November 2006

Popular Views on Public Service Broadcasting: A Report of an NHK Survey in Seven Countries

NAKAMURA Yoshiko, YONEKURA Ritsu and YOKOYAMA Shigeru NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute

1. Introduction

NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute conducted an international comparative survey of public service broadcasting in seven countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

This survey was designed to investigate how public service broadcasting (PSB) is perceived by viewers and what roles it is expected to play in society at a time of transition in the media environment.

The survey focused on four aspects of PSB. i. use of media ii. satisfaction and expectations of services provided by public service broadcasters iii. people’s knowledge and views on funding sources, and iv. relations between public service broadcasters and licence fee payers

Including questions concerning the basic operational principles that have long been considered essential to public service broadcasters, the survey seeks to identify factors necessary for considering new roles of public service broadcasting in the digital age.

2. Methodology 1) Fieldwork The survey was based on a random digit-dialing sample of around 1000 respondent age 20 and over in each of the seven countries listed above. The telephone interviews were conducted between 27 February and 5 March 2006.

2) Targeted public service broadcasters in the seven countries The “public service broadcasters” we have chosen are all a） those financed to some extent by public funding such as through receiving fees, licence fees and/or public subsidies, and b） those whose editorial independence is institutionally ensured. France: France Télévisions Korea: KBS Germany: ARD United Kingdom: BBC Italy: RAI United States: PBS Japan: NHK

1 November 2006

3. Main Findings

1) “Necessity of PSB” widely supported In almost every country, more than 4 in 5 of those surveyed think that PSB is necessary. In Italy, although with the lowest proportion among these seven countries, the figure was 75 percent.

Figure 1 Q9 Necessity of PSB （in descending order of "Necessary"+"Somewhat necessary"）

Korea 54 41 4 0 Necessary 1 France 40 51 6 3 1 Somewhat necessary US 65 26 4 4 2 Somewhat UK 64 22 6 7 1 unnecessary

Unnecessary Germany 60 26 6 7 1

Japan 36 47 11 5 2 DON’T KNOW

Italy 51 24 10 12 3

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Examined through cross-tabulation, there are more who think “PSB is necessary” in older age groups than in younger in Germany, Japan, and Italy, although there is no clear difference between the age groups in France, Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In the case of Korea, almost 100 percent in every age group expressed belief in the necessity.

Figure 2 Q9 Those who think "PSB is (somewhat) necessary"

100 90 80 70 Japan 60 UK Germany 50 France Italy 40 US Korea 30 20 10 0 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70+

2 November 2006

In Japan, over 90 percent of the age groups 60-69 and 70 and older think that PSB is either “Necessary” or “Somewhat necessary.” For the 20-29 and 30-39 age groups, the proportion was around 80 percentt.

Figure 3 Q9 Necessity of PSB (Japan)

2 1 3222 100% 1 4 6 3 8 6 4 5 16 11 12 16 80% 39 45 DON’T KNOW 60% 43 Unnecessary 50 56 47 Somewhat unnecessary Somewhat necessary 40% Necessary

53 47 20% 37 29 24 28

0% 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70+

2) More than 60 percent agree “it is important to pay a TV licence fee” in Germany, Japan, UK and Korea In Germany, 77 percent believe it is important to pay a TV licence fee in order to maintain public service broadcasting. In the United States, the same percentage of people agree with the statement, “it is important to make a donation to maintain public broadcasting.”

The ratio of those who agreed with the statement was 66 percent in Japan, 64 percent in the UK and 61 percent in Korea, while in Italy and France the ratio was less than 50 percent.

Figure 4 Q11 Importance to pay licence fee （in descending order of "agree" + "agree to some degree"）

Germany 46 31 11 12 1

US 41 36 10 12 2 (donation)

Japan 34 32 18 13 2

UK 42 22 9 26 1

Korea 21 40 24 14 1

France 14 35 20 31 1

Italy 19 25 19 35 2

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Agree Agree to some degree Disagree to some degree Disagree (DON’T KNOW)

3 November 2006

In age groups of 60 years old and over, 80 percent or more who think it is important to pay licence fees in Germany and Japan. There is a tendency for fewer in the younger age groups to think so, with the exception of the United Kingdom, where 68 percent in the 20-29 year age group answered that it is important.

Figure 5 Q11 Those who agree to the importance to pay licence fee

100 90 80

70 Japan 60 UK Germany 50 France Italy 40 US 30 Korea 20 10 0 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70+

3) The funding systems are well-understood in the seven countries Most respondents in the seven countries were able to accurately identify the main source of PSB funding. Percentages of correct answers are high in Japan (82 percent) and in the United Kingdom (76 percent).

Table 1-A Q10 Knowledge about main source of funding As far as you know, what do you think is NHK’s (or your PSB’s) main source of funding? （S. A. ） France Germany Italy Japan Korea UK Licence fees 21.9 43.9 18.2 82.1 26.8 76.1 Taxes 6 3.4 3.5 6.8 6.2 3.9 Donations 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.4 2.7 0.7 Licence fees and advertising 65.8 45.8 63.8 7.1 57.8 12.2 Others 2.4 2.2 1 0.6 2.3 1.8 (DON’T KNOW) 3.3 4 13 3 4.2 5.4

Table 1-B Q10’.（US）As far as you know, what do you think is the PBS’s main source of funding? As far as you know, what do you think is the PBS’s main source of funding?

subsidies 14.3 underwriting 21.9 donations 52.4 some other 5.4 DK 6.1

4 November 2006

4) Viewing and satisfaction i. Number of Available Channels According to survey respondents, people in the United States enjoy the largest number of TV channels in these seven countries. The second largest number are enjoyed by viewers in the United Kingdom. In Japan, only 4 percent of people enjoy more than 51 channels at home.

Figure 6 Q4 Number of receivable TV channels at home

1 Japan 2 17 48 29 3 Korea 2 16 10 47 25 1

Italy 5 4 29 45 7 10

Germany 5 35 68 9 11

France 3 36 28 15 5 13 UK 3 27 6 29 14 21

US 4 9 7 20 33 28

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% (DON’T KNOW) 1 to 5 channels 6 to 10 channels 11 to 50 channels 51 to 100 channels More than 100 channels ii. TV Viewing Time People in the United Kingdom watch TV the most, 44 percent regularly watching more than three hours a day on Monday through Friday. In France and Italy the percentage of people who watch more than three hours of television is comparatively small.

Figure 7 Q1 TV Viewing Time (in descending order）

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

UK 32 20 44

US 40 18 37

Germany 41 20 35

Japan 38 26 34

Korea 47 22 29

France 53 21 21

Italy 57 18 22

2 hours - 3 hours 4 hours +

Generally, older people watch TV for more hours, younger people fewer. 5 November 2006 iii. Use of the Internet As for web browsing, the percentage of those who use Internet at home almost everyday is highest in Korea (42 percent) and the second highest is in the U.S. (37 percent). Large proportions of respondents were without Internet access at home in Italy (54 percent) and France (49 percent).

Figure 8 Q3 Use of the Internet (in descending order of those who use "Almost everyday") 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Korea 42 16 7 5 21 10

US 37 14 8 4 6 30 1

France 30 11 4 2 4 49 1

UK 28 13 7 4 11 38 1

Germany 25 12 8 5 8 40 1

Japan 23 12 6 4 16 40

Italy 17 9 5 2 9 54 4

Almost everyday 2 or 3 days a week About 1 day a week Once or twice a month Rarely no Internet access at home (DON’T KNOW) iv. Preference for Public Service TV and Commercial TV Forty-three percent of people in France prefer public service TV, whereas 66 percent in the U.S. and 57 percent in Japan prefer commercial TV.

Figure 9 Q2 PSB or Commercial TV （in descending order of those who "watch PSB channel(s) more")

France 47 33 18 3

Germany 41 22 35 2

Korea 33 34 32 1

Italy 28 38 31 2

UK 25 38 35 2

Japan 23 20 57 1

US 13 18 66 3

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

PSB even Commercial TV DK

6 November 2006 v. Satisfaction with Public Service TV Programmes Nearly 60 percent or more of the people are satisfied or somewhat satisfied with their public service TV programmes in Germany, Japan, Korea, the U.K., and the U.S. In France 58 percent and in Italy 52 percent are dissatisfied or somewhat dissatisfied.

Figure 10 Q5 Satisfaction with PSB （in descending order of those who are "satisfied" + "somewhat satisfied")

US 82 9 11

Korea 73 21 6

Germany 66 26 8

Japan 62 29 9

UK 59 39 2

Italy 43 52 4

France 40 58 2

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

satisfied dissatisfied DK

vi. Favorite and Hoped-for Programme Genres We had difficulties devising a good working definition of programme genres equally applicable in all seven countries. First, each country has its own history and traditions and its PBS has been developed for its own particular environment. Second, there is a tendency towards so-called “off-genre” programmes. The tougher the competition for ratings, the greater the variety of techniques and features used for capturing viewers, it is difficult to find “ideal types” of information-oriented or educational programmes. Third, since our survey was conducted by telephone, it was impossible to show the different programme genres in a printed list. With no better recourse, and in hopes of obtaining some information useful to our own future purposes, we therefore used the four genres identified in Japan’s Broadcast Law (educational, arts and culture, news and current affairs, and entertainment).

7 November 2006

According to the results, “News and current affairs programmes” are well watched by audiences in all the countries except in the U.S. where PBS does not offer daily news programmes.

Figure 11 Q6 Favorite Genres of PSB Programmes

100 89 88 88 90 87 79 80 74 76 74 71 70 66 64 63 62 58 60 56 56 54 52 54 53 50 47 40 34 37 36 31 29 30 23 19 20 10 0 France Germany Italy Japan Korea UK US Cultural programmes Educational and children programmes News and current affairs programmes Entertainment programmes

As for hoped-for programme genres, nearly 80 percent or more thought public service broadcaster(s) should provide programmes in all four of these genres, although the proportion of the people who think that entertainment programmes should be offered was relatively low in Korea (53 percent), Japan (55 percent) and in Italy (71 percent).

Figure 12 Q7 Desiarable Genres of PSB Programmes

100 94 95 94 91 91 92 91 91 92 92 92 91 92 92 90 89 86 83 85 86 80 80 82 80 77 78 78 71 70

60 55 53 50 40 30 20 10 0 France Germany Italy Japan Korea UK US Cultural programmes Educational and children programmes News and current affairs programmes Entertainment programmes

8 November 2006

5) “The Basic Principles of PSB” are shared in the Seven Countries Public service broadcasters like BBC, ARD and NHK appear to hold several principles in common as “necessary conditions of PSB”: •universality •independence of news and programmes from political and commercial pressure •supply of basic information •high-quality programmes •importance of services for minority viewers •local or regional services •mixed scheduling Eighty or more percent of respondents in all seven countries agreed on almost all these condition, with the exception of “independence” (68 percent) and “services for minority viewers” (74 percent) in France.

Figure 13 Q8 Necessary Conditions of PSB Services 110

97 96 96 97 97 97 98 97 100 95 94 96 94 93 93 92 94 94 92 94 91 93 92 92 90 93 91 88 89 90 86 86 87 85 90 82 84 85 78 80 81 78 76 80 74 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 France Germany Italy Japan UK US mixed schedule universality independence public opinion distinguished quality minority service local contents

9 November 2006

6) On relationship between public service broadcaster(s) and audiences i. Japanese identify with NHK as their broadcaster The ratio of Japanese who agreed to the statement that NHK is “my broadcaster” was highest (62 percent) among people identifying with the PSB in the seven countries. The second highest was the BBC (56 percent) and the third was Germany’s ARD (53 percent).

Figure 14 Q15 Is PSB "my broadcaster"? （in descending order of those who "agree" + "tend to agree"）

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Japan 33 29 21 16 1

UK 21 35 24 17 4

Germany 15 38 23 21 2

US 13 37 29 16 6

Korea 6 39 38 16 1

France 6 37 32 23 1

Italy 16 23 23 35 4

Agree strongly Tend to agree Tend to disagree Strongly disagree (DON’T KNOW)

ii. Desire to connect to the Public Service Broadcaster highest in Korea In the U.S. and U.K., respectively, 14 percent and 13 percent of respondents had previously experienced sending in requests and/or submitting their views to their public service broadcaster. The desire to establish such access was the highest in Korea at 61 percent.

Figure 15 Q12 Telling opinion and/or requests to the PSB （in descending order of "expressed" and "want to"）

Korea 5 61 33 1

Japan 4 41 52 2

UK 13 30 55 2

Italy 4 37 53 6

US 14 22 62 2

Germany 6 30 63 2

France 4 17 78 1

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% already expressed want to don't want to DK

10 November 2006 iii. U.S. PBS best at reflecting viewers’ requests and opinions We asked the extent to which respondents agreed or disagreed with the statement, “NHK (or your public service broadcaster) takes into account the views of its audiences when making its programmes and services.” U.S. respondents were most strongly affirmative, with 21 percent answering “Agree strongly,” for a total of 77 percent including those who answered “Tend to agree.” In five of the seven countries the total of “Agree strongly” and “Tend to agree” is more than 50 percent.

Figure 16 Q13 Do the PSB take their audiences' view into account? （in descending order of those who "agree" + "tend to agree"）

US 21 56 11 5 8

Korea 6 63 22 5 4

UK 15 50 21 13 2

Germany 12 46 17 14 11

France 9 45 25 16 4

Italy 13 28 26 24 9

Japan 9 31 28 21 10

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Agree strongly Tend to agree Tend to disagree Strongly disagree (DON’T KNOW)

11 November 2006 iv. PBS gets the highest score for accountability, too With regard to the accountability of public service broadcasters, we asked how much respondents agreed or disagreed with the statement, “NHK (or your public service broadcaster) is sufficiently accountable to its licence fee payers about its programming and management policy.” Again, the PBS of the U.S. showed the highest percentage of respondents agreeing and tending to agree (18 + 53 = 71 percent). As for those who answered “agree” to the statement, figures for the BBC were even with the PBS, but those who answered “tend to agree” (38 percent) were not so many as in the U.S.

Figure 17 Q14 "PSB is accountable to the licence fee payers"（in descending order of those who "agree strongly"＋"tend to agree"）

US 18 53 13 6 11

UK 18 38 23 16 5

Germany 10 30 28 22 10

Italy 10 27 28 22 13

Korea 3 28 48 18 3

France 6 24 34 33 3

Japan 7 21 38 28 6

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Agree strongly Tend to agree Tend to disagree Strongly (DON’T KNOW)

12 November 2006

Appendix A – The Interview Schedule for the United Kingdom

Q1 How many hours a day do you usually watch television on Monday to Friday? (SINGLE CODE ONLY.) About 1 hour 1 About 2 hours 2 About 3 hours 3 About 4 hours 4 About 5 hours 5 About 6 hours 6 About 7 hours 7 About 8 hours 8 More than 9 hours 9 RARELY WATCH TV/DO NOT WATCH TV 10 (DON’T KNOW) 11

Q2 Which do you watch more often, BBC channels or Commercial television? Would you say? (SINGLE CODE ONLY.) I watch BBC channels more often 1 I watch BBC channels and Commercial television channels equally 2 I watch Commercial television channels more often 3 (DON’T KNOW) 4

Q3 How often do you use the Internet on a personal computer at home other than for sending and checking email? Would you say that you use the Internet……? (SINGLE CODE ONLY.) Almost everyday 1 2 or 3 days a week 2 About 1 day a week 3 Once or twice a month 4 Rarely 5 DO NOT HAVE A PERSONAL COMPUTER WITH INTERNET ACCESS AT HOME 6 (DON’T KNOW) 7

Q4 How many television channels can you watch in your home? Do you have…..? (SINGLE CODE ONLY) 1 to 5 channels 1 6 to 10 channels 2 11 to 50 channels 3 51 to 100 channels 4 More than 100 channels 5 (DON’T KNOW) 6

13 November 2006

Q5 In general, how satisfied are you with programmes that are currently on the BBC? Would you say you are…..? (SINGLE CODE ONLY.) Completely satisfied with the programmes currently on the BBC 1 Somewhat satisfied 2 Somewhat dissatisfied 3 Completely dissatisfied with the programmes currently on the BBC 4 (DON’T KNOW) 5

Q6 Which of the following kinds of BBC programmes, do you usually watch? (SINGLE CODE ONLY FOR EACH PROGRAMME.)

Yes No (DON’T KNOW) Cultural programmes 1 2 3 Educational and children programmes 1 2 3 News and current affairs programmes 1 2 3 Entertainment programmes 1 2 3

Q7 What kind of programmes do you think the BBC should provide as a public broadcaster? Please answer yes or no to the following programmes. (SINGLE CODE ONLY FOR EACH PROGRAMME.) Yes No (DON’T KNOW) Cultural programmes 1 2 3 Educational and children programmes 1 2 3 News and current affairs programmes 1 2 3 Entertainment programmes 1 2 3

14 November 2006

Q8 I am going to read a short list of roles that public broadcasting should play and for each one, please tell me whether you think this is necessary, somewhat necessary, somewhat unnecessary or unnecessary? (SINGLE CODE ONLY) Necessary Somewhat Somewhat Unnecessary (DON’T necessary unnecessary KNOW) To provide news and other programmes 1 2 3 4 5 to everyone wherever he or she lives To be free of any editorial interference 1 2 3 4 5 from government, political parties or commercial businesses To keep the public well-informed to 1 2 3 4 5 make their own decision on important issues To broadcast high-quality programmes 1 2 3 4 5 To broadcast programmes reflecting 1 2 3 4 5 different communities, interests and traditions even if few people watch them To broadcast programmes dealing with 1 2 3 4 5 local events and issues as well as national ones To broadcast information, education, 1 2 3 4 5 entertainment and other programmes in a balanced manner

Q9 Generally speaking, how necessary do you think the BBC is? Would you say…..? (SINGLE CODE ONLY.) Necessary 1 Somewhat necessary 2 Somewhat unnecessary 3 Unnecessary 4 DON’T KNOW 5

Q10 As far as you know, what do you think is the BBC’s main source of funding? (SINGLE CODE ONLY.) Licence fees 1 Taxes 2 Donations 3 Licence fees and advertising 4 Others 5 (DON’T KNOW) 6

15 November 2006

Q11 Do you agree or disagree with the statement, “It is important to pay a TV licence fee in order to maintain public broadcasting”? Please choose from among the following four answers. (SINGLE CODE ONLY.) Agree 1 Agree to some degree 2 Disagree to some degree 3 Disagree 4 (DON’T KNOW) 5

Q12 Which of the following statements describes you? (SINGLE CODE ONLY.) I have expressed my opinions or made requests to the BBC in the past 1 I have not expressed my opinions or made requests to the BBC but I want to 2 I don’t want to express opinions or make requests to the BBC 3 (DON’T KNOW) 4

Q13 How much do you agree or disagree with the statement, “The BBC takes into account the views if its audiences when making its programmes and services?” Would you say that you…..? (SINGLE CODE ONLY.) Agree strongly 1 Tend to agree 2 Tend to disagree 3 Strongly disagree 4 (DON’T KNOW) 5

Q14 And how much do you agree or disagree with the statement, “The BBC is accountable enough to licence fee payers about its programming and management policy?” Would you say that you……? (SINGLE CODE ONLY.) Agree strongly 1 Tend to agree 2 Tend to disagree 3 Stronglydisagree 4 (DON’T KNOW) 5

Q15 Do you agree or disagree with the statement, “The BBC is my broadcaster?” Please choose among the following four answers. (SINGLE CODE ONLY.) Agree strongly 1 Tend to agree 2 Tend to disagree 3 Strongly disagree 4 (DON’T KNOW) 5

16 November 2006

Q16 Moving on to a different subject for a moment, how satisfied are you with today’s society? Would you say that you are…..? (SINGLE CODE ONLY.) Very satisfied with today’s society 1 Fairly satisfied 2 Fairly dissatisfied 3 Very dissatisfied with today’s society 4 (DON’T KNOW) 5

Q17 Which social class would you say you belong to? Would you say……? (SINGLE CODE ONLY.) High class 1 Upper middle class 2 Middle class 3 Lower middle class 4 Low class 5 (DON’T KNOW) 6

Q18 Are you interested or uninterested in what is happening in your community and surroundings? Please choose among following four answers? (SINGLE CODE ONLY.) Interested 1 Interested to some degree 2 Not very interested 3 Uninterested 4 (DON’T KNOW) 5

17 November 2006

Appendix B – Methodology

France Germany Italy Japan Korea UK US 1, 2 27 Feb. – 2 – 6 27 Feb. – 27 Feb. – 3 – 5 1 – 5 date of interviews March 3 March March 4 March 5 March March March 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 telephone telephone telephone telephone telephone telephone telephone method interview interview interview interview interview interview interview （RDD） （RDD） （RDD） （RDD） （RDD） （RDD） （RDD） age 20+ 20+ 20+ 20+ 20+ 20+ 20+ respondents N 967 920 942 1,000 1,024 987 987

Sample Profile

France Germany Italy Japan Korea UK US total 967 920942 1000 1024 987 987 Sex male N 465 383 452 484 505 417 484 （％） 48.1 41.6 48 48.4 49.3 42.2 49 female N 502 537 490 516 519 570 503 （％） 51.9 58.4 52 51.6 50.7 57.8 51 Age 20-29 N 144 94 132 155 207 135 89 （％） 14.9 10.2 14 15.5 20.2 13.7 9 30-39 N 186 153 190 180 269 177 154 （％） 19.2 16.6 20.2 18 26.3 17.9 15.6 40-49 N 196 208 170 152 250 199 193 （％） 20.3 22.6 18 15.2 24.4 20.2 19.6 50-59 N 163 159 149 185 150 183 220 （％） 16.9 17.3 15.8 18.5 14.6 18.5 22.3 60-69 N 132 180 168 155 113 151 137 （％） 13.7 19.6 17.8 15.5 11 15.3 13.9 70+ N 146 126 133 173 35 131 154 （％） 15.1 13.7 14.1 17.3 3.4 13.3 15.6

18 November 2006

Age (male) 20-29 N 66 44 65 79 115 53 54

（％） 6.8 4.8 6.9 7.9 11.2 5.4 5.5

30-39 N 78 55 91 92 103 61 79

（％） 8.1 6 9.7 9.2 10.1 6.2 8

40-49 N 82 82 85 77 94 81 101

（％） 8.5 8.9 9 7.7 9.2 8.2 10.2

50-59 N 73 69 75 92 77 87 101

（％） 7.5 7.5 8 9.2 7.5 8.8 10.2

60-69 N 79 82 83 75 84 79 68

（％） 8.2 8.9 8.8 7.5 8.2 8 6.9

70+ N 87 51 53 69 32 54 67

（％） 9 5.5 5.6 6.9 3.1 5.5 6.8

Age (female) 20-29 N 78 50 67 76 92 82 35

（％） 8.1 5.4 7.1 7.6 9 8.3 3.5

30-39 N 108 98 99 88 166 116 75

（％） 11.2 10.7 10.5 8.8 16.2 11.8 7.6

40-49 N 114 126 85 75 156 118 92

（％） 11.8 13.7 9 7.5 15.2 12 9.3

50-59 N 90 90 74 93 73 96 119

（％） 9.3 9.8 7.9 9.3 7.1 9.7 12.1

60-69 N 53 98 85 80 29 72 69

（％） 5.5 10.7 9 8 2.8 7.3 7

70+ N 59 75 80 104 3 77 87

（％） 6.1 8.2 8.5 10.4 0.3 7.8 8.8

19 November 2006

Appendix C – The Tables

TV Watching Time Q1 How many hours a day do you usually watch television on Monday to Friday? France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS About 1 hour 20.3 14.1 24.6 14.2 20.9 9.3 16.5 About 2 hours 33.0 26.7 32.7 23.8 26.1 22.6 23.9 About 3 hours 20.7 19.8 17.8 25.9 21.9 19.9 17.6 About 4 hours 8.9 11.3 7.2 11.8 10.0 16.7 10.0 About 5 hours 4.0 7.7 6.6 10.4 9.2 9.7 7.4 About 6 hours 2.0 2.8 2.0 4.3 2.3 4.9 5.8 About 7 hours 0.9 1.8 0.7 0.6 1.1 1.3 1.2 About 8 hours 0.8 1.6 0.7 1.6 1.4 1.9 2.9 More than 9 hours 4.7 10.0 4.6 5.3 4.9 9.1 9.2 RARELY WATCH TV/ DO NOT WATCH TV 4.8 3.5 2.7 2.0 2.2 4.3 4.9 (DON’T KNOW) 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5

Preference for PSB and Commercial TV Q2 Which do you watch more often, PSB* channels or Commercial television? Would you say? （*All respondents were asked with the name of their own public broadcaster. Categories were given in 5 alternatives in Korea and Japan and added into 3 categories to be shown here.） France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS I watch PSB channels more often 46.6 41.2 28.3 22.5 32.8 25.3 13.3

I watch PSB channels and Commercial television channels equally 32.7 22.3 38.4 19.6 33.9 37.6 17.5 I watch Commercial television channels more often 18.0 34.8 31.4 57.3 32.3 35.2 66.4 (DON’T KNOW) 2.7 1.7 1.8 0.6 1.0 1.9 2.8

20 November 2006

Use of the Internet Q3 How often do you use the Internet on a personal computer at home other than for sending and checking email? Would you say that you use the Internet……?

France Germany Italy Japan Korea UK US Almost everyday 30.4 25.4 17.2 22.8 41.6 27.7 36.8 2 or 3 days a week 11.0 12.4 9.0 11.7 16.0 12.6 13.6 About 1 day a week 3.7 7.7 5.3 5.5 6.8 7.2 8.0 Once or twice a month 2.0 5.3 2.0 3.5 4.8 3.6 4.2 Rarely 3.6 8.3 8.8 15.9 20.5 10.7 6.1 DO NOT HAVE A PERSONAL COMPUTER WITH INTERNET ACCESS AT HOME 48.7 40.0 53.5 40.4 10.1 37.6 30.1 (DON’T KNOW) 0.6 0.9 4.1 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.3

Number of Receivable TV Channels Q4 How many television channels can you watch in your home? Do you have…..? France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS 1 to 5 channels 35.8 2.9 3.5 17.0 16.1 27.3 9.3 6 to 10 channels 28.2 4.6 29.4 48.1 9.6 6.0 6.6 11 to 50 channels 14.8 67.7 45.0 29.3 46.7 29.3 20.0 51 to 100 channels 5.4 9.2 6.6 3.0 24.8 13.7 32.5 More than 100 channels 13.3 10.9 10.3 0.8 1.2 21.2 28.1 (DON’T KNOW) 2.5 4.7 5.2 1.8 1.7 2.6 3.5

Satisfaction with TV Programmes by the PSB Q5 In general, how satisfied are you with programmes that are currently on the BBC? Would you say you are…..? France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS Completely satisfied with the programmes currently on the BBC 4.0 11.2 3.2 10.3 8.5 9.1 29.6 Somewhat satisfied 35.7 54.7 40.0 52.0 64.7 50.1 50.9 Somewhat dissatisfied 42.3 21.2 34.5 22.1 18.7 28.7 6.7 Completely dissatisfied with the programmes currently on the BBC 16.0 4.7 17.8 6.9 2.3 10.6 2.3 (DON’T KNOW) 2.0 8.3 4.5 8.7 5.8 1.5 10.5

21 November 2006

Favorite Genres of PSB Programmes Q6 Which of the following kinds of BBC programmes, do you usually watch? A.Cultural Programmes France Germany Italy Japan Korea UK US Yes 73.5 56.3 74.3 33.8 63.0 61.9 54.4 No 25.5 42.7 25.2 65.4 36.3 37.2 43.7 (DON’T KNOW) 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.9

B.Educational Programmes France Germany Italy Japan Korea UK US Yes 36.0 65.5 30.7 23.2 19.2 36.7 52.9 No 63.0 33.9 68.7 76.1 80.6 62.8 45.7 (DON’T KNOW) 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.5 1.4

C.News and current affairs programmes France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS Yes 89.3 87.9 86.5 70.5 88.1 78.8 54.4 No 9.7 11.6 12.8 28.9 11.9 20.8 44.4 (DON’T KNOW) 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.4 1.2

D.Entertainment programmes France Germany Italy Japan Korea UK US Yes 57.5 51.5 46.9 29.3 55.5 76.4 63.7 No 41.5 47.6 52.1 70.0 44.2 23.1 34.7 (DON’T KNOW) 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.5 1.6

Desirable Genres of PSB Programmes Q7 What kind of programmes do you think the BBC should provide as a public broadcaster? Please answer yes or no to the following programmes. A.Cultural Programmes France Germany Italy Japan Korea UK US Yes 91.3 77.5 94.4 83.2 91.7 86.0 89.2 No 8.2 19.9 2.2 11.9 5.4 13.0 7.9 (DON’T KNOW) 0.5 2.6 3.4 4.9 2.9 1.0 2.9

B.Educational Programmes France Germany Italy Japan Korea UK US Yes 91.2 86.0 91.4 84.8 79.7 91.1 94.4 No 8.0 12.4 4.7 11.1 15.2 8.2 4.3 (DON’T KNOW) 0.8 1.6 3.9 4.1 5.1 0.7 1.3

22 November 2006

C.News and current affairs programmes France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS Yes 91.7 91.4 92.4 91.9 94.7 92.1 79.6 No 7.4 7.5 4.4 6.0 4.1 7.7 18.6 (DON’T KNOW) 0.8 1.1 3.3 2.1 1.2 0.2 1.7

D.Entertainment programmes France Germany Italy Japan Korea UK US Yes 76.8 77.8 70.5 55.3 53.2 91.7 82.0 No 22.8 20.7 23.9 41.1 43.9 7.5 16.1 (DON’T KNOW) 0.4 1.5 5.6 3.6 2.8 0.8 1.9

Necessary Conditions of PSB Services Q8 I am going to read a short list of roles that public broadcasting should play and for each one, please tell me whether you think this is necessary, somewhat necessary, somewhat unnecessary or unnecessary? A.To provide news and other programmes to everyone wherever he or she lives France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS Necessary 57.4 71.1 74.5 81.4 77.6 86.9 63.3 Somewhat necessary 34.6 15.0 19.1 14.3 19.7 9.7 21.3 Somewhat unnecessary 4.6 7.0 2.2 1.7 2.1 1.2 5.2 Unnecessary 2.4 4.6 2.0 2.1 0.4 1.7 8.9 (DON’T KNOW) 1.0 2.4 2.1 0.5 0.1 0.4 1.3

B.To be free of any editorial interference from government, political parties or commercial businesses France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS Necessary 47.4 61.5 74.4 79.7 63.2 71.7 61.9 Somewhat necessary 20.5 17.0 12.7 11.6 19.4 12.5 19.1 Somewhat unnecessary 13.1 8.9 4.7 2.4 8.8 5.0 5.2 Unnecessary 17.5 10.7 5.3 3.5 5.9 10.0 12.0 (DON’T KNOW) 1.6 2.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 0.8 1.8

23 November 2006

C.To keep the public well-informed to make their own decision on important issues France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS Necessary 58.6 86.8 81.3 71.9 77.7 89.3 77.3 Somewhat necessary 34.3 9.5 13.9 17.9 18.5 8.3 14.0 Somewhat unnecessary 3.4 1.3 1.4 3.6 2.1 0.8 2.5 Unnecessary 2.7 1.7 1.3 4.0 0.8 1.3 5.1 (DON’T KNOW) 0.9 0.7 2.1 2.6 0.9 0.3 1.1

D.To broadcast high-quality programmes France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS Necessary 62.2 74.7 79.9 74.2 84.1 90.9 76.7 Somewhat necessary 34.5 17.3 14.5 17.9 13.3 5.7 16.0 Somewhat unnecessary 1.2 3.2 1.8 2.4 1.7 1.0 2.2 Unnecessary 1.0 2.9 1.4 2.9 0.3 1.8 2.7 (DON’T KNOW) 1.0 2.0 2.3 2.6 0.7 0.6 2.3

E.To broadcast programmes reflecting different communities, interests and traditions even if few people watch them France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS Necessary 26.0 52.1 53.6 67.6 64.5 55.2 43.4 Somewhat necessary 47.6 26.2 28.8 19.4 24.5 24.9 32.9 Somewhat unnecessary 15.4 13.0 9.4 5.7 6.7 8.2 10.2 Unnecessary 9.6 6.4 5.2 5.0 2.5 10.7 10.9 (DON’T KNOW) 1.4 2.3 3.0 2.3 1.8 0.9 2.5

F.To broadcast programmes dealing with local events and issues as well as national ones France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS Necessary 47.1 66.6 62.5 59.3 44.0 76.2 60.2 Somewhat necessary 45.5 21.3 26.4 24.3 38.6 17.5 24.8 Somewhat unnecessary 4.4 7.2 4.6 10.3 14.1 2.7 5.7 Unnecessary 2.0 3.9 3.3 4.4 2.6 3.2 8.0 (DON’T KNOW) 1.0 1.0 3.2 1.7 0.7 0.3 1.3

24 November 2006

G.To broadcast information, education, entertainment and other programmes in a balanced manner France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS Necessary 50.1 64.1 72.4 55.7 64.9 85.8 70.8 Somewhat necessary 44.3 25.8 20.2 22.3 28.2 10.7 20.7 Somewhat unnecessary 2.4 4.9 3.5 13.8 5.5 1.0 2.8 Unnecessary 2.8 4.2 1.9 6.9 0.9 1.7 4.2 (DON’T KNOW) 0.5 1.0 2.0 1.3 0.5 0.7 1.5

Necessity of PSB Q9 Generally speaking, how necessary do you think the BBC is? Would you say…..? France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS Necessary 40.0 59.8 50.8 36.3 53.9 64.2 64.7 Somewhat necessary 50.7 25.9 24.0 46.5 40.8 22.4 25.5 Somewhat unnecessary 5.9 6.4 10.3 10.7 4.1 5.8 3.7 Unnecessary 2.5 7.0 12.2 4.6 0.8 6.8 4.4 (DON’T KNOW) 0.9 1.0 2.7 1.9 0.4 0.8 1.6

Knowledge about the main source of PSB funding Q10 As far as you know, what do you think is the BBC’s main source of funding? France Germany Italy Japan Korea UK Licence fees 21.9 43.9 18.2 82.1 26.8 76.1 Taxes 6.0 3.4 3.5 6.8 6.2 3.9 Donations 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.4 2.7 0.7 Licence fees and advertising 65.8 45.8 63.8 7.1 57.8 12.2 Others 2.4 2.2 1.0 0.6 2.3 1.8 (DON’T KNOW) 3.3 4.0 13.0 3.0 4.2 5.4

Q10’ As far as you know, what do you think is the PBS’s main source of funding? (US)

Federal government subsidy and State government subsidy 14.3 Underwriting from companies and organizations 21.9 Donations 52.4 Some other source 5.4 Don’t Know 6.1

25 November 2006

Importance to pay the licence fee Q11 Do you agree or disagree with the statement, “It is important to pay a TV licence fee in order to maintain public broadcasting”? Please choose from among the following four answers. France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS Agree 13.5 45.7 18.9 34.4 20.6 41.8 41.3 Agree to some degree 34.7 30.5 25.3 31.5 39.9 21.7 35.6 Disagree to some degree 20.0 11.2 19.3 18.4 24.1 9.4 9.5 Disagree 30.6 12.1 34.5 13.3 14.4 26.2 11.9 (DON’T KNOW) 1.1 0.5 2.0 2.4 1.0 0.8 1.7

Telling opinion and/or requests to the PSB Q12 Which of the following statements describes you? France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS I have expressed my opinions or made requests to the BBC in the past 4.3 5.7 4.0 4.4 4.7 13.2 14.0 I have not expressed my opinions or made requests to the BBC but I want to 16.9 29.7 36.7 41.1 61.0 29.5 22.0 I don’t want to express opinions or make requests to the BBC 77.9 63.0 53.0 52.4 33.1 55.4 61.8 (DON’T KNOW) 0.9 1.6 6.3 2.1 1.2 1.9 2.2

Do the PSB take their audiences' view into account? Q13 How much do you agree or disagree with the statement, “The BBC takes into account the views if its audiences when making its programmes and services?” Would you say that you…..? France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS Agree strongly 8.8 12.0 13.0 9.1 6.3 14.5 21.1 Tend to agree 45.4 46.2 28.2 31.0 63.4 49.5 55.6 Tend to disagree 25.3 17.0 25.6 28.3 22.3 21.4 10.5 Strongly disagree 16.3 13.6 23.8 21.2 4.5 12.8 4.9 (DON’T KNOW) 4.1 11.3 9.4 10.4 3.5 1.8 7.9

26 November 2006

"PSB is accountable to the licence fee payers" Q14 And how much do you agree or disagree with the statement, “The BBC is accountable enough to licence fee payers about its programming and management policy?” Would you say that you……? France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS Agree strongly 5.5 10.4 10.3 7.4 3.0 17.6 17.5 Tend to agree 23.7 29.8 27.4 21.1 28.2 38.3 52.8 Tend to disagree 34.4 27.9 27.9 37.9 47.7 23.4 12.9 Strongly 33.3 21.6 21.8 27.7 18.1 15.9 5.6 (DON’T KNOW) 3.1 10.2 12.6 5.9 3.0 4.8 11.2

PSB is "my broadcaster" Q15 Do you agree or disagree with the statement, “The BBC is my broadcaster?” Please choose among the following four answers. France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS Agree strongly 6.4 15.4 15.8 33.0 6.0 20.6 12.7 Tend to agree 36.7 38.0 23.4 29.3 38.8 34.7 36.6 Tend to disagree 32.1 23.3 22.6 21.3 38.2 23.7 28.7 Strongly disagree 23.4 21.3 34.7 15.7 15.9 16.7 15.9 (DON’T KNOW) 1.4 2.0 3.5 0.7 1.2 4.4 6.2

Satisfaction with the Society Q16 Moving on to a different subject for a moment, how satisfied are you with today’s society? Would you say that you are…..? France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS Very satisfied with today’s society 1.6 3.4 2.9 7.6 1.6 2.8 2.8 Fairly satisfied 25.9 46.8 27.1 41.4 31.7 38.4 37.5 Fairly dissatisfied 44.4 34.3 44.3 32.2 51.4 34.3 35.4 Very dissatisfied with today’s society 27.9 14.3 23.1 17.1 14.8 23.3 22.4 (DON’T KNOW) 0.3 1.1 2.7 1.7 0.5 1.1 1.9

27 November 2006

Social Classes Q17 Which social class would you say you belong to? Would you say……? France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS High class 2.6 1.6 0.8 1.7 1.1 0.2 0.9 Upper middle class 13.7 13.2 9.3 10.9 14.6 3.9 20.4 Middle class 63.5 67.5 51.2 51.1 49.2 57.3 58.0 Lower middle class 13.8 12.5 25.2 26.3 24.1 24.3 14.1 Low class 5.8 3.7 11.3 6.8 10.6 9.7 4.2 (DON’T KNOW) 0.7 1.5 2.2 3.2 0.4 4.6 2.5

Social Interests Q18 Are you interested or uninterested in what is happening in your community and surroundings? Please choose among following four answers? France Germany Italy Japan Korea UKUS Interested 35.5 68.5 41.7 42.2 28.1 60.8 68.3 Interested to some degree 53.5 27.2 41.2 43.9 51.1 32.3 26.0 Not very interested 7.9 2.0 12.3 10.3 18.8 3.5 4.2 Uninterested 3.1 2.1 3.7 2.9 2.0 3.2 1.4 (DON’T KNOW) 0.1 0.3 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1

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