ploof v. Putnam, 86 Taylor v. Superior Court, 726 Polmatier v. Russ, 17 Thing v. La Chusa, 402 Pruitt v. General Motors Co., 518 Thompson v. Hi Tech Motorsports, Inc., Pusey v. Bator, 436 337 Quelimane Co. v. Stewart Title Thompson v. Kaczinski, 292 Guaranty Co., 700 Tiernan v. Charleston Area Medical Regents of University of California v. Ctr., Inc., 686 Superior Court, 211 Top Service Body Shop, Inc. v. Allstate Reynolds v. MacFarlane, 23 Ins. Co., 692 Rhodes v. MacHugh, 8, 457 Torbett v. Wheeling Dollar Sav. & Trust Riss v. City of New York, 369 Co., 684 Roberson v. Rochester Folding Box Co., Ultramares Corp. v. Touche, 668 648 United States v. Carroll Towing Co., 99 Robertson v. LeMaster, 235 United States v. Shearer, 379 Ruzicka Elec. And Sons v. International Van Camp v. McAfoos, 5 Broth. Of Elec. Workers, Local Vincent v. Lake Erie Transp. Co., 87 AFL-CIO, 637 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Wright, 123 Rylands v. Fletcher, 444 Watson v. Kentucky & Indiana Bridge Salinetro v. Nystrom, 260 & R. Co., 306 Schomp v. Wilkens by Leen, 125 Watts v. Medicis Pharmaceutical Corp., Schwartzman, Inc. v Atchison, Topeka 534 & Santa Fe Railway Co., 78 White v. Muniz, 21 Sheeley v. Memorial Hospital, 149 Williams v. Stewart, 299 Soule v. General Motors Corp., 510 Winger v. C.M. Holdings, L.L.C., 114 South Camden Citizens in Action Winterbottom v. Wright, 487 v. New Jersey Department of Wolston v. Reader’s Digest Ass’n, Inc., Environmental Protection, 470 604 State Farm Mutual Automobile Worley v. Weigels, Inc., 313 Insurance Co. v. Campbell, 729 Ybarra v. Spangard, 159 Stewart v. Motts, 94 Yukon Equipment, Inc. v. Fireman’s Stitt v. Holland Abundant Life Fund Ins. Co., 464 Fellowship, 170 Zelmer v. Zelmer, 358 Styles v. Eblen, 107 Zuchowicz v. United States, 268

LongBaxter_Torts_5pp.indb 23 1/30/20 10:51 AM LongBaxter_Torts_5pp.indb 24 1/30/20 10:51 AM Authors’ Note

Torts is the most in­ter­est­ing course in the first-­year law school curriculum. Admittedly, the authors of this book are biased when it comes to this issue. But, as you will­ see, Torts is a subject to which every­one can relate. This casebook has been designed to make the subject matter­ as relatable as pos­ si­ble for first-­year law students. The book tries to take a modern approach to the learning that takes place in the first year of law school. As part of this effort, the authors have incorporated the following tools throughout the book:

Orga­nizational tools to encourage active learning Each chapter or section within a chapter begins with an outline of key concepts to help guide student learning. ­These outlines are designed to help focus students’ attention on some of the most relevant content. The outlines are included to: (1) help students read cases in a more active manner, (2) make the organ­ization of each chapter clear, and (3) facilitate class note-­taking and outlining. Note that ­these outlines are not meant to be comprehensive. Your professor may not cover all of the topics listed or may cover topics not included in the outline.

A mixture of classic and modern cases The book utilizes a mix of classic Torts cases as well as more recent cases. There­ are certain cases that ­every lawyer­ who has been to law school in the past 50 years studied —­ ​and with good reason. These­ cases are part of the vernacular of the legal­ profession. But when pos­si­ble, this casebook incorporates modern cases on the theory that they are more relatable and at least as illustrative of the relevant legal­ princi­ples as older cases.

Shorter notes Some casebooks require the reader to read voluminous notes following the pri- mary cases. This sometimes causes­ the reader to lose focus on the most impor­tant issues. The notes in this casebook are somewhat limited­ in number and length in the hopes of keeping students engaged. Instructors can expand on the topics pre- sented or to bring out additional concepts in class as they see fit.

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The use of prob­lems Each chapter begins with a hy­po­thet­i­cal set of facts that students can use to ori- ent themselves throughout the chapter. ­There are short prob­lems throughout each chapter that build on the hy­po­thet­i­cal at the beginning and that require students to apply the law covered in the chapter. Regardless of ­whether your instructor covers ­these prob­lems in detail in class, the prob­lems should help you to learn the law by applying what you have learned to a specific set of facts.

Formative assessment At the end of each chapter or section, there­ is a short essay question involving the material covered. The questions are structured like bar exam essay questions, i.e., short, issue-spotting­ questions requiring rule application. Like bar exam essay questions, each question should take approximately 30 minutes to answer. Students can use ­these questions as a formative assessment tool to help assess their under- standing of the primary material covered in the chapter.

Inclusion of professionalism and professional identity material The book makes an effort to direct students to relevant issues of professional responsibility and professionalism issues raised by the cases, as well as encouraging students to consider what sort of lawyers­ they wish to be. Cases sometimes raise issues of professional ethics and professionalism. The book tries to take advantage of opportunities to encourage consideration of ­those issues. As you read the material in the chapters, we encourage you to take advantage of these­ tools.

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