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An Assessment Report on Microplastics
An Assessment Report on Microplastics This document was prepared by B Stevens, North Carolina Coastal Federation Table of Contents What are Microplastics? 2 Where Do Microplastics Come From? 3 Primary Sources 3 Secondary Sources 5 What are the Consequences of Microplastics? 7 Marine Ecosystem Health 7 Water Quality 8 Human Health 8 What Policies/Practices are in Place to Regulate Microplastics? 10 Regional Level 10 Outer Banks, North Carolina 10 Other United States Regions 12 State Level 13 Country Level 14 United States 14 Other Countries 15 International Level 16 Conventions 16 Suggested World Ban 17 International Campaigns 18 What Solutions Already Exist? 22 Washing Machine Additives 22 Faucet Filters 23 Advanced Wastewater Treatment 24 Plastic Alternatives 26 What Should Be Done? 27 Policy Recommendations for North Carolina 27 Campaign Strategy for the North Carolina Coastal Federation 27 References 29 1 What are Microplastics? The category of ‘plastics’ is an umbrella term used to describe synthetic polymers made from either fossil fuels (petroleum) or biomass (cellulose) that come in a variety of compositions and with varying characteristics. These polymers are then mixed with different chemical compounds known as additives to achieve desired properties for the plastic’s intended use (OceanCare, 2015). Plastics as litter in the oceans was first reported in the early 1970s and thus has been accumulating for at least four decades, although when first reported the subject drew little attention and scientific studies focused on entanglements, ‘ghost fishing’, and ingestion (Andrady, 2011). Today, about 60-90% of all marine litter is plastic-based (McCarthy, 2017), with the total amount of plastic waste in the oceans expected to increase as plastic consumption also increases and there remains a lack of adequate reduce, reuse, recycle, and waste management tactics across the globe (GreenFacts, 2013). -
Section 1: Introduction (PDF)
SECTION 1: Introduction SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Section 1 Contents The Purpose and Scope of This Guidance ....................................................................1-1 Relationship to CZARA Guidance ....................................................................................1-2 National Water Quality Inventory .....................................................................................1-3 What is Nonpoint Source Pollution? ...............................................................................1-4 Watershed Approach to Nonpoint Source Pollution Control .......................................1-5 Programs to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution...........................................................1-7 National Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program .............................................1-7 Storm Water Permit Program .......................................................................................1-8 Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program ............................................................1-8 Clean Vessel Act Pumpout Grant Program ................................................................1-9 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)...................................................................................................1-9 Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and Regulation ....................................................................1-10 Sources of Further Information .....................................................................................1-10 -
(WHO) Report on Microplastics in Drinking Water
Microplastics in drinking-water Microplastics in drinking-water ISBN 978-92-4-151619-8 © World Health Organization 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Microplastics in drinking-water. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing. -
4 S2 2 Box&Cummins-Policy Talk
Data Supported Solutions for Microplastics Pollution in San Francisco Bay Carolynn Box and Anna Cummins 5 Gyres Research supports the plastic pollution movement Research often backbone to action campaigns Local data can support local policy action Example: microbead ban in California This project was designed to develop scientifically supported solutions Policy Expert Committee • 22 experts / stakeholders • Diverse group of views Policy Recommendation Report • Based on project results 1 Support policies that reduce single-use plastics and packaging Local: San Francisco and others are looking to Berkeley’s disposable free ordinance Statewide: Comprehensive legislation that reduces single-use plastics 1 Support policies that reduce single-use plastics and packaging Project results • Surface water had polyethylene and polypropylene fragments, polystyrene foam • Computer modeling shows that buoyant particles are transported out of Bay Explore green stormwater 2 infrastructure as a tool to reduce microplastics Green stormwater infrastructure • Remove hard surfaces to reduce runoff to nearby water bodies Related study by SFEI • 90% removal of microplastics • Maintenance is ongoing Explore green stormwater 2 infrastructure as a tool to reduce microplastics Project results • 7 trillion microplastics enter through stormwater, 300 times more than wastewater • Half of the particles were rubbery black fragments, likely linked to tires More research on stormwater is needed 3 Identify and prioritize intervention points for fibers by filtration Evaluate -
MICROPLASTICS PROJECT Science-Supported Solutions and Policy Recommendations
SAN FRANCISCO BAY MICROPLASTICS PROJECT Science-Supported Solutions and Policy Recommendations Authors: Carolynn Box (5 Gyres) Anna Cummins (5 Gyres) September 2019 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 1. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PLASTIC POLLUTION MOVEMENT 4 What are microplastics, microparticles, and microfibers? 6 Why are microplastics a potential threat? 8 What are the pathways and sources of microplastics? 10 2. USING SCIENCE TO GUIDE ACTION 13 Development of this report 14 Use of this report 14 3. SAN FRANCISCO BAY MICROPLASTICS PROJECT FINDINGS 15 Rainy weather washes microplastics into Bay waters 15 Sediment in the lower south Bay had more microplastics 16 Prey fish consume fibers 18 High levels of rubbery fragments and other microplastics and microfibers found in stormwater 18 Wastewater samples dominated by microfibers 19 Quality control samples reveal microfibers are everywhere 20 Related Bay Area microplastics research 20 4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SAN FRANCISCO BAY 21 Recommendation #1: Support legislation that reduces single-use plastics and plastic packaging in the Bay Area and statewide 22 Recommendation #2: Explore green stormwater infrastructure management options to reduce microplastics from entering San Francisco Bay 24 Recommendation #3: Identify and prioritize intervention points for microfibers around filtration 26 Recommendation #4: Support the development of a San Francisco Bay Microplastics Management Strategy to reduce microplastics 28 Recommendation #5: Encourage textile industry to standardize methods to understand microfiber -
Water Quality Attribution and Simulation of Non-Point Source Pollution Load Fux in the Hulan River Basin Yan Liu1,2, Hongyan Li1,2*, Geng Cui3 & Yuqing Cao1,2
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Water quality attribution and simulation of non-point source pollution load fux in the Hulan River basin Yan Liu1,2, Hongyan Li1,2*, Geng Cui3 & Yuqing Cao1,2 Surface water is the main source of irrigation and drinking water for rural communities by the Hulan River basin, an important grain-producing region in northeastern China. Understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of water quality and its driving forces is critical for sustainable development and the protection of water resources in the basin. Following sample collection and testing, the spatial distribution and driving forces of water quality were investigated using cluster analysis, hydrochemical feature partitioning, and Gibbs diagrams. The results demonstrated that the surface waters of the Hulan River Basin tend to be medium–weakly alkaline with a low degree of mineralization and water-rock interaction. Changes in topography and land use, confuence, application of pesticides and fertilizers, and the development of tourism were found to be important driving forces afecting the water quality of the basin. Non-point source pollution load fuxes of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were simulated using the Soil Water and Assessment Tool. The simulation demonstrated that the non-point source pollution loading is low upstream and increases downstream. The distributions of N and P loading varied throughout the basin. The fndings of this study provide information regarding the spatial distribution of water quality in the region and present a scientifc basis for future pollution control. Rivers are an important component of the global water cycle, connecting the two major ecosystems of land and sea and providing a critical link in the biogeochemical cycle. -
Study Report Microbeads! Unfold Health Risk and Environmental Pollutant
Study Report Microbeads! Unfold Health Risk and Environmental Pollutant Study Report: Microbeads! Unfold Health Risk and Environmental Pollutant- Copyright © ESDO,2016 BD | Page 2 Study Report: Microbeads! Unfold Health Risk and Environmental Pollutant- Copyright © ESDO,2016 BD | Page 3 Study Report Microbeads! Unfold Health Risk and Environmental Pollutant Advisor Syed Marghub Murshed, Prof. Dr. Abu Jafar Mahmud, Prof. Dr. Md. Abul Hashem, Dr. Shahriar Hossain Study Advisory Team Syed Marghub Murshed, Dr. Shahriar Hossain . Team Leader Siddika Sultana Editorial Team Farida Shahnaz, Sayda Mehrabin Shejuti. Research Associate Nishat Ferdousi Support Team Md. Ali Hossain, Md. Mamun Ul Hasan, Sayda Mehrabin Shejuti , Md. Asif Iqbal. Study Period January2015- October, 2016. Report Published October 15, 2016 Copyright © Environment and Social Development Organization-ESDO, 2016, all rights reserved Disclaimer "While this study and publication have been produced under the organization core funding and direct supervision of research and management team of ESDO, the contents of the publication are the sole responsibility of ESDO. In addition, ESDO has core focussed on plastic pollution and marine littering with the overall objectives of raising public awareness, strengthing capaciity of institutional reserch, policy advocacy to reduce and eliminate the microbeads/microplastics to protect public health and environment in Bangladesh." Contact Address: House # 8/1, Level # 5, Block # C, Lalmatia, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh, Phone: 880-2-912-2729 Fax: -
Progressing the Microbead Phase Out: Beadrecede Campaign
Progressing the microbead phase out: BeadRecede campaign Craig Brock BSc DipEnvSt MPA Policy & Public Affairs Director Accord Australasia Presentation outline: 1) What is being done to effectively remove plastic microbeads in Australia? 2) What are the advantages of the voluntary industry-led approach which ministers have approved locally? 3) Have their been any findings which differ from the approaches being used in other parts of the world? 4) Are we on track to complete the phase out by the timelines specified? Accord – Who are we? Accord Innovation Strategy: Promote the opportunities for The national industry body in Australia for technology and science to enhance the hygiene, cosmetic and specialty the reputation of the industry as an products industry. innovative solutions provider. Our 100-plus member companies make and/or Our Sustainability Charter is a key part of market the full-range of formulated products used this Innovation Strategy. Environmental in personal care, homecare, industry, institutions stewardship is a key platform of this. and agriculture: cleaning/hygiene products, disinfectants, sanitisers, cosmetics, sunscreens, oral hygiene products, perfumes, adhesives, Environmental stewardship: household pesticides, sealants and protectants: Encouraging a voluntary, progressive • 54% operate in the consumer product market reduction in environmental impact • 41% in the industrial/institutional market throughout the lifecycle of our products by • 5% are associates offering services to industry innovative solutions and reduction -
Diffuse Pollution, Degraded Waters Emerging Policy Solutions
Diffuse Pollution, Degraded Waters Emerging Policy Solutions Policy HIGHLIGHTS Diffuse Pollution, Degraded Waters Emerging Policy Solutions “OECD countries have struggled to adequately address diffuse water pollution. It is much easier to regulate large, point source industrial and municipal polluters than engage with a large number of farmers and other land-users where variable factors like climate, soil and politics come into play. But the cumulative effects of diffuse water pollution can be devastating for human well-being and ecosystem health. Ultimately, they can undermine sustainable economic growth. Many countries are trying innovative policy responses with some measure of success. However, these approaches need to be replicated, adapted and massively scaled-up if they are to have an effect.” Simon Upton – OECD Environment Director POLICY H I GH LI GHT S After decades of regulation and investment to reduce point source water pollution, OECD countries still face water quality challenges (e.g. eutrophication) from diffuse agricultural and urban sources of pollution, i.e. pollution from surface runoff, soil filtration and atmospheric deposition. The relative lack of progress reflects the complexities of controlling multiple pollutants from multiple sources, their high spatial and temporal variability, the associated transactions costs, and limited political acceptability of regulatory measures. The OECD report Diffuse Pollution, Degraded Waters: Emerging Policy Solutions (OECD, 2017) outlines the water quality challenges facing OECD countries today. It presents a range of policy instruments and innovative case studies of diffuse pollution control, and concludes with an integrated policy framework to tackle this challenge. An optimal approach will likely entail a mix of policy interventions reflecting the basic OECD principles of water quality management – pollution prevention, treatment at source, the polluter pays and the beneficiary pays principles, equity, and policy coherence. -
Brief for Petitioner ————
No. 18-260 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States ———— COUNTY OF MAUI, Petitioner, v. HAWAI‘I WILDLIFE FUND; SIERRA CLUB - MAUI GROUP; SURFRIDER FOUNDATION; WEST MAUI PRESERVATION ASSOCIATION, Respondents. ———— On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ———— BRIEF FOR PETITIONER ———— COUNTY OF MAUI HUNTON ANDREWS KURTH LLP MOANA M. LUTEY ELBERT LIN RICHELLE M. THOMSON Counsel of Record 200 South High Street MICHAEL R. SHEBELSKIE Wailuku, Maui, Hawai‘i 96793 951 East Byrd Street, East Tower (808) 270-7740 Richmond, Virginia 23219 [email protected] (804) 788-8200 COLLEEN P. DOYLE DIANA PFEFFER MARTIN 550 South Hope Street Suite 2000 Los Angeles, California 90071 (213) 532-2000 Counsel for Petitioner May 9, 2019 WILSON-EPES PRINTING CO., INC. – (202) 789-0096 – WASHINGTON, D. C. 20002 i QUESTION PRESENTED In the Clean Water Act (CWA), Congress distin- guished between the many ways that pollutants reach navigable waters. It defined some of those ways as “point sources”—namely, pipes, ditches, and other “discernible, confined and discrete conveyance[s] … from which pollutants are or may be discharged.” 33 U.S.C. § 1362(14). The remaining ways of moving pollutants, like runoff or groundwater, are “nonpoint sources.” The CWA regulates pollution added to navigable waters “from point sources” differently than pollution added “from nonpoint sources.” It controls point source pollution through permits, e.g., id. § 1342, while nonpoint source pollution is controlled through federal oversight of state management programs, id. § 1329. Nonpoint source pollution is also addressed by other state and federal environmental laws. The question presented is: Whether the CWA requires a permit when pollu- tants originate from a point source but are conveyed to navigable waters by a nonpoint source, such as groundwater. -
Technical Review of Microbeads/Microplastics in the Chesapeake Bay
Technical Review of Microbeads/Microplastics in the Chesapeake Bay STAC Review Report Winter 2016 STAC Publication 16-002 About the Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee The Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee (STAC) provides scientific and technical guidance to the Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) on measures to restore and protect the Chesapeake Bay. Since its creation in December 1984, STAC has worked to enhance scientific communication and outreach throughout the Chesapeake Bay Watershed and beyond. STAC provides scientific and technical advice in various ways, including (1) technical reports and papers, (2) discussion groups, (3) assistance in organizing merit reviews of CBP programs and projects, (4) technical workshops, and (5) interaction between STAC members and the CBP. Through professional and academic contacts and organizational networks of its members, STAC ensures close cooperation among and between the various research institutions and management agencies represented in the Watershed. For additional information about STAC, please visit the STAC website at www.chesapeake.org/stac. Publication Date: April 18, 2016 Publication Number: 16-002 Suggested Citation: Wardrop, D., C. Bott, C. Criddle, R. Hale, J. McDevitt, M. Morse, C. Rochman. 2016. Technical Review of Microbeads/Microplastics in the Chesapeake Bay. STAC Publication Number 16-002, Edgewater, MD. 27 pp. Cover graphic from: Julie Lawson of Trash Free Maryland Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. The enclosed material represents the professional recommendations and expert opinion of individuals undertaking a workshop, review, forum, conference, or other activity on a topic or theme that STAC considered an important issue to the goals of the CBP. -
Point Sources of Pollution - Yuhei Inamori, Naoshi Fujimoto
WATER QUALITY AND STANDARDS - Vol. II - Point Sources of Pollution - Yuhei Inamori, Naoshi Fujimoto POINT SOURCES OF POLLUTION Yuhei Inamori National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan, and Naoshi Fujimoto Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan Keywords: organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals, domestic wastewater, food industry, chemical industry, activated sludge process, biofilm process, anaerobic treatment Contents 1. Introduction 2. Kind of point sources 2.1. Percentage of point source loading to total pollution loading 2.2. Domestic wastewater 2.3. Industrial wastewater 2.3.1. Food industry 2.3.2. Chemical industry 2.3.3. Livestock industry and fish farm 3. Countermeasures for point sources 4. Wastewater treatment processes 4.1. Activated sludge process and modified process 4.2. Biofilm process 4.3. Anaerobic treatment 4.4. Thermophilic oxic process Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Point source loading refers to pollutants produced by identified pollution sources. Point source loadings include treated and untreated wastewater from factories, domestic wastewater,UNESCO treated water from sewerage – treatment EOLSS plants, and wastewater from feedlots and fish farms. Organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus are discharged into water bodies by inflowSAMPLE of domestic wastewater andCHAPTERS industrial wastewater causing organic pollution and eutrophication. The point source loading of organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus as percentages of the total loading in Lake Kasumigaura in Japan are 55%, 58%, and 77% respectively. Among point source loadings, the largest loading is domestic wastewater, which supplies 33% of CODMn, 34% of nitrogen and 45% of phosphorus. In Japan, the amount of wastewater, BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus were calculated approximately to 200 L, 40g, 10g, and 1g, respectively, per person per day.