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Systems Engineering. Ch.4: Systems Architectures 1 Systems Systems Engineering. Ch.4: Systems Architectures Chapter 4: § 1. Structuring Systems § 2. Fundamental Principles Systems Architectures § 3. System Archetypes Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 1 Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 2 ° ISO/IEC 42010: Systems and Software Engineering – Architecture can in fact refer to: Architecture Description ° The architecture of a system, i.e., a model to ° The architecture of a system is the set of fundamental describe/analyze a system concepts or properties of the system in its ° Architecting a system, i.e., a method to build the environment, embodied in its elements, relationships , architecture of a system and the principles of its design and evolution ° A body of knowledge for "architecting" systems while ° Systems architecture is a response to the conceptual meeting business needs, i.e., a discipline to master and practical difficulties of the description and the systems design design of complex systems Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 3 Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 4 ° A structure ° Elements are pieces that constitute a system ° Properties (of various elements involved) ° object, module, component, partition, subsystem, … ° Relationships (between various elements) ° Architecturally significant pieces of a system: clearly identifiable and self-meaningful ° Behaviors & dynamics ° Elements and relations between them define the ° Multiple views of the system (complementary and structure of the system consistent) ° Static structure: organization of design-time elements ° Dynamic structure: organization of runtime elements Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 5 Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 6 1 Systems Engineering. Ch.4: Systems Architectures ° Definition of internal design-time elements and their ° Definition of runtime elements and their interactions arrangement in the system ° Software elements: programs, object-oriented classes ° Information flows: A sends messages to B or packages, services, any self-contained code unit ° Tasks execution (parallel or sequential): ° Data elements: classes, database entities, data files A invokes a routine on B ° Hardware elements: computers or their constituent ° Effect on data: data item A is created, updates many parts (disk, CPU), networking elements (cables, routers) times, and finally destroyed ° Arrangement: ° Hierarchy: A is built from B and C Interacting components ° Dependency: A relies on services of B ° Data relationship: data item is linked to another one Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 7 Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 8 ° Externally visible behavior: what a system does from ° Architectural principle: the standpoint of an external observer Fundamental approach or intent that guides the ° Defines the functional interactions between the system and definition of architecture its environment ° Architecture requires definition of a set of principles ° Black box model ° Principles expose underlying assumptions, making ° State model: internal state changes in response to external “implicit explicit” stimuli ° Quality properties: an externally visible, nonfunctional property ° Performance, security, scalability Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 9 Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 10 1.1. The objects of the reality are modeled as systems 1. The objects of the reality are modeled as systems 2.2. A system can be broken down into a set of smaller subsystems 3.3. A system must be considered in interaction with other systems i.e. a box performing a function and defined by its 4. A system must be considered through its whole lifecycle perimeter, inputs, outputs and an internal state 5.5. A system can be linked to another through an interface, which Example: a mobile phone is a system which takes in input a voice will model the properties of the link & keystrokes and outputs voices & displays. Moreover, it can 6. A system can be considered at various abstraction levels, be on, off or in standby. Overall, the phone allows to make allowing to consider only relevant properties and behaviors phone calls (among other functions) 7. A system can be viewed according to several layers 8. A system can be described through interrelated models with given semantics 9. A system can be described through different viewpoints http://www.lix.polytechnique.fr/~golden/systems_architecture.html Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 11 Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 12 2 Systems Engineering. Ch.4: Systems Architectures 2. A system can be broken down into a set of smaller 3. A system must be considered in interaction with other subsystems systems, i.e., its environment A subsystem is less than the whole system Example: a mobile phone is in interaction with users. All contacted systems constitute its environment and shall be considered during Example: a mobile phone is in fact a screen, a keyboard, a body, a its design. microphone, a speaker, and electronics. But the phone is the integration of all those elements and cannot be understood completely from this set of elements. Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 13 Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 14 4. A system must be considered through its whole lifecycle 5. A system can be linked to another through an interface, which will model the properties of the link Example: a mobile phone will be designed, prototyped, tested, approved, manufactured, distributed, selled, used, repaired, and finally Example: when phoning, our ear is in direct contact with the phone, recycled. All these steps are important (and not only the moment and there is therefore a link between the two systems (the ear and when it is used). the phone). However, there is a hidden interface : the air! The properties of the air may influence the link between the ear and the phone (imagine for example if there is a lot of noise). Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 15 Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 16 6. A system can be considered at various abstraction 7. A system can be viewed according to several layers levels, allowing to consider only relevant properties Usually three: its sense, its functions, and its composition and behaviors Example: a phone accomplishes several missions for its environment : making Example: do you consider your phone as a device to make phonecalls phone calls, being a fashionable object, offering various features of (and other functions of modern phones), a set of material and personal digital assistants, etc. But it is also a set of functions organized electronics components manufactured together, or a huge set of to accomplish these missions (displaying on the screen, transmitting atoms ? All these visions are realistic, but they are just at different signal, delivering power supply, looking for user inputs, making noise if abstraction levels, whose relevancy will depend on the context. necessary, etc). And finally, all these functions are implemented through physical components organized to perform these functions. Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 17 Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 18 3 Systems Engineering. Ch.4: Systems Architectures 8. A system can be described through interrelated models 9. A system can be described through different with given semantics viewpoints properties, structure, states, behaviors, data, etc. Corresponding to various actors concerned by the system Example: phone is a device expected to meet requirements like "a phone Example: commercials, designers, engineers , users, repairers... All they have must resist to falls from a height of one meter". But a phone will also different visions of the phone. When the designer will see the phone as change state : when a phone is off and that the power button is pressed, an easy-to-use object centered on the user, the engineer will see it as a the phone shall turn on. Function dynamics of the phone are also technological device which has to be efficient and robust. A commercial relevant: when receiving a call, the screen will display the name and the may rather see it as a product which must meet clients' needs and speaker will buzz, but if the user presses no button the phone will stop market trends to be sold. All these visions are important and define the system in multiple and complementary ways. after 30 seconds... Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 19 Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 20 °° System archetypes are patterns of behavior of a system ° The basic idea of system thinking is that every action triggers a reaction – feedback °° Circles (loops) of causality: similar system structure ° Reinforcing feedback (or amplifying feedback) °° Identifying a system archetype and finding the leverage accelerates the given trend of a process enables efficient changes in a system ° Balancing feedback (or stabilizing feedback) works if any °° A fundamental property of nature is that no cause can goal-state exists affect the past ° Delays in systems cause people to perceive a response to an action incorrectly ° under- or overestimation of the needed action and results http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_archetype in oscillation, instability or even breakdown Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 21 Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 22 1. Balancing process with delay 2. Limits to growth Explains the system in which the response to action is delayed The unprecedented growth is produced by a reinforcing feedback process until the system reaches its peak Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 23 Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 24 4 Systems Engineering. Ch.4: Systems Architectures 3. Shifting the burden 4. Eroding goals The problem is handled by a simple solution with immediate A kind of shifting the burden effect, thereby "healing the symptoms" archetype. As current problems need to be handled immediately, the long-term goals continuously decline Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 25 Dmitry G. Korzun, 2013-2014 26 5. Escalation 6. Success to successful Both players suppose that just one of them can win Two activities need the same limited They are responding to actions of the other player in order to resources “defend themselves”. The aggression grows and can result As one of them becomes more in self-destructive behavior successful, more resources are assigned it. The second one becomes less and less successful due to lacking resources, and “prove the right decision” to support the first one Dmitry G.
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