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Wednesday, March 14 Antipredator behavior Antipredator behavior Nonsocial species may rely on crypsis, aposematism or mimicry scorpionfish lonomia moth katydid Antipredator behavior Testing adaptations Nonsocial species may rely on We presume these are crypsis, aposematism or mimicry adaptations to predation, but how to be sure? against conspicuous background Catocala spp. Detection index Detection against cryptic background Müllerian mimicry: unpalatable species converge Batesian mimicry: palatable Trials mimic unpalatable model Testing adaptations What about the aposematic hindwings of Catocala spp.? Blue jays trained on: Then presented with: Result: Cryptic hindwings Aposematic hindwings Startled! Aposematic hindwings Aposematic hindwings Not startled Aposematic hindwings Different aposematic hindwings Startled! How does this affect hindwing coloration across the genus? 1 Scarlet kingsnake, Lampropeltis triangulum Eastern coral snake, Micrurus fulvius Scarlet kingsnake, Lampropeltis triangulum Eastern coral snake, Micrurus fulvius Non-venomous Highly venomous Hypothesis Bright coloration with striking Bright coloration with striking Kingsnakes are protected from predators banding patterns banding patterns because they mimic venomous coral snakes (red + black) (red + yellow) Kingsnakes ONLY Kingsnakes Coral snakes Coral snakes and Hypothesis Kingsnakes Kingsnakes are protected from predators because they mimic venomous coral snakes Scarlet kingsnake, Lampropeltis triangulum Eastern coral snake, Micrurus fulvius Scarlet kingsnake, Lampropeltis triangulum Eastern coral snake, Micrurus fulvius Hypothesis Kingsnakes only: Kingsnakes are protected from predators 83% on kingsnake models because they mimic venomous coral snakes Kingsnakes ONLY 17% on brown models Kingsnakes ONLY Experiment Coral and kingsnakes: Set-up equal numbers of kingsnake models and brown models (14 total sites) 16% on kingsnake models 84% on brown models Monitored predation on models Coral snakes Coral snakes and and Prediction Kingsnakes Prediction Kingsnakes Fewer attacks on kingsnakes where Fewer attacks on kingsnakes where coral snakes are present coral snakes are present Antipredator behavior Vigilance and the “many eyes” hypothesis Trade-off between vigilance and other activities mustached tamarin Per capita vigilance decreases as group size has head head up has ostrich In social and nonsocial species, importance of vigilance increases Percent time time individual Percent “many eyes” hypothesis Birds in group 2 “Many eyes” hypothesis “Many eyes” hypothesis Assumption #1: Behavioral monitoring Reaction distance Reaction Number of animals in group peregrine falcon Attack success decreases Assumption #2: Collective detection “Many eyes” hypothesis “Many eyes” hypothesis dark-eyed junco dark-eyed junco To test behavioral monitoring, To test collective detection: introduced food-deprived juncos into flocks of non-deprived juncos ? Vigilance Only 4% of non-targeted birds responded, usually those nearest to targeted bird deprived near deprived deprived near deprived deprived birds deprived deprived birds deprived - - - Deprived birdsDeprived Non non Non Steven Lima “Many eyes” hypothesis “Many eyes” hypothesis dark-eyed junco dark-eyed junco Number targeted may play a role Targeting location also important 3 Group effects Predator confusion Predator confusion: predator unable to single out individual prey Selfish herd: minimize number of search trajectories that lead to you Risk dilution: decrease per capita predation risk “Selfish herd” W.D. Hamilton Predator “Selfish herd” redshanks and sparrow hawk (inset) 4 Risk dilution Risk dilution Groups may …but chance of individual attract predators… capture is lower adult mayfly (left) mayfly life cycle (below) whirligig beetles Alarm signals Vocal alarm signals Various modalities: auditory, olfactory or visual aphids black-capped chickadee D-notes used in signaling alarm marmot Vocal alarm signals Vocal alarm signals Heterospecifics recognize relative risk pygmy owl Graded signal indicates relative risk great-horned owl Control Large Small (sparrow) predator predator red-breasted nuthatch 5 Alarm signals Chemical alarm signals parakeets pike buzzard jackdaws club cells fathead minnow Alarm calls recruit assistance, mobbing Who is the receiver? Visual alarm signal Conspecifics reduce movement in response to alarm “pheromone” Pheromone may also recruit additional predators: a potential benefit? pike Quadruped gait called stotting or pronking Handling Handling time fathead minnow One pike Two pike Who is the receiver? As likely to stot No intraspecific when alone as communication when in groups function? Signal to predator that they have been spotted? 6 .
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